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Most scholars in public administration and management research would agree that there is a connection between the culture of a nation or region and the way management in public administration is structured and working ("public management arrangements"). However, to be incorporated into public management research and theory, a more precise notion about the forms, ways, and mechanisms of the interlinkage between societal culture and public management is required. A look into public management literature reveals that wide use and reference is made to the importance and influence of culture on public management arrangements - mostly, though, using the term "culture" as a short-cut for "organizational culture". Public management discussion focuses on varying aspects and levels of culture, and varying conceptual integrations of cultural aspects are found. Public management treatises stress the influence of past events and contexts for the specific functioning and establishment of organizations, rules, and perceptions which in turn have great influence on the reception and functioning of public management mechanisms. Elsewise, organizational culture - or more precisely change thereof - is claimed to be the result of public management efforts. In sum, the interlinkage between culture and public management is there, but is not systematically and explicitly incorporated by referring to adequate theory. Although cultural theory has gained considerable attention, there are still other concepts for the analysis of cultural facts that may be of interest to the subject, too.
The dynamic 1H NMR study of some primary carbamates in the solvents CDCl3 and CD3COCD3 between 183 and 298 K is reported. The free energies of activation, thus obtained (12.4 to 14.3 kcal mol-1), were attributed to the conformational isomerization about the N-C bond. These barriers to rotation show solvent dependence in contrast to the tertiary analogues and are lower in free energy by ca. 2-3 kcal mol-1.
Molecular modeling calculations using DFT at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory have been performed on diastereomeric complexes formed between chiral carboxylate anions and chiral urea receptors, a combination previously demonstrated to enable enantiodifferentiation by electrochemical sensing. The calculations correctly predicted the stability order of the enantiomers in acetonitrile solution when the distinction between the enantiomers was above the declared threshold reliability value of 1 kcal mol;1 for computations at this level of theory. Thus, the calculations can not only be applied to predict the likely success of undertakings using the analytical method, it can also, provided ;E is sufficient, potentially be used to determine the absolute configuration of chiral analytes with at least the racemate in hand. The previously successful enantiodifferentiations of various amino acids and alcohols using chiral ion mobility spectroscopy (CIMS) with (S)-2-butanol as the chiral selector were also evaluated by DFT calculations. The calculations again correctly predicted the stability order of the enantiomers when the calculated ;E was above the threshold value though cases not providing a value for ;E above the threshold value was problematic for this system. Attempts to address this shortcoming included an expanded conformational evaluation, a broader analytical approach, and an extended basis set.