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Institute
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Das Vorsorgeprinzip ist ein mittlerweile weit verbreiteter und etablierter Grundsatz des internationalen und europäischen Umweltrechts. Demnach sollen auch in Situationen wissenschaftlicher Unsicherheit präventive Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, um schwerwiegende Umweltschäden zu vermeiden. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Rolle des Vorsorgeprinzips im Zusammenhang mit menschenrechtlichen Klimaklagen, die aufgrund langsamer politischer Fortschritte und erfolgreicher Gerichtsentscheidungen zunehmend an Popularität gewinnen.
Zunächst wird ein Überblick über die Entwicklung und den materiellen Gehalt des Vorsorgeprinzips im internationalen und europäischen Recht gegeben. Obwohl das Vorsorgeprinzip seit den 1980er Jahren ein fixer Bestandteil des internationalen Umweltrechts ist, bestehen über dessen genauen Inhalt und Rechtsnatur nach wie vor Kontroversen. Im Unionsrecht wurde das Vorsorgeprinzip insbesondere durch die Rechtsprechung des EuGH konkretisiert.
Im nächsten Teil des Beitrags wird beleuchtet, welche Bedeutung der EGMR dem Vorsorgeprinzip in umweltrechtlichen Fällen bisher zugemessen hat. Hierbei steht die Entscheidung Tǎtar gegen Rumänien im Mittelpunkt. Gegenstand dieser Entscheidung war der Goldabbau in der rumänischen Stadt Baia Mare, der unter anderem unter dem Einsatz von Natriumzyanid erfolgte und zu wesentlichen Schadstoffbelastungen führte. Der EGMR bejahte unter Verweis auf das Vorsorgeprinzip eine Verletzung von Art. 8 EMRK, obwohl der Beschwerdeführer die Kausalität zwischen der Schadstoffbelastung und der behaupteten Schädigung nicht nachweisen konnte. Eine Analyse der nachfolgenden Entscheidungen veranschaulicht jedoch, dass sich das Vorsorgeprinzip noch nicht als fixer Bestandteil in der Rechtsprechung des EGMR etablieren konnte.
Abschließend wird gezeigt, welchen Beitrag das Vorsorgeprinzip zu der bisher wohl erfolgreichsten Klimaklage „Urgenda“ leistete. Das Vorsorgeprinzip wurde vom niederländischen Höchstgericht in diesem Fall insbesondere herangezogen, um Schutzpflichten aus Art. 2 und Art. 8 EMRK abzuleiten und den staatlichen Ermessenspielraum einzuschränken.
Das Ruhrgebiet
(2001)
Das Opfer
(2012)
Der alte Timm Wieben sieht die natürliche gottgewollte Ordnung durch den Fortschritt, d. h. den Bau eines Bahndammes in seinem Dorf, gefährdet. Er prophezeit die Notwendigkeit eines Menschenopfers, das die Erde besänftigen soll: "Es muss etwas Lebiges in die Grund". Daraufhin ereignet sich ein schwerer Unfall. Der aus dem Nachlass veröffentlichte Text gehört eindeutig zu dem Umfeld der "Baasdörper Krönk". Er kontrastiert Aberglaube und aufgeklärtes Denken, , ohne in Schwarz-Weiß-Malerei zu verfallen. In Peters' Autobiographie Preis der guten Mächte (1940) erscheint der Großvater als ein Fürsprecher des Rationalismus und, wie Hans Lohse in der Erzählung, als ein Gegenentwurf zu Timm Wieben ("Dat geiht all natürlich to"). Aber auch er erkennt trotz allem die Macht des Übernatürlichen an. Für Peters löst sich der Gegensatz zwischen Licht und Dunkel, Aufklärung und Dämonie in der Religion auf: "Und wenn wir auch den beschränkten Geltungsbereich unserer Leuchte erkennen, so haben wir dennoch die Pflicht, sie ins Dunkel hinauszutragen bis an den alleräußersten Rand unseres Vermögens. Wer aber vor dem letzten, undurchleuchtbaren Dunkel steht, der suche seine Zuflucht nicht bei verdächtigen Mächten des Zaubers, sondern fasse die Hand Gottes, die sich ihm aus der deutschen Bibel Martin Luthers hilfreich entgegenstreckt." (Ausgewählte Werke, Bd II, Hamburg, Hoffmann und Campe, S. 111)
Das Mädchen aus dem Urwald
(2005)
Das Jahr 1772
(2023)
Im Jahr 1772 beschäftigten drei Dinge, die lange Zeit ihre Bedeutung behalten sollten, den preußischen König Friedrich den Großen. Zunächst war dies die Adelsrepublik Polen. Polen beabsichtigte er zusammen mit der Zarin Katharina II. von Russland und Kaiserin Maria Theresia zu zerteilen. Dies geschah am 5. August des Jahres. Der geraubte Landgewinn führte bei Friedrich II. zu wirtschaftlichen Überlegungen. Mit und in den annektierten Gebieten wollte er den preußischen Handel intensivieren, zuvörderst den Salzhandel, und zwar am liebsten mit Spanien, einem Land, mit dem er schon seit geraumer Zeit versuchte, einen Handelsvertrag abzuschließen. Dazu gründete er u. a. die Preußische Seehandlungs-Gesellschaft, die, um sich zu behaupten, verschiedene weitreichende Privilegien erhielt. Ein schneller Erfolg der Bemühungen blieb jedoch aus. Trotz aller gewährten Privilegien florierten die Geschäfte der Seehandlungs-Gesellschaft in den ersten Jahren nach ihrer Gründung nicht in dem erhofften Maß. Zu Lebzeiten des Königs kam auch kein Handelsvertrag mit Spanien zustande. Bis die Seehandlung durch die Vorteile, die sie aus dem annektierten Polen ziehen konnte, profitierte, dauerte es noch einige Jahre.
Der Beitrag widmet sich der Baugeschichte des Gebäudes der Preußischen Seehandlung bis zu seinem Abriss und dem Neubau in den Jahren 1901–1903, um dann die Veränderungen dieses Bauwerkes bis in die Gegenwart zu verfolgen. In einem zweiten Schritt wird versucht, die Stellung dieser Gebäude im urbanen Kontext zu verorten. Der dritte Teil rekonstruiert an Beispielen, welch markanten Beitrag die Preußische Seehandlung für die Berliner Museen und insbesondere für die im Berliner Schloss lozierte Kunstkammer wie auch für das Museum für Naturkunde geleistet hat, indem seine Großsegler Meteor und Princess Louise von ihren Weltreisen jeweils reich beladen mit naturkundlichen und völkerkundlichen Exponaten zurückkamen, die durch Austausch oder Kauf oder auch als Geschenk erworben worden waren.
Das ewige Bündnis
(2012)
Portfolioarbeit ist ein gesetzlich verankerter Bestandteil der Lehramtsausbildung in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Über alle Praxisphasen hinweg führen Lehramtsstudierende ein Portfolio und dokumentieren darin ihren individuellen Professionalisierungsweg und reflektieren ihre Studien- und Berufswahl, ihre schulpraktischen Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen sowie ihre individuelle Kompetenzentwicklung. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Arbeit mit dem ePortfolio in der Lehrkräftebildung an der Universität zu Köln (UzK). Dabei werden zunächst die Potenziale von Portfolioarbeit aufgeführt und Herausforderungen herausgestellt. Im Anschluss erfolgt eine konkrete Erläuterung der Notwendigkeit einer kohärenten Einbindung des ePortfolios in die Seminararbeit und eine kurze Darstellung der Weiterentwicklung im Rahmen des Verbundprojekts ePort.nrw.
Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Herausforderungen der Professionalisierung angehender Lehrkräfte im Rahmen der universitären Lehrkräftebildung und nimmt dabei kasuistische Lehrformate als wichtige Elemente hochschuldidaktischer Konzeptionen in den Blick. In diesem Zusammenhang wird das Modul „Außerunterrichtliches Pädagogisches Praktikum“ (AuPP) als ein zentrales Element der Praxisphasen des Lehramtsstudiums an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) vorgestellt. Im Rahmen dieses Moduls wird versucht, durch die Arbeit an konkreten Fällen aus der pädagogischen Praxis – gemeint sind vor allem Beobachtungsprotokolle und Transkripte von Interviewauszügen aus unterschiedlichen (sozial-)pädagogischen Handlungsfeldern – einen reflexiven Zugang zu Spannungsmomenten, Problem- und Krisendynamiken, Orientierungsmustern der Akteur:innen sowie Gelingensbedingungen pädagogischer Praxis für angehende Lehrpersonen zu eröffnen und darüber einen reflexiven Habitus anzubahnen, der für die weitere Berufsbiografie und Professionalisierung essenziell erscheint.
Diskriminierungsverbote gehören zu den Grundpfeilern des internationalen Menschenrechtsschutzes. Es gibt sie in unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen: Manche schützen nur vor einer Ungleichbehandlung bei der Inanspruchnahme eines Freiheitsrechts (sog. akzessorische Diskriminierungsverbote), andere schützen demgegenüber vor einer Ungleichbehandlung in sämtlichen Rechtskontexten. Ein allgemeines und umfassendes Diskriminierungsverbot, welches in allen Rechtskontexten gilt, findet sich in Artikel 1 des 12. Zusatzprotokoll zur EMRK. Dieses Zusatzprotokoll wurde von vielen europäischen Staaten - darunter auch Deutschland - bisher nicht ratifiziert. Der Beitrag möchte die menschenrechtlichen Potenziale und Mehrwerte dieses Zusatzprotokolls aufzeigen und nimmt dabei auch umfassend Bezug auf die Lernerfahrungen des UN-Zivilpakts, welcher mit Art. 26 UN-Zivilpakt eine strukturanaloge Regelung kennt.
Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Möglichkeit, Computerspiele aufgrund der bildlichen Stilmittel parallel zu Entwicklungen der Kunstgeschichte zu untersuchen. Hierzu wird auf die Stilanalyse des Schweizer Kunstwissenschaftlers Heinrich Wölfflin zurückgegriffen, der den Wandel der realistischen Malerei von der Renaissance zum Barock am Übergang von ‚flachen‘ zu ‚tiefen‘ Darstellungen festmacht. In einem zeitlich wesentlich kürzeren Abstand lässt sich die gleiche Veränderung am Übergang früher realistischer Computerspiele vom Anfang der 1990er Jahre bis zu den 2000er Jahren feststellen. Damit zeigt sich sowohl die Relevanz der kunstgeschichtlichen Auseinandersetzung mit Computerspielen, wie sich auch eine neue Perspektive auf die Frage nach digitalen Spielen ‚als Kunst‘ eröffnet.
We shall examine the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) of Computer Science (CS) teachers concerning students’ Computational Thinking (CT) problem solving skills within the context of a CS course in Dutch secondary education and thus obtain an operational definition of CT and ascertain appropriate teaching methodology. Next we shall develop an instrument to assess students’ CT and design a curriculum intervention geared toward teaching and improving students’ CT problem solving skills and competences. As a result, this research will yield an operational definition of CT, knowledge about CT PCK, a CT assessment instrument and teaching materials and accompanying teacher instructions. It shall contribute to CS teacher education, development of CT education and to education in other (STEM) subjects where CT plays a supporting role, both nationally and internationally.
Comprior
(2021)
Background
Reproducible benchmarking is important for assessing the effectiveness of novel feature selection approaches applied on gene expression data, especially for prior knowledge approaches that incorporate biological information from online knowledge bases. However, no full-fledged benchmarking system exists that is extensible, provides built-in feature selection approaches, and a comprehensive result assessment encompassing classification performance, robustness, and biological relevance. Moreover, the particular needs of prior knowledge feature selection approaches, i.e. uniform access to knowledge bases, are not addressed. As a consequence, prior knowledge approaches are not evaluated amongst each other, leaving open questions regarding their effectiveness.
Results
We present the Comprior benchmark tool, which facilitates the rapid development and effortless benchmarking of feature selection approaches, with a special focus on prior knowledge approaches. Comprior is extensible by custom approaches, offers built-in standard feature selection approaches, enables uniform access to multiple knowledge bases, and provides a customizable evaluation infrastructure to compare multiple feature selection approaches regarding their classification performance, robustness, runtime, and biological relevance.
Conclusion
Comprior allows reproducible benchmarking especially of prior knowledge approaches, which facilitates their applicability and for the first time enables a comprehensive assessment of their effectiveness
Extreme habitats often harbor specific communities that differ substantially from non-extreme habitats. In many cases, these communities are characterized by archaea, bacteria and protists, whereas the number of species of metazoa and higher plants is relatively low. In extremely acidic habitats, mostly prokaryotes and protists thrive, and only very few metazoa thrive, for example, rotifers. Since many studies have investigated the physiology and ecology of individual species, there is still a gap in research on direct, trophic interactions among extremophiles. To fill this gap, we experimentally studied the trophic interactions between a predatory protist (Actinophrys sol, Heliozoa) and its prey, the rotifers Elosa woralli and Cephalodella sp., the ciliate Urosomoida sp. and the mixotrophic protist Chlamydomonas acidophila (a green phytoflagellate, Chlorophyta). We found substantial predation pressure on all animal prey. High densities of Chlamydomonas acidophila reduced the predation impact on the rotifers by interfering with the feeding behaviour of A. sol. These trophic relations represent a natural case of intraguild predation, with Chlamydomonas acidophila being the common prey and the rotifers/ciliate and A. sol being the intraguild prey and predator, respectively. We further studied this intraguild predation along a resource gradient using Cephalodella sp. as the intraguild prey. The interactions among the three species led to an increase in relative rotifer abundance with increasing resource (Chlamydomonas) densities. By applying a series of laboratory experiments, we revealed the complexity of trophic interactions within a natural extremophilic community.
Background
Communicating a diagnosis is highly important, yet complex, especially in the context of cancer and mental disorders. The aim was to explore the communication style of an oncologist vs. psychotherapist in an online study.
Methods
Patients (N = 136: 65 cancer, 71 depression) were randomly assigned to watch a standardized video vignette with one of two communication styles (empathic vs. unempathic). Outcome measures of affectivity, information recall, communication skills, empathy and trust were applied.
Results
Regardless of diagnosis, empathic communication was associated with the perception of a significantly more empathic (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.08) and trustworthy practitioner (p = 0.014, η2partial = 0.04) with better communication skills (p = 0.013, η2partial = 0.05). Cancer patients reported a larger decrease in positive affect (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.15) and a larger increase in negative affect (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.14) from pre- to post-video than depressive patients. Highly relevant information was recalled better in both groups (p < 0.001, d = 0.61–1.06).
Conclusions
The results highlight the importance of empathy while communicating both a diagnosis of cancer and a mental disorder. Further research should focus on the communication of a mental disorder in association with cancer.
Sich mit dem eigenen Denken und Handeln reflexiv auseinanderzusetzen ist ein zentrales Element im Selbstreifungsprozess von Lehrkräften im Studium, über die Ausbildung bis hin zur Lehrer:innentätigkeit im Alltag. Der Workshop ermöglichte Zugänge zur selbstreflexiven Auseinandersetzung mit den eigenen Handlungsmustern mithilfe vom Autor (weiter)entwickelter Coachingtools, die im Rahmen der seminaristischen Lehrer:innenbildung in der zweiten Phase konzipiert und erprobt wurden.
Infants show impressive speech decoding abilities and detect acoustic regularities that highlight the syntactic relations of a language, often coded via non-adjacent dependencies (NADs, e.g., is singing). It has been claimed that infants learn NADs implicitly and associatively through passive listening and that there is a shift from effortless associative learning to a more controlled learning of NADs after the age of 2 years, potentially driven by the maturation of the prefrontal cortex. To investigate if older children are able to learn NADs, Lammertink et al. (2019) recently developed a word-monitoring serial reaction time (SRT) task and could show that 6–11-year-old children learned the NADs, as their reaction times (RTs) increased then they were presented with violated NADs. In the current study we adapted their experimental paradigm and tested NAD learning in a younger group of 52 children between the age of 4–8 years in a remote, web-based, game-like setting (whack-a-mole). Children were exposed to Italian phrases containing NADs and had to monitor the occurrence of a target syllable, which was the second element of the NAD. After exposure, children did a “Stem Completion” task in which they were presented with the first element of the NAD and had to choose the second element of the NAD to complete the stimuli. Our findings show that, despite large variability in the data, children aged 4–8 years are sensitive to NADs; they show the expected differences in r RTs in the SRT task and could transfer the NAD-rule in the Stem Completion task. We discuss these results with respect to the development of NAD dependency learning in childhood and the practical impact and limitations of collecting these data in a web-based setting.
Numerical magnitude information is assumed to be spatially represented in the form of a mental number line defined with respect to a body-centred, egocentric frame of reference. In this context, spatial language skills such as mastery of verbal descriptions of spatial position (e.g., in front of, behind, to the right/left) have been proposed to be relevant for grasping spatial relations between numerical magnitudes on the mental number line. We examined 4- to 5-year-old’s spatial language skills in tasks that allow responses in egocentric and allocentric frames of reference, as well as their relative understanding of numerical magnitude (assessed by a number word comparison task). In addition, we evaluated influences of children’s absolute understanding of numerical magnitude assessed by their number word comprehension (montring different numbers using their fingers) and of their knowledge on numerical sequences (determining predecessors and successors as well as identifying missing dice patterns of a series). Results indicated that when considering responses that corresponded to the egocentric perspective, children’s spatial language was associated significantly with their relative numerical magnitude understanding, even after controlling for covariates, such as children’s SES, mental rotation skills, and also absolute magnitude understanding or knowledge on numerical sequences. This suggests that the use of egocentric reference frames in spatial language may facilitate spatial representation of numbers along a mental number line and thus seem important for preschoolers’ relative understanding of numerical magnitude.
A method is presented of acquiring the principles of three sorting algorithms through developing interactive applications in Excel.
Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons
(2020)
In this essay I argue that while research in Jewish studies over the last several decades has done much to erode the historical narrative of Jewish/non-Jewish separation and detachment, it has also raised various questions pertaining to the outcome of Jewish/non-Jewish interactions and coexistence as well as the contours of Jewish difference. I contend that employing the concepts of conviviality, ethnic/religious/national indifference, and similarity will greatly facilitate answering these questions.
Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of “medial collapse”. Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn.
Inhalt: Problemstellung: Über Zwänge und Gesinnungen Nachhaltigkeit als moralisches Interesse und altbekannte Idee Das Kultur- und Geschichtsverständnis im Naturschutz: Heimat schaffen in einer modernen Welt Der Gestaltungsbegriff des Heimatschutzes: mit neuen Mitteln das Alte veredeln Die Entwicklung des Umweltschutzes und des wissenschaftlichen Naturschutzes – oder: Auf welchen Wegen sich alter Wein in neuen Schläuchen durchsetzt Fazit: Gleich und Gleich gesellt sich gern
This study examined the spoken narrative skills of a group of bilingual Mandarin–English speaking 3–6-year-olds (N = 25) in Australia, using a remote online story-retell task. Bilingual preschoolers are an understudied population, especially those who are speaking typologically distinct languages such as Mandarin and English which have fewer structural overlaps compared to language pairs that are typologically closer, reducing cross-linguistic positive transfer. We examined these preschoolers’ spoken narrative skills as measured by macrostructures (the global organization of a story) and microstructures (linguistic structures, e.g., total number of utterances, nouns, verbs, phrases, and modifiers) across and within each language, and how various factors such as age and language experiences contribute to individual variability. The results indicate that our bilingual preschoolers acquired spoken narrative skills similarly across their two languages, i.e., showing similar patterns of productivity for macrostructure and microstructure elements in both of their two languages. While chronological age was positively correlated with macrostructures in both languages (showing developmental effects), there were no significant correlations between measures of language experiences and the measures of spoken narrative skills (no effects for language input/output). The findings suggest that although these preschoolers acquire two typologically diverse languages in different learning environments, Mandarin at home with highly educated parents, and English at preschool, they displayed similar levels of oral narrative skills as far as these macro−/micro-structure measures are concerned. This study provides further evidence for the feasibility of remote online assessment of preschoolers’ narrative skills.
Rezensierte Werke: Stegmann, Bernd-Achim: Großstadt im Image : eine wahrnehmungsgeographische Studie zu raumbezogenen Images und zum Imagemarketing in Printmedien am Beispiel Kölns und seiner Stadtviertel / Bernd-Achim Stegmann. - 1. Aufl. - Köln : Geograph. Inst. der Univ., 1997. - XII, 219 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. - (Kölner geographische Arbeiten ; 68) Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Diss., 1995 Körner, Wilfried: Der Frankfurter Grüngürtel als sozialer Raum : Diskurse, Raumbilder und Netzwerke - das Beispiel Sossenheim / von Wilfried Körner. - Frankfurt a.M. : Inst. für Kulturgeographie, Stadt- und Regionalforschung der J.-W.-Goethe-Univ., 1998. - 152 S. : Ill., Ktn. - (Materialien / Institut für Kulturgeographie, Stadt- und Regionalforschung der J.W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main ; 23) Nebent.: Frankfurter Grüngürtel ISBN 3-923218-16-8 Schüttemeyer, Anke: Eigen- und Fremdimage der Stadt Bonn : eine empirische Untersuchung / Anke Schüttemeyer. Geographisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. - Bonn : Geograph. Inst., Lehrstuhl Grotz, 1998. - 109 S. : graph. Darst., Kt. - (Bonner Beiträge zur Geographie ; H. 9) Ganser, Karl: Liebe auf den zweiten Blick : Internationale Bauausstellung Emscher Park / Karl Ganser. - Dortmund : Harenberg, 1999. - 223 S. : Ill.; Kt. ISBN 3-611-00824-9 Kunst setzt Zeichen : Landmarken-Kunst ; Ausstellung vom 1. Mai bis Oktober 1999 in der Ludwig Galerie Schloss Oberhausen / hrsg. von Peter Pachnicke und Bernhard Mensch. - Oberhausen : Ludwig Galerie Schloß Oberhausen, 1999. - 213 S. : zahlr. Ill. ISBN 3-932236-07-6 Ausstellung vom 14. April bis 1. August 1999 im Rheinischen Industriemuseum Oberhausen / Daniel Stemmrich, Uwe Sülflohn (Red.). - Heidelberg, 1999. - 202 S. - (Schriften des Rheinischen Industriemuseums ; Bd. 16)
Quantitative geomorphic research depends on accurate topographic data often collected via remote sensing. Lidar, and photogrammetric methods like structure-from-motion, provide the highest quality data for generating digital elevation models (DEMs). Unfortunately, these data are restricted to relatively small areas, and may be expensive or time-consuming to collect. Global and near-global DEMs with 1 arcsec (∼30 m) ground sampling from spaceborne radar and optical sensors offer an alternative gridded, continuous surface at the cost of resolution and accuracy. Accuracy is typically defined with respect to external datasets, often, but not always, in the form of point or profile measurements from sources like differential Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), spaceborne lidar (e.g., ICESat), and other geodetic measurements. Vertical point or profile accuracy metrics can miss the pixel-to-pixel variability (sometimes called DEM noise) that is unrelated to true topographic signal, but rather sensor-, orbital-, and/or processing-related artifacts. This is most concerning in selecting a DEM for geomorphic analysis, as this variability can affect derivatives of elevation (e.g., slope and curvature) and impact flow routing. We use (near) global DEMs at 1 arcsec resolution (SRTM, ASTER, ALOS, TanDEM-X, and the recently released Copernicus) and develop new internal accuracy metrics to assess inter-pixel variability without reference data. Our study area is in the arid, steep Central Andes, and is nearly vegetation-free, creating ideal conditions for remote sensing of the bare-earth surface. We use a novel hillshade-filtering approach to detrend long-wavelength topographic signals and accentuate short-wavelength variability. Fourier transformations of the spatial signal to the frequency domain allows us to quantify: 1) artifacts in the un-projected 1 arcsec DEMs at wavelengths greater than the Nyquist (twice the nominal resolution, so > 2 arcsec); and 2) the relative variance of adjacent pixels in DEMs resampled to 30-m resolution (UTM projected). We translate results into their impact on hillslope and channel slope calculations, and we highlight the quality of the five DEMs. We find that the Copernicus DEM, which is based on a carefully edited commercial version of the TanDEM-X, provides the highest quality landscape representation, and should become the preferred DEM for topographic analysis in areas without sufficient coverage of higher-quality local DEMs.
Bewegunglesen.com
(2014)
bewegunglesen.com (mit Silber bei den Best of Swiss Web Awards 2013 ausgezeichnet) ist ein E-Learning-Tool und bietet für Sportunterrichtende und Studierende eine webbasierte, interaktive Übungsgelegenheit, die Bewegungsanalyse und das kriteriengeleitete Verbessern von Fertigkeiten zu erlernen. Bewegungsabläufe mit ihren Kernbewegungen werden praxisnah und schulstufengerecht vermittelt. Daneben können auch Unterrichtsvideos hochgeladen, geschnitten, durch Grafiken und Fakten angereichert und innerhalb der Community geteilt werden. Aus den Clips lassen sich Übungen und Prüfungen mit Beurteilungskriterien des Bewegungsablaufs zusammenstellen, welche automatisiert ausgewertet werden.
The article analyzes the interdependences between the history of the Habsburg Empire and the names of its Jewish inhabitants. Until today, these names tell stories about this close relationship and they are an everlasting symbol of this era. By focusing on names, this paper shows how state policies towards Jews shifted over time, and how the perspective on names and name regulations can be a tool to connect and investigate both Habsburg and Jewish studies.
Betrachtungen zur Rolle von Frequenzmodulationen in der sozialen Kommunikation bei Tier und Mensch
(1998)
Der Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der Entwicklung im Gesundheitswesen forderte bereits 2007 eine verbesserte Zusammenarbeit der Gesundheitsberufe und beschreibt in seinem Gutachten „Kooperation und Verantwortung als Voraussetzung einer zielorientierten Gesundheitsversorgung“ (S. 25). Mit der vorgestellten Arbeit wird untersucht, welche Modelle der berufsübergreifenden Kooperation in der ambulanten sprachtherapeutischen Praxis Anwendung finden und wie diese Kooperationen von Sprachtherapeut*innen bewertet werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Online-Fragebogen konzipiert. Anschließend wurden die Antworten von insgesamt 30 teilnehmenden Sprachtherapeut*innen ausgewertet. Dabei wurde deutlich, dass die viel diskutierte und häufig geforderte interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit in der Praxis nur selten zu finden ist. Vielmehr arbeiten die befragten Sprachtherapeut*innen nach multiprofessionellen Modellen. Es fehlen berufsübergreifende Besprechungen, und der fachliche Austausch ist noch viel zu oft dem Engagement einzelner Personen überlassen. Auch die Bewertung der Kooperationen zeigt Verbesserungspotenzial: Die Befragten bewerteten die Zusammenarbeit mit angrenzenden Berufsgruppen durchschnittlich als „befriedigend“.
Der Berufsbildungsbericht (BMBF, 2022) verweist darauf, dass inzwischen eine Viertelmillion junger Menschen im spezifischen Ausbildungssegment „Übergangssektor“ münden. Dazu zählen berufsorientierende (Aus-)Bildungsangebote, die u. a. das Nachholen eines allgemeinbildenden Schulabschlusses ermöglichen, jedoch zu keinem anerkannten Ausbildungsabschluss führen. Hierbei handelt es sich längst nicht mehr um einen institutionell gesonderten Bereich der beruflichen Bildung, sondern i. d. R. um einen schulorganisatorisch eigenständigen Bereich. Es gehört somit zum beruflichen Alltag von Lehrkräften der Beruflichen Bildung, in unterschiedlichen (Aus-)Bildungsgängen zu unterrichten. Diese Zielgruppe wird jedoch in der Lehrer:innenbildung kaum berücksichtigt und somit haben auch die Studierenden diese kaum im Blick. Das wirft die Frage auf, wie angehende Lehrkräfte für die besondere Zielgruppe der benachteiligten Jugendlichen in der beruflichen Bildung und die damit verbundenen Anforderungen an eine adressatengerechte Didaktik sensibilisiert werden können ? Der Beitrag stellt sowohl den Aufbau des Seminarkonzepts sowie ausgewählte Ergebnisse der seminarbegleitenden Forschung vor.
Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Konstruktion eines Lehr-/ Lernszenarios polyvalenter Grundlagenvorlesungen in naturwissenschaftlichen Fachwissenschaften. Das Szenario verbindet klassische Vorlesungen mit virtuellen Elementen wie Online-Kursen, Online-Foren und Audience-Response-Systemen sowie dem Arbeiten in Kleingruppen mit Ansätzen des problemorientierten Lernens. Ziel ist es das Grundlagenwissen der Studierenden anzupassen, das Arbeiten in Gruppen zu fördern und problemorientiertes Lernen zu erlernen.
Basic psychological needs theory postulates that a social environment that satisfies individuals’ three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness leads to optimal growth and well-being. On the other hand, the frustration of these needs is associated with ill-being and depressive symptoms foremost investigated in non-clinical samples; yet, there is a paucity of research on need frustration in clinical samples. Survey data were compared between adult individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 115; 48.69% female; 38.46 years, SD = 10.46) with those of a non-depressed comparison sample (n = 201; 53.23% female; 30.16 years, SD = 12.81). Need profiles were examined with a linear mixed model (LMM). Individuals with depression reported higher levels of frustration and lower levels of satisfaction in relation to the three basic psychological needs when compared to non-depressed adults. The difference between depressed and non-depressed groups was significantly larger for frustration than satisfaction regarding the needs for relatedness and competence. LMM correlation parameters confirmed the expected positive correlation between the three needs. This is the first study showing substantial differences in need-based experiences between depressed and non-depressed adults. The results confirm basic assumptions of the self-determination theory and have preliminary implications in tailoring therapy for depression.
Die alleinige Ursache von Stottern ist weiterhin nicht abschließend geklärt. Auf neurofunktioneller und -morphologischer Ebene zeigen stotternde Personen Abweichungen in den Arealen, welche nicht nur für die Initiierung von sprechmotorischen Programmen, sondern auch für die Produktion und Perzeption von musikalischen Rhythmen zuständig sind. Unterschiede zu flüssigsprechenden Personen treten jedoch nicht nur im verbalen, sondern auch im nonverbal sensomotorischen Bereich auf, was auf eine Störung domänenübergreifender auditiv-motorischer Koordinationsprozesse hindeutet. Ausgehend davon wurde in einigen Studien postuliert, dass dem Störungsbild Stottern ein domänenübergreifendes Rhythmusdefizit zugrunde liegt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Störungsbildern, welche auch Probleme in rhythmischen Aufgaben aufweisen, gibt es bis dato jedoch keine Intervention, welche dieses Defizit angeht. Es soll untersucht werden, ob ein nonverbales rhythmisches Training bei stotternden Kindern im Alter von zehn bis zwölf Jahren eine Verbesserung der sensomotorischen Synchronisationsfähigkeiten zur Folge hat. Zudem soll erforscht werden, ob es Transfereffekte auf die Sprechmotorik und Sprechflüssigkeit gibt. Für die vorliegende einfach verblindete Pilotstudie sollen 20 Kinder rekrutiert werden. Zehn davon werden randomisiert der Experimentalgruppe zugewiesen, welche das rhythmische Spiel Rhythm Workers über drei Wochen daheim auf einem Tablet spielen sollen. Die Kontrollgruppe spielt ein nicht-rhythmisches Bubble-Shooter-Spiel namens Frozen Bubble. Diese Studie könnte somit den Weg ebnen für technologieunterstützte Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen, welche darauf abzielen die rhythmisch-motorischen Defizite bei Stottern zu lindern.
Lehrkräfte aller Fächer benötigen informatische Kompetenzen, um der wachsenden Alltagsrelevanz von Informatik und aktuell gültigen Lehrplänen gerecht zu werden. Beispielsweise verweist in Sachsen der Lehrplan für das Fach Gemeinschaftskunde, Rechtserziehung und Wirtschaft am Gymnasium mit dem für die Jahrgangsstufe 11 vorgesehenem Thema „Digitalisierung und sozialer Wandel“ auf Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) und explizit auf die Bedeutung der informatischen Bildung. Um die nötigen informatischen Grundlagen zu vermitteln, wurde für Lehramtsstudierende des Faches Politik ein Workshop erarbeitet, der die Grundlagen der Funktionsweise von KI anhand von überwachtem maschinellen Lernen in neuronalen Netzen vermittelt. Inhalt des Workshops ist es, mit Bezug auf gesellschaftliche Implikationen wie Datenschutz bei Trainingsdaten und algorithmic bias einen informierten Diskurs zu politischen Themen zu ermöglichen. Ziele des Workshops für Lehramtsstudierende mit dem Fach Politik sind: (1) Aufbau informatischer Kompetenzen in Bezug zum Thema KI, (2) Stärkung der Diskussionsfähigkeiten der Studierenden durch passende informatische Kompetenzen und (3) Anregung der Studierenden zum Transfer auf passende Themenstellungen im Politikunterricht. Das Evaluationskonzept umfasst eine Pre-Post-Befragung zur Zuversicht zur Vermittlungskompetenz unter Bezug auf maschinelles Lernen in neuronalen Netzen im Unterricht, sowie die Analyse einer abschließenden Diskussion. Für die Pre-Post-Befragung konnte eine Steigerung der Zuversicht zur Vermittlungskompetenz beobachtet werden. Die Analyse der Diskussion zeigte das Bewusstsein der Alltagsrelevanz des Themas KI bei den Teilnehmenden, aber noch keine Anwendung der informatischen Inhalte des Workshops zur Stützung der Argumente in der Diskussion.
Im beruflichen Lehramt bilden sowohl der Mangel an Studierenden als auch hohe Abbruchquoten bzw. die Abwanderung in Unternehmen eine permanente Herausforderung, der im Rahmen des Projekts „FACE – Berufliches Lehramt“ (gefördert im Kontext der 3. Phase der Qualitätsoffensive Lehrerbildung) mit unterschiedlichen Maßnahmen begegnet werden soll. Die Entwicklungs- und Unterstützungsmaßnahmen im gewerblich-technischen Lehramt am Standort Freiburg fokussieren insbesondere die Aspekte Kohärenz und Professionsorientierung – zukünftig forciert durch studentische Reflexionsprozesse. Diese werden durch die Entwicklung eines Pilotstudiengangs ergänzt, welcher eine 52-wöchige betriebliche Praxis auf Facharbeiterebene (Facharbeiterbrief) in das Studium integriert. Darüber hinaus finden Facetten von Heterogenität/Inklusion und Deutsch als Zweitsprache/Deutsch als Fremdsprache (DaZ/DaF) als Querschnittskompetenzen Eingang in das Studium. Die in allen Bereichen erworbenen Handlungskompetenzen werden in den Schulpraxisphasen erprobt und anschließend kritisch-konstruktiv in Reflexionsseminaren aufgearbeitet. Im folgenden Beitrag soll kurz auf die Entstehung des Pilotstudiengangs unter reflexiven Aspekten eingegangen werden.
A degree course in IT and business administration solely for women (FIW) has been offered since 2009 at the HTW Berlin – University of Applied Sciences. This contribution discusses student motivations for enrolling in such a women only degree course and gives details of our experience over recent years. In particular, the approach to attracting new female students is described and the composition of the intake is discussed. It is shown that the women-only setting together with other factors can attract a new clientele for computer science.
This study sought to analyze the relationship between in-season training workload with changes in aerobic power (VO2max), maximum and resting heart rate (HRmax and HRrest), linear sprint medium (LSM), and short test (LSS), in soccer players younger than 16 years (under-16 soccer players). We additionally aimed to explain changes in fitness levels during the in-season through regression models, considering accumulated load, baseline levels, and peak height velocity (PHV) as predictors. Twenty-three male sub-elite soccer players aged 15.5 ± 0.2 years (PHV: 13.6 ± 0.4 years; body height: 172.7 ± 4.2 cm; body mass: 61.3 ± 5.6 kg; body fat: 13.7% ± 3.9%; VO2max: 48.4 ± 2.6 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1), were tested three times across the season (i.e., early-season (EaS), mid-season (MiS), and end-season (EnS) for VO2max, HRmax, LSM, and LSS. Aerobic and speed variables gradually improved over the season and had a strong association with PHV. Moreover, the HRmax demonstrated improvements from EaS to EnS; however, this was more evident in the intermediate period (from EaS to MiS) and had a strong association with VO2max. Regression analysis showed significant predictions for VO2max [F(2, 20) = 8.18, p ≤ 0.001] with an R2 of 0.45. In conclusion, the meaningful variation of youth players’ fitness levels can be observed across the season, and such changes can be partially explained by the load imposed.
Previous studies have not considered the potential influence of maturity status on the relationship between mental imagery and change of direction (CoD) speed in youth soccer. Accordingly, this cross-sectional study examined the association between mental imagery and CoD performance in young elite soccer players of different maturity status. Forty young male soccer players, aged 10-17 years, were assigned into two groups according to their predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV) (Pre-PHV; n = 20 and Post-PHV; n = 20). Participants were evaluated on soccer-specific tests of CoD with (CoDBall-15m) and without (CoD-15m) the ball. Participants completed the movement imagery questionnaire (MIQ) with the three- dimensional structure, internal visual imagery (IVI), external visual imagery (EVI), as well as kinesthetic imagery (KI). The Post-PHV players achieved significantly better results than Pre-PHV in EVI (ES = 1.58, large; p < 0.001), CoD-15m (ES = 2.09, very large; p < 0.001) and CoDBall-15m (ES = 1.60, large; p < 0.001). Correlations were significantly different between maturity groups, where, for the pre-PHV group, a negative very large correlation was observed between CoDBall-15m and KI (r = –0.73, p = 0.001). For the post-PHV group, large negative correlations were observed between CoD-15m and IVI (r = –0.55, p = 0.011), EVI (r = –062, p = 0.003), and KI (r = –0.52, p = 0.020). A large negative correlation of CoDBall-15m with EVI (r = –0.55, p = 0.012) and very large correlation with KI (r = –0.79, p = 0.001) were also observed. This study provides evidence of the theoretical and practical use for the CoD tasks stimulus with imagery. We recommend that sport psychology specialists, coaches, and athletes integrated imagery for CoD tasks in pre-pubertal soccer players to further improve CoD related performance.
Environmental pollution by microplastics has become a severe problem in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and, according to actual prognoses, problems will further increase in the future. Therefore, assessing and quantifying the risk for the biota is crucial. Standardized short-term toxicological procedures as well as methods quantifying potential toxic effects over the whole life span of an animal are required. We studied the effect of the microplastic polystyrene on the survival and reproduction of a common freshwater invertebrate, the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, at different timescales. We used pristine polystyrene spheres of 1, 3, and 6 µm diameter and fed them to the animals together with food algae in different ratios ranging from 0 to 50% nonfood particles. As a particle control, we used silica to distinguish between a pure particle effect and a plastic effect. After 24 h, no toxic effect was found, neither with polystyrene nor with silica. After 96 h, a toxic effect was detectable for both particle types. The size of the particles played a negligible role. Studying the long-term effect by using life table experiments, we found a reduced reproduction when the animals were fed with 3 µm spheres together with similar-sized food algae. We conclude that the fitness reduction is mainly driven by the dilution of food by the nonfood particles rather than by a direct toxic effect.
Background: Assessing short-term growth in humans is still fraught with difficulties. Especially when looking for small variations and increments, such as mini growth spurts, high precision instruments or frequent measurements are necessary. Daily measurements however require a lot of effort, both for anthropologists and for the subjects. Therefore, new sophisticated approaches are needed that reduce fluctuations and reveal underlying patterns.
Objectives: Changepoints are abrupt variations in the properties of time series data. In the context of growth, such variations could be variation in mean height. By adjusting the variance and using different growth models, we assessed the ability of changepoint analysis to analyse short-term growth and detect mini growth spurts.
Sample and Methods: We performed Bayesian changepoint analysis on simulated growth data using the bcp package in R. Simulated growth patterns included stasis, linear growth, catch-up growth, and mini growth spurts. Specificity and a normalised variant of the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) were used to assess the algorithm’s performance. Welch’s t-test was used to compare differences of the mean.
Results: First results show that changepoint analysis can detect mini growth spurts. However, the ability to detect mini growth spurts is highly dependent on measurement error. Data preparation, such as ranking and rotating time series data, showed negligible improvements. Missing data was an issue and may affect the prediction quality of the classification metrics.
Conclusion: Changepoint analysis is a promising tool to analyse short-term growth. However, further optimisation and analysis of real growth data is needed to make broader generalisations.
Physical activity and exercise are effective approaches in prevention and therapy of multiple diseases. Although the specific characteristics of lengthening contractions have the potential to be beneficial in many clinical conditions, eccentric training is not commonly used in clinical populations with metabolic, orthopaedic, or neurologic conditions. The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the feasibility, functional benefits, and systemic responses of an eccentric exercise program focused on the trunk and lower extremities in people with low back pain (LBP) and multiple sclerosis (MS). A six-week eccentric training program with three weekly sessions is performed by people with LBP and MS. The program consists of ten exercises addressing strength of the trunk and lower extremities. The study follows a four-group design (N = 12 per group) in two study centers (Israel and Germany): three groups perform the eccentric training program: A) control group (healthy, asymptomatic); B) people with LBP; C) people with MS; group D (people with MS) receives standard care physiotherapy. Baseline measurements are conducted before first training, post-measurement takes place after the last session both comprise blood sampling, self-reported questionnaires, mobility, balance, and strength testing. The feasibility of the eccentric training program will be evaluated using quantitative and qualitative measures related to the study process, compliance and adherence, safety, and overall program assessment. For preliminary assessment of potential intervention effects, surrogate parameters related to mobility, postural control, muscle strength and systemic effects are assessed. The presented study will add knowledge regarding safety, feasibility, and initial effects of eccentric training in people with orthopaedic and neurological conditions. The simple exercises, that are easily modifiable in complexity and intensity, are likely beneficial to other populations. Thus, multiple applications and implementation pathways for the herein presented training program are conceivable.
Christian (von) Rother, Chef der Preußischen Seehandlung 1820–1848, ist vermutlich die prägendste Gestalt der Institution im 19. Jahrhundert. Seine Lebensgeschichte als Sohn eines schlesischen Bauern zeugt von sozialem Aufstieg und einer eindrucksvollen Beamtenkarriere. Rother formte die Seehandlung zu einem Konglomerat von gewerblichen Unternehmen, die durch Bankengeschäfte, Chausseebauprogramme und das Engagement des Staates in der Wirtschaftsförderung leistungsstark gemacht werden sollten. Der Erfolg blieb allerdings unterschiedlich. In den 1840er Jahren stießen diese Bemühungen darüber hinaus auf Kritik von unternehmerischen Konkurrenten. Bleibende Bedeutung behauptete eine von Rother gegründete soziale Einrichtung, die in Berlin ansässige Rother-Stiftung für arme und unverheiratete Töchter von Beamten und Offizieren.
ANNIS
(2004)
In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of our first version of the database "ANNIS" ("ANNotation of Information Structure"). For research based on empirical data, ANNIS provides a uniform environment for storing this data together with its linguistic annotations. A central database promotes standardized annotation, which facilitates interpretation and comparison of the data. ANNIS is used through a standard web browser and offers tier-based visualization of data and annotations, as well as search facilities that allow for cross-level and cross-sentential queries. The paper motivates the design of the system, characterizes its user interface, and provides an initial technical evaluation of ANNIS with respect to data size and query processing.
Background
Eating in absence of hunger is quite common and often associated with an increased energy intake co-existent with a poorer food choice. Intuitive eating (IE), i.e., eating in accordance with internal hunger and satiety cues, may protect from overeating. IE, however, requires accurate perception and processing of one’s own bodily signals, also referred to as interoceptive sensitivity. Training interoceptive sensitivity might therefore be an effective method to promote IE and prevent overeating. As most studies on eating behavior are conducted in younger adults and close social relationships influence health-related behavior, this study focuses on middle-aged and older couples.
Methods
The present pilot randomized intervention study aims at investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of a 21-day mindfulness-based training program designed to increase interoceptive sensitivity. A total of N = 60 couples participating in the NutriAct Family Study, aged 50–80 years, will be recruited. This randomized-controlled intervention study comprises three measurement points (pre-intervention, post-intervention, 4-week follow-up) and a 21-day training that consists of daily mindfulness-based guided audio exercises (e.g., body scan). A three-arm intervention study design is applied to compare two intervention groups (training together as a couple vs. training alone) with a control group (no training). Each measurement point includes the assessment of self-reported and objective indicators of interoceptive sensitivity (primary outcome), self-reported indicators of intuitive and maladaptive eating (secondary outcomes), and additional variables. A training evaluation applying focus group discussions will be conducted to assess participants’ overall acceptance of the training and its feasibility.
Discussion
By investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of a mindfulness-based training program to increase interoceptive sensitivity, the present study will contribute to a deeper understanding of how to promote healthy eating in older age.
We launched an original large-scale experiment concerning informatics learning in French high schools. We are using the France-IOI platform to federate resources and share observation for research. The first step is the implementation of an adaptive hypermedia based on very fine grain epistemic modules for Python programming learning. We define the necessary traces to be built in order to study the trajectories of navigation the pupils will draw across this hypermedia. It may be browsed by pupils either as a course support, or an extra help to solve the list of exercises (mainly for algorithmics discovery). By leaving the locus of control to the learner, we want to observe the different trajectories they finally draw through our system. These trajectories may be abstracted and interpreted as strategies and then compared for their relative efficiency. Our hypothesis is that learners have different profiles and may use the appropriate strategy accordingly. This paper presents the research questions, the method and the expected results.
Background: The prevalence of diabetes worldwide is predicted to increase from 2.8% in 2000 to 4.4% in 2030. Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is associated with damage to nerve glial cells, their axons, and endothelial cells leading to impaired function and mobility.
Objective: We aimed to examine the effects of an endurance-dominated exercise program on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), ground reaction forces, and muscle activities during walking in patients with moderate DN.
Methods: Sixty male and female individuals aged 45–65 years with DN were randomly assigned to an intervention (IG, n = 30) or a waiting control (CON, n = 30) group. The research protocol of this study was registered with the Local Clinical Trial Organization (IRCT20200201046326N1). IG conducted an endurance-dominated exercise program including exercises on a bike ergometer and gait therapy. The progressive intervention program lasted 12 weeks with three sessions per week, each 40–55 min. CON received the same treatment as IG after the post-tests. Pre- and post-training, VO2max was tested during a graded exercise test using spiroergometry. In addition, ground reaction forces and lower limbs muscle activities were recorded while walking at a constant speed of ∼1 m/s.
Results: No statistically significant baseline between group differences was observed for all analyzed variables. Significant group-by-time interactions were found for VO2max (p < 0.001; d = 1.22). The post-hoc test revealed a significant increase in IG (p < 0.001; d = 1.88) but not CON. Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for peak lateral and vertical ground reaction forces during heel contact and peak vertical ground reaction force during push-off (p = 0.001–0.037; d = 0.56–1.53). For IG, post-hoc analyses showed decreases in peak lateral (p < 0.001; d = 1.33) and vertical (p = 0.004; d = 0.55) ground reaction forces during heel contact and increases in peak vertical ground reaction force during push-off (p < 0.001; d = 0.92). In terms of muscle activity, significant group-by-time interactions were found for vastus lateralis and gluteus medius during the loading phase and for vastus medialis during the mid-stance phase, and gastrocnemius medialis during the push-off phase (p = 0.001–0.044; d = 0.54–0.81). Post-hoc tests indicated significant intervention-related increases in vastus lateralis (p = 0.001; d = 1.08) and gluteus medius (p = 0.008; d = 0.67) during the loading phase and vastus medialis activity during mid-stance (p = 0.001; d = 0.86). In addition, post-hoc tests showed decreases in gastrocnemius medialis during the push-off phase in IG only (p < 0.001; d = 1.28).
Conclusions: This study demonstrated that an endurance-dominated exercise program has the potential to improve VO2max and diabetes-related abnormal gait in patients with DN. The observed decreases in peak vertical ground reaction force during the heel contact of walking could be due to increased vastus lateralis and gluteus medius activities during the loading phase. Accordingly, we recommend to implement endurance-dominated exercise programs in type 2 diabetic patients because it is feasible, safe and effective by improving aerobic capacity and gait characteristics.
Two dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) is a promising technique to overcome limits of complex metabolome analysis using one dimensional GC-TOF-MS. Especially at the stage of data export and data mining, however, convenient procedures to cope with the complexity of GCxGC-TOF-MS data are still in development. Here, we present a high sample throughput protocol exploiting first and second retention index for spectral library search and subsequent construction of a high dimensional data matrix useful for statistical analysis. The method was applied to the analysis of 13 C-labelling experiments in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We developed a rapid sampling and extraction procedure for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii laboratory strain (CC503), a cell wall deficient mutant. By testing all published quenching protocols we observed dramatic metabolite leakage rates for certain metabolites. To circumvent metabolite leakage, samples were directly quenched and analyzed without separation of the medium. The growth medium was adapted to this rapid sampling protocol to avoid interference with GCxGC-TOF-MS analysis. To analyse batches of samples a new software tool, MetMax, was implemented which extracts the isotopomer matrix from stable isotope labelling experiments together with the first and second retention index (RI1 and RI2). To exploit RI1 and RI2 for metabolite identification we used the Golm metabolome database (GMD [1] with RI1/ RI2-reference spectra and new search algorithms. Using those techniques we analysed the dynamics of (CO2)-C-13 and C-13- acetate uptake in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells in two different steady states namely photoautotrophic and mixotrophic growth conditions.
As mid-19th-century American Jews introduced radical changes to their religious observance and began to define Judaism in new ways, to what extent did they engage with European Jewish ideas? Historians often approach religious change among Jews from German lands during this period as if Jewish immigrants had come to America with one set of ideas that then evolved solely in conversation with their American contexts. Historians have similarly cast the kinds of Judaism Americans created as both unique to America and uniquely American. These characterizations are accurate to an extent. But to what extent did Jewish innovations in the United States take place in conversation with European Jewish developments? Looking to the 19th-century American Jewish press, this paper seeks to understand how American Jews engaged European Judaism in formulating their own ideas, understanding themselves, and understanding their place in world Judaism.
In diesem Beitrag wird ein geplantes digitales Lehrkonzept für die universitäre Begleitung des Praxissemesters in den Fächern Biologie und Mathematik vorgestellt. Darin setzen sich Studierende im Praxissemester selbstständig fachspezifische Schwerpunkte für die Planung, Durchführung und Reflexion von Unterrichtsprojekten in der Schule. Optimalerweise ergibt sich aus den Unterrichtsprojekten auch eine fachbezogene Fragestellung, die von den Studierenden im Zuge Forschenden Lernens ergründet werden kann. Begleitet wird der gesamte Prozess durch systematisch angeleitete E-Peer-Assessments (E-PA). Dabei treten Studierende in Peers in den digitalen, schriftlichen Dialog über Unterricht und durchlaufen gemeinsam Reflexions- und Feedbackschleifen, welche durch die universitäre Seminarleitung instruiert werden.
Am alten Markt
(2012)
Alles auf (Studien-)Anfang? Faktoren für den Studienerfolg in der Eingangsphase und zur Studienmitte
(2020)
Die hohen Abbruchquoten, insbesondere in der Studieneingangsphase, haben die Hochschulen in Deutschland veranlasst, eine Vielzahl von Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, über deren Wirkungen bisher allerdings wenig bekannt ist. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Befunde eines Forschungsprojekts speziell zur Studieneingangsphase sowie ergänzend zur Studienmitte vorgestellt, dessen Ziel es war, Bedingungen eines erfolgreichen Studieneinstiegs zu identifizieren und Empfehlungen für eine Optimierung des Studieneingangs abzuleiten. Das Forschungsdesign umfasste neben qualitativen Studien vor allem eine quantitative Längsschnittbefragung an fünf Universitäten (Potsdam, Mainz, Magdeburg, Kiel und Greifswald). Im Ergebnis der Analysen konnte die forschungsleitende Hypothese, dass Maßnahmen zum Studieneingang vor allem dann zur Erhöhung des Studienerfolgs einen Beitrag leisten, wenn sie zur akademischen und sozialen Integration in die Hochschule beitragen, bestätigt werden. Bedeutsam für den Studienerfolg sind demnach insbesondere solche Faktoren wie die Identifikation mit dem Studienfach, die Selbstwirksamkeit, die berufliche bzw. erfolgsorientierte Lernmotivation und die akademische Integration. Daneben konnte ein positiver Einfluss des sozialen Klimas sowie des Forschungs- und Praxisbezugs auf die Studienzufriedenheit nachgewiesen werden. Weiterführende Analysen zur Studienmitte verdeutlichen zudem, dass für die beiden Studienphasen (Eingang und Studienmitte) gleiche Faktoren bei zum Teil unterschiedlicher Gewichtung eine Rolle spielen. So ist die soziale Integration ein wesentlicher Prädiktor in beiden Phasen – in der Eingangsphase eher in die Studierendenschaft und im weiteren Studienverlauf (Studienmitte) eher in die akademische Gemeinschaft (in Form von Lehrenden). Insofern muss die Eingangsfrage wie folgt beantwortet werden: Ja, alles auf Anfang, aber dann mit den Bemühungen, soziale und akademische Integration aller Studierenden voll und ganz zu gewährleisten. Zudem machen die Befunde auf die bisher offenbar unterschätzte Rolle von Verwertungsmotiven aufmerksam.
Algorithmen als Dozierende?
(2023)
Auf maschinellem Lernen basierende Tools haben schon längst Einzug in unseren Alltag gefunden und so konnten auch in der Lehrkräftebildung erste Anwendungen entwickelt, erprobt und evaluiert werden. Im Teilprojekt Physikdidaktik des Schwerpunktes 2 „Schulpraktische Studien“ wurden auf Basis eines Rahmenmodells für Reflexion (Nowak et al., 2019) automatisierte Analysemethoden (Wulff et al., 2020) entwickelt und fanden Einzug in universitäre fachdidaktische Lehre (Mientus et al., 2021a). Mit dem Projekt konnten Potenziale KI-basierter Unterstützung aufgezeigt und verstetigt sowie spezifische Herausforderungen identifiziert werden. Dieser Beitrag skizziert ausgewählte Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und weiterführende Forschungen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Akzeptanz computerunterstützter Lehre.
Wild bee species are important pollinators in agricultural landscapes. However, population decline was reported over the last decades and is still ongoing. While agricultural intensification is a major driver of the rapid loss of pollinating species, transition zones between arable fields and forest or grassland patches, i.e., agricultural buffer zones, are frequently mentioned as suitable mitigation measures to support wild bee populations and other pollinator species. Despite the reported general positive effect, it remains unclear which amount of buffer zones is needed to ensure a sustainable and permanent impact for enhancing bee diversity and abundance. To address this question at a pollinator community level, we implemented a process-based, spatially explicit simulation model of functional bee diversity dynamics in an agricultural landscape. More specifically, we introduced a variable amount of agricultural buffer zones (ABZs) at the transition of arable to grassland, or arable to forest patches to analyze the impact on bee functional diversity and functional richness. We focused our study on solitary bees in a typical agricultural area in the Northeast of Germany. Our results showed positive effects with at least 25% of virtually implemented agricultural buffer zones. However, higher amounts of ABZs of at least 75% should be considered to ensure a sufficient increase in Shannon diversity and decrease in quasi-extinction risks. These high amounts of ABZs represent effective conservation measures to safeguard the stability of pollination services provided by solitary bee species. As the model structure can be easily adapted to other mobile species in agricultural landscapes, our community approach offers the chance to compare the effectiveness of conservation measures also for other pollinator communities in future.
Agenda 21-Prozesse für zukunftsfähige Kommunen in Brandenburg KROHN, A.: Stadtentwicklung und Lokale Agenda 21 – Zwei Seiten einer Medaille ; MATERNE, S.: Agenda 21 in Oranienburg – die Entwicklung eines Leitbildes ; SCHLUTOW, A.; WILHELM, B.; METZDORF, R.; WILK, B., FÖRSTER, B.: Interessengemeinschaft "Ökologie 2000 - Unternehmer für die Umwelt" – Anstoß der Wirtschaft für eine lokale Agenda 21 in Strausberg ; SCHADE, B.: Agenda 21 im Landkreis Potsdam-Mittelmark – Rahmen für lokale Aktivitäten ; KITZIG, A.: Potsdam, Stadt der Toleranz – unterwegs mit Geschichts- und Verantwortungsbewußtsein für die Zukunft. Die Lokale Agenda 21 ; MÜLLER, J.: Umsetzung eines Klimaschutzkonzeptes – Schritte zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung der Stadt Eberswalde , HAASE, W.: Eine lokale Agenda 21 für Kleinmachnow , RÜCKERT-JOHN, J.: Auf dem Weg zur Nachhaltigkeit. Ergebnisse einer Dorfstudie
Children’s physical fitness development and related moderating effects of age and sex are well documented, especially boys’ and girls’ divergence during puberty. The situation might be different during prepuberty. As girls mature approximately two years earlier than boys, we tested a possible convergence of performance with five tests representing four components of physical fitness in a large sample of 108,295 eight-year old third-graders. Within this single prepubertal year of life and irrespective of the test, performance increased linearly with chronological age, and boys outperformed girls to a larger extent in tests requiring muscle mass for successful performance. Tests differed in the magnitude of age effects (gains), but there was no evidence for an interaction between age and sex. Moreover, “physical fitness” of schools correlated at r = 0.48 with their age effect which might imply that "fit schools” promote larger gains; expected secular trends from 2011 to 2019 were replicated.
Background
Wearables, as small portable computer systems worn on the body, can track user fitness and health data, which can be used to customize health insurance contributions individually. In particular, insured individuals with a healthy lifestyle can receive a reduction of their contributions to be paid. However, this potential is hardly used in practice.
Objective
This study aims to identify which barrier factors impede the usage of wearables for assessing individual risk scores for health insurances, despite its technological feasibility, and to rank these barriers according to their relevance.
Methods
To reach these goals, we conduct a ranking-type Delphi study with the following three stages. First, we collected possible barrier factors from a panel of 16 experts and consolidated them to a list of 11 barrier categories. Second, the panel was asked to rank them regarding their relevance. Third, to enhance the panel consensus, the ranking was revealed to the experts, who were then asked to re-rank the barriers.
Results
The results suggest that regulation is the most important barrier. Other relevant barriers are false or inaccurate measurements and application errors caused by the users. Additionally, insurers could lack the required technological competence to use the wearable data appropriately.
Conclusion
A wider use of wearables and health apps could be achieved through regulatory modifications, especially regarding privacy issues. Even after assuring stricter regulations, users’ privacy concerns could partly remain, if the data exchange between wearables manufacturers, health app providers, and health insurers does not become more transparent.
As competition over peer status becomes intense during adolescence, some adolescents develop insecure feelings regarding their social standing among their peers (i.e., social status insecurity). These adolescents sometimes use aggression to defend or promote their status. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among social status insecurity, callous-unemotional (CU) traits, and popularity-motivated aggression and prosocial behaviors among adolescents, while controlling for gender. Another purpose was to examine the potential moderating role of CU traits in these relationships. Participants were 1,047 (49.2% girls; Mage = 12.44 years; age range from 11 to 14 years) in the 7th or 8th grades from a large Midwestern city. They completed questionnaires on social status insecurity, CU traits, and popularity-motivated relational aggression, physical aggression, cyberaggression, and prosocial behaviors. A structural regression model was conducted, with gender as a covariate. The model had adequate fit. Social status insecurity was associated positively with callousness, unemotional, and popularity-motivated aggression and related negatively to popularity-motivated prosocial behaviors. High social status insecurity was related to greater popularity-motivated aggression when adolescents had high callousness traits. The findings have implications for understanding the individual characteristics associated with social status insecurity.
1,4-Di(homo)allyl-2,5-diketopiperazines are synthesized and polymerized via ADMET using the Hoveyda-Grubbs 2nd generation catalyst. The but-3-enylated diketopiperazine can be converted into unsaturated tertiary polyamide with molar mass of <3000 g mol(-1), whereas the allylated diketopiperazine cannot. Double-bond isomerization occurs regardless of whether or not benzoquinone is present. A polyesteramide with a higher molar mass of ca. 4800 g mol(-1) is obtained by the alternating copolymerization (ALTMET) of 1,4-di(but-3-enyl)-2,5-di ketopiperazine and ethylene glycol diacrylate. A post-polymerization modification of the poly(ester)amides via radical thiol-ene chemistry, however, fails.
Adaption von Lernwegen in adaptierten Lehrmaterialien für Studierende mit Berufsausbildungsabschluss
(2023)
Obwohl immer mehr Menschen nicht direkt ein Studium aufnehmen, sondern zuvor eine berufliche Ausbildung absolvieren, werden die in der Ausbildung erworbenen Kompetenzen von den Hochschulen inhaltlich und didaktisch meist ignoriert. Ein Ansatz, diese Kompetenzen zu würdigen, ist die formale Anrechnung von mitgebrachten Kompetenzen als (für den Studienabschluss erforderliche) Leistungspunkte. Eine andere Variante ist der Einsatz von speziell für die Zielgruppe der Studierenden mit Vorkenntnissen adaptiertem Lehr-Lernmaterial. Um darüber hinaus individuelle Unterschiede zu berücksichtigen, erlaubt eine weitere Adaption individueller Lernpfade den Lernenden, genau die jeweils fehlenden Kompetenzen zu erwerben. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir die exemplarische Entwicklung derartigen Materials anhand des Kurses „Datenbanken“ für die Zielgruppe der Studierenden mit einer abgeschlossenen Ausbildung zum Fachinformatiker bzw. zur Fachinformatikerin vor.
Flood risk management in Germany follows an integrative approach in which both private households and businesses can make an important contribution to reducing flood damage by implementing property-level adaptation measures. While the flood adaptation behavior of private households has already been widely researched, comparatively less attention has been paid to the adaptation strategies of businesses. However, their ability to cope with flood risk plays an important role in the social and economic development of a flood-prone region. Therefore, using quantitative survey data, this study aims to identify different strategies and adaptation drivers of 557 businesses damaged by a riverine flood in 2013 and 104 businesses damaged by pluvial or flash floods between 2014 and 2017. Our results indicate that a low perceived self-efficacy may be an important factor that can reduce the motivation of businesses to adapt to flood risk. Furthermore, property-owners tended to act more proactively than tenants. In addition, high experience with previous flood events and low perceived response costs could strengthen proactive adaptation behavior. These findings should be considered in business-tailored risk communication.
This paper investigates the predictions of the Derivational Complexity Hypothesis by studying the acquisition of wh-questions in 4- and 5-year-old Akan-speaking children in an experimental approach using an elicited production and an elicited imitation task. Akan has two types of wh-question structures (wh-in-situ and wh-ex-situ questions), which allows an investigation of children’s acquisition of these two question structures and their preferences for one or the other. Our results show that adults prefer to use wh-ex-situ questions over wh-in-situ questions. The results from the children show that both age groups have the two question structures in their linguistic repertoire. However, they differ in their preferences in usage in the elicited production task: while the 5-year-olds preferred the wh-in-situ structure over the wh-ex-situ structure, the 4-year-olds showed a selective preference for the wh-in-situ structure in who-questions. These findings suggest a developmental change in wh-question preferences in Akan-learning children between 4 and 5 years of age with a so far unobserved u-shaped developmental pattern. In the elicited imitation task, all groups showed a strong tendency to maintain the structure of in-situ and ex-situ questions in repeating grammatical questions. When repairing ungrammatical ex-situ questions, structural changes to grammatical in-situ questions were hardly observed but the insertion of missing morphemes while keeping the ex-situ structure. Together, our findings provide only partial support for the Derivational Complexity Hypothesis.
This study examines the access to healthcare for children and adolescents with three common chronic diseases (type-1 diabetes (T1D), obesity, or juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)) within the 4th (Delta), 5th (Omicron), and beginning of the 6th (Omicron) wave (June 2021 until July 2022) of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany in a cross-sectional study using three national patient registries. A paper-and-pencil questionnaire was given to parents of pediatric patients (<21 years) during the routine check-ups. The questionnaire contains self-constructed items assessing the frequency of healthcare appointments and cancellations, remote healthcare, and satisfaction with healthcare. In total, 905 parents participated in the T1D-sample, 175 in the obesity-sample, and 786 in the JIA-sample. In general, satisfaction with healthcare (scale: 0–10; 10 reflecting the highest satisfaction) was quite high (median values: T1D 10, JIA 10, obesity 8.5). The proportion of children and adolescents with canceled appointments was relatively small (T1D 14.1%, JIA 11.1%, obesity 20%), with a median of 1 missed appointment, respectively. Only a few parents (T1D 8.6%; obesity 13.1%; JIA 5%) reported obstacles regarding health services during the pandemic. To conclude, it seems that access to healthcare was largely preserved for children and adolescents with chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.
Abgelegte Musik
(2023)
ABC der Geographiedidaktik
(2006)
A Secular Tradition
(2021)
This article focuses on the social philosopher Horace Kallen and the revisions he made to the concept of cultural pluralism that he first developed in the early 20th century, applying it to postwar America and the young State of Israel. It shows how he opposed the assumption that the United States’ social order was based on a “Judeo-Christian tradition.” By constructing pluralism as a civil religion and carving out space for secular self-understandings in midcentury America, Kallen attempted to preserve the integrity of his earlier political visions, developed during World War I, of pluralist societies in the United States and Palestine within an internationalist global order. While his perspective on the State of Israel was largely shaped by his American experiences, he revised his approach to politically functionalizing religious traditions as he tested his American understanding of a secular, pluralist society against the political theology effective in the State of Israel. The trajectory of Kallen’s thought points to fundamental questions about the compatibility of American and Israeli understandings of religion’s function in society and its relation to political belonging, especially in light of their transnational connection through American Jewish support for the recently established state.
Background
Relatively little is known about protective factors and the emergence and maintenance of positive outcomes in the field of adolescents with chronic conditions. Therefore, the primary aim of the study is to acquire a deeper understanding of the dynamic process of resilience factors, coping strategies and psychosocial adjustment of adolescents living with chronic conditions.
Methods/design
We plan to consecutively recruit N = 450 adolescents (12–21 years) from three German patient registries for chronic conditions (type 1 diabetes, cystic fibrosis, or juvenile idiopathic arthritis). Based on screening for anxiety and depression, adolescents are assigned to two parallel groups – “inconspicuous” (PHQ-9 and GAD-7 < 7) vs. “conspicuous” (PHQ-9 or GAD-7 ≥ 7) – participating in a prospective online survey at baseline and 12-month follow-up. At two time points (T1, T2), we assess (1) intra- and interpersonal resiliency factors, (2) coping strategies, and (3) health-related quality of life, well-being, satisfaction with life, anxiety and depression. Using a cross-lagged panel design, we will examine the bidirectional longitudinal relations between resiliency factors and coping strategies, psychological adaptation, and psychosocial adjustment. To monitor Covid-19 pandemic effects, participants are also invited to take part in an intermediate online survey.
Discussion
The study will provide a deeper understanding of adaptive, potentially modifiable processes and will therefore help to develop novel, tailored interventions supporting a positive adaptation in youths with a chronic condition. These strategies should not only support those at risk but also promote the maintenance of a successful adaptation.
Trial registration
German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), no. DRKS00025125. Registered on May 17, 2021.
Objective
The Caribbean is an important global biodiversity hotspot. Adaptive radiations there lead to many speciation events within a limited period and hence are particularly prominent biodiversity generators. A prime example are freshwater fish of the genus Limia, endemic to the Greater Antilles. Within Hispaniola, nine species have been described from a single isolated site, Lake Miragoâne, pointing towards extraordinary sympatric speciation. This study examines the evolutionary history of the Limia species in Lake Miragoâne, relative to their congeners throughout the Caribbean.
Results
For 12 Limia species, we obtained almost complete sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, a well-established marker for lower-level taxonomic relationships. We included sequences of six further Limia species from GenBank (total N = 18 species). Our phylogenies are in concordance with other published phylogenies of Limia. There is strong support that the species found in Lake Miragoâne in Haiti are monophyletic, confirming a recent local radiation. Within Lake Miragoâne, speciation is likely extremely recent, leading to incomplete lineage sorting in the mtDNA. Future studies using multiple unlinked genetic markers are needed to disentangle the relationships within the Lake Miragoâne clade.
In this paper, we investigate the continuous version of modified iterative Runge–Kutta-type methods for nonlinear inverse ill-posed problems proposed in a previous work. The convergence analysis is proved under the tangential cone condition, a modified discrepancy principle, i.e., the stopping time T is a solution of ∥𝐹(𝑥𝛿(𝑇))−𝑦𝛿∥=𝜏𝛿+ for some 𝛿+>𝛿, and an appropriate source condition. We yield the optimal rate of convergence.
Informatics as a school subject has been virtually absent from bilingual education programs in German secondary schools. Most bilingual programs in German secondary education started out by focusing on subjects from the field of social sciences. Teachers and bilingual curriculum experts alike have been regarding those as the most suitable subjects for bilingual instruction – largely due to the intercultural perspective that a bilingual approach provides. And though one cannot deny the gain that ensues from an intercultural perspective on subjects such as history or geography, this benefit is certainly not limited to social science subjects. In consequence, bilingual curriculum designers have already begun to include other subjects such as physics or chemistry in bilingual school programs. It only seems a small step to extend this to informatics. This paper will start out by addressing potential benefits of adding informatics to the range of subjects taught as part of English-language bilingual programs in German secondary education. In a second step it will sketch out a methodological (= didactical) model for teaching informatics to German learners through English. It will then provide two items of hands-on and tested teaching material in accordance with this model. The discussion will conclude with a brief outlook on the chances and prerequisites of firmly establishing informatics as part of bilingual school curricula in Germany.
Older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) who in addition to their memory deficits also suffer from frontal-executive dysfunctions have a higher risk of developing dementia later in their lives than older adults with aMCI without executive deficits and older adults with non-amnestic MCI (naMCI). Handgrip strength (HGS) is also correlated with the risk of cognitive decline in the elderly. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the associations between HGS and executive functioning in individuals with aMCI, naMCI and healthy controls. Older, right-handed adults with amnestic MCI (aMCI), non-amnestic MCI (naMCI), and healthy controls (HC) conducted a handgrip strength measurement via a handheld dynamometer. Executive functions were assessed with the Trail Making Test (TMT A&B). Normalized handgrip strength (nHGS, normalized to Body Mass Index (BMI)) was calculated and its associations with executive functions (operationalized through z-scores of TMT B/A ratio) were investigated through partial correlation analyses (i.e., accounting for age, sex, and severity of depressive symptoms). A positive and low-to-moderate correlation between right nHGS (rp (22) = 0.364; p = 0.063) and left nHGS (rp (22) = 0.420; p = 0.037) and executive functioning in older adults with aMCI but not in naMCI or HC was observed. Our results suggest that higher levels of nHGS are linked to better executive functioning in aMCI but not naMCI and HC. This relationship is perhaps driven by alterations in the integrity of the hippocampal-prefrontal network occurring in older adults with aMCI. Further research is needed to provide empirical evidence for this assumption.
A comparison of current trends within computer science teaching in school in Germany and the UK
(2013)
In the last two years, CS as a school subject has gained a lot of attention worldwide, although different countries have differing approaches to and experiences of introducing CS in schools. This paper reports on a study comparing current trends in CS at school, with a major focus on two countries, Germany and UK. A survey was carried out of a number of teaching professionals and experts from the UK and Germany with regard to the content and delivery of CS in school. An analysis of the quantitative data reveals a difference in foci in the two countries; putting this into the context of curricular developments we are able to offer interpretations of these trends and suggest ways in which curricula in CS at school should be moving forward.
Nach einer Einführung in die Geschichte der Strategiespiele und im Speziellen von 4X-Spielen wird das Phänomen der „Hands-off-Games“ erläutert. Im Anschluss wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie 4X-Geschichtsspiele im Unterricht eingesetzt werden können. Dabei soll ein 4X-Strategiespiel zu einem historischen Thema entworfen werden. Die Modellierung erfolgt in drei Arbeitsschritten: Themenfindung, Modellfindung, Parametrierung. In den Entwurf des Modells fließen viele Überlegungen ein, die zentrale Fragen der Gemeinschaftskunde betreffen.
100 Jahre NABU
(1999)
10 Jahre IBA – und was nun?
(2003)