Extern
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (193) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (193) (remove)
Keywords
- football (5)
- Reflexion (4)
- exercise (4)
- Lehrkräftebildung (3)
- kinetics (3)
- obesity (3)
- stunting (3)
- COVID-19 (2)
- Feedback (2)
- Physical activity (2)
- SEPE (2)
- SNARC (2)
- Summer Schools (2)
- achilles tendinopathy (2)
- attention (2)
- body height (2)
- climate change (2)
- diabetes (2)
- diffusion (2)
- electromyography (2)
- handgrip strength (2)
- health care (2)
- language acquisition (2)
- literature review (2)
- longitudinal (2)
- machine learning (2)
- malnutrition (2)
- maturation (2)
- pre-school (2)
- reflexion (2)
- school mathematics (2)
- skills (2)
- virtual reality (2)
- wheat (2)
- 3D thermal model (1)
- 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (1)
- ACWR (1)
- AFLP (1)
- ALOS World 3D (1)
- APP (1)
- ASTER GDEM (1)
- Adipose tissue (1)
- Adolescents (1)
- Adult-child interaction (1)
- Advection and convection (1)
- Aftercare (1)
- Aging (1)
- Akan (1)
- Akt pathway (1)
- Animal personality (1)
- Anthropologie (1)
- Arabica coffee (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Barriers (1)
- Bayesian modelling (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Brandenburg (1)
- CDOM (1)
- COVID-19 pandemic (1)
- CRISPR editing validation (1)
- Central European Basin System (1)
- Chew Bahir (1)
- Chlamydomonas (1)
- Chronic conditions (1)
- Chronic low back pain (1)
- Cognitive fatigue (1)
- Conversation Analysis (1)
- Copernicus DEM (1)
- Coping (1)
- Cross-frequency PLV (1)
- Cystic fibrosis (1)
- Cytochrome b (1)
- DEM noise (1)
- Damage assessment (1)
- Data pooling (1)
- Delphi study (1)
- Developmental hyperscanning (1)
- Digital Health (1)
- Digital intervention (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Disturbance impacts (1)
- Disturbance indicator (1)
- Dual EEG analysis (1)
- Dynamometry (1)
- EEG (1)
- Eating behavior (1)
- Eccentric muscle action (1)
- Electronic Health (1)
- Elephant disturbance (1)
- Embodied cognition (1)
- Energy expenditure (1)
- Erkenntnisgewinnung (1)
- European hare (1)
- Exertion (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- FieldTrip (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Forschungsmethodik (1)
- Forschungsorientierung (1)
- Fortbildung (1)
- Fourier analysis (1)
- Fresh water fish (1)
- GPS (1)
- Gait (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Geothermal field (1)
- Germany (1)
- Glucose homeostasis (1)
- Governance (1)
- Grip force (1)
- H2S biosynthesis (1)
- HDL (1)
- HIV (1)
- Hamstring-quadriceps ratio (1)
- Handlungsempfehlungen (1)
- Health insurance (1)
- Heat transport by conduction (1)
- Hippo signaling (1)
- Human physical conditioning (1)
- ICDP (1)
- Individualized therapy (1)
- Injury (1)
- Injury risk (1)
- Inklusion (1)
- Insulin resistance (1)
- Inter-individual differences (1)
- Interactional Linguistics (1)
- Internet of Things (1)
- Interoception (1)
- Intuitive eating (1)
- Iron Age (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Island biogeography (1)
- Jurkat cells (1)
- Just so stories (1)
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (1)
- KI-Anwendung (1)
- Klimapolitik (1)
- Kommune (1)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (1)
- K−12 teachers (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LC/HRMS (1)
- LCSM (1)
- LC–MS/MS (1)
- LDL (1)
- Lake Holzmaar (1)
- Lake Malawi (1)
- Lehramtsstudium Biologie (1)
- Levy walks (1)
- Locally structured correlation (1)
- Locally structured standard deviation (1)
- M1/M2 differentiation (1)
- MALDI-TOF-MS (1)
- MCI (1)
- MSAP (1)
- Mandarin-English bilinguals (1)
- Martial arts (1)
- Maschinelles Lernen (1)
- Matthew effect (1)
- Mental number line (1)
- Metabolic syndrome (1)
- MiSpEx (1)
- MiSpEx-network (1)
- Microtus arvalis (1)
- Mindfulness (1)
- Mitochondria (1)
- Mixed methods (1)
- Mobile Health (1)
- Mobile diagnostics (1)
- Moco biosynthesis (1)
- Monte Carlo method (1)
- Monte-Carlo simulation (1)
- Motor system (1)
- Movement (1)
- Movement ecology (1)
- Muscle strength (1)
- Musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (1)
- N400 (1)
- NAFLD/MAFLD (1)
- Natural Language Processing (1)
- Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (1)
- Noradrenaline (1)
- Number processing (1)
- NutriAct Family Study (1)
- Nutrition (1)
- ODBA (1)
- Obesity (1)
- Older adults (1)
- Omicron (1)
- Ontologie (1)
- Overhead athletes (1)
- PLV (1)
- Partial Little Square (1)
- Partnership (1)
- Phase Locking Value (1)
- Philosophie (1)
- Photodynamics (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physical training (1)
- Pipistrellus nathusii (1)
- Plyometric exercise (1)
- Postural control (1)
- Potsdam (1)
- Prevention (1)
- Prior knowledge (1)
- Professionalisierung (1)
- Professionswissen (1)
- Prospective (1)
- Protective factors (1)
- Quality of life (1)
- Quantitative Trait Locus (1)
- Quantitative Trait Locus analysis (1)
- Randomized controlled trial (1)
- Randomized-controlled trial (1)
- Referendariat (1)
- Reflexivität (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Repetition (1)
- Reproducible benchmarking (1)
- Resiliency (1)
- Resistance training (1)
- Rotifera (1)
- Rural health (1)
- SARS-CoV-2 (1)
- SEPE Factors (1)
- SEPS factors (1)
- SFON (1)
- SRT (1)
- SRTM (1)
- Sammelband (1)
- Sedimentary basin (1)
- Selbstreflexion (1)
- Seminarkonzept (1)
- Shire River (1)
- Shoulder (1)
- Social-Economic-Political-Emotional (SEPE) factors (1)
- South-Eastern Africa (1)
- Soziale Medien (1)
- Specific wood density (1)
- Sport-specific performance (1)
- St. Nicolas House Analysis (1)
- Stadt (1)
- Standard deviation (1)
- Statistical Exercise (1)
- Stress response (1)
- Studienabbruch (1)
- Studieneingang (1)
- Studienerfolg (1)
- Sway (1)
- TAVI (1)
- TLR signaling (1)
- TMAO reductase (1)
- TMS (1)
- Tagung (1)
- TanDEM-X (1)
- Telehealth (1)
- Telemedicine (1)
- Theodor W. Adorno (1)
- Tiredness (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Tree allometry (1)
- Twitter (1)
- Type 1 diabetes (1)
- Ulmener Maar Tephra (1)
- Ulrich Sonnemann (1)
- Union (1)
- Unterrichtsanalyse (1)
- Unterrichtsmethoden (1)
- VR (1)
- Variance (1)
- Vignetten (1)
- Wearable electronic device (1)
- Wearable technology (1)
- Wirkungsforschung (1)
- Wood specific gravity (1)
- Woody aboveground biomass (1)
- WorldDEM (1)
- X-ray (1)
- Yamal (1)
- Yap1/Wwtr1 (Taz) (1)
- accelerometer (1)
- acclimation (1)
- acid mine drainage (1)
- acoustic communication (1)
- acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization (1)
- adaptive management (1)
- addition (1)
- adipose tissue (1)
- adolescents (1)
- advanced dynamic flow (1)
- aerobic power (1)
- aggression (1)
- aging (1)
- agricultural landscape (1)
- allocation policies (1)
- alpha-2 (1)
- amino acids (1)
- animal migration (1)
- animal personality (1)
- anomalous diffusion (1)
- anterior PNP (1)
- anterior cruciate ligament (1)
- anthropology (1)
- anthropometry (1)
- anti-cancer drugs (1)
- antibody (1)
- antidepressants (1)
- apoptosis (1)
- application of artificial intelligence (1)
- approximate methods (1)
- arable weeds (1)
- artificial intelligence (1)
- asymptotic method (1)
- athletes (1)
- athletic performance (1)
- augmented reality (1)
- automated radio telemetry (1)
- balance (1)
- baroclinicity (1)
- basic need satisfaction and frustration (1)
- bats (1)
- behavior problems (1)
- behavioral and self-report measures (1)
- behavioral type (1)
- behaviour (1)
- bibliometric analysis (1)
- biodiversity conservation (1)
- biological age (1)
- biology (1)
- biomechanics (1)
- birth weight (1)
- bis-MGD (1)
- blockchain (1)
- body mass index (1)
- body proportions (1)
- bound phenolic compounds (1)
- brain health (1)
- breastfeeding (1)
- buffer zones (1)
- burnout (1)
- business process management (1)
- business processes (1)
- cTBS (1)
- callous-unemotional traits (1)
- callousness (1)
- camelid antibody (1)
- camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (1)
- capabilities (1)
- carbon cycling (1)
- cardiac catheterization (CC) (1)
- cardiac development (1)
- cardiology (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- cardiovascular diseases (1)
- catch-up-growth (1)
- cellular bioenergetics (1)
- cellulose polymeric organic matter (1)
- central and peripheral vision (1)
- cereal leaf beetle (1)
- change of direction speed (1)
- changepoint analysis (1)
- changepoint detection (1)
- chaperone (1)
- child growth (1)
- children and adolescents (1)
- chimera (1)
- cholesterol (1)
- chronic health condition (1)
- chronic undernutrition (1)
- citation analysis (1)
- climate change adaptation (1)
- climate policy (1)
- clinical sample (1)
- coffee processing (1)
- cognitive bias (1)
- cognitive/muscular fatigue (1)
- collegial casework (1)
- color (1)
- community model (1)
- composition (1)
- constraint (1)
- consultation (1)
- content knowledge (1)
- continuing education activities (1)
- copy number analyses (1)
- corpus dataset (1)
- cost optimisation (1)
- counting (1)
- creativity (1)
- cross-species capture (1)
- cyberaggression (1)
- cytosine methylation (1)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (1)
- daily home-made measurements (1)
- deep neural networks (1)
- deferred choice (1)
- dental eruption (1)
- depressive disorder (1)
- depressive symptoms (1)
- derivational complexity (1)
- design of experiment (1)
- design thinking (1)
- development (1)
- diabetes mellitus (1)
- diabetic (1)
- digital technologies (1)
- digital transformation (1)
- digitalization (1)
- diketopiperazine (1)
- disaster risk reduction (1)
- discrepancy principle (1)
- disorder recognition (1)
- distress (1)
- drought events (1)
- drought intensity (1)
- drought projections (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- drug-sensitivity prediction (1)
- eavesdropping (1)
- eccentric-plyometric (1)
- echolocation (1)
- economy (1)
- ecophysiology (1)
- ecosystem restoration (1)
- education (1)
- eicosanoids (1)
- elderly (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- elevated plus-maze (1)
- elf-determination theory (1)
- embodied cognition (1)
- emergency management (1)
- emotional regulation (1)
- emotional stress (1)
- endocardium (1)
- endophytes (1)
- energy expenditure (1)
- energy policy (1)
- enhancement (1)
- entropy (1)
- environmental pollution (1)
- erythropoiesis (1)
- europe (1)
- european (1)
- everyday life (1)
- exercise cognition (1)
- exercise test (1)
- exercise training (1)
- external load (1)
- extracellular enzymes (1)
- extremophiles (1)
- eye movements (1)
- fear (1)
- feature selection (1)
- federated learning (1)
- feedback (1)
- feeling of presence (1)
- fence ecology (1)
- fiction (1)
- finite-size effects (1)
- first-passage time (1)
- first-reaction time (1)
- fitness (1)
- flexibility (1)
- floods (1)
- food access (1)
- food web (1)
- formal semantics (1)
- fractionation (1)
- frailty tool (1)
- frame index (1)
- frames of reference (1)
- freshwater (1)
- frustration (1)
- functional performance (1)
- functional traits (1)
- fungal pathogens (1)
- fungi (1)
- gait (1)
- games (1)
- genome scan (1)
- global change (1)
- governance (1)
- graphs (1)
- ground reaction forces (1)
- growth references (1)
- growth standards (1)
- growth tempo (1)
- guideline (1)
- happiness (1)
- healthcare (1)
- heart rate (1)
- heavy-chain-only antibody (1)
- height in history (1)
- heliozoa (1)
- herbivory (1)
- high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1)
- high-sodium (1)
- hippocampal-prefrontal network (1)
- historical growth (1)
- home range (1)
- homologous recombination deficiency (1)
- homology-directed repair (1)
- hospitalization (1)
- human excised skin (1)
- human physical conditioning (1)
- hybridization capture (1)
- hydrolysis (1)
- iPhone (1)
- imaginary world (1)
- implicit learning (1)
- in-service training (1)
- inclusive education (1)
- injury risk (1)
- innovation laboratories (1)
- inquiry (1)
- insulin (1)
- insulin resistance (1)
- integration (1)
- intellectual ability (1)
- intelligence (1)
- intergroup contacts (1)
- internal load (1)
- intonation units (1)
- intra-organ-communication (1)
- intraguild predation (1)
- ion-exchange chromatography (1)
- kelp (1)
- kinematics (1)
- knots (1)
- kollegiale Fallbesprechung (1)
- lake catchments (1)
- lakes (1)
- landscape transience (1)
- language courses (1)
- linear enamel hypoplasia (1)
- linear sprint (1)
- lipid peroxidation (1)
- lipids (1)
- local governance (1)
- locus coeruleus (1)
- lokale Governance (1)
- long-term effects (1)
- low back pain (1)
- low density lipoprotein cholesterol (1)
- low-back-pain (1)
- macrostructure (1)
- magnitude estimation (1)
- major depressive disorder (1)
- math (1)
- mathematical development (1)
- mathematical precursor (1)
- mcgraph (1)
- measurement (1)
- mechanobiology (1)
- mental health (1)
- mental imagery (1)
- mental number line (1)
- mental simulation (1)
- meta-science (1)
- metabolic disease (1)
- metathesis (1)
- meteorological drought (1)
- methods (1)
- miRNA (1)
- miRNAs (1)
- microfacies (1)
- microplastics (1)
- microstructure (1)
- migrants (1)
- migration (1)
- mild cognitive impairment (1)
- mindfulness-based stress reduction (1)
- mini growth spurt (1)
- mining lakes (1)
- mitochondrial adaptation (1)
- molecular species identification (1)
- molecular weaving (1)
- molybdenum cofactor (1)
- monensin (1)
- mortality (1)
- motor-control-exercise (1)
- movement (1)
- multidisciplinary intervention (1)
- multidisciplinary-therapy (1)
- multiple modalities (1)
- muscle metabolism (1)
- muscle strength (1)
- musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (1)
- museum specimens (1)
- myocardium (1)
- nanobodies (1)
- nanogels (1)
- narrative (1)
- narrative skills (1)
- natural language processing (1)
- natural particle (1)
- nature of science (1)
- need profiles (1)
- neovascularization (1)
- network reconstruction (1)
- networks (1)
- neurological disorders (1)
- neuromuscular (1)
- neutralization (1)
- non-adjacent dependencies (1)
- nonlinear operator (1)
- novel biomarkers (1)
- nucleic acids (1)
- number knowledge (1)
- numerical development (1)
- numerical skills (1)
- nutrition (1)
- nutritional status (1)
- object search (1)
- older patients (1)
- oncology (1)
- ontology (1)
- open-field (1)
- optimal rate (1)
- oracles (1)
- oxidative stress (1)
- oxygen consumption (1)
- pace of life (1)
- paleoclimate (1)
- pandemic (1)
- parentage (1)
- past biosphere (1)
- peak height velocity (1)
- pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) (1)
- pedagogical reasoning (1)
- peptide biomarkers (1)
- performance (1)
- performance evaluation (1)
- periodic entanglement (1)
- permafrost (1)
- philosophy (1)
- phonetics (1)
- phonotaxis (1)
- photoresponse (1)
- photosynthesis (1)
- physical fitness (1)
- physical time (1)
- physiology (1)
- playback (1)
- plyometric exercise (1)
- policy recommendations (1)
- political ideology (1)
- polyenoic fatty acids (1)
- post-natal (1)
- posterior P600 (1)
- pre-natal (1)
- pre-service teacher (1)
- precaution (1)
- precuneus (1)
- predictability (1)
- predictive models (1)
- preschool children (1)
- preschoolers (1)
- prevention (1)
- priming (1)
- privacy and security (1)
- privacy attack (1)
- probabilistic processing (1)
- problem solving (1)
- professional development (1)
- professional knowledge (1)
- professionalization (1)
- prosocial (1)
- prosody (1)
- protein modification (1)
- psycho-oncology (1)
- psychoeducation (1)
- psychopathology (1)
- psychophysiological (1)
- psychotherapy process (1)
- pubertal timing (1)
- public health (1)
- pupil diameter (1)
- purification (1)
- quality (1)
- questioning solutions (1)
- random sampling (1)
- recombinant inbred line (1)
- redox state (1)
- refined consensus model (RCM) (1)
- refugees (1)
- regularization (1)
- regulation of growth (1)
- remote sensing data (1)
- remote teaching (1)
- renewable energy (1)
- repetition (1)
- reproductive success (1)
- research design (1)
- resistance training (1)
- resource-tracking (1)
- response inhibition (1)
- response styles theory (1)
- response time (1)
- resting-state fMRI (1)
- return-to-sport (1)
- reversed-phase chromatography (1)
- review (1)
- rheumatic diseases (1)
- risk management (1)
- role-play (1)
- rotifer (1)
- rule learning (1)
- rumination (1)
- runners (1)
- running mechanics (1)
- rural (1)
- sAA (1)
- scene memorization (1)
- scene viewing (1)
- science teaching (1)
- secular changes (1)
- sedaDNA (1)
- sedentary (1)
- sediment core (1)
- selenite (1)
- self-control (1)
- seminar concept (1)
- sensitivity (1)
- serial reaction time (SRT) task (1)
- shared leadership (1)
- shell-like geometries (1)
- short-term growth (1)
- signal propagation (1)
- single case analysis (1)
- single domain antibodies (1)
- single-case design (1)
- single-case experimental design (1)
- skeletal age (1)
- skin penetration (1)
- smart contracts (1)
- social class (1)
- social environment (1)
- social network (1)
- social status insecurity (1)
- socioeconomy (1)
- solitary bees (1)
- soliton (1)
- sonography (1)
- source-to-sink (1)
- spatial autocorrelation (1)
- spatial frequencies (1)
- spatial language (1)
- spatial updating (1)
- spatially explicit (1)
- special education (1)
- speech (1)
- speed (1)
- sport-specific performance (1)
- sports (1)
- stability (1)
- standardized patient (1)
- standardized patient information (1)
- standards (1)
- standing long jump (1)
- starch granule (1)
- starch granule morphology (1)
- starch granule size (1)
- starch metabolism (1)
- step-growth polymerization (1)
- stochastic resetting (1)
- storm tracks (1)
- stratigraphy (1)
- stress (1)
- stress intervention (1)
- stress management (1)
- striking combat sports (1)
- structural equation model (1)
- study designs (1)
- study protocol (1)
- subtraction (1)
- sulfite oxidase (1)
- sustainability (1)
- syntax (1)
- tVNS (1)
- tacrolimus formulation (1)
- taekwondo electronic scoring system (1)
- taekwondo-specific testing (1)
- talk-in-interaction (1)
- tangles (1)
- target capture (1)
- teacher learning (1)
- teacher quality (1)
- teacher training (1)
- teaching education (1)
- teaching practice (1)
- tendinosis (1)
- therapist competence (1)
- theta (1)
- time-efficient exercise (1)
- toxicity (1)
- training (1)
- training adaptation (1)
- transformation (1)
- transformation products (1)
- translation (1)
- treatment integrity (1)
- triglycerides (1)
- type 2 diabetes (1)
- type specimens (1)
- ultrasound (1)
- uncaring (1)
- unemotional (1)
- ungulate (1)
- usability (1)
- varves (1)
- veterinary cordon fence (1)
- veterinary drugs (1)
- vicious cycle (1)
- vignettes (1)
- virus infection (1)
- voice (1)
- water sports (1)
- web-based (1)
- wh-ex-situ (1)
- wh-in-situ (1)
- wh-questions (1)
- wildlife and habitat management (1)
- workflow patterns (1)
- working memory (1)
- yellow flags (1)
- youth soccer (1)
- youth sport (1)
- youth sports (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zweite Ausbildungsphase (1)
- α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (1)
- „Natur der Naturwissenschaften“ (1)
- social network analysis (1)
- team creativity (1)
- intrapreneurship (1)
Institute
- Extern (193) (remove)
Aims: High intensity interval training (HIIT) improves mitochondrial characteristics. This study compared the impact of two workload-matched high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols with different work:recovery ratios on regulatory factors related to mitochondrial biogenesis in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats.
Materials and methods: Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal-sized groups: non-diabetic control, diabetic control (DC), diabetic with long recovery exercise [4–5 × 2-min running at 80%–90% of the maximum speed reached with 2-min of recovery at 40% of the maximum speed reached (DHIIT1:1)], and diabetic with short recovery exercise (5–6 × 2-min running at 80%–90% of the maximum speed reached with 1-min of recovery at 30% of the maximum speed reached [DHIIT2:1]). Both HIIT protocols were completed five times/week for 4 weeks while maintaining equal running distances in each session.
Results: Gene and protein expressions of PGC-1α, p53, and citrate synthase of the muscles increased significantly following DHIIT1:1 and DHIIT2:1 compared to DC (p ˂ 0.05). Most parameters, except for PGC-1α protein (p = 0.597), were significantly higher in DHIIT2:1 than in DHIIT1:1 (p ˂ 0.05). Both DHIIT groups showed significant increases in maximum speed with larger increases in DHIIT2:1 compared with DHIIT1:1.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that both HIIT protocols can potently up-regulate gene and protein expression of PGC-1α, p53, and CS. However, DHIIT2:1 has superior effects compared with DHIIT1:1 in improving mitochondrial adaptive responses in diabetic rats.
The study examined the potential future changes of drought characteristics in the Greater Lake Malawi Basin in Southeast Africa. This region strongly depends on water resources to generate electricity and food. Future projections (considering both moderate and high emission scenarios) of temperature and precipitation from an ensemble of 16 bias-corrected climate model combinations were blended with a scenario-neutral response surface approach to analyses changes in: (i) the meteorological conditions, (ii) the meteorological water balance, and (iii) selected drought characteristics such as drought intensity, drought months, and drought events, which were derived from the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index. Changes were analyzed for a near-term (2021–2050) and far-term period (2071–2100) with reference to 1976–2005. The effect of bias-correction (i.e., empirical quantile mapping) on the ability of the climate model ensemble to reproduce observed drought characteristics as compared to raw climate projections was also investigated. Results suggest that the bias-correction improves the climate models in terms of reproducing temperature and precipitation statistics but not drought characteristics. Still, despite the differences in the internal structures and uncertainties that exist among the climate models, they all agree on an increase of meteorological droughts in the future in terms of higher drought intensity and longer events. Drought intensity is projected to increase between +25 and +50% during 2021–2050 and between +131 and +388% during 2071–2100. This translates into +3 to +5, and +7 to +8 more drought months per year during both periods, respectively. With longer lasting drought events, the number of drought events decreases. Projected droughts based on the high emission scenario are 1.7 times more severe than droughts based on the moderate scenario. That means that droughts in this region will likely become more severe in the coming decades. Despite the inherent high uncertainties of climate projections, the results provide a basis in planning and (water-)managing activities for climate change adaptation measures in Malawi. This is of particular relevance for water management issues referring hydro power generation and food production, both for rain-fed and irrigated agriculture.
Injuries in professional soccer are a significant concern for teams, and they are caused amongst others by high training load. This cohort study describes the relationship between workload parameters and the occurrence of non-contact injuries, during weeks with high and low workload in professional soccer players throughout the season. Twenty-one professional soccer players aged 28.3 ± 3.9 yrs. who competed in the Iranian Persian Gulf Pro League participated in this 48-week study. The external load was monitored using global positioning system (GPS, GPSPORTS Systems Pty Ltd) and the type of injury was documented daily by the team's medical staff. Odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated for non-contact injuries for high- and low-load weeks according to acute (AW), chronic (CW), acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR), and AW variation (Δ-Acute) values. By using Poisson distribution, the interval between previous and new injuries were estimated. Overall, 12 non-contact injuries occurred during high load and 9 during low load weeks. Based on the variables ACWR and Δ-AW, there was a significantly increased risk of sustaining non-contact injuries (p < 0.05) during high-load weeks for ACWR (OR: 4.67), and Δ-AW (OR: 4.07). Finally, the expected time between injuries was significantly shorter in high load weeks for ACWR [1.25 vs. 3.33, rate ratio time (RRT)] and Δ-AW (1.33 vs. 3.45, RRT) respectively, compared to low load weeks. The risk of sustaining injuries was significantly larger during high workload weeks for ACWR, and Δ-AW compared with low workload weeks. The observed high OR in high load weeks indicate that there is a significant relationship between workload and occurrence of non-contact injuries. The predicted time to new injuries is shorter in high load weeks compared to low load weeks. Therefore, the frequency of injuries is higher during high load weeks for ACWR and Δ-AW. ACWR and Δ-AW appear to be good indicators for estimating the injury risk, and the time interval between injuries.
Background
Maximal isokinetic strength ratios of joint flexors and extensors are important parameters to indicate the level of muscular balance at the joint. Further, in combat sports athletes, upper and lower limb muscle strength is affected by the type of sport. Thus, this study aimed to examine the differences in maximal isokinetic strength of the flexors and extensors and the corresponding flexor–extensor strength ratios of the elbows and knees in combat sports athletes.
Method
Forty male participants (age = 22.3 ± 2.5 years) from four different combat sports (amateur boxing, taekwondo, karate, and judo; n = 10 per sport) were tested for eccentric peak torque of the elbow/knee flexors (EF/KF) and concentric peak torque of the elbow/knee extensors (EE/KE) at three different angular velocities (60, 120, and 180°/s) on the dominant and non-dominant side using an isokinetic device.
Results
Analyses revealed significant, large-sized group × velocity × limb interactions for EF, EE, and EF–EE ratio, KF, KE, and KF–KE ratio (p ≤ 0.03; 0.91 ≤ d ≤ 1.75). Post-hoc analyses indicated that amateur boxers displayed the largest EE strength values on the non-dominant side at ≤ 120°/s and the dominant side at ≥ 120°/s (p < 0.03; 1.21 ≤ d ≤ 1.59). The largest EF–EE strength ratios were observed on amateur boxers’ and judokas’ non-dominant side at ≥ 120°/s (p < 0.04; 1.36 ≤ d ≤ 2.44). Further, we found lower KF–KE strength measures in karate (p < 0.04; 1.12 ≤ d ≤ 6.22) and judo athletes (p ≤ 0.03; 1.60 ≤ d ≤ 5.31) particularly on the non-dominant side.
Conclusions
The present findings indicated combat sport-specific differences in maximal isokinetic strength measures of EF, EE, KF, and KE particularly in favor of amateur boxers on the non-dominant side.
The aim of this review was to describe and summarize the scientific literature on programming parameters related to jump or plyometric training in male and female soccer players of different ages and fitness levels. A literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus using keywords related to the main topic of this study (e.g., “ballistic” and “plyometric”). According to the PICOS framework, the population for the review was restricted to soccer players, involved in jump or plyometric training. Among 7556 identified studies, 90 were eligible for inclusion. Only 12 studies were found for females. Most studies (n = 52) were conducted with youth male players. Moreover, only 35 studies determined the effectiveness of a given jump training programming factor. Based on the limited available research, it seems that a dose of 7 weeks (1–2 sessions per week), with ~80 jumps (specific of combined types) per session, using near-maximal or maximal intensity, with adequate recovery between repetitions (<15 s), sets (≥30 s) and sessions (≥24–48 h), using progressive overload and taper strategies, using appropriate surfaces (e.g., grass), and applied in a well-rested state, when combined with other training methods, would increase the outcome of effective and safe plyometric-jump training interventions aimed at improving soccer players physical fitness. In conclusion, jump training is an effective and easy-to-administer training approach for youth, adult, male and female soccer players. However, optimal programming for plyometric-jump training in soccer is yet to be determined in future research.
Biological invasions may result from multiple introductions, which might compensate for reduced gene pools caused by bottleneck events, but could also dilute adaptive processes. A previous common-garden experiment showed heritable latitudinal clines in fitness-related traits in the invasive goldenrod Solidago canadensis in Central Europe. These latitudinal clines remained stable even in plants chemically treated with zebularine to reduce epigenetic variation. However, despite the heritability of traits investigated, genetic isolation-by-distance was non-significant. Utilizing the same specimens, we applied a molecular analysis of (epi)genetic differentiation with standard and methylation-sensitive (MSAP) AFLPs. We tested whether this variation was spatially structured among populations and whether zebularine had altered epigenetic variation. Additionally, we used genome scans to mine for putative outlier loci susceptible to selection processes in the invaded range. Despite the absence of isolation-by-distance, we found spatial genetic neighborhoods among populations and two AFLP clusters differentiating northern and southern Solidago populations. Genetic and epigenetic diversity were significantly correlated, but not linked to phenotypic variation. Hence, no spatial epigenetic patterns were detected along the latitudinal gradient sampled. Applying genome-scan approaches (BAYESCAN, BAYESCENV, RDA, and LFMM), we found 51 genetic and epigenetic loci putatively responding to selection. One of these genetic loci was significantly more frequent in populations at the northern range. Also, one epigenetic locus was more frequent in populations in the southern range, but this pattern was lost under zebularine treatment. Our results point to some genetic, but not epigenetic adaptation processes along a large-scale latitudinal gradient of S. canadensis in its invasive range.
Physical fatigue (PF) negatively affects postural control, resulting in impaired balance performance in young and older adults. Similar effects on postural control can be observed for mental fatigue (MF) mainly in older adults. Controversial results exist for young adults. There is a void in the literature on the effects of fatigue on balance and cortical activity. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the acute effects of PF and MF on postural sway and cortical activity. Fifteen healthy young adults aged 28 ± 3 years participated in this study. MF and PF protocols comprising of an all-out repeated sit-to-stand task and a computer-based attention network test, respectively, were applied in random order. Pre and post fatigue, cortical activity and postural sway (i.e., center of pressure displacements [CoPd], velocity [CoPv], and CoP variability [CV CoPd, CV CoPv]) were tested during a challenging bipedal balance board task. Absolute spectral power was calculated for theta (4–7.5 Hz), alpha-2 (10.5–12.5 Hz), beta-1 (13–18 Hz), and beta-2 (18.5–25 Hz) in frontal, central, and parietal regions of interest (ROI) and baseline-normalized. Inference statistics revealed a significant time-by-fatigue interaction for CoPd (p = 0.009, d = 0.39, Δ 9.2%) and CoPv (p = 0.009, d = 0.36, Δ 9.2%), and a significant main effect of time for CoP variability (CV CoPd: p = 0.001, d = 0.84; CV CoPv: p = 0.05, d = 0.62). Post hoc analyses showed a significant increase in CoPd (p = 0.002, d = 1.03) and CoPv (p = 0.003, d = 1.03) following PF but not MF. For cortical activity, a significant time-by-fatigue interaction was found for relative alpha-2 power in parietal (p < 0.001, d = 0.06) areas. Post hoc tests indicated larger alpha-2 power increases after PF (p < 0.001, d = 1.69, Δ 3.9%) compared to MF (p = 0.001, d = 1.03, Δ 2.5%). In addition, changes in parietal alpha-2 power and measures of postural sway did not correlate significantly, irrespective of the applied fatigue protocol. No significant changes were found for the other frequency bands, irrespective of the fatigue protocol and ROI under investigation. Thus, the applied PF protocol resulted in increased postural sway (CoPd and CoPv) and CoP variability accompanied by enhanced alpha-2 power in the parietal ROI while MF led to increased CoP variability and alpha-2 power in our sample of young adults. Potential underlying cortical mechanisms responsible for the greater increase in parietal alpha-2 power after PF were discussed but could not be clearly identified as cause. Therefore, further future research is needed to decipher alternative interpretations.
The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminative validity of a new taekwondo-specific change-of-direction (COD) speed test with striking techniques (TST) in elite taekwondo athletes. Twenty (10 males and 10 females) elite (athletes who compete at national level) and top-elite (athletes who compete at national and international level) taekwondo athletes with an average training background of 8.9 ± 1.3 years of systematic taekwondo training participated in this study. During the two-week test-retest period, various generic performance tests measuring COD speed, balance, speed, and jump performance were carried out during the first week and as a retest during the second week. Three TST trials were conducted with each athlete and the best trial was used for further analyses. The relevant performance measure derived from the TST was the time with striking penalty (TST-TSP). TST-TSP performances amounted to 10.57 ± 1.08 s for males and 11.74 ± 1.34 s for females. The reliability analysis of the TST performance was conducted after logarithmic transformation, in order to address the problem of heteroscedasticity. In both groups, the TST demonstrated a high relative test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients and 90% compatibility limits were 0.80 and 0.47 to 0.93, respectively). For absolute reliability, the TST’s typical error of measurement (TEM), 90% compatibility limits, and magnitudes were 4.6%, 3.4 to 7.7, for males, and 5.4%, 3.9 to 9.0, for females. The homogeneous sample of taekwondo athletes meant that the TST’s TEM exceeded the usual smallest important change (SIC) with 0.2 effect size in the two groups. The new test showed mostly very large correlations with linear sprint speed (r = 0.71 to 0.85) and dynamic balance (r = −0.71 and −0.74), large correlations with COD speed (r = 0.57 to 0.60) and vertical jump performance (r = −0.50 to −0.65), and moderate correlations with horizontal jump performance (r = −0.34 to −0.45) and static balance (r = −0.39 to −0.44). Top-elite athletes showed better TST performances than elite counterparts. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that the TST effectively discriminated between top-elite and elite taekwondo athletes. In conclusion, the TST is a valid, and sensitive test to evaluate the COD speed with taekwondo specific skills, and reliable when considering ICC and TEM. Although the usefulness of the TST is questioned to detect small performance changes in the present population, the TST can detect moderate changes in taekwondo-specific COD speed.
Background: There is evidence that fully recovered COVID-19 patients usually resume physical exercise, but do not perform at the same intensity level performed prior to infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 infection and recovery as well as muscle fatigue on cardiorespiratory fitness and running biomechanics in female recreational runners.
Methods: Twenty-eight females were divided into a group of hospitalized and recovered COVID-19 patients (COV, n = 14, at least 14 days following recovery) and a group of healthy age-matched controls (CTR, n = 14). Ground reaction forces from stepping on a force plate while barefoot overground running at 3.3 m/s was measured before and after a fatiguing protocol. The fatigue protocol consisted of incrementally increasing running speed until reaching a score of 13 on the 6–20 Borg scale, followed by steady-state running until exhaustion. The effects of group and fatigue were assessed for steady-state running duration, steady-state running speed, ground contact time, vertical instantaneous loading rate and peak propulsion force.
Results: COV runners completed only 56% of the running time achieved by the CTR (p < 0.0001), and at a 26% slower steady-state running speed (p < 0.0001). There were fatigue-related reductions in loading rate (p = 0.004) without group differences. Increased ground contact time (p = 0.002) and reduced peak propulsion force (p = 0.005) were found for COV when compared to CTR.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that female runners who recovered from COVID-19 showed compromised running endurance and altered running kinetics in the form of longer stance periods and weaker propulsion forces. More research is needed in this area using larger sample sizes to confirm our study findings.
Objective: A role for microRNAs is implicated in several biological and pathological processes. We investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on molecular markers of diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats.
Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats (260 ± 10 g; aged 8 weeks) with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (55 mg/kg, IP) were randomly allocated to three groups: control, MICT, and HIIT. The two different training protocols were performed 5 days each week for 5 weeks. Cardiac performance (end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions, ejection fraction), the expression of miR-206, HSP60, and markers of apoptosis (cleaved PARP and cytochrome C) were determined at the end of the exercise interventions.
Results: Both exercise interventions (HIIT and MICT) decreased blood glucose levels and improved cardiac performance, with greater changes in the HIIT group (p < 0.001, η2: 0.909). While the expressions of miR-206 and apoptotic markers decreased in both training protocols (p < 0.001, η2: 0.967), HIIT caused greater reductions in apoptotic markers and produced a 20% greater reduction in miR-206 compared with the MICT protocol (p < 0.001). Furthermore, both training protocols enhanced the expression of HSP60 (p < 0.001, η2: 0.976), with a nearly 50% greater increase in the HIIT group compared with MICT.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that both exercise protocols, HIIT and MICT, have the potential to reduce diabetic cardiomyopathy by modifying the expression of miR-206 and its downstream targets of apoptosis. It seems however that HIIT is even more effective than MICT to modulate these molecular markers.