Extern
Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (185) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (163)
- Doctoral Thesis (18)
- Working Paper (2)
- Part of a Book (1)
- Conference Proceeding (1)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (185)
Keywords
- football (5)
- exercise (4)
- kinetics (3)
- obesity (3)
- stunting (3)
- Bildungswissenschaften (2)
- COVID-19 (2)
- Chlamydomonas (2)
- Forschungsdatenmanagement (2)
- Physical activity (2)
- SEPE (2)
- SNARC (2)
- Summer Schools (2)
- achilles tendinopathy (2)
- adipose tissue (2)
- attention (2)
- body height (2)
- climate change (2)
- diabetes (2)
- diffusion (2)
- educational sciences (2)
- electromyography (2)
- handgrip strength (2)
- health care (2)
- language acquisition (2)
- literature review (2)
- longitudinal (2)
- malnutrition (2)
- maturation (2)
- photosynthesis (2)
- pre-school (2)
- research data management (2)
- school mathematics (2)
- skills (2)
- virtual reality (2)
- wheat (2)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phoshphate aldolase (1)
- 3D thermal model (1)
- 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (1)
- ACWR (1)
- AFLP (1)
- AG "Weser" Solidarność Leninwerft (1)
- ALOS World 3D (1)
- APP (1)
- ASTER GDEM (1)
- Adipose tissue (1)
- Adolescents (1)
- Adult-child interaction (1)
- Advection and convection (1)
- Aftercare (1)
- Aging (1)
- Akan (1)
- Akt pathway (1)
- Animal personality (1)
- Antifouling (1)
- Arabica coffee (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Assemblierungsfaktor (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Barriers (1)
- Bayesian modelling (1)
- Biogenese (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- CCSEM (1)
- CDOM (1)
- COVID-19 pandemic (1)
- CRISPR editing validation (1)
- Central European Basin System (1)
- Chew Bahir (1)
- China (1)
- Chronic conditions (1)
- Chronic low back pain (1)
- Clay Minerals (1)
- Cognitive fatigue (1)
- Conversation Analysis (1)
- Copernicus DEM (1)
- Coping (1)
- Cross-frequency PLV (1)
- Cystic fibrosis (1)
- Cytochrome b (1)
- DEM noise (1)
- Damage assessment (1)
- Data pooling (1)
- Datendokumentation (1)
- Datenschutzgrundverordnung (1)
- Delphi study (1)
- Developmental hyperscanning (1)
- Digital Health (1)
- Digital intervention (1)
- Disturbance impacts (1)
- Disturbance indicator (1)
- Disziplinspezifisches FDM (1)
- Dual EEG analysis (1)
- Dynamometry (1)
- E. coli (1)
- EEG (1)
- Early New High German (1)
- Eating behavior (1)
- Eccentric muscle action (1)
- Ejina Basin (1)
- Ejina Becken (1)
- Electronic Health (1)
- Elephant disturbance (1)
- Embodied cognition (1)
- Energy expenditure (1)
- European hare (1)
- Exertion (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- FieldTrip (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fontane, Theodor (1)
- Forschungsdaten (1)
- Forschungsmethodik (1)
- Fourier analysis (1)
- Fresh water fish (1)
- GPS (1)
- Gait (1)
- Gaxun Nur (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- General Data Protection Regulation (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Geothermal field (1)
- Germany (1)
- Gesellschaft (1)
- Glucose homeostasis (1)
- Grip force (1)
- Growth signaling (1)
- H2S biosynthesis (1)
- HDL (1)
- HIV (1)
- Hamstring-quadriceps ratio (1)
- Health insurance (1)
- Heat transport by conduction (1)
- Heavy Minerals (1)
- Heihe (1)
- Herkunftsanalyse (1)
- Hippo signaling (1)
- Human physical conditioning (1)
- ICDP (1)
- Individualized therapy (1)
- Injury (1)
- Injury risk (1)
- Insulin resistance (1)
- Inter-individual differences (1)
- Interactional Linguistics (1)
- Internet of Things (1)
- Interoception (1)
- Intuitive eating (1)
- Iron Age (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Island biogeography (1)
- Jurkat cells (1)
- Just so stories (1)
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (1)
- K−12 teachers (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LC/HRMS (1)
- LCSM (1)
- LC–MS/MS (1)
- LDL (1)
- Lake Holzmaar (1)
- Lake Malawi (1)
- Levy walks (1)
- Locally structured correlation (1)
- Locally structured standard deviation (1)
- M1/M2 differentiation (1)
- MALDI-TOF-MS (1)
- MCI (1)
- MSAP (1)
- Mandarin-English bilinguals (1)
- Martial arts (1)
- Matthew effect (1)
- Medialisierung (1)
- Mental number line (1)
- Metabolic syndrome (1)
- MiSpEx (1)
- MiSpEx-network (1)
- Microtus arvalis (1)
- Mikrofluidik (1)
- Mikrokapseln (1)
- Mindfulness (1)
- Mitochondria (1)
- Mixed methods (1)
- Mobile Health (1)
- Mobile diagnostics (1)
- Moco biosynthesis (1)
- Monte Carlo method (1)
- Monte-Carlo simulation (1)
- Motor system (1)
- Movement (1)
- Movement ecology (1)
- Muscle strength (1)
- Musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (1)
- N400 (1)
- NAFLD/MAFLD (1)
- Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (1)
- Noradrenaline (1)
- Number processing (1)
- NutriAct Family Study (1)
- Nutrition (1)
- ODBA (1)
- Obesity (1)
- Old High German (1)
- Older adults (1)
- Omicron (1)
- Overhead athletes (1)
- PLV (1)
- PUFA (1)
- Partial Little Square (1)
- Partnership (1)
- Personenbezogene Daten (1)
- Phase Locking Value (1)
- Phosphoproteomik (1)
- Photodynamics (1)
- Photosynthese (1)
- Photosystem I (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physical training (1)
- Pipistrellus nathusii (1)
- Plyometric exercise (1)
- Polyether (1)
- Polymernetzwerk (1)
- Postural control (1)
- Present-Day German (1)
- Presse (1)
- Prevention (1)
- Prior knowledge (1)
- Prospective (1)
- Protective factors (1)
- Provenance Analysis (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Qualitative Forschungsdaten (1)
- Quality of life (1)
- Quantitative Trait Locus (1)
- Quantitative Trait Locus analysis (1)
- Randomized controlled trial (1)
- Randomized-controlled trial (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Repetition (1)
- Reproducible benchmarking (1)
- Resiliency (1)
- Resistance training (1)
- Rotifera (1)
- Rural health (1)
- SARS-CoV-2 (1)
- SEPE Factors (1)
- SEPS factors (1)
- SFA (1)
- SFON (1)
- SRT (1)
- SRTM (1)
- Schiffbau (1)
- Schwerminerale (1)
- Sedimentary basin (1)
- Shire River (1)
- Shoulder (1)
- Social-Economic-Political-Emotional (SEPE) factors (1)
- South-Eastern Africa (1)
- Soziale Medien (1)
- Specific wood density (1)
- Sport-specific performance (1)
- St. Nicolas House Analysis (1)
- Standard deviation (1)
- Statistical Exercise (1)
- Stimuli-Sensitivität (1)
- Stoffwechsel (1)
- Stress response (1)
- Sulfation (1)
- Sway (1)
- TAVI (1)
- TLR signaling (1)
- TMAO reductase (1)
- TMS (1)
- TanDEM-X (1)
- Target of Rapamycin kinase (1)
- Telehealth (1)
- Telemedicine (1)
- Thylakoidmembran (1)
- Tiredness (1)
- Tonminerale (1)
- Tree allometry (1)
- Twitter (1)
- Type 1 diabetes (1)
- Ulmener Maar Tephra (1)
- Union (1)
- Unterrichtsmethoden (1)
- VR (1)
- Variance (1)
- Wachstumssignale (1)
- Wearable electronic device (1)
- Wearable technology (1)
- West-Ost Vergleich (1)
- Wood specific gravity (1)
- Woody aboveground biomass (1)
- WorldDEM (1)
- X-ray (1)
- Yamal (1)
- Yap1/Wwtr1 (Taz) (1)
- accelerometer (1)
- acclimation (1)
- acid mine drainage (1)
- acoustic communication (1)
- acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization (1)
- adaptive management (1)
- addition (1)
- adolescents (1)
- advanced dynamic flow (1)
- aerobic power (1)
- aggression (1)
- aging (1)
- agricultural landscape (1)
- allocation policies (1)
- alpha-2 (1)
- amino acids (1)
- animal migration (1)
- animal personality (1)
- anomalous diffusion (1)
- anterior PNP (1)
- anterior cruciate ligament (1)
- anthropometry (1)
- anti-cancer drugs (1)
- antibody (1)
- antidepressants (1)
- antimicrobial (1)
- apoptosis (1)
- approximate methods (1)
- arable weeds (1)
- assembly factor (1)
- asymptotic method (1)
- athletes (1)
- athletic performance (1)
- augmented reality (1)
- automated radio telemetry (1)
- balance (1)
- baroclinicity (1)
- basic need satisfaction and frustration (1)
- bats (1)
- behavior problems (1)
- behavioral and self-report measures (1)
- behavioral type (1)
- behaviour (1)
- bibliometric analysis (1)
- biodiversity conservation (1)
- biogenesis (1)
- biological age (1)
- biomechanics (1)
- birth weight (1)
- bis-MGD (1)
- blockchain (1)
- body mass index (1)
- body proportions (1)
- bound phenolic compounds (1)
- brain health (1)
- breastfeeding (1)
- buffer zones (1)
- burnout (1)
- business process management (1)
- business processes (1)
- cTBS (1)
- callous-unemotional traits (1)
- callousness (1)
- camelid antibody (1)
- camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (1)
- cancer cachexia (1)
- capabilities (1)
- carbon cycling (1)
- cardiac catheterization (CC) (1)
- cardiac development (1)
- cardiology (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- cardiovascular diseases (1)
- catch-up-growth (1)
- cellular bioenergetics (1)
- cellulose polymeric organic matter (1)
- central and peripheral vision (1)
- cereal leaf beetle (1)
- change of direction speed (1)
- changepoint analysis (1)
- changepoint detection (1)
- chaperone (1)
- chemokines (1)
- child growth (1)
- children and adolescents (1)
- chimera (1)
- cholesterol (1)
- chronic health condition (1)
- chronic undernutrition (1)
- citation analysis (1)
- climate change adaptation (1)
- climate policy (1)
- clinical sample (1)
- coffee processing (1)
- cognitive bias (1)
- cognitive/muscular fatigue (1)
- color (1)
- community model (1)
- composition (1)
- constraint (1)
- consultation (1)
- content knowledge (1)
- continuing education activities (1)
- copy number analyses (1)
- corpus dataset (1)
- cost optimisation (1)
- counting (1)
- creativity (1)
- cross-species capture (1)
- cyberaggression (1)
- cytokines (1)
- cytosine methylation (1)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (1)
- daily home-made measurements (1)
- data documentation (1)
- deep neural networks (1)
- deferred choice (1)
- definite article (1)
- dental eruption (1)
- depressive disorder (1)
- depressive symptoms (1)
- derivational complexity (1)
- design of experiment (1)
- design thinking (1)
- development (1)
- diabetes mellitus (1)
- diabetic (1)
- digital technologies (1)
- digital transformation (1)
- diketopiperazine (1)
- disaster risk reduction (1)
- discipline specific rdm (1)
- discrepancy principle (1)
- disorder recognition (1)
- distress (1)
- disziplinspezifisches FDM (1)
- drought events (1)
- drought intensity (1)
- drought projections (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- drug-sensitivity prediction (1)
- eavesdropping (1)
- eccentric-plyometric (1)
- echolocation (1)
- economy (1)
- ecophysiology (1)
- ecosystem restoration (1)
- education (1)
- eicosanoids (1)
- elderly (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- elevated plus-maze (1)
- elf-determination theory (1)
- embodied cognition (1)
- emergency management (1)
- emotional regulation (1)
- emotional stress (1)
- endocardium (1)
- endophytes (1)
- energy expenditure (1)
- energy metabolism (1)
- energy policy (1)
- enhancement (1)
- entropy (1)
- environmental pollution (1)
- enzymatically active membrane (1)
- enzyme immobilization (1)
- enzyme/polymer conjugate (1)
- erythropoiesis (1)
- europe (1)
- european (1)
- everyday life (1)
- exercise cognition (1)
- exercise test (1)
- exercise training (1)
- expandierbar (1)
- expansion (1)
- external load (1)
- extracellular enzymes (1)
- extremophiles (1)
- eye movements (1)
- fear (1)
- feature selection (1)
- federated learning (1)
- feeling of presence (1)
- fence ecology (1)
- fiction (1)
- finite-size effects (1)
- first-passage time (1)
- first-reaction time (1)
- fitness (1)
- flexibility (1)
- floods (1)
- food access (1)
- food web (1)
- formal semantics (1)
- formate assimilation (1)
- fractionation (1)
- frailty tool (1)
- frame index (1)
- frames of reference (1)
- freshwater (1)
- frustration (1)
- functional performance (1)
- functional traits (1)
- fungal pathogens (1)
- fungi (1)
- gait (1)
- games (1)
- genome scan (1)
- global change (1)
- global labour history (1)
- grammaticalization (1)
- graphs (1)
- ground reaction forces (1)
- growth references (1)
- growth standards (1)
- growth tempo (1)
- guideline (1)
- happiness (1)
- healthcare (1)
- heart rate (1)
- heavy-chain-only antibody (1)
- height in history (1)
- heliozoa (1)
- herbivory (1)
- high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1)
- high-sodium (1)
- hippocampal-prefrontal network (1)
- historical growth (1)
- home range (1)
- homologous recombination deficiency (1)
- homology-directed repair (1)
- hospitalization (1)
- human excised skin (1)
- human physical conditioning (1)
- hybridization capture (1)
- hydrolysis (1)
- iPhone (1)
- imaginary world (1)
- implicit learning (1)
- in-service training (1)
- inflammation (1)
- injury risk (1)
- innovation laboratories (1)
- insulin (1)
- insulin resistance (1)
- integration (1)
- intellectual ability (1)
- intelligence (1)
- intergroup contacts (1)
- internal load (1)
- intonation units (1)
- intra-organ-communication (1)
- intraguild predation (1)
- ion-exchange chromatography (1)
- kelp (1)
- kinematics (1)
- knots (1)
- lake catchments (1)
- lakes (1)
- landscape transience (1)
- language courses (1)
- legal aspects (1)
- linear enamel hypoplasia (1)
- linear sprint (1)
- lipid peroxidation (1)
- lipids (1)
- locus coeruleus (1)
- long-term effects (1)
- low back pain (1)
- low density lipoprotein cholesterol (1)
- low-back-pain (1)
- machine learning (1)
- macrostructure (1)
- magnitude estimation (1)
- major depressive disorder (1)
- math (1)
- mathematical development (1)
- mathematical precursor (1)
- mcgraph (1)
- measurement (1)
- mechanobiology (1)
- mental health (1)
- mental imagery (1)
- mental number line (1)
- mental simulation (1)
- meta-science (1)
- metabolic disease (1)
- metabolic engineering (1)
- metabolism (1)
- metathesis (1)
- meteorological drought (1)
- methanol assimilation (1)
- methods (1)
- miRNA (1)
- miRNAs (1)
- microcapsules (1)
- microfacies (1)
- microfluidics (1)
- microplastics (1)
- microstructure (1)
- migrants (1)
- migration (1)
- mild cognitive impairment (1)
- mindfulness-based stress reduction (1)
- mini growth spurt (1)
- mining lakes (1)
- mitochondrial adaptation (1)
- molecular species identification (1)
- molecular weaving (1)
- molybdenum cofactor (1)
- monensin (1)
- mortality (1)
- motor-control-exercise (1)
- movement (1)
- multidisciplinary intervention (1)
- multidisciplinary-therapy (1)
- multiple modalities (1)
- muscle metabolism (1)
- muscle strength (1)
- musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (1)
- museum specimens (1)
- myocardium (1)
- nanobodies (1)
- nanogels (1)
- narrative (1)
- narrative skills (1)
- natural particle (1)
- need profiles (1)
- neovascularization (1)
- network reconstruction (1)
- networks (1)
- neurological disorders (1)
- neuromuscular (1)
- neutralization (1)
- non-adjacent dependencies (1)
- nonlinear operator (1)
- novel biomarkers (1)
- nucleic acids (1)
- number knowledge (1)
- numerical development (1)
- numerical skills (1)
- nutrition (1)
- nutritional status (1)
- object search (1)
- older patients (1)
- oncology (1)
- open-field (1)
- optimal rate (1)
- oracles (1)
- oxidative stress (1)
- oxygen consumption (1)
- pace of life (1)
- paleoclimate (1)
- pandemic (1)
- parentage (1)
- past biosphere (1)
- peak height velocity (1)
- pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) (1)
- pedagogical reasoning (1)
- peptide biomarkers (1)
- performance (1)
- performance evaluation (1)
- periodic entanglement (1)
- permafrost (1)
- personal information (1)
- phonetics (1)
- phonotaxis (1)
- phosphoproteomics (1)
- photoresponse (1)
- photosystem I (1)
- physical fitness (1)
- physical time (1)
- physiology (1)
- playback (1)
- plyometric exercise (1)
- political ideology (1)
- politics of production shipyards (1)
- polyenoic fatty acids (1)
- polymer network (1)
- post-natal (1)
- posterior P600 (1)
- pre-natal (1)
- precaution (1)
- precuneus (1)
- predictability (1)
- predictive models (1)
- preschool children (1)
- preschoolers (1)
- prevention (1)
- priming (1)
- privacy and security (1)
- privacy attack (1)
- probabilistic processing (1)
- problem solving (1)
- professional development (1)
- prosocial (1)
- prosody (1)
- protein modification (1)
- psycho-oncology (1)
- psychoeducation (1)
- psychology (1)
- psychopathology (1)
- psychophysiological (1)
- psychotherapy process (1)
- pubertal timing (1)
- public health (1)
- pupil diameter (1)
- purification (1)
- qualitative research data (1)
- quality (1)
- questioning solutions (1)
- random sampling (1)
- rdm in disciplines (1)
- rechtliche Aspekte (1)
- recombinant inbred line (1)
- redox state (1)
- refined consensus model (RCM) (1)
- refugees (1)
- regularization (1)
- regulation of growth (1)
- remote sensing data (1)
- remote teaching (1)
- renewable energy (1)
- repetition (1)
- reproductive success (1)
- research data (1)
- research design (1)
- resistance training (1)
- resource-tracking (1)
- response inhibition (1)
- response styles theory (1)
- response time (1)
- resting-state fMRI (1)
- return-to-sport (1)
- reversed-phase chromatography (1)
- review (1)
- rheumatic diseases (1)
- risk management (1)
- role-play (1)
- rotifer (1)
- rule learning (1)
- rumination (1)
- runners (1)
- running mechanics (1)
- rural (1)
- sAA (1)
- scene memorization (1)
- scene viewing (1)
- science teaching (1)
- secular changes (1)
- sedaDNA (1)
- sedentary (1)
- sediment core (1)
- selenite (1)
- self-assembly (1)
- self-control (1)
- sensitivity (1)
- serial reaction time (SRT) task (1)
- shared leadership (1)
- shell-like geometries (1)
- shipbuildung (1)
- short-term growth (1)
- signal propagation (1)
- single case analysis (1)
- single domain antibodies (1)
- single-case design (1)
- single-case experimental design (1)
- skeletal age (1)
- skin penetration (1)
- smart contracts (1)
- social class (1)
- social environment (1)
- social network (1)
- social status insecurity (1)
- socioeconomy (1)
- solitary bees (1)
- soliton (1)
- sonography (1)
- source-to-sink (1)
- spatial autocorrelation (1)
- spatial frequencies (1)
- spatial language (1)
- spatial updating (1)
- spatially explicit (1)
- special education (1)
- speech (1)
- speed (1)
- sport-specific performance (1)
- sports (1)
- stability (1)
- standardized patient (1)
- standardized patient information (1)
- standards (1)
- standing long jump (1)
- starch granule (1)
- starch granule morphology (1)
- starch granule size (1)
- starch metabolism (1)
- step-growth polymerization (1)
- stimuli-sensitivity (1)
- stochastic resetting (1)
- storm tracks (1)
- stratigraphy (1)
- stress (1)
- stress intervention (1)
- stress management (1)
- striking combat sports (1)
- structural equation model (1)
- study designs (1)
- study protocol (1)
- subtraction (1)
- sulfite oxidase (1)
- sustainability (1)
- syntax (1)
- tVNS (1)
- tacrolimus formulation (1)
- taekwondo electronic scoring system (1)
- taekwondo-specific testing (1)
- talk-in-interaction (1)
- tangles (1)
- target capture (1)
- teacher learning (1)
- teacher quality (1)
- teaching practice (1)
- tendinosis (1)
- therapist competence (1)
- theta (1)
- thylakoid membranes (1)
- time-efficient exercise (1)
- toxicity (1)
- training (1)
- training adaptation (1)
- transformation (1)
- transformation products (1)
- translation (1)
- treatment integrity (1)
- triglycerides (1)
- type 2 diabetes (1)
- type specimens (1)
- ultrasound (1)
- uncaring (1)
- unemotional (1)
- ungulate (1)
- usability (1)
- varves (1)
- veterinary cordon fence (1)
- veterinary drugs (1)
- vicious cycle (1)
- virus infection (1)
- voice (1)
- water sports (1)
- weak definites (1)
- web-based (1)
- west-east comparison (1)
- wh-ex-situ (1)
- wh-in-situ (1)
- wh-questions (1)
- wildlife and habitat management (1)
- workflow patterns (1)
- working memory (1)
- yellow flags (1)
- youth soccer (1)
- youth sport (1)
- youth sports (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (1)
- social network analysis (1)
- team creativity (1)
- intrapreneurship (1)
Institute
- Extern (185) (remove)
Inverted perovskite solar cells still suffer from significant non-radiative recombination losses at the perovskite surface and across the perovskite/C₆₀ interface, limiting the future development of perovskite-based single- and multi-junction photovoltaics. Therefore, more effective inter- or transport layers are urgently required. To tackle these recombination losses, we introduce ortho-carborane as an interlayer material that has a spherical molecular structure and a three-dimensional aromaticity. Based on a variety of experimental techniques, we show that ortho-carborane decorated with phenylamino groups effectively passivates the perovskite surface and essentially eliminates the non-radiative recombination loss across the perovskite/C₆₀ interface with high thermal stability. We further demonstrate the potential of carborane as an electron transport material, facilitating electron extraction while blocking holes from the interface. The resulting inverted perovskite solar cells deliver a power conversion efficiency of over 23% with a low non-radiative voltage loss of 110 mV, and retain >97% of the initial efficiency after 400 h of maximum power point tracking. Overall, the designed carborane based interlayer simultaneously enables passivation, electron-transport and hole-blocking and paves the way toward more efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals. In many tissues, collagen molecules assemble to form a hierarchical structure. In the smallest supramolecular unit, named fibril, each molecule is displaced in the axial direction with respect to its neighbors. This staggering creates a periodic gap and overlap regions, where the gap regions exhibit 20% less density. These fibril-forming collagens play an essential role in the strength of connective tissues. Despite much effort, directed at understanding collagen function and regulation, the influence of the chemical environment on the local structural and mechanical properties remains poorly understood. Recent studies, aimed at elucidating the effect of osmotic pressure, showed that collagen contracts upon water removal. This observation highlights the importance of water for the stabilization and mechanics of the collagen molecule.
Using collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs), which fold into triple helical structures reminiscent of natural collagen, the primary goal of this work was to investigate the effect of the osmotic pressure on specific collagen-mimetic sequences. CMPs were used as the model system as they provide sequence control, which is essential for discriminating local from global structural changes and for relating the observed effects to existing knowledge about the full-length collagen molecule. Of specific interest was the structure of individual collagen triple helices as well as their organization into self-assembled higher order structures. These key structural features were monitored with infrared spectroscopy (IR) and synchrotron X-ray scattering, while varying the osmotic pressure. For controlling the osmotic pressure, CMP powder samples were incubated in air of defined relative humidity, ranging from dry conditions to highly “humid”. In addition, to obtain more biologically relevant conditions, the CMPs were measured in ultrapure water and in solutions containing small molecule osmolytes.
Using the sequences (Pro-Pro-Gly)10, (Pro-Hyp-Gly)10 and (Hyp-Hyp-Gly)10, it was shown that CMPs with different degrees of proline hydroxylation (Hyp = hydroxyproline) exhibit a sequence-specific response to osmotic pressure. IR spectroscopy revealed that osmotic pressure changes affect the strength of the triple helix stabilizing, interchain hydrogen bond and that the extent of this change depends on the degree of hydroxylation. X-ray scattering experiments further showed that changes in osmotic pressure affect both the molecular length as well as the higher order organization of CMPs. Starting from a pseudo-hexagonal packing in the dry state, all three CMPs showed isotropic swelling when increasing the water content to approximately 1.2 water molecules per amino acid, again to different extents depending on the degree of hydroxylation. When increasing the water content further, this pseudo-hexagonal arrangement breaks down. In the fully hydrated state, each CMP is characterized by its own specific and more complex packing geometry.
While these changes in the lateral packing arrangement suggest swelling upon hydration, an overall decrease of the molecular length (i.e. contraction) was observed in the axial direction. Also for this structural feature, a strong dependency on the specific amino acid sequence was found. Interestingly, the observed contraction is the opposite of what has been reported for natural collagen. As (Pro-Pro-Gly)n, (Pro-Hyp-Gly)n and (Hyp-Hyp-Gly)n repeat units are found in collagen with a relatively high abundance, this suggests that other collagen sequence fragments need to respond to hydration in the opposite way to obtain a net elongation of the full-length collagen molecule.
To test this hypothesis, sequences predicted to be sensitive to osmotic pressure were considered. One such sequence, consisting of two repeat units (Ala-Arg-Gly-Ser-Asp-Gly), was inserted as a guest into a (Pro-Pro-Gly) host. When compared to the canonical CMP sequences investigated earlier, the lateral helix packing follows a similar trend with increasing hydration; however, the host-guest CMP axially elongates with increasing water content. This behavior is more similar to what has been found for natural collagen and suggests that different sequences do determine the molecular length of collagen sequences differently. Interestingly, the canonical sequences are more abundant in the overlap region while the guest sequence is found in the gap region. This allows to speculate that sequences in the gap and overlap regions possess a specifically fine-tuned local response to osmotic pressure changes. Clearly, more experiments with additional sequences are needed to confirm this.
In conclusion, the results obtained in this work indicate a highly sequence specific interaction between collagen and water. Osmotic pressure-induced conformational changes mostly originate from local geometries and bonding patterns and affect both the structure of individual triple helices as well as higher order assemblies. One key remaining question is how these conformational changes affect the local mechanical properties of the collagen molecule. As a first step, the stiffness (persistence length) of full-length collagen was determined using atomic force microscopy. In the future, experimental strategies need to be developed that allow for investigating the mechanical properties of specific collagen sequences, e.g. performing single-molecule force spectroscopy of CMPs.
The intake of high-fat diets (HFDs) containing large amounts of saturated long-chain fatty acids leads to obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. The trace element selenium, as a crucial part of antioxidative selenoproteins, can protect against the development of diet-induced insulin resistance in white adipose tissue (WAT) by increasing glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) and insulin receptor (IR) expression. Whether selenite (Se) can attenuate insulin resistance in established lipotoxic and obese conditions is unclear. We confirm that GPX3 mRNA expression in adipose tissue correlates with BMI in humans. Cultivating 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes in palmitate-containing medium followed by Se treatment attenuates insulin resistance with enhanced GPx3 and IR expression and adipocyte differentiation. However, feeding obese mice a selenium-enriched high-fat diet (SRHFD) only resulted in a modest increase in overall selenoprotein gene expression in WAT in mice with unaltered body weight development, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance. While Se supplementation improved adipocyte morphology, it did not alter WAT insulin sensitivity. However, mice fed a SRHFD exhibited increased insulin content in the pancreas. Overall, while selenite protects against palmitate-induced insulin resistance in vitro, obesity impedes the effect of selenite on insulin action and adipose tissue metabolism in vivo.
Nutrition, size, and tempo
(2023)
Nutrition is a prerequisite, but not a regulator of growth. Growth is defined as increase in size over time. The understanding of growth includes an understanding of the binary concept of physical time and individual tempo. Excess food causes tempo acceleration. Food restriction delays tempo. Tempo reflects the pace of life. It is a dynamic physical response to a broad spectrum of social, economic, political, and emotional (SEPE) factors and can affect life expectancy. Variations in tempo create distortions of the z-score patterns of height and weight. Illness or intermediate food shortage lead to intermediate halts in development and create short dips in the z-score patterns. Children who develop throughout life at delayed pace usually run at lower z-scores for height and weight, and show a characteristic adolescent trough; children who develop throughout life at faster than average pace usually run at higher z-scores and show a characteristic adolescent peak in their z-score patterns. During adolescence, almost half of the height variance is due to tempo variation. There is not one tempo for the whole body. Different organ systems grow and mature at different pace.
The discovery that certain diseases have specific miRNA signatures which correspond to disease progression opens a new biomarker category. The detection of these small non-coding RNAs is performed routinely using body fluids or tissues with real-time PCR, next-generation sequencing, or amplification-based miRNA assays. Antibody-based detection systems allow an easy onset handling compared to PCR or sequencing and can be considered as alternative methods to support miRNA diagnostic in the future. In this study, we describe the generation of a camelid heavy-chain-only antibody specifically recognizing miRNAs to establish an antibody-based detection method. The generation of nucleic acid-specific binders is a challenge. We selected camelid binders via phage display, expressed them as VHH as well as full-length antibodies, and characterized the binding to several miRNAs from a signature specific for dilated cardiomyopathy. The described workflow can be used to create miRNA-specific binders and establish antibody-based detection methods to provide an additional way to analyze disease-specific miRNA signatures.
No evidence of growth impairment after forced migration in Polish school children after World War II
(2023)
Background: Migration is omnipresent. It can come hand in hand with emotional stress which is known to influence the growth of children.
Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse whether type of migration (forced or voluntary) and the geographic direction had influenced the growth of Polish children after World War II.
Sample and Methods: A sub dataset of 2,208 individuals between the ages of 2-20, created from data of the 2nd Polish Anthropological Survey carried out in 1966–1969, including anthropometrical data and social and demographic information based on questionnaire, was used to analyse migration effects.
Results: No association could be found between the direction of migration and the height of the children. The confidence intervals of the means of all classified migration categories overlap significantly and the effect size of the influence of migration category on height is ds=.140, which is too low to see any effects, even if there were one.
Conclusion: Neither forced nor voluntary migration in Poland after World War II led to a change in height in children of migrating families.
Background: Network models are useful tools for researchers to simplify and understand investigated systems. Yet, the assessment of methods for network construction is often uncertain. Random resampling simulations can aid to assess methods, provided synthetic data exists for reliable network construction.
Objectives: We implemented a new Monte Carlo algorithm to create simulated data for network reconstruction, tested the influence of adjusted parameters and used simulations to select a method for network model estimation based on real-world data. We hypothesized, that reconstructs based on Monte Carlo data are scored at least as good compared to a benchmark.
Methods: Simulated data was generated in R using the Monte Carlo algorithm of the mcgraph package. Benchmark data was created by the huge package. Networks were reconstructed using six estimator functions and scored by four classification metrics. For compatibility tests of mean score differences, Welch’s t-test was used. Network model estimation based on real-world data was done by stepwise selection.
Samples: Simulated data was generated based on 640 input graphs of various types and sizes. The real-world dataset consisted of 67 medieval skeletons of females and males from the region of Refshale (Lolland) and Nordby (Jutland) in Denmark.
Results: Results after t-tests and determining confidence intervals (CI95%) show, that evaluation scores for network reconstructs based on the mcgraph package were at least as good compared to the benchmark huge. The results even indicate slightly better scores on average for the mcgraph package.
Conclusion: The results confirmed our objective and suggested that Monte Carlo data can keep up with the benchmark in the applied test framework. The algorithm offers the feature to use (weighted) un- and directed graphs and might be useful for assessing methods for network construction.
In late summer, migratory bats of the temperate zone face the challenge of accomplishing two energy-demanding tasks almost at the same time: migration and mating. Both require information and involve search efforts, such as localizing prey or finding potential mates. In non-migrating bat species, playback studies showed that listening to vocalizations of other bats, both con-and heterospecifics, may help a recipient bat to find foraging patches and mating sites. However, we are still unaware of the degree to which migrating bats depend on con-or heterospecific vocalizations for identifying potential feeding or mating opportunities during nightly transit flights. Here, we investigated the vocal responses of Nathusius’ pipistrelle bats, Pipistrellus nathusii, to simulated feeding and courtship aggregations at a coastal migration corridor. We presented migrating bats either feeding buzzes or courtship calls of their own or a heterospecific migratory species, the common noctule, Nyctalus noctula. We expected that during migratory transit flights, simulated feeding opportunities would be particularly attractive to bats, as well as simulated mating opportunities which may indicate suitable roosts for a stopover. However, we found that when compared to the natural silence of both pre-and post-playback phases, bats called indifferently during the playback of conspecific feeding sounds, whereas P. nathusii echolocation call activity increased during simulated feeding of N. noctula. In contrast, the call activity of P. nathusii decreased during the playback of conspecific courtship calls, while no response could be detected when heterospecific call types were broadcasted. Our results suggest that while on migratory transits, P. nathusii circumnavigate conspecific mating aggregations, possibly to save time or to reduce the risks associated with social interactions where aggression due to territoriality might be expected. This avoidance behavior could be a result of optimization strategies by P. nathusii when performing long-distance migratory flights, and it could also explain the lack of a response to simulated conspecific feeding. However, the observed increase of activity in response to simulated feeding of N. noctula, suggests that P. nathusii individuals may be eavesdropping on other aerial hawking insectivorous species during migration, especially if these occupy a slightly different foraging niche.
Functional materials, also called "Smart Materials", are described by their ability to fulfill a desired task through targeted interaction with its environment. Due to this functional integration, such materials are of increased interest, especially in areas where the increasing micronization of components is required. Modern manufacturing processes (e.g. microfluidics) and the availability of a wide variety of functional materials (e.g. shape memory materials) now enable the production of particle-based switching components. This category includes micropumps and microvalves, whose basic function is the active control of liquid flows. One approach in realizing those microcomponents as pursued by this work, enables variable size-switching of water-filled microballoons by implementing a stimulus-sensitive switching motif in the capsule's membrane shell, while being under the influence of a constant driving force. The switching motif with its gatekeeper function has a critical influence on one or more material parameters, which modulate the capsule's resistance against the driving force in microballoon expansion process. The advantage of this concept is that even non-variable analyte conditions, such as concentration levels of ions, can be capitalized to generate external force fields that, under the control of the membrane, cause an inflation of the microballoon by an osmotically driven water influx. In case of osmotic pressure gradients as the driving force for the capsule expansion, material parameters associated with the gatekeeper function are specifically the permeability and the mechanical stiffness of the shell material. While a modulation of the shell permeability could be utilized to kinetically impede the water influx on large time scales, a modulation of the shell's mechanical stiffness even might be utilized to completely prevent the capsule inflation due to a possible non-deformability beneath a certain threshold pressure. In polymer networks, which are a suitable material class for the demanded capsule shell because of their excellent elasticity, both the permeability and the mechanical properties are strongly influenced by the crystallinity of the material. Since the permeability is effectively reduced with increasing crystallinity, while the mechanical stiffness is simultaneously greatly increased, both effects point in the same direction in terms of their functional relationship. For this reason and due to a reversible and contactless modulation of the membrane crystallinity by heat input, crystallites may be suitable switching motifs for controlling the capsule expansion. As second design element of reversible expandable microballoons, the capsule geometry, defined by an aqueous core enveloped by the temperature-sensitive polymer network membrane, should allow an osmotic pressure gradient across the membrane layer. The strength of the inflation pressure and the associated inflation velocity upon membrane melting should be controlled by the salt concentration within the aqueous core, while a turn in the osmotic gradient should furthermore allow the reversible process of capsule deflation. Therefore, it should be possible to build either microvalves and micropumps, while their intended action of either pumping or valving is determined by their state of expansion and the direction of the osmotic pressure gradient.. Microballoons of approximately 300 µm in diameter were formed via droplet-based microfluidics from double-emulsion templates (w/o/w). The elastomeric capsule membrane was formed by photo-crosslinking of methacrylate (MA) functionalized oligo(ε-caprolactone) precursors (≈ 3.8 MA-arms, Mn ≈ 12000 g mol-1) within the organic medium layer (o) via UV-exposure after droplet-formation. After removal of the toluene/chloroform mixture by slow extraction via the continuous aqueous phase, the capsules solidified under the development of a characteristic "mushroom"-like shape at specific experimental conditions (e.g. λ = 308 nm, 57 mJ·s-1·cm-2, 16 min). It could be furthermore shown that in dependency to the process parameters: oligomer concentration and curing-time also spherical capsules were accessible. Long curing-times and high oligomer concentrations at a fixed light-intensity favored the formation of "mushroom"-like capsules, whereas the contrary led to spherical shaped capsules. A comparative study on thin polymer network films of same composition and equal treatment proved a correlation between the film's crosslink density and their contraction capability, while stronger crosslinked polymer networks showed a stronger contraction after solvent removal. In combination with observations during capsule solidification via light-microscopy, where a continuous shaping from almost spherical crosslinked templates to "mushroom"-shaped and solidified capsules was stated, the following mechanism was proposed. In case of low oligomer contents and short curing-times, the contraction of the capsule shell during solvent removal is strongly diminished due to a low degree of crosslinking. Therefore, the solidifying shell could freely collapse onto the aqueous core. In the other case, high oligomer concentrations and long curing-times will favor the formation of highly crosslinked capsule membranes with a strong contraction capability. Due to an observed decentered location of the aqueous core within the swollen polymer network, an uneven radial stress along the capsule's circumference is exerted to the incompressible core. This lead to an uneven contraction during solvent removal and a directed flow of the core fluid into the direction of the minimal stress vector. In consequence, the initially thicker spherical cap contracts, whereas the opposing thinner spherical cap get stretched. The "mushroom"-shape over some advantages over their spherical shaped counterparts, why they were selected for the further experiments. Besides the necessity of a high density of crosslinking for the purpose of extraordinary elasticity and toughness, the form-anisotropy promotes a faster microballoon expandability due to a partial reduction of the membrane thickness. Additionally, pre-stretched regions of thin thickness might provide a better resistance against inflation pressure than spherical but non-stretched capsules of equal membrane thickness. The resulting "mushroom"-shaped microcapsules exhibited a melting point of Tm ≈ 50 - 60 °C and a degree of crystallinity of Xc ≈ 29 - 38 % depending on the membrane thickness and internal salt content, which is slightly lower than for the non-crosslinked oligomer and reasoned by a limited chain mobility upon crosslinking. Nonetheless, the melting transition of the polymer network was associated with a strong drop in its mechanical stiffness, which was shown to have a strong influence on the osmotic driven expansion of the microcapsules. Capsules that were subjected to osmotic pressures between 1.5 and 4.7 MPa did not expand if the temperature was well below the melting point of the capsule's membrane, i.e. at room temperature. In contrast, a continuous expansion, while approaching asymptotically to a final capsule size, was observed if the temperature exceeded the melting point, i.e. 60 °C. Microballoons, which were kept for 56 days at ∆Π = 1.5 MPa and room temperature, did not change significantly in diameter, why the impact of the mechanical stiffness on the expansion behavior is considered to be the greater than the influence of the shell permeability. The time-resolved expansion behavior of the microballoons above their Tm was subsequently modeled, using difusion equations that were corrected for shape anisotropy and elastic restoring forces. A shape-related and expansion dependent pre-factor was used to dynamically address the influence of the shell thickness differences along the circumference on the inflation velocity, whereas the microballoon's elastic contraction upon inflation was rendered by the inclusion of a hyperelastic constitutive model. An important finding resulting from this model was the pronounced increase in inflation velocity compared to hypothetical capsules with a homogeneous shell thickness, which stresses the benefit of employing shape anisotropic balloon-like capsules in this study. Furthermore, the model was able to predict the finite expandability on basis of entropy-elastic recovery forces and strain-hardening effects. A comparison of six different microballoons with different shell thicknesses and internal salt contents showed the linear relationship between the volumetric expansion, the shell thickness and the applied osmotic pressure, as represented by the model. As the proposed model facilitates the prediction of the expansion kinetics depending on the membranes mechanical and diffusional characteristics, it might be a screening tool for future material selections. In course of the microballoon expansion process, capsules of intermediate diameters could be isolated by recrystallization of the membrane, which is mainly caused by a restoration of the membrane's mechanical stiffness and is otherwise difficult to achieve with other stimuli-sensitive systems. The capsule's crystallinity of intermediate expansion states was nearly unchanged, whereas the lamellar crystal size tends to decreased with the expansion ratio. Therefore, it was assumed that the elastic modulus was only minimally altered and might increased due to the networks segment-chain extension. In addition to the volume increase achieved by inflation, a turn in the osmotic gradient also facilitated the reversible deflation, which was shown in inflation/deflation cycles. These both characteristics of the introduced microballoons are important parameter regarding the realization of micropumps and microvalves. The fixation of expanded microcapsules via recrystallization enabled the storage of entropy-elastic strain-energy, which could be utilized for pumping actions in non-aqueous media. Here, the pumping velocity depended on both, the type of surrounding medium and the applied temperature. Surrounding media that supported the fast transport of pumped liquid showed an accelerated deflation, while high temperatures further accelerate the pumping velocity. Very fast rejection of the incorporated payload was furthermore realized with pierced expanded microballoons, which were subjected to temperatures above their Tm. The possible fixation of intermediate particle sizes provide opportunities for vent constructions that allowed the precise adjustment of specific flow-rates and multiple valve openings and closings. A valve construction was realized by the insertion of a single or multiple microballoons in a microfluidic channel. A complete and a partial closing of the microballoon-valves was demonstrated as a function of the heating period. In this context, a difference between the inflation and deflation velocity was stated, summarizing slower expansion kinetics. Overall, microballoons, which presented both on-demand pumping and reversible valving by a temperature-triggered change in the capsule's volume, might be suitable components that help to design fully integrated LOC devices, due to the implementation of the control switch and controllable inflation/deflation kinetics. In comparison to other state of the art stimuli-sensitive materials, one has to highlight the microballoons capability of stabilizing almost continuously intermediate capsule sizes by simple recrystallization of the microballoon's membrane.
Research on problem solving offers insights into how humans process task-related information and which strategies they use (Newell and Simon, 1972; Öllinger et al., 2014). Problem solving can be defined as the search for possible changes in one's mind (Kahneman, 2003). In a recent study, Adams et al. (2021) assessed whether the predominant problem solving strategy when making changes involves adding or subtracting elements. In order to do this, they used several examples of simple problems, such as editing text or making visual patterns symmetrical, either in naturalistic settings or on-line. The essence of the authors' findings is a strong preference to add rather than subtract elements across a diverse range of problems, including the stabilizing of artifacts, creating symmetrical patterns, or editing texts. More specifically, they succeeded in demonstrating that “participants were less likely to identify advantageous subtractive changes when the task did not (vs. did) cue them to consider subtraction, when they had only one opportunity (vs. several) to recognize the shortcomings of an additive search strategy or when they were under a higher (vs. lower) cognitive load” (Adams et al., 2021, p. 258).
Addition and subtraction are generally defined as de-contextualized mathematical operations using abstract symbols (Russell, 1903/1938). Nevertheless, understanding of both symbols and operations is informed by everyday activities, such as making or breaking objects (Lakoff and Núñez, 2000; Fischer and Shaki, 2018). The universal attribution of “addition bias” or “subtraction neglect” to problem solving activities is perhaps a convenient shorthand but it overlooks influential framing effects beyond those already acknowledged in the report and the accompanying commentary (Meyvis and Yoon, 2021).
Most importantly, while Adams et al.'s study addresses an important issue, their very method of verbally instructing participants, together with lack of control over several known biases, might render their findings less than conclusive. Below, we discuss our concerns that emerged from the identified biases, namely those regarding the instructions and the experimental materials. Moreover, we refer to research from mathematical cognition that provides new insights into Adams et al.'s findings.