Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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This paper examines the consequences of international financial integration in a two-sector standard incomplete markets model with occupational choice under risk and financial constraints affecting entrepreneurial activity. We endogenize international productivity differences and discuss the implications of international integration for the macroeconomy, inequality, and welfare. Lending countries are characterized by tighter domestic constraints and experience an increase in gross national product, whereas the gross domestic product effect is ambiguous. We conclude that international integration is beneficial only for economies where there are substantial financial constraints on entrepreneurial activity. Otherwise, a majority of households suffer, due to the unequal distribution of welfare gains and losses across the heterogeneous population.
Manufacturing Analytics
(2018)
Entrepreneurship is a regional and persistent phenomenon. We jointly investigate spatial dependence and serial dynamics of new business formation. Using panel data from all 402 German counties for 1996-2011, we estimate dynamic spatial panel data models of start-up activity in the high-tech and manufacturing industries. We consider regions of different sizes and systematically search for the most suitable spatial weights matrices. We find substantial spatial dependence as well as time persistence of start-up activity, especially in the high-tech industry. This suggests that local start-up activity has positive extemal effects and that entrepreneurship policy could play an efficiency-enhancing role.
Be Creative, Now!
(2018)
Purpose – This thesis set out to explore, describe, and evaluate the reality behind the rhetoric of freedom and control in the context of creativity. The overarching subject is concerned with the relationship between creativity, freedom, and control, considering freedom is also seen as an element of control to manage creativity.
Design/methodology/approach – In-depth qualitative data gathered from at two innovative start-ups. Two ethnographic studies were conducted. The data are based on participatory observations, interviews, and secondary sources, each of which included a three months field study and a total of 41 interviews from both organizations.
Findings – The thesis provides explanations for the practice of freedom and the control of creativity within organizations and expands the existing theory of neo-normative control. The findings indicate that organizations use complex control systems that allow a high degree of freedom that paradoxically leads to more control. Freedom is a cover of control, which in turn leads to creativity. Covert control even results in the responsibility to be creative outside working hours.
Practical implications – Organizations, which rely on creativity might use the results of this thesis. Positive workplace control of creativity provides both freedom and structure for creative work. While freedom leads to organizational members being more motivated and committing themselves more strongly to their and the organization’s goals, and a specific structure also helps to provide the requirements for creativity.
Originality/value – The thesis provides an insight into an approach to workplace control, which has mostly neglected in creativity research and proposes a modified concept of neo-normative control. It serves to provide a further understanding of freedom for creativity and to challenge the liberal claims of new control forms.
Robotik II
(2018)
Robotik I
(2018)
Economists argue that land rent taxation is an ideal form of taxation as it causes no deadweight losses. Nevertheless, pure land rent taxation is rarely applied. This paper revisits the case of land taxation for developing countries. We first provide an up-to-date review on land taxation in development countries, including feasibility and implementation challenges. We then simulate land tax reforms for Rwanda, Peru, Nicaragua and Indonesia, based on household surveys. We find that (i) land taxes provide a substantial untapped potential for tax revenues at minimal deadweight losses; that (ii) linear land value taxes tend to put a high relative burden on poor households as land ownership is pervasive; (iii) non-linear tax schemes could avoid adverse effects on the poor; and that (iv) with technological advances, administrative costs of land taxes have reduced substantially and are outweighed by tax revenues and co-benefits of formalized land tenure. Enforcement and compliance remain, however, a key challenge.
This paper analyses the interaction of domestic political elites and external donors against the backdrop of Mozambique’s decentralisation process. The empirical research at national and local levels supports the hypothesis that informal power structures influence the dynamics of this interaction. Consequently, this contributes to an outcome of externally induced democratisation different to what was intended by external actors. The decentralisation process has been utilised by ruling domestic elites for political purposes. Donors have rather focused on the technical side and ignored this informal dimension. By analysing the diverging objectives and perceptions of external and internal actors, as well as the instrumentalisation of formal democratic structures, it becomes clear, that the ‘informal has to be seen as normal’. At a theoretical level, the analysis contributes to elite-oriented approaches of post-conflict democratisation by adding ‘the informal’ as an additional factor for the dynamics of external-internal interaction. At a policy level, external actors need to take more into account informal power structures and their ambivalence for state-building and democratisation.
If war is an inevitable condition of human nature, as David Hume suggests, then what type of societies can best protect us from defeat and conquest? For David Hume, commerce decreases the relative cost of war and promotes technological military advances as well as martial spirit. Commerce therefore makes a country militarily stronger and better equipped to protect itself against attacks than any other kind of society. Hume does not assume commerce would yield a peaceful world nor that commercial societies would be militarily weak, as many contemporary scholars have argued. On the contrary, for him, military might is a beneficial consequence of commerce.
In 2013, large floods affected Germany heavily. The natural disaster transcended jurisdictional and organisational boundaries, necessitating a coordinative effort by disaster relief forces and their administrative and political leadership. In the aftermath, politicians and experts praised the improvement of the German system of crisis management, also in direct comparison with the response to the last German “flood of the century” of 2002. This chapter takes a public policy and organisational perspective to analyse the German disaster relief governance throughout all four crisis management phases. By highlighting the central features of the German governance arrangements and the main organisational changes implemented in reaction to the previous flood in 2002, we find that Whole-of-Government approaches are increasingly used by the federal and Länder government.
Stabilität und Flexibilität
(2018)
Wie und warum ändern sich die formalen Strukturen von Ministerien? Dieser Band präsentiert die Ergebnisse der ersten umfassenden formalen Organisationsstrukturanalyse der Bundesverwaltung zwischen 1980 und 2015. Neben einer Beschreibung der internen Dynamiken im Zeitverlauf, u.a. zur Anzahl und Verbreitung von Organisationseinheiten, zur Veränderungsintensität und zu den Arten der Veränderungsereignisse, werden zentrale politik- und verwaltungswissenschaftliche Erklärungsperspektiven erörtert. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass sich die Bundesministerien in den letzten Jahrzehnten ausdifferenziert haben und dabei (partei-)politische aber auch politikfeldspezifische Motive relevant sind. Daneben wird in zahlreichen Beispielen illustriert, welche externen und internen Faktoren die strukturelle Entwicklung der Bundesverwaltung beeinflussen.
Involvement of disadvantaged individuals into entrepreneurship facilitates their social integration into mainstream societies. The present study addresses the drivers of social entrepreneurial appraisal among hearing-impaired individuals within a unique social minority environment. In prior research, social appraisal was empirically shown to determine social entrepreneurial intention. Adopting the theory of planned behaviour, this study investigates the impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, general social support and perceived barriers on social entrepreneurial appraisal. Based on a survey with 221 respondents, our results demonstrate that social entrepreneurial appraisal of hearing-impaired individuals result from their entrepreneurial self-efficacy and general social support. In terms of taking advantage of social opportunities, importance should be given to the role of entrepreneurial education and heterogeneous networks across minorities.
Traineeprogramme können im öffentlichen Dienst zur Rekrutierung und Ausbildung von Nachwuchskräften dienen. Solche Programme werden, im Gegensatz zur Privatwirtschaft, wo diese schon seit einigen Jahrzehnten Anwendung finden, im deutschen öffentlichen Dienst erst seit einigen Jahren durchgeführt. Eine erste empirische Erhebung zeigt nun, dass Traineeprogramme im öffentlichen Sektor gut geeignet sind, um Nachwuchskräfte auszubilden und in der Organisation zu sozialisieren. Als entscheidende Einflussfaktoren konnten eine klare Struktur des Programms, ein effektives off-the-job Training, bereichsübergreifende Projektarbeit, der Umfang der Betreuung der Trainees und der Einsatz der jeweiligen Behördenleitung für das Programm identifiziert werden. Deutlich wurde auch, dass während der Einführung eines Traineeprogramms die Trainee-Betreuer entsprechend vorbereitet werden müssen und in den Behörden Akzeptanz für diese neue Form der Nachwuchsgewinnung geschaffen werden muss (Change Management). Die Ergebnisse zeigen jedoch ebenso, dass sich solche Programme nicht zur Personalentwicklung bereits Beschäftigter eignen.
Die Konsultative
(2018)
Not in my backyard versus Mitsprache für alle. Nur mit der Weisheit der Vielen können die drängenden Fragen der Zukunft gelöst werden. Die vierte Gewalt, die Konsultative, ist ihr Sprachrohr. Unsere Demokratie wird nicht mehr ohne sie auskommen können. Demokratie in der Krise? Politikverdrossenheit allerorten? Verhöhnung und Wut der Bürger wie bei Stuttgart 21? Das ist nur die eine Seite der Medaille. Auf der anderen fordern immer mehr Bürger Mitspracherechte und Gestaltungsmacht. Großprojekte wie die Energiewende bedürfen der Unterstützung aller, und dazu müssen auch tatsächlich alle im Vorhinein einbezogen werden. An vielen Orten beratschlagen engagierte Bürger nun zum Beispiel über den Trassenverlauf von Stromleitungen. Noch viel zu selten, aber immer häufiger findet eine breite und tiefgehende Konsultation der Bürgerschaft statt, bevor Gesetze entwickelt und beschlossen werden. Wir sind mittendrin in der Beteiligungsrevolution. Patrizia Nanz und Claus Leggewie, leidenschaftliche Streiter für Partizipation und die Demokratisierung der Demokratie, fordern die Institutionalisierung von Zukunftsräten, ein flächendeckendes Netz konsultativer Gremien von der lokalen bis zur europäischen Ebene. Sie haben mit diesem Konzept nicht nur ein wegweisendes Modell entwickelt, sondern unterstützen längst Bürger aktiv dabei, sich politische Handlungsspielräume zurückzuerobern. Gemeinsam erarbeiten sie praktikable Lösungsvorschläge für aktuelle Fragen wie die Unterbringung von Geflüchteten oder jahrzehntelang schwelende Konflikte wie den um die Endlagerung von Atommüll. Mit einem neuen Kapitel zur digitalen Bürgerbeteiligung.
Internet of things
(2018)
Protokolle und Standards
(2018)
Infrastruktur
(2018)