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Institute
In this study, structural changes in micellar caseins and whey proteins due to high pressure - low temperature treatments (HPLT) were investigated and compared to changes caused by high pressure treatments at room temperature. Whey protein isolate (WPI) solutions as well as micellar casein (MC) dispersions and mixtures were treated at 500 MPa (pH 7.0 and 5.8) at room temperature, -15 degrees C and -35 degrees C. Surface hydrophobicity and accessible thiol groups remained nearly unchanged after HPLT treatments whereas HP treatments at room temperature caused an unfolding of the WPI, resulting in an increase in surface hydrophobicity and exposure of the thiol groups. For HPLT treatments, distinct changes in the secondary structure (increase in the amount of beta-sheets) were observed while the tertiary structure remained unchanged. Large flocs, stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds, were formed in casein containing samples due to HPLT treatments. Depending on the pH and the applied HPLT treatment parameters, these interactions differed significantly from the interactions determined in native micelles. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Zellbasierte heterologe Expressionssysteme bieten ein einfaches und schnelles Verfahren, um neue Süßstoffe oder Süßverstärker zu finden. Unter Verwendung eines solchen Testsystems, konnte ich in Zusammenarbeit mit der Symrise AG, Holzminden und dem Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie in Halle/Saale die vietnamesische Pflanze Mycetia balansae als Quelle eines neuen Süßstoffs identifizieren. Deren Hauptkomponenten, genannt Balansine, aktivieren spezifisch den humanen Süßrezeptor. Chimäre Rezeptoren zeigten, dass die amino-terminalen Domänen der Süßrezeptoruntereinheiten, welche ein Großteil der Liganden des Süßrezeptors binden, für dessen Aktivierung durch Balansin A nicht notwendig sind.
Voraussetzung für die Anwendung zellbasierter Testsysteme zum Auffinden neuer Süßstoffe ist jedoch, dass süße Substanzen gesichert identifiziert werden, während nicht süße Substanzen zuverlässig keine Rezeptoraktivierung aufweisen. Während in HEK293 TAS1R2 TAS1R3To Galpha15i3-Zellen Süßrezeptoraktivierung gegenüber nicht süß schmeckenden Substanzen beobachtet wurde, konnte mit den HEK293PEAKrapid Galpha15-Zellen ein zuverlässiges Testsystem identifiziert, welches den Süßgeschmack der untersuchten Substanzen widerspiegelte.
Es fanden sich keine Hinweise, dass akzessorische Proteine oder verwandte Rezeptoren des Süßrezeptors das unterschiedliche Verhalten der Zellen verursachen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Verwendung unterschiedlicher G-Proteine die Signalamplituden des Süßrezeptors beeinflusst, die Unterschiede zwischen den Zellsystemen jedoch nicht vollständig erklärt. Keine der untersuchten Galpha-Proteinchimären spiegelte die intrinsische Süße der Substanzen wider.
Wenn auch nicht ursächlich für die Diskrepanz zwischen Süßrezeptoraktivierung in vitro und Süßgeschmack in vivo, so weisen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit auf eine Interaktion der Süßrezeptoruntereinheiten mit dem humanen Calcium-sensing Rezeptor hin. Vanillin und Ethylvanillin konnten als neue Agonisten des Calcium-sensing Rezeptors identifiziert werden.
Wie die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, können sich kleine Unterschiede im Zellhintergrund deutlich auf die Funktionsweise heterolog exprimierter Rezeptoren auswirken. Dies zeigt wie wichtig die Wahl der Zellen für solche Screeningsysteme ist.
Obesity is a major health problem for many developing and industrial countries. Increasing rates reach almost 50 % of the population in some countries and related metabolic diseases including cardiovascular events and T2DM are challenging the health systems. Adiposity, an increase in body fat mass, is a major hallmark of obesity. Adipose tissue is long known not only to store lipids but also to influence whole-body metabolism including food intake, energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity. Adipocytes can store lipids and thereby protect other tissue from lipotoxic damage. However, if the energy intake is higher than the energy expenditure over a sustained time period, adipose tissue will expand. This can lead to an impaired adipose tissue function resulting in higher levels of plasma lipids, which can affect other tissue like skeletal muscle, finally leading to metabolic complications. Several studies showed beneficial metabolic effects of weight reduction in obese subjects immediately after weight loss. However, weight regain is frequently observed along with potential negative effects on cardiovascular risk factors and a high intra-individual response.
We performed a body weight maintenance study investigating the mechanisms of weight maintenance after intended WR. Therefore we used a low caloric diet followed by a 12-month life-style intervention. Comprehensive phenotyping including fat and muscle biopsies was conducted to investigate hormonal as well as metabolic influences on body weight regulation. In this study, we showed that weight reduction has numerous potentially beneficial effects on metabolic parameters. After 3-month WR subjects showed significant weight and fat mass reduction, lower TG levels as well as higher insulin sensitivity. Using RNA-Seq to analyse whole fat and muscle transcriptome a strong impact of weight reduction on adipose tissue gene expression was observed. Gene expression alterations over weight reduction included several cellular metabolic genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism as well as insulin signalling and regulatory pathways. These changes were also associated with anthropometric parameters assigning body composition. Our data indicated that weight reduction leads to a decreased expression of several lipid catabolic as well as anabolic genes. Long-term body weight maintenance might be influenced by several parameters including hormones, metabolic intermediates as well as the transcriptional landscape of metabolic active tissues. Our data showed that genes involved in biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids might influence the BMI 18-month after a weight reduction phase. This was further supported by analysing metabolic parameters including RQ and FFA levels. We could show that subjects maintaining their lost body weight had a higher RQ and lower FFA levels, indicating increased metabolic flexibility in subjects.
Using this transcriptomic approach we hypothesize that low expression levels of lipid synthetic genes in adipose tissue together with a higher mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle tissue might be beneficial in terms of body weight maintenance.
The matricellular protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is recognized as key player in the onset of fibrosis in various tissues, including skeletal muscle. In many circumstances, CTGF has been shown to be induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) and accounting, at least in part, for its biological action. In this study it was verified that in cultured myoblasts CTGF/CCN2 causes their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts by up-regulating the expression of fibrosis marker proteins alpha-smooth muscle actin and transgelin. Interestingly, it was also found that the profibrotic effect exerted by CTGF/CCN2 was mediated by the sphingosine kinase (SK)-1/S1P(3) signaling axis specifically induced by the treatment with the profibrotic cue. Following CTGF/CCN2-induced up-regulation, S1P(3) became the SIP receptor subtype expressed at the highest degree, at least at mRNA level, and was thus capable of readdressing the sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling towards fibrosis rather than myogenic differentiation. Another interesting finding is that CTGF/CCN2 silencing prevented the TGF beta-dependent up-regulation of SKI/S1P(3) signaling axis and strongly reduced the profibrotic effect exerted by TGF beta, pointing at a crucial role of endogenous CTGF/CCN2 generated following TGF beta challenge in the transmission of at least part of its profibrotic effect These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism by which CTGF/CCN2 drives its biological action and strengthen the concept that SK1/S1P(3) axis plays a critical role in the onset of fibrotic cell phenotype. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Metastatic dissemination of cancer cells is the ultimate hallmark of malignancy and accounts for approximately 90% of human cancer deaths. We investigated the role of acid sphingomyelinase (Asm) in the hematogenous metastasis of melanoma cells. Intravenous injection of B16F10 melanoma cells into wild-type mice resulted in multiple lung metastases, while Asm-deficient mice (Smpd1(-/-) mice) were protected from pulmonary tumor spread. Transplanting wild-type platelets into Asm-deficient mice reinstated tumor metastasis. Likewise, Asm-deficient mice were protected from hematogenous MT/ret melanoma metastasis to the spleen in a mouse model of spontaneous tumor metastasis. Human and mouse melanoma cells triggered activation and release of platelet secretory Asm, in turn leading to ceramide formation, clustering, and activation of 51 integrins on melanoma cells finally leading to adhesion of the tumor cells. Clustering of integrins by applying purified Asm or C-16 ceramide to B16F10 melanoma cells before intravenous injection restored trapping of tumor cells in the lung in Asm-deficient mice. This effect was revertable by arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptides, which are known inhibitors of integrins, and by antibodies neutralizing 1 integrins. These findings indicate that melanoma cells employ platelet-derived Asm for adhesion and metastasis.
Loss of pdr-1/parkin influences Mn homeostasis through altered ferroportin expression in C-elegans
(2015)
Loss of pdr-1/parkin influences Mn homeostasis through altered ferroportin expression in C. elegans
(2015)
Overexposure to the essential metal manganese (Mn) can result in an irreversible condition known as manganism that shares similar pathophysiology with Parkinson's disease (PD), including dopaminergic (DAergic) cell loss that leads to motor and cognitive impairments. However, the mechanisms behind this neurotoxicity and its relationship with PD remain unclear. Many genes confer risk for autosomal recessive, early-onset PD, including the parkin/PARK2 gene that encodes for the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin. Using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as an invertebrate model that conserves the DAergic system, we previously reported significantly increased Mn accumulation in pdr-1/parkin mutants compared to wildtype (WT) animals. For the current study, we hypothesize that this enhanced accumulation is due to alterations in Mn transport in the pdr-1 mutants. While no change in mRNA expression of the major Mn importer proteins (smf-1-3) was found in pdr-1 mutants, significant downregulation in mRNA levels of the putative Mn exporter ferroportin (fpn-1.1) was observed. Using a strain overexpressing fpn-1.1 in worms lacking pdr-1, we show evidence for attenuation of several endpoints of Mn-induced toxicity, including survival, metal accumulation, mitochondrial copy number and DAergic integrity, compared to pdr-1 mutants alone. These changes suggest a novel role of pdr-1 in modulating Mn export through altered transporter expression, and provides further support of metal dyshomeostasis as a component of Parkinsonism pathophysiology.