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Institute
- Institut für Informatik und Computational Science (245) (remove)
Emotions are a central element of human experience. They occur with high frequency in everyday life and play an important role in decision making. However, currently there is no consensus among researchers on what constitutes an emotion and on how emotions should be investigated. This dissertation identifies three problems of current emotion research: the problem of ground truth, the problem of incomplete constructs and the problem of optimal representation. I argue for a focus on the detailed measurement of emotion manifestations with computer-aided methods to solve these problems. This approach is demonstrated in three research projects, which describe the development of methods specific to these problems as well as their application to concrete research questions.
The problem of ground truth describes the practice to presuppose a certain structure of emotions as the a priori ground truth. This determines the range of emotion descriptions and sets a standard for the correct assignment of these descriptions. The first project illustrates how this problem can be circumvented with a multidimensional emotion perception paradigm which stands in contrast to the emotion recognition paradigm typically employed in emotion research. This paradigm allows to calculate an objective difficulty measure and to collect subjective difficulty ratings for the perception of emotional stimuli. Moreover, it enables the use of an arbitrary number of emotion stimuli categories as compared to the commonly used six basic emotion categories. Accordingly, we collected data from 441 participants using dynamic facial expression stimuli from 40 emotion categories. Our findings suggest an increase in emotion perception difficulty with increasing actor age and provide evidence to suggest that young adults, the elderly and men underestimate their emotion perception difficulty. While these effects were predicted from the literature, we also found unexpected and novel results. In particular, the increased difficulty on the objective difficulty measure for female actors and observers stood in contrast to reported findings. Exploratory analyses revealed low relevance of person-specific variables for the prediction of emotion perception difficulty, but highlighted the importance of a general pleasure dimension for the ease of emotion perception.
The second project targets the problem of incomplete constructs which relates to vaguely defined psychological constructs on emotion with insufficient ties to tangible manifestations. The project exemplifies how a modern data collection method such as face tracking data can be used to sharpen these constructs on the example of arousal, a long-standing but fuzzy construct in emotion research. It describes how measures of distance, speed and magnitude of acceleration can be computed from face tracking data and investigates their intercorrelations. We find moderate to strong correlations among all measures of static information on one hand and all measures of dynamic information on the other. The project then investigates how self-rated arousal is tied to these measures in 401 neurotypical individuals and 19 individuals with autism. Distance to the neutral face was predictive of arousal ratings in both groups. Lower mean arousal ratings were found for the autistic group, but no difference in correlation of the measures and arousal ratings could be found between groups. Results were replicated in a high autistic traits group consisting of 41 participants. The findings suggest a qualitatively similar perception of arousal for individuals with and without autism. No correlations between valence ratings and any of the measures could be found which emphasizes the specificity of our tested measures for the construct of arousal.
The problem of optimal representation refers to the search for the best representation of emotions and the assumption that there is a one-fits-all solution. In the third project we introduce partial least squares analysis as a general method to find an optimal representation to relate two high-dimensional data sets to each other. The project demonstrates its applicability to emotion research on the question of emotion perception differences between men and women. The method was used with emotion rating data from 441 participants and face tracking data computed on 306 videos. We found quantitative as well as qualitative differences in the perception of emotional facial expressions between these groups. We showed that women’s emotional perception systematically captured more of the variance in facial expressions. Additionally, we could show that significant differences exist in the way that women and men perceive some facial expressions which could be visualized as concrete facial expression sequences. These expressions suggest differing perceptions of masked and ambiguous facial expressions between the sexes. In order to facilitate use of the developed method by the research community, a package for the statistical environment R was written. Furthermore, to call attention to the method and its usefulness for emotion research, a website was designed that allows users to explore a model of emotion ratings and facial expression data in an interactive fashion.
Computational Thinking
(2015)
Digital technology has radically changed the way people
work in industry, finance, services, media and commerce. Informatics
has contributed to the scientific and technological development of our
society in general and to the digital revolution in particular. Computational
thinking is the term indicating the key ideas of this discipline that
might be included in the key competencies underlying the curriculum
of compulsory education. The educational potential of informatics has
a history dating back to the sixties. In this article, we briefly revisit this
history looking for lessons learned. In particular, we focus on experiences
of teaching and learning programming. However, computational
thinking is more than coding. It is a way of thinking and practicing interactive
dynamic modeling with computers. We advocate that learners
can practice computational thinking in playful contexts where they can
develop personal projects, for example building videogames and/or robots,
share and discuss their construction with others. In our view, this
approach allows an integration of computational thinking in the K-12
curriculum across disciplines.
Das Training sozioemotionaler Kompetenzen ist gerade für Menschen mit Autismus nützlich. Ein solches Training kann mithilfe einer spielbasierten Anwendung effektiv gestaltet werden. Zwei Minispiele, Mimikry und Emo-Mahjong, wurden realisiert und hinsichtlich User Experience evaluiert. Die jeweiligen Konzepte und die Evaluationsergebnisse sollen hier vorgestellt werden.
This talk will describe My Digital Life (TU100), a distance learning module that introduces computer science through immediate engagement with ubiquitous computing (ubicomp). This talk will describe some of the principles and concepts we have adopted for this modern computing introduction: the idea of the ‘informed digital citizen’; engagement through narrative; playful pedagogy; making the power of ubicomp available to novices; setting technical skills in real contexts. It will also trace how the pedagogy is informed by experiences and research in Computer Science education.
This paper originated from discussions about the need for
important changes in the curriculum for Computing including two focus
group meetings at IFIP conferences over the last two years. The
paper examines how recent developments in curriculum, together with
insights from curriculum thinking in other subject areas, especially mathematics
and science, can inform curriculum design for Computing.
The analysis presented in the paper provides insights into the complexity
of curriculum design as well as identifying important constraints and
considerations for the ongoing development of a vision and framework
for a Computing curriculum.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung einer Applikation, welche Infrastrukturdaten über Eisenbahnnetze generiert. Dabei bildet die Erzeugung der topologischen Informationen den Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit. Der Anwender charakterisiert hierfür vorab das gewünschte Eisenbahnnetz, wobei die geforderten Eigenschaften die Randbedingungen darstellen, die bei der Synthese zu beachten sind. Zur Einhaltung dieser Bedingungen wird die Constraint-Programmierung eingesetzt, welche durch ihr spezielles Programmierparadigma konsistente Lösungen effizient erzeugt. Dies wird u.a. durch die Nachnutzung so genannter globaler Constraints erreicht. Aus diesem Grund wird insbesondere auf den Einsatz der Constraint-Programmierung bei der Modellierung und Implementierung der Applikation eingegangen.
Parsability approaches of several grammar formalisms generating also non-context-free languages are explored. Chomsky grammars, Lindenmayer systems, grammars with controlled derivations, and grammar systems are treated. Formal properties of these mechanisms are investigated, when they are used as language acceptors. Furthermore, cooperating distributed grammar systems are restricted so that efficient deterministic parsing without backtracking becomes possible. For this class of grammar systems, the parsing algorithm is presented and the feature of leftmost derivations is investigated in detail.
Das „Startprojekt“
(2016)
Absolventinnen und Absolventen unserer Informatik-Bachelorstudiengänge benötigen für kompetentes berufliches Handeln sowohl fachliche als auch überfachliche Kompetenzen. Vielfach verlangen wir von Erstsemestern in Grundlagen-Lehrveranstaltungen fast ausschließlich den Aufbau von Fachkompetenz und vernachlässigen dabei häufig Selbstkompetenz, Methodenkompetenz und Sozialkompetenz. Gerade die drei letztgenannten sind für ein erfolgreiches Studium unabdingbar und sollten von Anfang an entwickelt werden. Wir stellen unser „Startprojekt“ als einen Beitrag vor, im ersten Semester die eigenverantwortliche, überfachliche Kompetenzentwicklung in einem fachlichen Kontext zu fördern.
With the rise of electronic integration between organizations, the need for a precise specification of interaction behavior increases. Information systems, replacing interaction previously carried out by humans via phone, faxes and emails, require a precise specification for handling all possible situations. Such interaction behavior is described in process choreographies. Choreographies enumerate the roles involved, the allowed interactions, the message contents and the behavioral dependencies between interactions. Choreographies serve as interaction contract and are the starting point for adapting existing business processes and systems or for implementing new software components. As a thorough analysis and comparison of choreography modeling languages is missing in the literature, this thesis introduces a requirements framework for choreography languages and uses it for comparing current choreography languages. Language proposals for overcoming the limitations are given for choreography modeling on the conceptual and on the technical level. Using an interconnection modeling style, behavioral dependencies are defined on a per-role basis and different roles are interconnected using message flow. This thesis reveals a number of modeling "anti-patterns" for interconnection modeling, motivating further investigations on choreography languages following the interaction modeling style. Here, interactions are seen as atomic building blocks and the behavioral dependencies between them are defined globally. Two novel language proposals are put forward for this modeling style which have already influenced industrial standardization initiatives. While avoiding many of the pitfalls of interconnection modeling, new anomalies can arise in interaction models. A choreography might not be realizable, i.e. there does not exist a set of interacting roles that collectively realize the specified behavior. This thesis investigates different dimensions of realizability.
Geospatial data has become a natural part of a growing number of information systems and services in the economy, society, and people's personal lives. In particular, virtual 3D city and landscape models constitute valuable information sources within a wide variety of applications such as urban planning, navigation, tourist information, and disaster management. Today, these models are often visualized in detail to provide realistic imagery. However, a photorealistic rendering does not automatically lead to high image quality, with respect to an effective information transfer, which requires important or prioritized information to be interactively highlighted in a context-dependent manner.
Approaches in non-photorealistic renderings particularly consider a user's task and camera perspective when attempting optimal expression, recognition, and communication of important or prioritized information. However, the design and implementation of non-photorealistic rendering techniques for 3D geospatial data pose a number of challenges, especially when inherently complex geometry, appearance, and thematic data must be processed interactively. Hence, a promising technical foundation is established by the programmable and parallel computing architecture of graphics processing units.
This thesis proposes non-photorealistic rendering techniques that enable both the computation and selection of the abstraction level of 3D geospatial model contents according to user interaction and dynamically changing thematic information. To achieve this goal, the techniques integrate with hardware-accelerated rendering pipelines using shader technologies of graphics processing units for real-time image synthesis. The techniques employ principles of artistic rendering, cartographic generalization, and 3D semiotics—unlike photorealistic rendering—to synthesize illustrative renditions of geospatial feature type entities such as water surfaces, buildings, and infrastructure networks. In addition, this thesis contributes a generic system that enables to integrate different graphic styles—photorealistic and non-photorealistic—and provide their seamless transition according to user tasks, camera view, and image resolution.
Evaluations of the proposed techniques have demonstrated their significance to the field of geospatial information visualization including topics such as spatial perception, cognition, and mapping. In addition, the applications in illustrative and focus+context visualization have reflected their potential impact on optimizing the information transfer regarding factors such as cognitive load, integration of non-realistic information, visualization of uncertainty, and visualization on small displays.
Die Veröffentlichung eines global frei verfügbaren Onlinekurses abseits der großen MOOC Plattformen bringt spezielle Herausforderungen mit sich. Neben technischen Herausforderungen sind eine effiziente Wissensvermittlung und die Erhaltung der Lernmotivation zentral. Der folgende Beitrag stellt Techniken zur Steigerung der Lerneffizienz und -motivation anhand des ARCS Modells vor. Er zeigt auf, wie die verschiedenen Techniken in der Entwicklung des Onlinekurses „Designing Sustainable Food Systems“ umgesetzt wurden und inwieweit sie erfolgreich waren.
Die Arbeitswelt im Fokus
(2015)
Für Bachelor-Studierende der Wirtschaftsinformatik im zweiten Semester an der Fachhochschule Kiel werden im Modul Informationsmanagement neben klassischen didaktischen Ansätzen in einer seminaristischen Unterrichtsform so genannte „Aktivbausteine“ eingesetzt: Studierende erhalten zum einen die Gelegenheit, sich im Kontakt mit Fach- und Führungskräften aus der Industrie ein konkretes Bild vom Beruf der Wirtschaftsinformatikerin bzw. des Wirtschaftsinformatikers zu machen; zum anderen erarbeiten sie innovative Ansätze der Prozessverbesserung aus Sicht der IT oder mit Nutzenpotenzial für die IT und präsentieren ihre Ergebnisse öffentlich im Rahmen des Kieler Prozessmanagementforums. Diese Aktivbausteine dienen insbesondere der Berufsfeldorientierung: Durch die Informationen, die die Studierenden über die Anforderungen und Tätigkeiten von im Beruf stehenden Menschen erhalten, werden sie in die Lage versetzt, fundierte Entscheidungen bzgl. ihrer Studiengestaltung und Berufswahl zu treffen. Im Beitrag wird die Konzeption der Bausteine vorgestellt und deren Grad der Zielerreichung durch aktuelle Evaluationsergebnisse erläutert. Zudem wird die motivationale Wirkung der Aktivbausteine anhand der Theorie der Selbstbestimmung von Deci und Ryan [DR1985, DR1993, DR2004] erläutert.
In this thesis we introduce the concept of the degree of formality. It is directed against a dualistic point of view, which only distinguishes between formal and informal proofs. This dualistic attitude does not respect the differences between the argumentations classified as informal and it is unproductive because the individual potential of the respective argumentation styles cannot be appreciated and remains untapped.
This thesis has two parts. In the first of them we analyse the concept of the degree of formality (including a discussion about the respective benefits for each degree) while in the second we demonstrate its usefulness in three case studies. In the first case study we will repair Haskell B. Curry's view of mathematics, which incidentally is of great importance in the first part of this thesis, in light of the different degrees of formality. In the second case study we delineate how awareness of the different degrees of formality can be used to help students to learn how to prove. Third, we will show how the advantages of proofs of different degrees of formality can be combined by the development of so called tactics having a medium degree of formality. Together the three case studies show that the degrees of formality provide a convincing solution to the problem of untapped potential.
Der Beitrag skizziert ein Modell, das die Entwicklung digitaler Kompetenzen im Lehramtsstudium fördern soll. Zwar wird das Kompetenzmodell aus der Deutschdidaktik heraus entwickelt, nimmt aber auch fachübergreifende Anforderungen in den Bereichen Informationskompetenz, medientechnischer Kompetenzen, Fähigkeiten der Medienanalyse und -reflexion sowie Sprachhandlungskompetenz in den Blick. Damit wird das Ziel verfolgt, die besonderen Anforderungen angehender Lehrkräfte als Mediator*innen digitaler Kompetenzen darzustellen. Das beschriebene Modell dieser Vermittlungskompetenz dient der Verankerung digitaler Lehr-Lernkonzepte als wesentlicher Bestandteil der modernen Lehrer*innenbildung.
Das größte der fächerübergreifenden Projekte im Potsdamer Projekt Qualitätspakt Lehre hatte die flächendeckende Etablierung von digitalen Medien als einen integralen Bestandteil von Lehre und Studium zum Gegenstand. Im Teilprojekt E-Learning in Studienbereichen (eLiS) wurden dafür Maßnahmen in den Feldern Organisations-, technische und Inhaltsentwicklung zusammengeführt. Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert auf Basis von Ausgangslage und Zielsetzungen die Ergebnisse rund um die Digitalisierung von Lehre und Studium an der Universität Potsdam. Exemplarisch werden fünf Dienste näher vorgestellt, die inzwischen größtenteils in den Regelbetrieb der Hochschule übergegangen sind: die Videoplattform Media.UP, die mobile App Reflect.UP, die persönliche Lernumgebung Campus. UP, das Self-Service-Portal Cook.UP und das Anzeigesystem Freiraum.UP. Dabei wird jeweils ein technischer Blick „unter die Haube“ verbunden mit einer Erläuterung der Nutzungsmöglichkeiten, denen eine aktuelle Einschätzung von Lehrenden und Studierenden der Hochschule gegenübergestellt wird. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Einbettung der vorgestellten Entwicklungen in einen größeren Kontext und einem Ausblick auf die weiterhin anstehenden Aufgaben.
Services that operate over the Internet are under constant threat of being exposed to fraudulent use. Maintaining good user experience for legitimate users often requires the classification of entities as malicious or legitimate in order to initiate countermeasures. As an example, inbound email spam filters decide for spam or non-spam. They can base their decision on both the content of each email as well as on features that summarize prior emails received from the sending server. In general, discriminative classification methods learn to distinguish positive from negative entities. Each decision for a label may be based on features of the entity and related entities. When labels of related entities have strong interdependencies---as can be assumed e.g. for emails being delivered by the same user---classification decisions should not be made independently and dependencies should be modeled in the decision function. This thesis addresses the formulation of discriminative classification problems that are tailored for the specific demands of the following three Internet security applications. Theoretical and algorithmic solutions are devised to protect an email service against flooding of user inboxes, to mitigate abusive usage of outbound email servers, and to protect web servers against distributed denial of service attacks.
In the application of filtering an inbound email stream for unsolicited emails, utilizing features that go beyond each individual email's content can be valuable. Information about each sending mail server can be aggregated over time and may help in identifying unwanted emails. However, while this information will be available to the deployed email filter, some parts of the training data that are compiled by third party providers may not contain this information. The missing features have to be estimated at training time in order to learn a classification model. In this thesis an algorithm is derived that learns a decision function that integrates over a distribution of values for each missing entry. The distribution of missing values is a free parameter that is optimized to learn an optimal decision function.
The outbound stream of emails of an email service provider can be separated by the customer IDs that ask for delivery. All emails that are sent by the same ID in the same period of time are related, both in content and in label. Hijacked customer accounts may send batches of unsolicited emails to other email providers, which in turn might blacklist the sender's email servers after detection of incoming spam emails. The risk of being blocked from further delivery depends on the rate of outgoing unwanted emails and the duration of high spam sending rates. An optimization problem is developed that minimizes the expected cost for the email provider by learning a decision function that assigns a limit on the sending rate to customers based on the each customer's email stream.
Identifying attacking IPs during HTTP-level DDoS attacks allows to block those IPs from further accessing the web servers. DDoS attacks are usually carried out by infected clients that are members of the same botnet and show similar traffic patterns. HTTP-level attacks aim at exhausting one or more resources of the web server infrastructure, such as CPU time. If the joint set of attackers cannot increase resource usage close to the maximum capacity, no effect will be experienced by legitimate users of hosted web sites. However, if the additional load raises the computational burden towards the critical range, user experience will degrade until service may be unavailable altogether. As the loss of missing one attacker depends on block decisions for other attackers---if most other attackers are detected, not blocking one client will likely not be harmful---a structured output model has to be learned. In this thesis an algorithm is developed that learns a structured prediction decoder that searches the space of label assignments, guided by a policy.
Each model is evaluated on real-world data and is compared to reference methods. The results show that modeling each classification problem according to the specific demands of the task improves performance over solutions that do not consider the constraints inherent to an application.
Participants of this workshop will be confronted exemplarily
with a considerable inconsistency of global Informatics education at
lower secondary level. More importantly, they are invited to contribute
actively on this issue in form of short case studies of their countries.
Until now, very few countries have been successful in implementing
Informatics or Computing at primary and lower secondary level. The
spectrum from digital literacy to informatics, particularly as a discipline
in its own right, has not really achieved a breakthrough and seems to
be underrepresented for these age groups. The goal of this workshop
is not only to discuss the anamnesis and diagnosis of this fragmented
field, but also to discuss and suggest viable forms of therapy in form of
setting educational standards. Making visible good practices in some
countries and comparing successful approaches are rewarding tasks for
this workshop.
Discussing and defining common educational standards on a transcontinental
level for the age group of 14 to 15 years old students in a readable,
assessable and acceptable form should keep the participants of this
workshop active beyond the limited time at the workshop.
In order to face the rapidly increasing need for computational resources of various scientific and engineering applications one has to think of new ways to make more efficient use of the worlds current computational resources. In this respect, the growing speed of wide area networks made a new kind of distributed computing possible: Metacomputing or (distributed) Grid computing. This is a rather new and uncharted field in computational science. The rapidly increasing speed of networks even outperforms the average increase of processor speed: Processor speeds double on average each 18 month whereas network bandwidths double every 9 months. Due to this development of local and wide area networks Grid computing will certainly play a key role in the future of parallel computing. This type of distributed computing, however, distinguishes from the traditional parallel computing in many ways since it has to deal with many problems not occurring in classical parallel computing. Those problems are for example heterogeneity, authentication and slow networks to mention only a few. Some of those problems, e.g. the allocation of distributed resources along with the providing of information about these resources to the application have been already attacked by the Globus software. Unfortunately, as far as we know, hardly any application or middle-ware software takes advantage of this information, since most parallelizing algorithms for finite differencing codes are implicitly designed for single supercomputer or cluster execution. We show that although it is possible to apply classical parallelizing algorithms in a Grid environment, in most cases the observed efficiency of the executed code is very poor. In this work we are closing this gap. In our thesis, we will - show that an execution of classical parallel codes in Grid environments is possible but very slow - analyze this situation of bad performance, nail down bottlenecks in communication, remove unnecessary overhead and other reasons for low performance - develop new and advanced algorithms for parallelisation that are aware of a Grid environment in order to generelize the traditional parallelization schemes - implement and test these new methods, replace and compare with the classical ones - introduce dynamic strategies that automatically adapt the running code to the nature of the underlying Grid environment. The higher the performance one can achieve for a single application by manual tuning for a Grid environment, the lower the chance that those changes are widely applicable to other programs. In our analysis as well as in our implementation we tried to keep the balance between high performance and generality. None of our changes directly affect code on the application level which makes our algorithms applicable to a whole class of real world applications. The implementation of our work is done within the Cactus framework using the Globus toolkit, since we think that these are the most reliable and advanced programming frameworks for supporting computations in Grid environments. On the other hand, however, we tried to be as general as possible, i.e. all methods and algorithms discussed in this thesis are independent of Cactus or Globus.
Die öffentliche Verwaltung setzt seit mehreren Jahren E-Government-Anwendungssysteme ein, um ihre Verwaltungsprozesse intensiver mit moderner Informationstechnik zu unterstützen. Da die öffentliche Verwaltung in ihrem Handeln in besonderem Maße an Recht und Gesetz gebunden ist verstärkt und verbreitet sich der Zusammenhang zwischen den Gesetzen und Rechtsvorschriften einerseits und der zur Aufgabenunterstützung eingesetzten Informationstechnik andererseits. Aus Sicht der Softwaretechnik handelt es sich bei diesem Zusammenhang um eine spezielle Form der Verfolgbarkeit von Anforderungen (engl. Traceability), die so genannte Verfolgbarkeit im Vorfeld der Anforderungsspezifikation (Pre-Requirements Specification Traceability, kurz Pre-RS Traceability), da sie Aspekte betrifft, die relevant sind, bevor die Anforderungen in eine Spezifikation eingeflossen sind (Ursprünge von Anforderungen). Der Ansatz dieser Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur Verfolgbarkeit im Vorfeld der Anforderungsspezifikation von E-Government-Anwendungssystemen. Er kombiniert dazu aktuelle Entwicklungen und Standards (insbesondere des World Wide Web Consortium und der Object Management Group) aus den Bereichen Verfolgbarkeit von Anforderungen, Semantic Web, Ontologiesprachen und modellgetriebener Softwareentwicklung. Der Lösungsansatz umfasst eine spezielle Ontologie des Verwaltungshandeln, die mit den Techniken, Methoden und Werkzeugen des Semantic Web eingesetzt wird, um in Texten von Rechtsvorschriften relevante Ursprünge von Anforderungen durch Annotationen mit einer definierten Semantik zu versehen. Darauf aufbauend wird das Ontology Definition Metamodel (ODM) verwendet, um die Annotationen als spezielle Individuen einer Ontologie auf Elemente der Unified Modeling Language (UML) abzubilden. Dadurch entsteht ein neuer Modelltyp Pre-Requirements Model (PRM), der das Vorfeld der Anforderungsspezifikation formalisiert. Modelle diesen Typs können auch verwendet werden, um Aspekte zu formalisieren die sich nicht oder nicht vollständig aus dem Text der Rechtsvorschrift ergeben. Weiterhin bietet das Modell die Möglichkeit zum Anschluss an die modellgetriebene Softwareentwicklung. In der Arbeit wird deshalb eine Erweiterung der Model Driven Architecture (MDA) vorgeschlagen. Zusätzlich zu den etablierten Modelltypen Computation Independent Model (CIM), Platform Independent Model (PIM) und Platform Specific Model (PSM) könnte der Einsatz des PRM Vorteile für die Verfolgbarkeit bringen. Wird die MDA mit dem PRM auf das Vorfeld der Anforderungsspezifikation ausgeweitet, kann eine Transformation des PRM in ein CIM als initiale Anforderungsspezifikation erfolgen, indem der MOF Query View Transformation Standard (QVT) eingesetzt wird. Als Teil des QVT-Standards ist die Aufzeichnung von Verfolgbarkeitsinformationen bei Modelltransformationen verbindlich. Um die semantische Lücke zwischen PRM und CIM zu überbrücken, erfolgt analog zum Einsatz des Plattformmodells (PM) in der PIM nach PSM Transformation der Einsatz spezieller Hilfsmodelle. Es kommen dafür die im Projekt "E-LoGo" an der Universität Potsdam entwickelten Referenzmodelle zum Einsatz. Durch die Aufzeichnung der Abbildung annotierter Textelemente auf Elemente im PRM und der Transformation der Elemente des PRM in Elemente des CIM kann durchgängige Verfolgbarkeit im Vorfeld der Anforderungsspezifikation erreicht werden. Der Ansatz basiert auf einer so genannten Verfolgbarkeitsdokumentation in Form verlinkter Hypertextdokumente, die mittels XSL-Stylesheet erzeugt wurden und eine Verbindung zur graphischen Darstellung des Diagramms (z. B. Anwendungsfall-, Klassendiagramm der UML) haben. Der Ansatz unterstützt die horizontale Verfolgbarkeit zwischen Elementen unterschiedlicher Modelle vorwärts- und rückwärtsgerichtet umfassend. Er bietet außerdem vertikale Verfolgbarkeit, die Elemente des gleichen Modells und verschiedener Modellversionen in Beziehung setzt. Über den offensichtlichen Nutzen einer durchgängigen Verfolgbarkeit im Vorfeld der Anforderungsspezifikation (z. B. Analyse der Auswirkungen einer Gesetzesänderung, Berücksichtigung des vollständigen Kontextes einer Anforderung bei ihrer Priorisierung) hinausgehend, bietet diese Arbeit eine erste Ansatzmöglichkeit für eine Feedback-Schleife im Prozess der Gesetzgebung. Stehen beispielsweise mehrere gleichwertige Gestaltungsoptionen eines Gesetzes zur Auswahl, können die Auswirkungen jeder Option analysiert und der Aufwand ihrer Umsetzung in E-Government-Anwendungen als Auswahlkriterium berücksichtigt werden. Die am 16. März 2011 in Kraft getretene Änderung des NKRG schreibt eine solche Analyse des so genannten „Erfüllungsaufwands“ für Teilbereiche des Verwaltungshandelns bereits heute verbindlich vor. Für diese Analyse kann die vorliegende Arbeit einen Ansatz bieten, um zu fundierten Aussagen über den Änderungsaufwand eingesetzter E-Government-Anwendungssysteme zu kommen.
E-Assessment etablieren
(2020)
Elektronische Lernstandserhebungen, sogenannte E-Assessments, bieten für Lehrende und Studierende viele Vorteile z. B. hinsichtlich schneller Rückmeldungen oder kompetenzorientierter Fragenformate, und ermöglichen es, unabhängig von Ort und Zeit Prüfungen zu absolvieren. In diesem Beitrag werden die Einführung von summativen Lernstandserhebungen, sogenannter E-Klausuren, am Beispiel der Universität Potsdam, der Aufbau einer länderübergreifenden Initiative für E-Assessment sowie technische Möglichkeiten für dezentrale elektronische Klausuren vorgestellt. Dabei werden der aktuelle Stand, die Ziele und die gewählte stufenweise Umsetzungsstrategie der Universität Potsdam skizziert. Darauf aufbauend folgt eine Beschreibung des Vorgehens, der Kooperationsmöglichkeiten für den Wissens- und Erfahrungsaustausch sowie Herausforderungen der E-Assessment- Initiative. Abschließend werden verschiedene E-Klausurformen und technische Möglichkeiten zur Umsetzung komplexer Prüfungsumgebungen klassifiziert sowie mit ihren charakteristischen Vor- und Nachteilen diskutiert und eine integrierte Lösung vorgeschlagen.