Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (214) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (189)
- Review (15)
- Other (9)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (1)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (214)
Keywords
- football (15)
- athletic performance (13)
- resistance training (12)
- adolescents (10)
- balance (10)
- youth (10)
- strength training (9)
- stretch-shortening cycle (9)
- children (8)
- exercise (8)
- training (8)
- Exercise (7)
- electromyography (7)
- Gait (6)
- monitoring (6)
- performance (6)
- plyometric training (6)
- postural control (6)
- strength (6)
- training load (6)
- young athletes (6)
- Electromyography (5)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (5)
- injury risk (5)
- muscle strength (5)
- power (5)
- Aging (4)
- EMG (4)
- Ground reaction force (4)
- Resistance training (4)
- aging (4)
- elite athletes (4)
- gait (4)
- periodization (4)
- physical fitness (4)
- Balance (3)
- Power (3)
- Seniors (3)
- Walking (3)
- Youth (3)
- agility (3)
- change of direction (3)
- force (3)
- ground reaction force (3)
- injury (3)
- jumping (3)
- loading rate (3)
- movement (3)
- muscle power (3)
- physiology (3)
- postural stability (3)
- recovery (3)
- soccer (3)
- speed (3)
- sport-specific performance (3)
- striking combat sports (3)
- working memory (3)
- youth sports (3)
- Body composition (2)
- COVID-19 (2)
- Cognitive/motor interference (2)
- Crossover (2)
- Detraining (2)
- EEG (2)
- Fatigue (2)
- Jump height (2)
- Kampfsport (2)
- Muscle (2)
- Muscle power (2)
- Muscle strength (2)
- Performance (2)
- Physical fitness (2)
- Postural stability (2)
- Proactive/reactive balance (2)
- Single/dual tasking (2)
- Steady-state balance (2)
- Team sports (2)
- Trunk muscle strength (2)
- adolescent (2)
- apoptosis (2)
- attentional demand (2)
- biomechanics (2)
- cardiomyopathy (2)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (2)
- child (2)
- cognitive performance (2)
- cognitive-postural dual task (2)
- combat sport (2)
- cross-education (2)
- diabetes (2)
- drop jump (2)
- elderly (2)
- fatigue (2)
- gait analysis (2)
- global positioning system (2)
- ground reaction forces (2)
- hospitalization (2)
- human physical conditioning (2)
- inertial measurement unit (2)
- jumps (2)
- knee joint angle (2)
- maturity (2)
- miRNAs (2)
- modality compatibility (2)
- motor skills (2)
- muscle (2)
- musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (2)
- oarsmen (2)
- on-water performance (2)
- overreaching (2)
- overtraining (2)
- peak height velocity (2)
- physical conditioning human (2)
- physical performance (2)
- plyometric exercise (2)
- plyometrics (2)
- postural sway (2)
- range of motion (2)
- rate of perceived exertion (2)
- rate of torque development (2)
- reliability (2)
- rolling averages (2)
- running (2)
- running mechanics (2)
- sensitivity (2)
- somatic variables (2)
- sportliche Leistung (2)
- sprint (2)
- sprints (2)
- talent (2)
- validity (2)
- weighted moving averages (2)
- youth athletes (2)
- youth soccer (2)
- ACWR (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS) (1)
- Alpha-2 (1)
- Association (1)
- Attention (1)
- Balance Tests (1)
- Biomechanics (1)
- Bow leg (1)
- Cardiorespiratory endurance (1)
- Central activation (1)
- Children (1)
- Cognition motor (1)
- Cognitive enhancer (1)
- Cognitive fatigue (1)
- Cognitive interference (1)
- Cognitive skills (1)
- Cohort study (1)
- Computer Software (1)
- Conditioning activity (1)
- Core stability (1)
- Core strength (1)
- Countermovement jump (1)
- Cross-over fatigue (1)
- Crossover fatigue (1)
- DXA (1)
- Daily life (1)
- Dual tasks (1)
- EMOTIKON (1)
- EXERCISE (1)
- Elderly (1)
- Electric stimulation (1)
- Electroencephalography (EEG) (1)
- Electromyography (EMG) (1)
- Elite sports (1)
- Endocrine (1)
- Endurance (1)
- Executive function (1)
- Exercise therapy (1)
- Exertion (1)
- Exhaustion (1)
- Explosive force production (1)
- Fall risk (1)
- Fall risk assessment (1)
- Falls (1)
- Flat feet (1)
- Flexibility (1)
- Football (1)
- Footwear (1)
- Force (1)
- Force production (1)
- Frail elderly (1)
- Free moment (1)
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (1)
- Gait biomechanics (1)
- Gait kinematics (1)
- Gait kinetics (1)
- Ginkgo biloba extract (1)
- Gym-based/home-based training (1)
- Health care (1)
- Healthy aging (1)
- ICA (1)
- Injury risk (1)
- Instability (1)
- Intensity Dose -response relationship (1)
- Isokinetic (1)
- Judo-specific pulling movement (1)
- Jugendliche (1)
- Jumping height (1)
- Kinder (1)
- Kindergarten (1)
- Kinematics (1)
- Knee valgus (1)
- Knee valgus motion (1)
- Lateral jumps (1)
- Linear mixed models (1)
- Linear regression analysis (1)
- Loading rate (1)
- MUSCLE (1)
- Maturation (1)
- Maximal isometric force (1)
- Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) (1)
- Maximalkraft (1)
- Mental fatigue (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Mild cognitive impairment (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Morote-seoi-nage (1)
- Motion (1)
- Motor function (1)
- Motor performance (1)
- Motor skills (1)
- Movement velocity (1)
- Multiple sclerosis (1)
- Muscle contraction (1)
- Muscle mass (1)
- Muscle torque (1)
- Neural inhibition (1)
- Oberflächenelektromyografie (1)
- OptoGait (1)
- Optojump system (1)
- Overhead athletes (1)
- Paediatrics (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Pediatric gait (1)
- Performance gains (1)
- Physical performance (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Plyometric exercise (1)
- Plyometrics (1)
- Post-activation potentiation (1)
- Postactivation potentiation (1)
- Postural Control (1)
- Postural balance (1)
- Postural control (1)
- Power training (1)
- Preventive therapy (1)
- Primary school (1)
- Principal component analysis (1)
- Quadriceps muscle (1)
- Quadriceps strength (1)
- Quarantine (1)
- RGB-D cameras (1)
- RPE (1)
- Reactive movement (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Reflex (1)
- Repeated sprint (1)
- Sars-CoV-2 (1)
- Scanning electron microscopy (1)
- Schnellkraft (1)
- Sensorimotor training (1)
- Short‐term effect (1)
- Shoulder (1)
- Skill (1)
- Speed (1)
- Sport-specific performance (1)
- Strength training (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stress levels (1)
- Sway (1)
- Swimming performance (1)
- Theraband training (1)
- Theta (1)
- Tiredness (1)
- Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation (TMS) (1)
- Velocity (1)
- Vertec device (1)
- WALKING (1)
- Walking speed (1)
- Widerstandstraining (1)
- Work ability (1)
- Young swimmers (1)
- Zebris (1)
- academy (1)
- activities (1)
- acute chronic workload ratio (1)
- adolescent athletes (1)
- aerobic exercise (1)
- aerobic metabolism (1)
- aerobic power (1)
- age (1)
- allometry (1)
- alpha-2 (1)
- ankles (1)
- annual training (1)
- anterior cruciate ligament (1)
- anthropometry (1)
- anxiety (1)
- assessment (1)
- athlete testing (1)
- athlete. (1)
- athletes (1)
- athletic (1)
- attention (1)
- balance strategy (1)
- balance training (1)
- ball speed (1)
- ballistic training (1)
- barbell velocity (1)
- biological age (1)
- biological maturation (1)
- blood (1)
- blood lactate; (1)
- blood sample (1)
- body density (1)
- body limbs (1)
- body shape (1)
- bone (1)
- boys (1)
- calcaneal eversion (1)
- canoe racing (1)
- causal mediation analysis (1)
- change of direction speed (1)
- change-of-direction speed (1)
- climbing (1)
- cognitive function (1)
- cognitive interference (1)
- cognitive skills (1)
- cognitive/muscular fatigue (1)
- combat sports (1)
- comparison of devices (1)
- concurrent training (1)
- conditioning activity (1)
- conditioning exercise (1)
- conditioning stimulus (1)
- congested calendar (1)
- core (1)
- core strength (1)
- data pipeline (1)
- deconditioning (1)
- depression (1)
- detraining (1)
- diabetes mellitus (1)
- diabetic (1)
- digital health (1)
- directed acyclic graphs (1)
- dominant limb (1)
- dose response (1)
- dose-response relation (1)
- dose-response relationship (1)
- dual task (1)
- dual-task costs (1)
- early sport specialization (1)
- eccentric-plyometric (1)
- electroencephalography (1)
- elite (1)
- elite sport (1)
- endurance (1)
- endurance performance (1)
- energetic systems (1)
- evaluation (1)
- exercise intervention (1)
- exercise prescription (1)
- exercise test (1)
- exercise training (1)
- exhaustion (1)
- explosive force production (1)
- external load (1)
- external training load (1)
- eyedness (1)
- fMRI (1)
- feet (1)
- field test (1)
- fitness (1)
- fitness tests (1)
- flat feet (1)
- flat foot (1)
- flexibility (1)
- footedness (1)
- footwear (1)
- free moment (1)
- function (1)
- functional performance (1)
- gait analysis algorithm (1)
- gait speed (1)
- gender (1)
- gender differences (1)
- girls (1)
- hamstring muscles (1)
- hearing loss (1)
- heart rate (1)
- hematocrit (1)
- high-intensity interval training (1)
- high-intensity-interval training (1)
- hip (1)
- hormones (1)
- human motion (1)
- immune system (1)
- impact loading (1)
- infection (1)
- injury prevention (1)
- intermittent sport (1)
- internal load (1)
- intervention (1)
- jump (1)
- jump height (1)
- jump height/power (1)
- jump performance (1)
- jump performances (1)
- jump training (1)
- jump/sprint exercises (1)
- jumping ability (1)
- kindergarten (1)
- kinetics (1)
- knee (1)
- knee flexion angle (1)
- knee osteoarthritis (1)
- knee valgus angle (1)
- knee valgus motion (1)
- knees (1)
- late childhood (1)
- latency (1)
- laterality (1)
- leg extensors (1)
- limb overuse conditions (1)
- linear sprint (1)
- load carriage (1)
- load-velocity (1)
- long-term (1)
- low-back-pain (1)
- lower limb mechanics (1)
- lower-extremity kinematics (1)
- martial arts (1)
- matched time (1)
- material fatigue (1)
- maturation (1)
- maximal isometric contraction (1)
- maximal isometric torque (1)
- maximum voluntary contraction (1)
- medial longitudinal arch (1)
- mental imagery (1)
- meta-analysis (1)
- methodological quality (1)
- mitochondrial adaptation (1)
- mobility disability (1)
- motion capture (1)
- motor-performance (1)
- muscle activation (1)
- muscle activity (1)
- muscle coactivation (1)
- muscle fitness (1)
- muscle metabolism (1)
- muscular endurance (1)
- muscular power (1)
- muscular strength (1)
- musculature (1)
- myofascial (1)
- neuromuscular rolling (1)
- non-dominant limb (1)
- of daily living (1)
- of-direction speed (1)
- optimal load (1)
- oxygen consumption (1)
- passive stretching (1)
- patients (1)
- peak torque (1)
- pelvic alignment (1)
- pervasive healthcare (1)
- physical activity (1)
- physical activity program (1)
- physical fitness expertise (1)
- physiological strain (1)
- postural balance (1)
- power training (1)
- preactivation (1)
- pressure (1)
- prevention (1)
- progression (1)
- proprioception (1)
- public dataset (1)
- race (1)
- race time (1)
- randomized controlled-trial (1)
- rate of force development (1)
- rating of perceived exertion (1)
- region/point elastic gym floor (1)
- relationship (1)
- relationships (1)
- responses (1)
- return-to-sport (1)
- rotation (1)
- rugby league players (1)
- running velocity (1)
- schedule (1)
- scholastic demands (1)
- school baseball players (1)
- sedentary (1)
- self massage (1)
- self-massage therapy (1)
- self-myofascial release (1)
- sensorimotor training (1)
- sensory input (1)
- sex-differences (1)
- shoe (1)
- short latency response (1)
- shoulder girdle (1)
- shoulder strength (1)
- skeletal joints (1)
- ski jumping (1)
- soccer players (1)
- specific assessment (1)
- specific strength training (1)
- specificity (1)
- spezifisches Krafttraining (1)
- sport profile (1)
- sports (1)
- sprinting (1)
- stability (1)
- standing position (1)
- static/dynamic postural control (1)
- stroke (1)
- structured (1)
- surface electromyography (1)
- taekwondo electronic scoring system (1)
- taekwondo-specific testing (1)
- task difficulty (1)
- tasks (1)
- team sport (1)
- tendon stiffness (1)
- test-retest reliability (1)
- therapy (1)
- theta (1)
- time (1)
- time-efficient exercise (1)
- torque (1)
- track and field (1)
- training adaptation (1)
- training intensity (1)
- training intervention (1)
- training specificity (1)
- twitch torque (1)
- unstable walkway (1)
- vertical jump height (1)
- vestibular (1)
- virus (1)
- virus infection (1)
- walking capacity (1)
- walking speed (1)
- water sports (1)
- weight lifting (1)
- weight loss (1)
- weight training (1)
- weightlifting (1)
- whole-body vibratoin (1)
- women (1)
- work (1)
- work-rate distribution (1)
- young (1)
- young adults (1)
- young soccer players (1)
- youth sport (1)
Institute
- Department Sport- und Gesundheitswissenschaften (116)
- Strukturbereich Kognitionswissenschaften (58)
- Extern (16)
- Department Psychologie (6)
- Humanwissenschaftliche Fakultät (6)
- Hasso-Plattner-Institut für Digital Engineering GmbH (3)
- Fakultät für Gesundheitswissenschaften (2)
- Fachgruppe Soziologie (1)
- Hasso-Plattner-Institut für Digital Engineering gGmbH (1)
Background: The contractile history of a muscle or a muscle group can result in an acute enhancement of subsequent muscle force output. This phenomenon is referred to as postactivation potentiation (PAP) and it was frequently substantiated in original research manuscripts, systematic literature reviews, and meta-analyses. However, there is a lack in the literature regarding precise dose-response relations. This literature review describes the main determinants of PAP effects and additionally presents the state of the art regarding the acute effects of PAP protocols on measures of strength, power, and speed in subelite and elite athletes of different sport disciplines. Furthermore, an attempt is made to demonstrate evidence-based information concerning the design of effective PAP protocols.
Methods: Our literature search included the electronic databases Pubmed, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar (1995 - March 2013). In total, 23 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review.
Results: Findings from our literature review indicate that various conditioning activities produce acute PAP effects in subelite and particularly elite athletes. More specifically, conditioning activities that are characterised by multiple sets, moderate to high intensities (60 - 84 % of the one repetition maximum), and rest intervals of 7 - 10 min. following the conditioning activity have the potential to induce short-term improvements in muscle force output and sports performance.
Conclusion: It is recommended that subelite and particularly elite athletes from strength, power, and speed disciplines apply specifically tailored conditioning activities during the acute preparation process for competition to induce performance enhancing PAP effects.
Muehlbauer, T, Gollhofer, A, and Granacher, U. Association of balance, strength, and power measures in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 27(3): 582-589, 2013-The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between variables of static/dynamic balance, isometric strength, and power. Twenty-seven young healthy adults (mean age: 23 6 4 years) performed measurements of static (unperturbed)/dynamic (perturbed) balance, isometric strength (i.e., maximal isometric torque [MIT]; rate of torque development [RTD] of the plantar flexor), and power (i.e., countermovement jump [CMJ] height and power). No significant associations were found between variables of static and dynamic balance (r = -0.090 to + 0.329, p > 0.05) and between measures of static/dynamic balance and isometric strength (r = +0.041 to +0.387, p > 0.05) and static/dynamic balance and power (r = -0.076 to + 0.218, p > 0.05). Significant positive correlations (r) were detected between variables of power and isometric strength ranging from +0.458 to +0.689 (p, 0.05). Furthermore, simple regression analyses revealed that a 10% increase in mean CMJ height (4.1 cm) was associated with 22.9 N.m and 128.4 N.m.s(-1) better MIT and RTD, respectively. The nonsignificant correlation between static and dynamic balance measures and between static/dynamic balance, isometric strength, and power variables implies that these capacities may be independent of each other and may have to be tested and trained complementarily.
Deficiencies in balance and strength are common in children and they may lead to injuries. This study investigated the effects of inline skating exercise on balance and strength performance in healthy children. Twenty 11-12-year-old children (8 girls, 12 boys) were assigned to an intervention (n = 10) or a control (n = 10) group. Participants in the intervention group underwent a 4-week inline skating program (2 times/week, 90 min. each) integrated in their physical education lessons. Balance and strength were measured using the Star Excursion Balance test and the countermovement jump test. As compared to the control group, the intervention group significantly improved balance (17-48%, Cohen's d = 0.00-1.49) and jump height (8%, Cohen's d = 0.48). In children, inline skating is a safe, feasible (90% adherence rate), and effective program that can be integrated in physical education lessons to promote balance and strength.
Dieser Band beschäftigt sich mit den theoretischen Grundlagen und der praktischen Umsetzung von Krafttraining mit Kindern und Jugendlichen. Ausgehend von der Kennzeichnung der körperlichen Situation und der Kraftentwicklung im Kindes- und Jugendalter werden die Effekte von Krafttraining bei Kindern und Jugendlichen aufgezeigt. Hierzu zählen neben Verbesserungen der Kraftausdauer, der Maximal- und Schnellkraft, die Förderung elementarer und sportartspezifischer Fertigkeiten sowie die günstige Beeinflussung gesundheitsrelevanter Faktoren (u.a. Verletzungshäufigkeit, Knochenstatus, kardio-vaskuläre und psycho-soziale Kennwerte).
Im Anschluss werden neuronale und muskuläre Mechanismen zur Erklärung der trainingsbedingten Anpassungen beschrieben. Das Kernstück des Buches bildet die Darstellung und Beschreibung vielfältiger Übungsbeispiele für ein Krafttraining an Maschinen, mit Freihanteln, Zusatzgeräten, dem eigenen Körpergewicht und ein Sprungkrafttraining. Hierbei wurden insbesondere Übungen ausgewählt, die sich für den Einsatz im Schul- und Vereinssport eignen. Dieses Buch dient somit Lehrern, Übungsleitern und Trainern, ein zielgerichtetes Krafttraining mit Kindern und Jugendlichen wirkungsvoll und sicher durchzuführen.
Background: Age-related postural misalignment, balance deficits and strength/power losses are associated with impaired functional mobility and an increased risk of falling in seniors. Core instability strength training (CIT) involves exercises that are challenging for both trunk muscles and postural control and may thus have the potential to induce benefits in trunk muscle strength, spinal mobility and balance performance. Objective: The objective was to investigate the effects of CIT on measures of trunk muscle strength, spinal mobility, dynamic balance and functional mobility in seniors. Methods: Thirty-two older adults were randomly assigned to an intervention group (INT; n = 16, aged 70.8 +/- 4.1 years) that conducted a 9-week progressive CIT or to a control group (n = 16, aged 70.2 +/- 4.5 years). Maximal isometric strength of the trunk flexors/extensors/lateral flexors (right, left)/rotators (right, left) as well as of spinal mobility in the sagittal and the coronal plane was measured before and after the intervention program. Dynamic balance (i.e. walking 10 m on an optoelectric walkway, the Functional Reach test) and functional mobility (Timed Up and Go test) were additionally tested. Results: Program compliance was excellent with participants of the INT group completing 92% of the training sessions. Significant group x test interactions were found for the maximal isometric strength of the trunk flexors (34%, p < 0.001), extensors (21%, p < 0.001), lateral flexors (right: 48%, p < 0.001; left: 53%, p < 0.001) and left rotators (42%, p < 0.001) in favor of the INT group. Further, training-related improvements were found for spinal mobility in the sagittal (11%, p < 0.001) and coronal plane (11%, p = 0.06) directions, for stride velocity (9%, p < 0.05), the coefficient of variation in stride velocity (31%, p < 0.05), the Functional Reach test (20%, p < 0.05) and the Timed Up and Go test (4%, p < 0.05) in favor of the INT group. Conclusion: CIT proved to be a feasible exercise program for seniors with a high adherence rate. Age-related deficits in measures of trunk muscle strength, spinal mobility, dynamic balance and functional mobility can be mitigated by CIT. This training regimen could be used as an adjunct or even alternative to traditional balance and/or resistance training.
Maintaining and increasing walking speed in old age is clinically important because this activity of daily living predicts functional and clinical state. We reviewed evidence for the biomechanical mechanisms of how strength and power training increase gait speed in old adults. A systematic search yielded only four studies that reported changes in selected gait biomechanical variables after an intervention. A secondary analysis of 20 studies revealed an association of r(2) = 0.21 between the 22% and 12% increase, respectively, in quadriceps strength and gait velocity in 815 individuals age 72. In 6 studies, there was a correlation of r(2) = 0.16 between the 19% and 9% gains in plantarflexion strength and gait speed in 240 old volunteers age 75. In 8 studies, there was zero association between the 35% and 13% gains in leg mechanical power and gait speed in 150 old adults age 73. To increase the efficacy of intervention studies designed to improve gait speed and other critical mobility functions in old adults, there is a need for a paradigm shift from conventional (clinical) outcome assessments to more sophisticated biomechanical analyses that examine joint kinematics, kinetics, energetics, muscle-tendon function, and musculoskeletal modeling before and after interventions.
Background The aging process results in a number of functional (e.g., deficits in balance and strength/power performance), neural (e.g., loss of sensory/motor neurons), muscular (e.g., atrophy of type-II muscle fibers in particular), and bone-related (e.g., osteoporosis) deteriorations. Traditionally, balance and/or lower extremity resistance training were used to mitigate these age-related deficits. However, the effects of resistance training are limited and poorly translate into improvements in balance, functional tasks, activities of daily living, and fall rates. Thus, it is necessary to develop and design new intervention programs that are specifically tailored to counteract age-related weaknesses. Recent studies indicate that measures of trunk muscle strength (TMS) are associated with variables of static/dynamic balance, functional performance, and falls (i.e., occurrence, fear, rate, and/or risk of falls). Further, there is preliminary evidence in the literature that core strength training (CST) and Pilates exercise training (PET) have a positive influence on measures of strength, balance, functional performance, and falls in older adults.
Objective The objectives of this systematic literature review are: (a) to report potential associations between TMS/trunk muscle composition and balance, functional performance, and falls in old adults, and (b) to describe and discuss the effects of CST/PET on measures of TMS, balance, functional performance, and falls in seniors.
Data Sources A systematic approach was employed to capture all articles related to TMS/trunk muscle composition, balance, functional performance, and falls in seniors that were identified using the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science (1972 to February 2013).
Study Selection A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 582 articles identified for initial review. Cross-sectional (i.e., relationship) or longitudinal (i.e., intervention) studies were included if they investigated TMS and an outcome-related measure of balance, functional performance, and/or falls. In total, 20 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review.
Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Longitudinal studies were evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Effect sizes (ES) were calculated whenever possible. For ease of discussion, the 20 articles were separated into three groups [i.e., cross-sectional (n = 6), CST (n = 9), PET (n = 5)].
Results The cross-sectional studies reported small-to-medium correlations between TMS/trunk muscle composition and balance, functional performance, and falls in older adults. Further, CST and/or PET proved to be feasible exercise programs for seniors with high-adherence rates. Age-related deficits in measures of TMS, balance, functional performance, and falls can be mitigated by CST (mean strength gain = 30 %, mean effect size = 0.99; mean balance/functional performance gain = 23 %, mean ES = 0.88) and by PET (mean strength gain = 12 %, mean ES = 0.52; mean balance/functional performance gain = 18 %, mean ES = 0.71).
Limitations Given that the mean PEDro quality score did not reach the predetermined cut-off of >= 6 for the intervention studies, there is a need for more high-quality studies to explicitly identify the relevance of CST and PET to the elderly population.
Conclusions Core strength training and/or PET can be used as an adjunct or even alternative to traditional balance and/or resistance training programs for old adults. Further, CST and PET are easy to administer in a group setting or in individual fall preventive or rehabilitative intervention programs because little equipment and space is needed to perform such exercises.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between variables of lower extremity muscle strength, balance, and mobility assessed under various task conditions.
Twenty-one healthy children (mean age: 9 +/- 1 years) were tested for their isometric and dynamic strength as well as for their steady-state, proactive, and reactive balance and mobility. Balance and mobility tests were conducted under single and dual task conditions.
Significant positive correlations were detected between measures of isometric and dynamic leg muscle strength. Hardly any significant associations were observed between variables of strength and balance/mobility and between measures of steady-state, proactive, and reactive balance. Additionally, no significant correlations were detected between balance/mobility tests performed under single and dual task conditions.
The predominately non-significant correlations between different balance components and mobility imply that balance and mobility performance is task specific. Further, strength and balance/mobility as well as balance under single and dual task conditions seem to be independent of each other and may have to be tested and trained complementarily.
Background: Deficits in strength, power and balance represent important intrinsic risk factors for falls in seniors. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between variables of lower extremity muscle strength/power and balance, assessed under various task conditions. Methods: Twenty-four healthy and physically active older adults (mean age: 70 8 5 years) were tested for their isometric strength (i.e. maximal isometric force of the leg extensors) and muscle power (i.e. countermovement jump height and power) as well as for their steady-state (i.e. unperturbed standing, 10-meter walk), proactive (i.e. Timed Up & Go test, Functional Reach Test) and reactive (i.e. perturbed standing) balance. Balance tests were conducted under single (i.e. standing or walking alone) and dual task conditions (i.e. standing or walking plus cognitive and motor interference task). Results: Significant positive correlations were found between measures of isometric strength and muscle power of the lower extremities (r values ranged between 0.608 and 0.720, p < 0.01). Hardly any significant associations were found between variables of strength, power and balance (i.e. no significant association in 20 out of 21 cases). Additionally, no significant correlations were found between measures of steady-state, proactive and reactive balance or balance tests performed under single and dual task conditions (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: The predominately nonsignificant correlations between different types of balance imply that balance performance is task specific in healthy and physically active seniors. Further, strength, power and balance as well as balance under single and dual task conditions seem to be independent of each other and may have to be tested and trained complementarily.
Objectives: To compare the impact of short term training with resistance plus plyometric training (RT+P) or electromyostimulation plus plyometric training (EMS+P) on explosive force production in elite volleyball players. Design: Sixteen elite volleyball players of the first German division participated in a training study. Methods: The participants were randomly assigned to either the RT+P training group (n = 8) or the EMS+P training group (n= 8). Both groups participated in a 5-week lower extremity exercise program. Pre and post tests included squat jumps (Si), countermovement jumps (CMJ), and drop jumps (DJ) on a force plate. The three-step reach height (RH) was assessed using a custom-made vertec apparatus. Fifteen m straight and lateral sprint (S15s and S15l) were assessed using photoelectric cells with interims at 5 m and 10 m. Results: RT+P training resulted in significant improvements in Si (+2.3%) and RH (+0.4%) performance. The EMS+P training group showed significant increases in performance of CMJ (+3.8%), DJ (+6.4%), RH (+1.6%), S15l (-3.8%) and after 5 m and 10 m of the S15s (-2.6%; -0.5%). The comparison of training-induced changes between the two intervention groups revealed significant differences for the Si (p = 0.023) in favor of RT+P and for the S15s after 5 m (p = 0.006) in favor of EMS+P. Conclusions: The results indicate that RT+P training is effective in promoting jump performances and EMS+P training increases jump, speed and agility performances of elite volleyball players. (c) 2012 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The objective of this study was to examine the impact of an indoor climbing training and detraining program on core/handgrip strength and trunk mobility in men and women. 28 young sedentary adults participated in this study and were assigned to an intervention (30+/-3 years) or a control (29+/-2 years) group. The intervention group participated in 8 weeks (2 times/week) of indoor climbing training, followed by 8 weeks of detraining. Tests included the measurement of maximal isometric strength (MIS) of the trunk flexors/extensors, the assessment of trunk mobility in the sagittal (SAP) and the coronal (CRP) plane as well as testing of handgrip strength. After training, significant improvements were observed in MIS of the trunk flexors/extensors (similar to 19-22 %, all p<0.01), in trunk mobility in SAP/CRP (similar to 14-19 %, all p<0.01), and in handgrip strength (similar to 5 %, p<0.01). During detraining, MIS (similar to 12-13 %, all p<0.01) and trunk mobility (similar to 7-10%, all p<0.01) deteriorated significantly, whereas handgrip strength remained. This indoor climbing training program conducted in sedentary adults proved to be feasible (i.e., attendance rate of 89.4%) and effective. It is suggested that indoor climbing should be permanently conducted to maintain the observed improvements in core muscle strength and trunk mobility.
The objective was to investigate the effects of high-velocity strength training on isometric strength of the leg extensors and jump height in female and male adolescents. Twenty-eight students (13 boys, 15 girls) ages 16 to 17 years participated in this study and were assigned to either a strength training group or a control group. Strength training was conducted over 8 weeks (2 times per week). Pre- and post-training tests included the measurements of maximal isometric force and rate of force development of the leg extensors as well as countermovement jump height. Both girls (effect size = 1.37) and boys (effect size = 0.61) showed significant improvements in jump height. However, significant increases in maximal isometric force (effect size = 1.85) and rate of force development (effect size = 2.23) were found only in girls. In female and male adolescents, high-velocity strength training is an effective training regimen that produced improvements in countermovement jump height in both sexes but higher gains in maximal isometric force and rate of force development in girls.
There is growing evidence that aging and muscle fatigue result in impaired postural reflexes in humans. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of ankle fatigue on functional reflex activity (ERA) during gait perturbations in young and elderly men. Twenty-eight young (27.0 +/- 3.1 years, n = 14) and old (67.2 +/- 3.7 years, n = 14) healthy active men participated in this study. Fatigue of the plantarflexors and dorsiflexors was induced by isokinetic contractions. Pre and post-fatigue, subjects were tested for their ability to compensate for decelerating gait perturbations while walking on a treadmill. Latency, ERA of lower extremity muscles and angular velocity of the ankle joint complex were analysed by means of surface electromyography and goniometry. After the fatigue protocol, no significant main and interaction effects were detected for the parameter latency in m. tibialis anterior (TA). For both groups, a significant pre to post-test decrease in ERA in TA (P<.001) was observed coming along with increases in antagonist coactivity (P=.013) and maximal angular velocity of the ankle joint (p=.007). However, no significant group x test interactions were found for the three parameters. Ankle fatigue has an impact on the ability to compensate for gait perturbations in young and elderly adults. However, no significant differences in all analysed parameters were detected between young and elderly subjects. These results may imply that age-related deteriorations in the postural control system do not specifically affect the ability to compensate for gait perturbations under fatigued condition.
Age-related processes in the neuromuscular and the somatosensory system are responsible for decreases in maximal and explosive force production capacity and deficits in postural control. Thus, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of resistance training on strength performance and on postural control in seniors. Forty healthy seniors (67 +/- 1 yrs) participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to a resistance training (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). Resistance training for the lower extremities lasted for 13 weeks at 80% of the one repetition maximum. Pre and post tests included the measurement of maximal isometric leg extension force with special emphasis on the early part of the force-time-curve and the assessment of static (functional reach test) and dynamic (tandem walk test, platform perturbation) postural control. Resistance training resulted I in an enhanced strength performance with increases I in explosive force exceeding those in maximal strength. Improved performances in the functional reach and in the tandem walk test were observed. Resistance training did not have an effect: on the compensation of platform perturbations. Increases in strength performance can primarily be explained by an improved neural drive of the agonist muscles. The inconsistent effect of resistance training on postural control may be explained by heterogeneity of testing methodology or by the incapability of isolated resisiance training to improve postural control.