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The AlpArray seismic network
(2018)
The AlpArray programme is a multinational, European consortium to advance our understanding of orogenesis and its relationship to mantle dynamics, plate reorganizations, surface processes and seismic hazard in the Alps-Apennines-Carpathians-Dinarides orogenic system. The AlpArray Seismic Network has been deployed with contributions from 36 institutions from 11 countries to map physical properties of the lithosphere and asthenosphere in 3D and thus to obtain new, high-resolution geophysical images of structures from the surface down to the base of the mantle transition zone. With over 600 broadband stations operated for 2 years, this seismic experiment is one of the largest simultaneously operated seismological networks in the academic domain, employing hexagonal coverage with station spacing at less than 52 km. This dense and regularly spaced experiment is made possible by the coordinated coeval deployment of temporary stations from numerous national pools, including ocean-bottom seismometers, which were funded by different national agencies. They combine with permanent networks, which also required the cooperation of many different operators. Together these stations ultimately fill coverage gaps. Following a short overview of previous large-scale seismological experiments in the Alpine region, we here present the goals, construction, deployment, characteristics and data management of the AlpArray Seismic Network, which will provide data that is expected to be unprecedented in quality to image the complex Alpine mountains at depth.
Rapid decline of glomerular filtration rate estimated from creatinine (eGFRcrea) is associated with severe clinical endpoints. In contrast to cross-sectionally assessed eGFRcrea, the genetic basis for rapid eGFRcrea decline is largely unknown. To help define this, we meta-analyzed 42 genome-wide association studies from the Chronic Kidney Diseases Genetics Consortium and United Kingdom Biobank to identify genetic loci for rapid eGFRcrea decline. Two definitions of eGFRcrea decline were used: 3 mL/min/1.73m(2)/year or more ("Rapid3"; encompassing 34,874 cases, 107,090 controls) and eGFRcrea decline 25% or more and eGFRcrea under 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) at follow-up among those with eGFRcrea 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) or more at baseline ("CKDi25"; encompassing 19,901 cases, 175,244 controls). Seven independent variants were identified across six loci for Rapid3 and/or CKDi25: consisting of five variants at four loci with genome-wide significance (near UMOD-PDILT (2), PRKAG2, WDR72, OR2S2) and two variants among 265 known eGFRcrea variants (near GATM, LARP4B). All these loci were novel for Rapid3 and/or CKDi25 and our bioinformatic follow-up prioritized variants and genes underneath these loci. The OR2S2 locus is novel for any eGFRcrea trait including interesting candidates. For the five genome-wide significant lead variants, we found supporting effects for annual change in blood urea nitrogen or cystatin-based eGFR, but not for GATM or (LARP4B). Individuals at high compared to those at low genetic risk (8-14 vs. 0-5 adverse alleles) had a 1.20-fold increased risk of acute kidney injury (95% confidence interval 1.08-1.33). Thus, our identified loci for rapid kidney function decline may help prioritize therapeutic targets and identify mechanisms and individuals at risk for sustained deterioration of kidney function.
Rapid decline of glomerular filtration rate estimated from creatinine (eGFRcrea) is associated with severe clinical endpoints. In contrast to cross-sectionally assessed eGFRcrea, the genetic basis for rapid eGFRcrea decline is largely unknown. To help define this, we meta-analyzed 42 genome-wide association studies from the Chronic Kidney Diseases Genetics Consortium and United Kingdom Biobank to identify genetic loci for rapid eGFRcrea decline. Two definitions of eGFRcrea decline were used: 3 mL/min/1.73m(2)/year or more ("Rapid3"; encompassing 34,874 cases, 107,090 controls) and eGFRcrea decline 25% or more and eGFRcrea under 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) at follow-up among those with eGFRcrea 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) or more at baseline ("CKDi25"; encompassing 19,901 cases, 175,244 controls). Seven independent variants were identified across six loci for Rapid3 and/or CKDi25: consisting of five variants at four loci with genome-wide significance (near UMOD-PDILT (2), PRKAG2, WDR72, OR2S2) and two variants among 265 known eGFRcrea variants (near GATM, LARP4B). All these loci were novel for Rapid3 and/or CKDi25 and our bioinformatic follow-up prioritized variants and genes underneath these loci. The OR2S2 locus is novel for any eGFRcrea trait including interesting candidates. For the five genome-wide significant lead variants, we found supporting effects for annual change in blood urea nitrogen or cystatin-based eGFR, but not for GATM or (LARP4B). Individuals at high compared to those at low genetic risk (8-14 vs. 0-5 adverse alleles) had a 1.20-fold increased risk of acute kidney injury (95% confidence interval 1.08-1.33). Thus, our identified loci for rapid kidney function decline may help prioritize therapeutic targets and identify mechanisms and individuals at risk for sustained deterioration of kidney function.
Simulation of spatial sensor characteristics in the context of the EnMAP Hyperspectral mission
(2010)
The simulation of remote sensing images is a valuable tool for defining future Earth observation systems, optimizing instrument parameters, and developing and validating data-processing algorithms. A scene simulator for optical Earth observation data has been developed within the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) hyperspectral mission. It produces EnMAP-like data following a sequential processing approach consisting of five independent modules referred to as reflectance, atmospheric, spatial, spectral, and radiometric modules. From a modeling viewpoint, the spatial module is the most complex. The spatial simulation process considers the satellite-target geometry, which is adapted to the EnMAP orbit and operating characteristics, the instrument spatial response, and the sources of spatial nonuniformity (keystone, telescope distortion and smile, and detector coregistration). The spatial module of the EnMAP scene simulator is presented in this paper. The EnMAP spatial and geometric characteristics will be described, the simulation methodology will be presented in detail, and the capability of the EnMAP simulator will be shown by illustrative examples.
Biodiversity-multifunctionality relationships depend on identity and number of measured functions
(2017)
Biodiversity ensures ecosystem functioning and provisioning of ecosystem services, but it remains unclear how biodiversity-ecosystem multifunctionality relationships depend on the identity and number of functions considered. Here, we demonstrate that ecosystem multifunctionality, based on 82 indicator variables of ecosystem functions in a grassland biodiversity experiment, increases strongly with increasing biodiversity. Analysing subsets of functions showed that the effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality were stronger when more functions were included and that the strength of the biodiversity effects depended on the identity of the functions included. Limits to multifunctionality arose from negative correlations among functions and functions that were not correlated with biodiversity. Our findings underline that the management of ecosystems for the protection of biodiversity cannot be replaced by managing for particular ecosystem functions or services and emphasize the need for specific management to protect biodiversity. More plant species from the experimental pool of 60 species contributed to functioning when more functions were considered. An individual contribution to multifunctionality could be demonstrated for only a fraction of the species.
The Valais units in Savoy (Zone des BrSches de Tarentaise) have been re-mapped in great detail and are subject of combined stratigraphic, structural and petrological investigations summarized in this contribution. The sediments and rare relics of basement, together with Cretaceous age mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Valais palaeogeographical domain, represent the heavily deformed relics of the former distal European margin (External Valais units) and an ocean-continent transition (Internal Valais unit or Versoyen unit) that formed during rifting. This rifting led to the opening of the Valais ocean, a northern branch of the Alpine Tethys. Post-rift sediments referred to as "Valais trilogy" stratigraphically overlie both External and Internal Valais successions above an angular unconformity formed in Barremian to Aptian times, providing robust evidence for the timing of the opening of the Valais ocean. The Valais units in Savoy are part of a second and more external mid-Eocene high-pressure belt in the Alps that sutured the Brian double dagger onnais microcontinent to Europe. Top-N D1-deformation led to the formation of a nappe stack that emplaced the largely eclogite-facies Internal Valais unit (Versoyen) onto blueschist-facies External Valais units. The latter originally consisted of, from internal to external, the Petit St. Bernard unit, the Roc de l'Enfer unit, the MoA >> tiers unit and the Quermoz unit. Ongoing top-N D2-thrusting and folding substantially modified this nappe stack. Post 35 Ma D3 folding led to relatively minor modifications of the nappe stack within the Valais units but was associated with substantial top-WNW thrusting of the Valais units over the Dauphinois units along the Roselend thrust during W-directed indentation of the Adria block contributing to the formation of the arc of the Western Alps.
The inner region of the Milky Way halo harbors a large amount of dark matter (DM). Given its proximity, it is one of the most promising targets to look for DM. We report on a search for the annihilations of DM particles using gamma-ray observations towards the inner 300 pc of the Milky Way, with the H.E.S.S. array of ground-based Cherenkov telescopes. The analysis is based on a 2D maximum likelihood method using Galactic Center (GC) data accumulated by H.E.S.S. over the last 10 years (2004-2014), and does not show any significant gamma-ray signal above background. Assuming Einasto and Navarro-Frenk-White DM density profiles at the GC, we derive upper limits on the annihilation cross section <sigma nu >. These constraints are the strongest obtained so far in the TeV DM mass range and improve upon previous limits by a factor 5. For the Einasto profile, the constraints reach <sigma nu > values of 6 x 10(-26) cm(3) s(-1) in the W+W- channel for a DM particle mass of 1.5 TeV, and 2 x 10(-26) cm(3) s(-1) in the tau(+)tau(-) channel for a 1 TeV mass. For the first time, ground-based gamma-ray observations have reached sufficient sensitivity to probe <sigma nu > values expected from the thermal relic density for TeV DM particles.
In order to predict which ecosystem functions are most at risk from biodiversity loss, meta-analyses have generalised results from biodiversity experiments over different sites and ecosystem types. In contrast, comparing the strength of biodiversity effects across a large number of ecosystem processes measured in a single experiment permits more direct comparisons. Here, we present an analysis of 418 separate measures of 38 ecosystem processes. Overall, 45 % of processes were significantly affected by plant species richness, suggesting that, while diversity affects a large number of processes not all respond to biodiversity. We therefore compared the strength of plant diversity effects between different categories of ecosystem processes, grouping processes according to the year of measurement, their biogeochemical cycle, trophic level and compartment (above- or belowground) and according to whether they were measures of biodiversity or other ecosystem processes, biotic or abiotic and static or dynamic. Overall, and for several individual processes, we found that biodiversity effects became stronger over time. Measures of the carbon cycle were also affected more strongly by plant species richness than were the measures associated with the nitrogen cycle. Further, we found greater plant species richness effects on measures of biodiversity than on other processes. The differential effects of plant diversity on the various types of ecosystem processes indicate that future research and political effort should shift from a general debate about whether biodiversity loss impairs ecosystem functions to focussing on the specific functions of interest and ways to preserve them individually or in combination.
Der Arbeitskreis Militär und Gesellschaft in der Frühen Neuzeit e. V. wurde im Frühjahr 1995 gegründet. Er hat es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, die Erforschung des Militärs im Rahmen der frühneuzeitlichen Geschichte zu befördern und zugleich das Bewusstsein der Frühneuzeit-HistorikerInnen für die Bedeutung des Militärs in all seinen Funktionen zu wecken. Das Militär steht somit als soziale Gruppe selbst im Mittelpunkt der Aktivitäten des Arbeitskreises, wird aber auch in seinen Wirkungen und Repräsentationen thematisiert. Ziel ist es, die Rolle des Militärs als Teil der frühneuzeitlichen Gesellschaft umfassend herauszuarbeiten und zu würdigen. Insofern versteht der AMG seine Arbeit nicht nur als Beitrag zur Militärgeschichte, sondern vor allem als Beitrag zur Geschichte der Frühen Neuzeit insgesamt. Der Arbeitskreis bietet ein Diskussions- und Informationsforum durch die Organisation von Tagungen, die Herausgabe der Schriftenreihe ‚Herrschaft und soziale Systeme in der Frühen Neuzeit‘, die Zeitschrift ‚Militär und Gesellschaft in der Frühen Neuzeit‘ und die Mailingliste mil-fnz.
Aus dem Inhalt dieser Ausgabe: BEITRÄGE: Hanna Sonkajärvi: Soldaten als Fremde in Straßburg im 18. Jahrhundert, Jörg Rogge: Das Kriegswesen im späten Mittelalter und seine Erforschung: neuere englische und deutsche Arbeiten zu Krieg, Staat und Gesellschaft, PROJEKTE: Shin Demura: Allso hiebe der innere krieg schon an, der vil Erger dann der eüssere war : die Stadt als Zufluchtsort für Flüchtlinge : Erfahrungsformen des Dreißigjährigen Krieges in der Reichsstadt Ulm und ihrer Region, Robby Fichte: Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des öffentlich-rechtlichen Vertrages anhand der Begründung des Militärdienstverhältnisses 1650-1914, Urte Christine Allkämper: Die Braut des Soldaten : symbolische Kommunikation mit der Waffe von der Frühen Neuzeit bis zur Gegenwart, Anuschka Tischer: Offizielle Kriegsbegründungen in der frühen Neuzeit - Funktionen, Formen, Inhalte, Thomas Wollschläger: Die Military Revolution und der deutsche Territorialstaat unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Brandenburg-Preußens und Sachsens : Determinanten der Staatskonsolidierung im europäischen Kontext 1670-1740, BERICHTE: Reiner Prass: Tagungsbericht Gewalt in der Frühen Neuzeit : 5. Tagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Frühe Neuzeit vom 18. bis 20. September 2003 an der Freien Universität Berlin, Andreas Helmedach, Thomas Kubetzky, Heidi Mehrkens: Tilly ist nur eine Chiffre, die es aufzulösen gilt ... - Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises Militärgeschichte: Soldat und Gesellschaft : Biographien und Selbstzeugnisse in der Militärgeschichte 10.-11. Oktober 2003, Thomas Kater: Bericht über die Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises Historische Friedensforschung : Der Friede ist keine leere Idee ... - Bilder und Vorstellungen vom Frieden im langen 19. Jahrhundert, 31.10. bis 2.11.2003, Stiftung Adam von Trott, Imshausen, Jan Marco Sawilla: Religion und Krieg - Bericht über die Hamburger Gespräche zur Geschichtswissenschaft (V III.) WS 2003/ 2004, Dorit Schneider: Kriegsbegründungen in der Geschichte. Strategien der Legitimierung und Legalisierung militärischer Gewalt - 30.-31.01.2004, Deutscher Bundestag, Berlin, REZENSIONEN: Ellen Ueberschär: Das Strafgericht Gottes : Kriegserfahrungen und Religion im Heiligen Römischen Reich Deutscher Nation im Zeitalter des Dreißigjährigen Krieges, hrsg. von Matthias Asche und Anton Schindling, Münster 2001, Jürgen Angelow: Jutta Nowosadtko: Krieg, Gewalt und Ordnung : Einführung in die Militärgeschichte, Tübingen 2002, Jörg Muth: John A. Lynn: Battle - A History of Combat and Culture from Ancient Greece to Modern Amerika, Boulder 2003, Heinrich Lang: Del Treppo, Mario (H g.): Condottieri e uomini d arme nell Italia del Rinascimento. Acura e con un saggio introduttivo di Mario Del Treppo, Napoli 2001, Stefan Kroll: Jörg Muth, Flucht aus dem militärischen Alltag : Ursachen und individuelle Ausprägung der Desertion in der Armee Friedrichs des Großen. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Infanterie-Regimenter der Potsdamer Garnison, Freiburg i. Br. 2003, ANKÜNDIGUNGEN: Bernhard R. Kroener, Ralf Pröve: Tempi passati! Der Arbeitskreis Militär und Gesellschaft in der Frühen Neuzeit : ein Zwischenbericht nach einem Jahrzehnt, Mitgliederversammlung 2004, AMG-Tagung 2007, Cecilie Hollberg: Glaube & Macht : Sachsen im Europa der Reformationszeit ; die 2. Sächsische Landesausstellung ; die Schlacht bei Mühlberg : Ausgang und Folgen