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- gamma rays: galaxies (21)
- gamma rays: general (18)
- BL Lacertae objects: general (12)
- galaxies: active (12)
- acceleration of particles (8)
- astroparticle physics (8)
- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal (7)
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Warrington, Nicole ; Beaumont, Robin ; Horikoshi, Momoko ; Day, Felix R. ; Helgeland, Øyvind ; Laurin, Charles ; Bacelis, Jonas ; Peng, Shouneng ; Hao, Ke ; Feenstra, Bjarke ; Wood, Andrew R. ; Mahajan, Anubha ; Tyrrell, Jessica ; Robertson, Neil R. ; Rayner, N. William ; Qiao, Zhen ; Moen, Gunn-Helen ; Vaudel, Marc ; Marsit, Carmen ; Chen, Jia ; Nodzenski, Michael ; Schnurr, Theresia M. ; Zafarmand, Mohammad Hadi ; Bradfield, Jonathan P. ; Grarup, Niels ; Kooijman, Marjolein N. ; Li-Gao, Ruifang ; Geller, Frank ; Ahluwalia, Tarunveer Singh ; Paternoster, Lavinia ; Rueedi, Rico ; Huikari, Ville ; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan ; Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka ; Cavadino, Alana ; Metrustry, Sarah ; Cousminer, Diana L. ; Wu, Ying ; Thiering, Elisabeth Paula ; Wang, Carol A. ; Have, Christian Theil ; Vilor-Tejedor, Natalia ; Joshi, Peter K. ; Painter, Jodie N. ; Ntalla, Ioanna ; Myhre, Ronny ; Pitkänen, Niina ; van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M. ; Joro, Raimo ; Lagou, Vasiliki ; Richmond, Rebecca C. ; Espinosa, Ana ; Barton, Sheila J. ; Inskip, Hazel M. ; Holloway, John W. ; Santa-Marina, Loreto ; Estivill, Xavier ; Ang, Wei ; Marsh, Julie A. ; Reichetzeder, Christoph ; Marullo, Letizia ; Hocher, Berthold ; Lunetta, Kathryn L. ; Murabito, Joanne M. ; Relton, Caroline L. ; Kogevinas, Manolis ; Chatzi, Leda ; Allard, Catherine ; Bouchard, Luigi ; Hivert, Marie-France ; Zhang, Ge ; Muglia, Louis J. ; Heikkinen, Jani ; Morgen, Camilla S. ; van Kampen, Antoine H. C. ; van Schaik, Barbera D. C. ; Mentch, Frank D. ; Langenberg, Claudia ; Scott, Robert A. ; Zhao, Jing Hua ; Hemani, Gibran ; Ring, Susan M. ; Bennett, Amanda J. ; Gaulton, Kyle J. ; Fernandez-Tajes, Juan ; van Zuydam, Natalie R. ; Medina-Gomez, Carolina ; de Haan, Hugoline G. ; Rosendaal, Frits R. ; Kutalik, Zoltán ; Marques-Vidal, Pedro ; Das, Shikta ; Willemsen, Gonneke ; Mbarek, Hamdi ; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina ; Standl, Marie ; Appel, Emil V. R. ; Fonvig, Cilius Esmann ; Trier, Caecilie ; van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M. ; Murcia, Mario ; Bustamante, Mariona ; Bonàs-Guarch, Sílvia ; Hougaard, David M. ; Mercader, Josep M. ; Linneberg, Allan ; Schraut, Katharina E. ; Lind, Penelope A. ; Medland, Sarah Elizabeth ; Shields, Beverley M. ; Knight, Bridget A. ; Chai, Jin-Fang ; Panoutsopoulou, Kalliope ; Bartels, Meike ; Sánchez, Friman ; Stokholm, Jakob ; Torrents, David ; Vinding, Rebecca K. ; Willems, Sara M. ; Atalay, Mustafa ; Chawes, Bo L. ; Kovacs, Peter ; Prokopenko, Inga ; Tuke, Marcus A. ; Yaghootkar, Hanieh ; Ruth, Katherine S. ; Jones, Samuel E. ; Loh, Po-Ru ; Murray, Anna ; Weedon, Michael N. ; Tönjes, Anke ; Stumvoll, Michael ; Michaelsen, Kim Fleischer ; Eloranta, Aino-Maija ; Lakka, Timo A. ; van Duijn, Cornelia M. ; Kiess, Wieland ; Koerner, Antje ; Niinikoski, Harri ; Pahkala, Katja ; Raitakari, Olli T. ; Jacobsson, Bo ; Zeggini, Eleftheria ; Dedoussis, George V. ; Teo, Yik-Ying ; Saw, Seang-Mei ; Montgomery, Grant W. ; Campbell, Harry ; Wilson, James F. ; Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M. ; Vrijheid, Martine ; de Geus, Eco J. C. N. ; Hayes, M. Geoffrey ; Kadarmideen, Haja N. ; Holm, Jens-Christian ; Beilin, Lawrence J. ; Pennell, Craig E. ; Heinrich, Joachim ; Adair, Linda S. ; Borja, Judith B. ; Mohlke, Karen L. ; Eriksson, Johan G. ; Widen, Elisabeth E. ; Hattersley, Andrew T. ; Spector, Tim D. ; Kaehoenen, Mika ; Viikari, Jorma S. ; Lehtimaeki, Terho ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Sebert, Sylvain ; Vollenweider, Peter ; Sorensen, Thorkild I. A. ; Bisgaard, Hans ; Bonnelykke, Klaus ; Murray, Jeffrey C. ; Melbye, Mads ; Nohr, Ellen A. ; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. ; Rivadeneira, Fernando ; Hofman, Albert ; Felix, Janine F. ; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. ; Hansen, Torben ; Pisinger, Charlotta ; Vaag, Allan A. ; Pedersen, Oluf ; Uitterlinden, Andre G. ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; Power, Christine ; Hypponen, Elina ; Scholtens, Denise M. ; Lowe, William L. ; Smith, George Davey ; Timpson, Nicholas J. ; Morris, Andrew P. ; Wareham, Nicholas J. ; Hakonarson, Hakon ; Grant, Struan F. A. ; Frayling, Timothy M. ; Lawlor, Debbie A. ; Njolstad, Pal R. ; Johansson, Stefan ; Ong, Ken K. ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Perry, John R. B. ; Evans, David M. ; Freathy, Rachel M.
Birth weight variation is influenced by fetal and maternal genetic and non-genetic factors, and has been reproducibly associated with future cardio-metabolic health outcomes. In expanded genome-wide association analyses of own birth weight (n = 321,223) and offspring birth weight (n = 230,069 mothers), we identified 190 independent association signals (129 of which are novel). We used structural equation modeling to decompose the contributions of direct fetal and indirect maternal genetic effects, then applied Mendelian randomization to illuminate causal pathways. For example, both indirect maternal and direct fetal genetic effects drive the observational relationship between lower birth weight and higher later blood pressure: maternal blood pressure-raising alleles reduce offspring birth weight, but only direct fetal effects of these alleles, once inherited, increase later offspring blood pressure. Using maternal birth weight-lowering genotypes to proxy for an adverse intrauterine environment provided no evidence that it causally raises offspring blood pressure, indicating that the inverse birth weight-blood pressure association is attributable to genetic effects, and not to intrauterine programming.
tAliu, E. ; Archambault, S. ; Arlen, T. ; Aune, T. ; Beilicke, M. ; Benbow, W. ; Bird, R. ; Bouvier, A. ; Bradbury, S. M. ; Buckley, J. H. ; Bugaev, V. ; Byrum, K. ; Cannon, A. ; Cesarini, A. ; Ciupik, L. ; Collins-Hughes, E. ; Connolly, M. P. ; Cui, W. ; Dickherber, R. ; Duke, C. ; Dumm, J. ; Dwarkadas, Vikram V. ; Errando, M. ; Falcone, A. ; Federici, Simone ; Feng, Q. ; Finley, J. P. ; Finnegan, G. ; Fortson, L. ; Furniss, A. ; Galante, N. ; Gall, D. ; Gillanders, G. H. ; Godambe, S. ; Gotthelf, E. V. ; Griffin, S. ; Grube, J. ; Gyuk, G. ; Hanna, D. ; Holder, J. ; Huan, H. ; Hughes, G. ; Humensky, T. B. ; Kaaret, P. ; Karlsson, N. ; Kertzman, M. ; Khassen, Y. ; Kieda, D. ; Krawczynski, H. ; Krennrich, F. ; Lang, M. J. ; Lee, K. ; Madhavan, A. S. ; Maier, G. ; Majumdar, P. ; McArthur, S. ; McCann, A. ; Millis, J. ; Moriarty, P. ; Mukherjee, R. ; Nelson, T. ; de Bhroithe, A. O'Faolain ; Ong, R. A. ; Orr, M. ; Otte, A. N. ; Pandel, D. ; Park, N. ; Perkins, J. S. ; Pohl, Martin ; Popkow, A. ; Prokoph, H. ; Quinn, J. ; Ragan, K. ; Reyes, L. C. ; Reynolds, P. T. ; Roache, E. ; Rose, H. J. ; Ruppel, Jens ; Saxon, D. B. ; Schroedter, M. ; Sembroski, G. H. ; Sentuerk, G. D. ; Skole, C. ; Telezhinsky, Igor O. ; Tesic, G. ; Theiling, M. ; Thibadeau, S. ; Tsurusaki, K. ; Tyler, J. ; Varlotta, A. ; Vassiliev, V. V. ; Vincent, S. ; Wakely, S. P. ; Ward, J. E. ; Weekes, T. C. ; Weinstein, A. ; Weisgarber, T. ; Welsing, R. ; Williams, D. A. ; Zitzer, B.
We report the discovery of an unidentified, extended source of very-high-energy gamma-ray emission, VER J2019+407, within the radio shell of the supernova remnant SNR G78.2+2.1, using 21.4 hr of data taken by the VERITAS gamma-ray observatory in 2009. These data confirm the preliminary indications of gamma-ray emission previously seen in a two-year (2007-2009) blind survey of the Cygnus region by VERITAS. VER J2019+407, which is detected at a post-trials significance of 7.5 standard deviations in the 2009 data, is localized to the northwestern rim of the remnant in a region of enhanced radio and X-ray emission. It has an intrinsic extent of 0 degrees.23 +/- 0 degrees.03(stat-0 degrees.02sys)(+0 degrees.04) and its spectrum is well-characterized by a differential power law (dN/dE = N-0 x (E/TeV)-Gamma) with a photon index of Gamma = 2.37 +/- 0.14(stat) +/- 0.20(sys) and a flux normalization of N-0 = 1.5 +/- 0.2(stat) +/- 0.4(sys) x 10(-12) photon TeV-1 cm(-2) s(-1). This yields an integral flux of 5.2 +/- 0.8(stat) +/- 1.4(sys) x 10(-12) photon cm(-2) s(-1) above 320 GeV, corresponding to 3.7% of the Crab Nebula flux. We consider the relationship of the TeV gamma-ray emission with the GeV gamma-ray emission seen from SNR G78.2+2.1 as well as that seen from a nearby cocoon of freshly accelerated cosmic rays. Multiple scenarios are considered as possible origins for the TeV gamma-ray emission, including hadronic particle acceleration at the SNR shock.
Taal, H. Rob ; St Pourcain, Beate ; Thiering, Elisabeth ; Das, Shikta ; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. ; Warrington, Nicole M. ; Kaakinen, Marika ; Kreiner-Moller, Eskil ; Bradfield, Jonathan P. ; Freathy, Rachel M. ; Geller, Frank ; Guxens, Monica ; Cousminer, Diana L. ; Kerkhof, Marjan ; Timpson, Nicholas J. ; Ikram, M. Arfan ; Beilin, Lawrence J. ; Bonnelykke, Klaus ; Buxton, Jessica L. ; Charoen, Pimphen ; Chawes, Bo Lund Krogsgaard ; Eriksson, Johan ; Evans, David M. ; Hofman, Albert ; Kemp, John P. ; Kim, Cecilia E. ; Klopp, Norman ; Lahti, Jari ; Lye, Stephen J. ; McMahon, George ; Mentch, Frank D. ; Mueller-Nurasyid, Martina ; O'Reilly, Paul F. ; Prokopenko, Inga ; Rivadeneira, Fernando ; Steegers, Eric A. P. ; Sunyer, Jordi ; Tiesler, Carla ; Yaghootkar, Hanieh ; Breteler, Monique M. B. ; Debette, Stephanie ; Fornage, Myriam ; Gudnason, Vilmundur ; Launer, Lenore J. ; van der Lugt, Aad ; Mosley, Thomas H. ; Seshadri, Sudha ; Smith, Albert V. ; Vernooij, Meike W. ; Blakemore, Alexandra I. F. ; Chiavacci, Rosetta M. ; Feenstra, Bjarke ; Fernandez-Banet, Julio ; Grant, Struan F. A. ; Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa ; van der Heijden, Albert J. ; Iniguez, Carmen ; Lathrop, Mark ; McArdle, Wendy L. ; Molgaard, Anne ; Newnham, John P. ; Palmer, Lyle J. ; Palotie, Aarno ; Pouta, Annneli ; Ring, Susan M. ; Sovio, Ulla ; Standl, Marie ; Uitterlinden, Andre G. ; Wichmann, H-Erich ; Vissing, Nadja Hawwa ; DeCarli, Charles ; van Duijn, Cornelia M. ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Koppelman, Gerard H. ; Estivill, Xavier ; Hattersley, Andrew T. ; Melbye, Mads ; Bisgaard, Hans ; Pennell, Craig E. ; Widen, Elisabeth ; Hakonarson, Hakon ; Smith, George Davey ; Heinrich, Joachim ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. ; Adair, Linda S. ; Ang, Wei ; Atalay, Mustafa ; van Beijsterveldt, Toos ; Bergen, Nienke ; Benke, Kelly ; Berry, Diane J. ; Bradfield, Jonathan P. ; Charoen, Pimphen ; Coin, Lachlan ; Cousminer, Diana L. ; Das, Shikta ; Davis, Oliver S. P. ; Elliott, Paul ; Evans, David M. ; Feenstra, Bjarke ; Flexeder, Claudia ; Frayling, Tim ; Freathy, Rachel M. ; Gaillard, Romy ; Geller, Frank ; Groen-Blokhuis, Maria ; Goh, Liang-Kee ; Guxens, Monica ; Haworth, Claire M. A. ; Hadley, Dexter ; Hebebrand, Johannes ; Hinney, Anke ; Hirschhorn, Joel N. ; Holloway, John W. ; Holst, Claus ; Hottenga, Jouke Jan ; Horikoshi, Momoko ; Huikari, Ville ; Hypponen, Elina ; Iniguez, Carmen ; Kaakinen, Marika ; Kilpelainen, Tuomas O. ; Kirin, Mirna ; Kowgier, Matthew ; Lakka, Hanna-Maaria ; Lange, Leslie A. ; Lawlor, Debbie A. ; Lehtimaki, Terho ; Lewin, Alex ; Lindgren, Cecilia ; Lindi, Virpi ; Maggi, Reedik ; Marsh, Julie ; Middeldorp, Christel ; Millwood, Iona ; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. ; Murray, Jeffrey C. ; Nivard, Michel ; Nohr, Ellen Aagaard ; Ntalla, Ioanna ; Oken, Emily ; O'Reilly, Paul F. ; Palmer, Lyle J. ; Panoutsopoulou, Kalliope ; Pararajasingham, Jennifer ; Prokopenko, Inga ; Rodriguez, Alina ; Salem, Rany M. ; Sebert, Sylvain ; Siitonen, Niina ; Sovio, Ulla ; St Pourcain, Beate ; Strachan, David P. ; Sunyer, Jordi ; Taal, H. Rob ; Teo, Yik-Ying ; Thiering, Elisabeth ; Tiesler, Carla ; Uitterlinden, Andre G. ; Valcarcel, Beatriz ; Warrington, Nicole M. ; White, Scott ; Willemsen, Gonneke ; Yaghootkar, Hanieh ; Zeggini, Eleftheria ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Cooper, Cyrus ; Estivill, Xavier ; Gillman, Matthew ; Grant, Struan F. A. ; Hakonarson, Hakon ; Hattersley, Andrew T. ; Heinrich, Joachim ; Hocher, Berthold ; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; Lakka, Timo A. ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Melbye, Mads ; Mohlke, Karen L. ; Dedoussis, George V. ; Ong, Ken K. ; Pearson, Ewan R. ; Pennell, Craig E. ; Price, Thomas S. ; Power, Chris ; Raitakari, Olli T. ; Saw, Seang-Mei ; Scherag, Andre ; Simell, Olli ; Sorensen, Thorkild I. A. ; Timpson, Nicholas J. ; Widen, Elisabeth ; Wilson, James F. ; Ang, Wei ; van Beijsterveldt, Toos ; Bergen, Nienke ; Benke, Kelly ; Berry, Diane J. ; Bradfield, Jonathan P. ; Charoen, Pimphen ; Coin, Lachlan ; Cousminer, Diana L. ; Das, Shikta ; Elliott, Paul ; Evans, David M. ; Frayling, Tim ; Freathy, Rachel M. ; Gaillard, Romy ; Groen-Blokhuis, Maria ; Guxens, Monica ; Hadley, Dexter ; Hottenga, Jouke Jan ; Huikari, Ville ; Hypponen, Elina ; Kaakinen, Marika ; Kowgier, Matthew ; Lawlor, Debbie A. ; Lewin, Alex ; Lindgren, Cecilia ; Marsh, Julie ; Middeldorp, Christel ; Millwood, Iona ; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. ; Nivard, Michel ; O'Reilly, Paul F. ; Palmer, Lyle J. ; Prokopenko, Inga ; Rodriguez, Alina ; Sebert, Sylvain ; Sovio, Ulla ; St Pourcain, Beate ; Standl, Marie ; Strachan, David P. ; Sunyer, Jordi ; Taal, H. Rob ; Thiering, Elisabeth ; Tiesler, Carla ; Uitterlinden, Andre G. ; Valcarcel, Beatriz ; Warrington, Nicole M. ; White, Scott ; Willemsen, Gonneke ; Yaghootkar, Hanieh ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Estivill, Xavier ; Grant, Struan F. A. ; Hakonarson, Hakon ; Hattersley, Andrew T. ; Heinrich, Joachim ; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Pennell, Craig E. ; Power, Chris ; Timpson, Nicholas J. ; Widen, Elisabeth ; Ikram, M. Arfan ; Fornage, Myriam ; Smith, Albert V. ; Seshadri, Sudha ; Schmidt, Reinhold ; Debette, Stephanie ; Vrooman, Henri A. ; Sigurdsson, Sigurdur ; Ropele, Stefan ; Coker, Laura H. ; Longstreth, W. T. ; Niessen, Wiro J. ; DeStefano, Anita L. ; Beiser, Alexa ; Zijdenbos, Alex P. ; Struchalin, Maksim ; Jack, Clifford R. ; Nalls, Mike A. ; Au, Rhoda ; Hofman, Albert ; Gudnason, Haukur ; van der Lugt, Aad ; Harris, Tamara B. ; Meeks, William M. ; Vernooij, Meike W. ; van Buchem, Mark A. ; Catellier, Diane ; Gudnason, Vilmundur ; Windham, B. Gwen ; Wolf, Philip A. ; van Duijn, Cornelia M. ; Mosley, Thomas H. ; Schmidt, Helena ; Launer, Lenore J. ; Breteler, Monique M. B. ; DeCarli, Charles
To identify genetic variants associated with head circumference in infancy, we performed a meta-analysis of seven genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (N = 10,768 individuals of European ancestry enrolled in pregnancy and/or birth cohorts) and followed up three lead signals in six replication studies (combined N = 19,089). rs7980687 on chromosome 12q24 (P = 8.1 x 10(-9)) and rs1042725 on chromosome 12q15 (P = 2.8 x 10(-10)) were robustly associated with head circumference in infancy. Although these loci have previously been associated with adult height(1), their effects on infant head circumference were largely independent of height (P = 3.8 x 10(-7) for rs7980687 and P = 1.3 x 10(-7) for rs1042725 after adjustment for infant height). A third signal, rs11655470 on chromosome 17q21, showed suggestive evidence of association with head circumference (P = 3.9 x 10(-6)). SNPs correlated to the 17q21 signal have shown genome-wide association with adult intracranial volume(2), Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases(3-5), indicating that a common genetic variant in this region might link early brain growth with neurological disease in later life.
Orienti, M. ; Finke, J. ; Raiteri, C. M. ; Hovatta, T. ; Larsson, J. ; Max-Moerbeck, W. ; Perkins, J. ; Readhead, A. C. S. ; Richards, J. L. ; Beilicke, M. ; Benbow, W. ; Berger, K. ; Bird, R. ; Bugaev, V. ; Cardenzana, J. V. ; Cerruti, M. ; Chen, Xuhui ; Ciupik, L. ; Dickinson, H. J. ; Eisch, J. D. ; Errando, M. ; Falcone, A. ; Finley, J. P. ; Fleischhack, H. ; Fortin, P. ; Fortson, L. ; Furniss, A. ; Gerard, L. ; Gillanders, G. H. ; Griffiths, S. T. ; Grube, J. ; Gyuk, G. ; Hakansson, Nils ; Holder, J. ; Humensky, T. B. ; Kar, P. ; Kertzman, M. ; Khassen, Y. ; Kieda, D. ; Krennrich, F. ; Kumar, S. ; Lang, M. J. ; Maier, G. ; McCann, A. ; Meagher, K. ; Moriarty, P. ; Mukherjee, R. ; Nieto, D. ; Ong, R. A. ; Otte, A. N. ; Pohl, Manuela ; Popkow, A. ; Prokoph, H. ; Pueschel, Elisa ; Quinn, J. ; Ragan, K. ; Reynolds, P. T. ; Richards, G. T. ; Roache, E. ; Rousselle, J. ; Santander, M. ; Sembroski, G. H. ; Smith, A. W. ; Staszak, D. ; Telezhinsky, Igor O. ; Tucci, J. V. ; Tyler, J. ; Varlotta, A. ; Vassiliev, V. V. ; Wakely, S. P. ; Weinstein, A. ; Welsing, R. ; Williams, D. A. ; Zitzer, B.
We report on multifrequency observations performed during 2012 December-2013 August of the first narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy detected in gamma-rays, PMN J0948+0022 (z = 0.5846). A y -ray flare was observed by the Large Area Telescope on board Fermi during 2012 December-2013 January, reaching a daily peak flux in the 0.1-100 GeV energy range of (155 31) x 10 8 ph cm(-2) S-1 on 2013 January 1, corresponding to an apparent isotropic luminosity of similar to 1.5 x 1048 erg s(-1). The y -ray flaring period triggered Swift and Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) observations in addition to radio and optical monitoring by Owens Valley Radio Observatory, Monitoring Of Jets in Active galactic nuclei with VLBA Experiments, and Catalina Real-time Transient Survey. A strong flare was observed in optical, UV, and X-rays on 2012 December 30, quasi-simultaneously to the y -ray flare, reaching a record flux for this source from optical to y gamma-rays. VERITAS observations at very high energy (E > 100 GeV) during 2013 January 6-17 resulted in an upper limit of F>0.2 Trev < 4.0 x 10(-12) ph cm(-2) s(-1). We compared the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the flaring state in 2013 January with that of an intermediate state observed in 2011. The two SEDs, modelled as synchrotron emission and an external Compton scattering of seed photons from a dust torus, can be modelled by changing both the electron distribution parameters and the magnetic field.
The Early Growth Genetics (EGG) and EArly Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortia
(2019)
Middeldorp, Christel M. ; Mahajan, Anubha ; Horikoshi, Momoko ; Robertson, Neil R. ; Beaumont, Robin N. ; Bradfield, Jonathan P. ; Bustamante, Mariona ; Cousminer, Diana L. ; Day, Felix R. ; De Silva, N. Maneka ; Guxens, Monica ; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. ; St Pourcain, Beate ; Warrington, Nicole M. ; Adair, Linda S. ; Ahlqvist, Emma ; Ahluwalia, Tarunveer Singh ; Almgren, Peter ; Ang, Wei ; Atalay, Mustafa ; Auvinen, Juha ; Bartels, Meike ; Beckmann, Jacques S. ; Bilbao, Jose Ramon ; Bond, Tom ; Borja, Judith B. ; Cavadino, Alana ; Charoen, Pimphen ; Chen, Zhanghua ; Coin, Lachlan ; Cooper, Cyrus ; Curtin, John A. ; Custovic, Adnan ; Das, Shikta ; Davies, Gareth E. ; Dedoussis, George V. ; Duijts, Liesbeth ; Eastwood, Peter R. ; Eliasen, Anders U. ; Elliott, Paul ; Eriksson, Johan G. ; Estivill, Xavier ; Fadista, Joao ; Fedko, Iryna O. ; Frayling, Timothy M. ; Gaillard, Romy ; Gauderman, W. James ; Geller, Frank ; Gilliland, Frank ; Gilsanz, Vincente ; Granell, Raquel ; Grarup, Niels ; Groop, Leif ; Hadley, Dexter ; Hakonarson, Hakon ; Hansen, Torben ; Hartman, Catharina A. ; Hattersley, Andrew T. ; Hayes, M. Geoffrey ; Hebebrand, Johannes ; Heinrich, Joachim ; Helgeland, Oyvind ; Henders, Anjali K. ; Henderson, John ; Henriksen, Tine B. ; Hirschhorn, Joel N. ; Hivert, Marie-France ; Hocher, Berthold ; Holloway, John W. ; Holt, Patrick ; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan ; Hypponen, Elina ; Iniguez, Carmen ; Johansson, Stefan ; Jugessur, Astanand ; Kahonen, Mika ; Kalkwarf, Heidi J. ; Kaprio, Jaakko ; Karhunen, Ville ; Kemp, John P. ; Kerkhof, Marjan ; Koppelman, Gerard H. ; Korner, Antje ; Kotecha, Sailesh ; Kreiner-Moller, Eskil ; Kulohoma, Benard ; Kumar, Ashish ; Kutalik, Zoltan ; Lahti, Jari ; Lappe, Joan M. ; Larsson, Henrik ; Lehtimaki, Terho ; Lewin, Alexandra M. ; Li, Jin ; Lichtenstein, Paul ; Lindgren, Cecilia M. ; Lindi, Virpi ; Linneberg, Allan ; Liu, Xueping ; Liu, Jun ; Lowe, William L. ; Lundstrom, Sebastian ; Lyytikainen, Leo-Pekka ; Ma, Ronald C. W. ; Mace, Aurelien ; Magi, Reedik ; Magnus, Per ; Mamun, Abdullah A. ; Mannikko, Minna ; Martin, Nicholas G. ; Mbarek, Hamdi ; McCarthy, Nina S. ; Medland, Sarah E. ; Melbye, Mads ; Melen, Erik ; Mohlke, Karen L. ; Monnereau, Claire ; Morgen, Camilla S. ; Morris, Andrew P. ; Murray, Jeffrey C. ; Myhre, Ronny ; Najman, Jackob M. ; Nivard, Michel G. ; Nohr, Ellen A. ; Nolte, Ilja M. ; Ntalla, Ioanna ; Oberfield, Sharon E. ; Oken, Emily ; Oldehinkel, Albertine J. ; Pahkala, Katja ; Palviainen, Teemu ; Panoutsopoulou, Kalliope ; Pedersen, Oluf ; Pennell, Craig E. ; Pershagen, Goran ; Pitkanen, Niina ; Plomin, Robert ; Power, Christine ; Prasad, Rashmi B. ; Prokopenko, Inga ; Pulkkinen, Lea ; Raikkonen, Katri ; Raitakari, Olli T. ; Reynolds, Rebecca M. ; Richmond, Rebecca C. ; Rivadeneira, Fernando ; Rodriguez, Alina ; Rose, Richard J. ; Salem, Rany ; Santa-Marina, Loreto ; Saw, Seang-Mei ; Schnurr, Theresia M. ; Scott, James G. ; Selzam, Saskia ; Shepherd, John A. ; Simpson, Angela ; Skotte, Line ; Sleiman, Patrick M. A. ; Snieder, Harold ; Sorensen, Thorkild I. A. ; Standl, Marie ; Steegers, Eric A. P. ; Strachan, David P. ; Straker, Leon ; Strandberg, Timo ; Taylor, Michelle ; Teo, Yik-Ying ; Thiering, Elisabeth ; Torrent, Maties ; Tyrrell, Jessica ; Uitterlinden, Andre G. ; van Beijsterveldt, Toos ; van der Most, Peter J. ; van Duijn, Cornelia M. ; Viikari, Jorma ; Vilor-Tejedor, Natalia ; Vogelezang, Suzanne ; Vonk, Judith M. ; Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M. ; Vuoksimaa, Eero ; Wang, Carol A. ; Watkins, William J. ; Wichmann, H-Erich ; Willemsen, Gonneke ; Williams, Gail M. ; Wilson, James F. ; Wray, Naomi R. ; Xu, Shujing ; Xu, Cheng-Jian ; Yaghootkar, Hanieh ; Yi, Lu ; Zafarmand, Mohammad Hadi ; Zeggini, Eleftheria ; Zemel, Babette S. ; Hinney, Anke ; Lakka, Timo A. ; Whitehouse, Andrew J. O. ; Sunyer, Jordi ; Widen, Elisabeth E. ; Feenstra, Bjarke ; Sebert, Sylvain ; Jacobsson, Bo ; Njolstad, Pal R. ; Stoltenberg, Camilla ; Smith, George Davey ; Lawlor, Debbie A. ; Paternoster, Lavinia ; Timpson, Nicholas J. ; Ong, Ken K. ; Bisgaard, Hans ; Bonnelykke, Klaus ; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. ; Tiemeier, Henning ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; Evans, David M. ; Perry, John R. B. ; Grant, Struan F. A. ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Freathy, Rachel M. ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Felix, Janine F.
The impact of many unfavorable childhood traits or diseases, such as low birth weight and mental disorders, is not limited to childhood and adolescence, as they are also associated with poor outcomes in adulthood, such as cardiovascular disease. Insight into the genetic etiology of childhood and adolescent traits and disorders may therefore provide new perspectives, not only on how to improve wellbeing during childhood, but also how to prevent later adverse outcomes. To achieve the sample sizes required for genetic research, the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) and EArly Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortia were established. The majority of the participating cohorts are longitudinal population-based samples, but other cohorts with data on early childhood phenotypes are also involved. Cohorts often have a broad focus and collect(ed) data on various somatic and psychiatric traits as well as environmental factors. Genetic variants have been successfully identified for multiple traits, for example, birth weight, atopic dermatitis, childhood BMI, allergic sensitization, and pubertal growth. Furthermore, the results have shown that genetic factors also partly underlie the association with adult traits. As sample sizes are still increasing, it is expected that future analyses will identify additional variants. This, in combination with the development of innovative statistical methods, will provide detailed insight on the mechanisms underlying the transition from childhood to adult disorders. Both consortia welcome new collaborations. Policies and contact details are available from the corresponding authors of this manuscript and/or the consortium websites.
Ikram, M. Arfan ; Fornage, Myriam ; Smith, Albert V. ; Seshadri, Sudha ; Schmidt, Reinhold ; Debette, Stephanie ; Vrooman, Henri A. ; Sigurdsson, Sigurdur ; Ropele, Stefan ; Taal, H. Rob ; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. ; Coker, Laura H. ; Longstreth, W. T. ; Niessen, Wiro J. ; DeStefano, Anita L. ; Beiser, Alexa ; Zijdenbos, Alex P. ; Struchalin, Maksim ; Jack, Clifford R. ; Rivadeneira, Fernando ; Uitterlinden, Andre G. ; Knopman, David S. ; Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa ; Pennell, Craig E. ; Thiering, Elisabeth ; Steegers, Eric A. P. ; Hakonarson, Hakon ; Heinrich, Joachim ; Palmer, Lyle J. ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Grant, Struan F. A. ; St Pourcain, Beate ; Timpson, Nicholas J. ; Smith, George Davey ; Sovio, Ulla ; Nalls, Mike A. ; Au, Rhoda ; Hofman, Albert ; Gudnason, Haukur ; van der Lugt, Aad ; Harris, Tamara B. ; Meeks, William M. ; Vernooij, Meike W. ; van Buchem, Mark A. ; Catellier, Diane ; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. ; Gudnason, Vilmundur ; Windham, B. Gwen ; Wolf, Philip A. ; van Duijn, Cornelia M. ; Mosley, Thomas H. ; Schmidt, Helena ; Launer, Lenore J. ; Breteler, Monique M. B. ; DeCarli, Charles ; Adair, Linda S. ; Ang, Wei ; Atalay, Mustafa ; vanBeijsterveldt, Toos ; Bergen, Nienke ; Benke, Kelly ; Berry, Diane J. ; Coin, Lachlan ; Davis, Oliver S. P. ; Elliott, Paul ; Flexeder, Claudia ; Frayling, Tim ; Gaillard, Romy ; Groen-Blokhuis, Maria ; Goh, Liang-Kee ; Haworth, Claire M. A. ; Hadley, Dexter ; Hebebrand, Johannes ; Hinney, Anke ; Hirschhorn, Joel N. ; Holloway, John W. ; Holst, Claus ; Hottenga, Jouke Jan ; Horikoshi, Momoko ; Huikari, Ville ; Hypponen, Elina ; Kilpelainen, Tuomas O. ; Kirin, Mirna ; Kowgier, Matthew ; Lakka, Hanna-Maaria ; Lange, Leslie A. ; Lawlor, Debbie A. ; Lehtimaki, Terho ; Lewin, Alex ; Lindgren, Cecilia ; Lindi, Virpi ; Maggi, Reedik ; Marsh, Julie ; Middeldorp, Christel ; Millwood, Iona ; Murray, Jeffrey C. ; Nivard, Michel ; Nohr, Ellen Aagaard ; Ntalla, Ioanna ; Oken, Emily ; Panoutsopoulou, Kalliope ; Pararajasingham, Jennifer ; Rodriguez, Alina ; Salem, Rany M. ; Sebert, Sylvain ; Siitonen, Niina ; Strachan, David P. ; Teo, Yik-Ying ; Valcarcel, Beatriz ; Willemsen, Gonneke ; Zeggini, Eleftheria ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Cooper, Cyrus ; Gillman, Matthew ; Hocher, Berthold ; Lakka, Timo A. ; Mohlke, Karen L. ; Dedoussis, George V. ; Ong, Ken K. ; Pearson, Ewan R. ; Price, Thomas S. ; Power, Chris ; Raitakari, Olli T. ; Saw, Seang-Mei ; Scherag, Andre ; Simell, Olli ; Sorensen, Thorkild I. A. ; Wilson, James F.
During aging, intracranial volume remains unchanged and represents maximally attained brain size, while various interacting biological phenomena lead to brain volume loss. Consequently, intracranial volume and brain volume in late life reflect different genetic influences. Our genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 8,175 community-dwelling elderly persons did not reveal any associations at genome-wide significance (P < 5 x 10(-8)) for brain volume. In contrast, intracranial volume was significantly associated with two loci: rs4273712 (P = 3.4 x 10(-11)), a known height-associated locus on chromosome 6q22, and rs9915547 (P = 1.5 x 10(-12)), localized to the inversion on chromosome 17q21. We replicated the associations of these loci with intracranial volume in a separate sample of 1,752 elderly persons (P = 1.1 x 10(-3) for 6q22 and 1.2 x 10(-3) for 17q21). Furthermore, we also found suggestive associations of the 17q21 locus with head circumference in 10,768 children (mean age of 14.5 months). Our data identify two loci associated with head size, with the inversion at 17q21 also likely to be involved in attaining maximal brain size.
Horikoshi, Momoko ; Yaghootkar, Hanieh ; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. ; Sovio, Ulla ; Taal, H. Rob ; Hennig, Branwen J. ; Bradfield, Jonathan P. ; St Pourcain, Beate ; Evans, David M. ; Charoen, Pimphen ; Kaakinen, Marika ; Cousminer, Diana L. ; Lehtimaki, Terho ; Kreiner-Moller, Eskil ; Warrington, Nicole M. ; Bustamante, Mariona ; Feenstra, Bjarke ; Berry, Diane J. ; Thiering, Elisabeth ; Pfab, Thiemo ; Barton, Sheila J. ; Shields, Beverley M. ; Kerkhof, Marjan ; van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M. ; Fulford, Anthony J. ; Kutalik, Zoltan ; Zhao, Jing Hua ; den Hoed, Marcel ; Mahajan, Anubha ; Lindi, Virpi ; Goh, Liang-Kee ; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan ; Wu, Ying ; Raitakari, Olli T. ; Harder, Marie N. ; Meirhaeghe, Aline ; Ntalla, Ioanna ; Salem, Rany M. ; Jameson, Karen A. ; Zhou, Kaixin ; Monies, Dorota M. ; Lagou, Vasiliki ; Kirin, Mirna ; Heikkinen, Jani ; Adair, Linda S. ; Alkuraya, Fowzan S. ; Al-Odaib, Ali ; Amouyel, Philippe ; Andersson, Ehm Astrid ; Bennett, Amanda J. ; Blakemore, Alexandra I. F. ; Buxton, Jessica L. ; Dallongeville, Jean ; Das, Shikta ; de Geus, Eco J. C. ; Estivill, Xavier ; Flexeder, Claudia ; Froguel, Philippe ; Geller, Frank ; Godfrey, Keith M. ; Gottrand, Frederic ; Groves, Christopher J. ; Hansen, Torben ; Hirschhorn, Joel N. ; Hofman, Albert ; Hollegaard, Mads V. ; Hougaard, David M. ; Hyppoenen, Elina ; Inskip, Hazel M. ; Isaacs, Aaron ; Jorgensen, Torben ; Kanaka-Gantenbein, Christina ; Kemp, John P. ; Kiess, Wieland ; Kilpelainen, Tuomas O. ; Klopp, Norman ; Knight, Bridget A. ; Kuzawa, Christopher W. ; McMahon, George ; Newnham, John P. ; Niinikoski, Harri ; Oostra, Ben A. ; Pedersen, Louise ; Postma, Dirkje S. ; Ring, Susan M. ; Rivadeneira, Fernando ; Robertson, Neil R. ; Sebert, Sylvain ; Simell, Olli ; Slowinski, Torsten ; Tiesler, Carla M. T. ; Toenjes, Anke ; Vaag, Allan ; Viikari, Jorma S. ; Vink, Jacqueline M. ; Vissing, Nadja Hawwa ; Wareham, Nicholas J. ; Willemsen, Gonneke ; Witte, Daniel R. ; Zhang, Haitao ; Zhao, Jianhua ; Wilson, James F. ; Stumvoll, Michael ; Prentice, Andrew M. ; Meyer, Brian F. ; Pearson, Ewan R. ; Boreham, Colin A. G. ; Cooper, Cyrus ; Gillman, Matthew W. ; Dedoussis, George V. ; Moreno, Luis A. ; Pedersen, Oluf ; Saarinen, Maiju ; Mohlke, Karen L. ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Saw, Seang-Mei ; Lakka, Timo A. ; Koerner, Antje ; Loos, Ruth J. F. ; Ong, Ken K. ; Vollenweider, Peter ; van Duijn, Cornelia M. ; Koppelman, Gerard H. ; Hattersley, Andrew T. ; Holloway, John W. ; Hocher, Berthold ; Heinrich, Joachim ; Power, Chris ; Melbye, Mads ; Guxens, Monica ; Pennell, Craig E. ; Bonnelykke, Klaus ; Bisgaard, Hans ; Eriksson, Johan G. ; Widen, Elisabeth ; Hakonarson, Hakon ; Uitterlinden, Andre G. ; Pouta, Anneli ; Lawlor, Debbie A. ; Smith, George Davey ; Frayling, Timothy M. ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Grant, Struan F. A. ; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; Timpson, Nicholas J. ; Prokopenko, Inga ; Freathy, Rachel M.
Birth weight within the normal range is associated with a variety of adult-onset diseases, but the mechanisms behind these associations are poorly understood(1). Previous genome-wide association studies of birth weight identified a variant in the ADCY5 gene associated both with birth weight and type 2 diabetes and a second variant, near CCNL1, with no obvious link to adult traits(2). In an expanded genome-wide association metaanalysis and follow-up study of birth weight (of up to 69,308 individuals of European descent from 43 studies), we have now extended the number of loci associated at genome-wide significance to 7, accounting for a similar proportion of variance as maternal smoking. Five of the loci are known to be associated with other phenotypes: ADCY5 and CDKAL1 with type 2 diabetes, ADRB1 with adult blood pressure and HMGA2 and LCORL with adult height. Our findings highlight genetic links between fetal growth and postnatal growth and metabolism.
Introduction to CTA Science
(2019)
Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy is a young field with enormous scientific potential. The possibility of astrophysical measurements at teraelectronvolt (TeV) energies was demonstrated in 1989 with the detection of a clear signal from the Crab nebula above 1 TeV with the Whipple 10 m imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope (IACT). Since then, the instrumentation for, and techniques of, astronomy with IACTs have evolved to the extent that a flourishing new scientific discipline has been established, with the detection of more than 150 sources and a major impact in astrophysics and more widely in physics. The current major arrays of IACTs, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS, have demonstrated the huge physics potential at these energies as well as the maturity of the detection technique. Many astrophysical source classes have been established, some with many well-studied individual objects, but there are indications that the known sources represent the tip of the iceberg in terms of both individual objects and source classes. The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will transform our understanding of the high-energy universe and will explore questions in physics of fundamental importance. As a key member of the suite of new and upcoming major astroparticle physics experiments and observatories, CTA will exploit synergies with gravitational wave and neutrino observatories as well as with classical photon observatories. CTA will address a wide range of major questions in and beyond astrophysics, which can be grouped into three broad themes…
Furniss, A. ; Noda, K. ; Boggs, S. ; Chiang, J. ; Christensen, F. ; Craig, W. ; Giommi, P. ; Hailey, C. ; Harisson, F. ; Madejski, G. ; Nalewajko, K. ; Perri, M. ; Stern, D. ; Urry, M. ; Verrecchia, F. ; Zhang, W. ; Ahnen, M. L. ; Ansoldi, S. ; Antonelli, L. A. ; Antoranz, P. ; Babic, A. ; Banerjee, B. ; Bangale, P. ; de Almeida, U. Barres ; Barrio, J. A. ; Becerra Gonzalez, J. ; Bednarek, W. ; Bernardini, E. ; Biasuzzi, B. ; Biland, A. ; Blanch Bigas, O. ; Bonnefoy, S. ; Bonnoli, G. ; Borracci, F. ; Bretz, T. ; Carmona, E. ; Carosi, A. ; Chatterjee, A. ; Clavero, R. ; Colin, P. ; Colombo, E. ; Contreras, J. L. ; Cortina, J. ; Covino, S. ; Da Vela, P. ; Dazzi, F. ; De Angelis, A. ; De Caneva, G. ; De Lotto, B. ; de Ona Wilhelmi, E. ; Delgado Mendez, C. ; Di Pierro, F. ; Prester, Dijana Dominis ; Dorner, D. ; Doro, M. ; Einecke, S. ; Eisenacher Glawion, D. ; Elsaesser, D. ; Fernandez-Barral, A. ; Fidalgo, D. ; Fonseca, M. V. ; Font, L. ; Frantzen, K. ; Fruck, C. ; Galindo, D. ; Garcia Lopez, R. J. ; Garczarczyk, M. ; Garrido Terrats, D. ; Gaug, M. ; Giammaria, P. ; Godinovic, N. ; Gonzalez Munoz, A. ; Guberman, D. ; Hanabata, Y. ; Hayashida, M. ; Herrera, J. ; Hose, J. ; Hrupec, D. ; Hughes, G. ; Idec, W. ; Kellermann, H. ; Kodani, K. ; Konno, Y. ; Kubo, H. ; Kushida, J. ; La Barbera, A. ; Lelas, D. ; Lewandowska, N. ; Lindfors, E. ; Lombardi, S. ; Longo, F. ; Lopez, M. ; Lopez-Coto, R. ; Lopez-Oramas, A. ; Lorenz, E. ; Majumdar, P. ; Makariev, M. ; Mallot, K. ; Maneva, G. ; Manganaro, M. ; Mannheim, K. ; Maraschi, L. ; Marcote, B. ; Mariotti, M. ; Martinez, M. ; Mazin, D. ; Menzel, U. ; Miranda, J. M. ; Mirzoyan, R. ; Moralejo, A. ; Nakajima, D. ; Neustroev, V. ; Niedzwiecki, A. ; Nievas Rosillo, M. ; Nilsson, K. ; Nishijima, K. ; Orito, R. ; Overkemping, A. ; Paiano, S. ; Palacio, J. ; Palatiello, M. ; Paneque, D. ; Paoletti, R. ; Paredes, J. M. ; Paredes-Fortuny, X. ; Persic, M. ; Poutanen, J. ; Moroni, P. G. Prada ; Prandini, E. ; Puljak, I. ; Reinthal, R. ; Rhode, W. ; Ribo, M. ; Rico, J. ; Garcia, J. Rodriguez ; Saito, T. ; Saito, K. ; Satalecka, K. ; Scapin, V. ; Schultz, C. ; Schweizer, T. ; Shore, S. N. ; Sillanpaa, A. ; Sitarek, J. ; Snidaric, I. ; Sobczynska, D. ; Stamerra, A. ; Steinbring, T. ; Strzys, M. ; Takalo, L. ; Takami, H. ; Tavecchio, F. ; Temnikov, P. ; Terzic, T. ; Tescaro, D. ; Teshima, M. ; Thaele, J. ; Torres, D. F. ; Toyama, T. ; Treves, A. ; Verguilov, V. ; Vovk, I. ; Will, M. ; Zanin, R. ; Archer, A. ; Benbow, W. ; Bird, R. ; Biteau, Jonathan ; Bugaev, V. ; Cardenzana, J. V. ; Cerruti, M. ; Chen, Xuhui ; Ciupik, L. ; Connolly, M. P. ; Cui, W. ; Dickinson, H. J. ; Dumm, J. ; Eisch, J. D. ; Falcone, A. ; Feng, Q. ; Finley, J. P. ; Fleischhack, H. ; Fortin, P. ; Fortson, L. ; Gerard, L. ; Gillanders, G. H. ; Griffin, S. ; Griffiths, S. T. ; Grube, J. ; Gyuk, G. ; Hakansson, Nils ; Holder, J. ; Humensky, T. B. ; Johnson, C. A. ; Kaaret, P. ; Kertzman, M. ; Kieda, D. ; Krause, M. ; Krennrich, F. ; Lang, M. J. ; Lin, T. T. Y. ; Maier, G. ; McArthur, S. ; McCann, A. ; Meagher, K. ; Moriarty, P. ; Mukherjee, R. ; Nieto, D. ; Ong, R. A. ; Park, N. ; Petry, D. ; Pohl, Martin ; Popkow, A. ; Ragan, K. ; Ratliff, G. ; Reyes, L. C. ; Reynolds, P. T. ; Richards, G. T. ; Roache, E. ; Santander, M. ; Sembroski, G. H. ; Shahinyan, K. ; Staszak, D. ; Telezhinsky, Igor O. ; Tucci, J. V. ; Tyler, J. ; Vassiliev, V. V. ; Wakely, S. P. ; Weiner, O. M. ; Weinstein, A. ; Wilhelm, Alina ; Williams, D. A. ; Zitzer, B. ; Vince, O. ; Fuhrmann, L. ; Angelakis, E. ; Karamanavis, V. ; Myserlis, I. ; Krichbaum, T. P. ; Zensus, J. A. ; Ungerechts, H. ; Sievers, A. ; Bachev, R. ; Boettcher, Markus ; Chen, W. P. ; Damljanovic, G. ; Eswaraiah, C. ; Guver, T. ; Hovatta, T. ; Hughes, Z. ; Ibryamov, S. I. ; Joner, M. D. ; Jordan, B. ; Jorstad, S. G. ; Joshi, M. ; Kataoka, J. ; Kurtanidze, O. M. ; Kurtanidze, S. O. ; Lahteenmaki, A. ; Latev, G. ; Lin, H. C. ; Larionov, V. M. ; Mokrushina, A. A. ; Morozova, D. A. ; Nikolashvili, M. G. ; Raiteri, C. M. ; Ramakrishnan, V. ; Readhead, A. C. R. ; Sadun, A. C. ; Sigua, L. A. ; Semkov, E. H. ; Strigachev, A. ; Tammi, J. ; Tornikoski, M. ; Troitskaya, Y. V. ; Troitsky, I. S. ; Villata, M.
We report on simultaneous broadband observations of the TeV-emitting blazar Markarian 501 between 2013 April 1 and August 10, including the first detailed characterization of the synchrotron peak with Swift and NuSTAR. During the campaign, the nearby BL Lac object was observed in both a quiescent and an elevated state. The broadband campaign includes observations with NuSTAR, MAGIC, VERITAS, the Fermi Large Area Telescope, Swift X-ray Telescope and UV Optical Telescope, various ground-based optical instruments, including the GASP-WEBT program, as well as radio observations by OVRO, Metsahovi, and the F-Gamma consortium. Some of the MAGIC observations were affected by a sand layer from the Saharan desert, and had to be corrected using event-by-event corrections derived with a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) facility. This is the first time that LIDAR information is used to produce a physics result with Cherenkov Telescope data taken during adverse atmospheric conditions, and hence sets a precedent for the current and future ground-based gamma-ray instruments. The NuSTAR instrument provides unprecedented sensitivity in hard X-rays, showing the source to display a spectral energy distribution (SED) between 3 and 79 keV consistent with a log-parabolic spectrum and hard X-ray variability on hour timescales. None (of the four extended NuSTAR observations) show evidence of the onset of inverse-Compton emission at hard X-ray energies. We apply a single-zone equilibrium synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model to five simultaneous broadband SEDs. We find that the SSC model can reproduce the observed broadband states through a decrease in the magnetic field strength coinciding with an increase in the luminosity and hardness of the relativistic leptons responsible for the high-energy emission.
Benbow, W. ; Bird, R. ; Brill, A. ; Brose, Robert ; Chromey, A. J. ; Daniel, M. K. ; Feng, Q. ; Finley, J. P. ; Fortson, L. ; Furniss, A. ; Gillanders, G. H. ; Giuri, C. ; Gueta, O. ; Hanna, D. ; Halpern, J. P. ; Hassan, Tarek ; Holder, J. ; Hughes, G. ; Humensky, T. B. ; Joyce, Amy M. ; Kaaret, P. ; Kar, P. ; Kelley-Hoskins, N. ; Kertzman, M. ; Kieda, D. ; Krause, M. ; Lang, M. J. ; Lin, T. T. Y. ; Maier, Gernot ; Matthews, N. ; Moriarty, P. ; Mukherjee, R. ; Nieto, D. ; Nievas-Rosillos, M. ; Ong, R. A. ; Park, N. ; Petrashyk, A. ; Pohl, Martin ; Pueschel, Elisa ; Quinn, John ; Ragan, K. ; Reynolds, P. T. ; Richards, G. T. ; Roache, E. ; Rulten, C. ; Sadeh, Iftach ; Santander, M. ; Sembroski, G. H. ; Shahinyan, K. ; Sushch, Iurii ; Wakely, S. P. ; Wells, R. M. ; Wilcox, P. ; Wilhelm, Alina ; Williams, David A. ; Williamson, T. J.
The angular size of a star is a critical factor in determining its basic properties1. Direct measurement of stellar angular diameters is difficult: at interstellar distances stars are generally too small to resolve by any individual imaging telescope. This fundamental limitation can be overcome by studying the diffraction pattern in the shadow cast when an asteroid occults a star2, but only when the photometric uncertainty is smaller than the noise added by atmospheric scintillation3. Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes used for particle astrophysics observations have not generally been exploited for optical astronomy due to the modest optical quality of the mirror surface. However, their large mirror area makes them well suited for such high-time-resolution precision photometry measurements4. Here we report two occultations of stars observed by the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS)5 Cherenkov telescopes with millisecond sampling, from which we are able to provide a direct measurement of the occulted stars’ angular diameter at the ≤0.1 mas scale. This is a resolution never achieved before with optical measurements and represents an order of magnitude improvement over the equivalent lunar occultation method6. We compare the resulting stellar radius with empirically derived estimates from temperature and brightness measurements, confirming the latter can be biased for stars with ambiguous stellar classifications.