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A catalog of genetic loci associated with kidney function from analyses of a million individuals
(2019)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is responsible for a public health burden with multi-systemic complications. Through transancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and independent replication (n = 1,046,070), we identified 264 associated loci (166 new). Of these,147 were likely to be relevant for kidney function on the basis of associations with the alternative kidney function marker blood urea nitrogen (n = 416,178). Pathway and enrichment analyses, including mouse models with renal phenotypes, support the kidney as the main target organ. A genetic risk score for lower eGFR was associated with clinically diagnosed CKD in 452,264 independent individuals. Colocalization analyses of associations with eGFR among 783,978 European-ancestry individuals and gene expression across 46 human tissues, including tubulo-interstitial and glomerular kidney compartments, identified 17 genes differentially expressed in kidney. Fine-mapping highlighted missense driver variants in 11 genes and kidney-specific regulatory variants. These results provide a comprehensive priority list of molecular targets for translational research.
Rapid decline of glomerular filtration rate estimated from creatinine (eGFRcrea) is associated with severe clinical endpoints. In contrast to cross-sectionally assessed eGFRcrea, the genetic basis for rapid eGFRcrea decline is largely unknown. To help define this, we meta-analyzed 42 genome-wide association studies from the Chronic Kidney Diseases Genetics Consortium and United Kingdom Biobank to identify genetic loci for rapid eGFRcrea decline. Two definitions of eGFRcrea decline were used: 3 mL/min/1.73m(2)/year or more ("Rapid3"; encompassing 34,874 cases, 107,090 controls) and eGFRcrea decline 25% or more and eGFRcrea under 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) at follow-up among those with eGFRcrea 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) or more at baseline ("CKDi25"; encompassing 19,901 cases, 175,244 controls). Seven independent variants were identified across six loci for Rapid3 and/or CKDi25: consisting of five variants at four loci with genome-wide significance (near UMOD-PDILT (2), PRKAG2, WDR72, OR2S2) and two variants among 265 known eGFRcrea variants (near GATM, LARP4B). All these loci were novel for Rapid3 and/or CKDi25 and our bioinformatic follow-up prioritized variants and genes underneath these loci. The OR2S2 locus is novel for any eGFRcrea trait including interesting candidates. For the five genome-wide significant lead variants, we found supporting effects for annual change in blood urea nitrogen or cystatin-based eGFR, but not for GATM or (LARP4B). Individuals at high compared to those at low genetic risk (8-14 vs. 0-5 adverse alleles) had a 1.20-fold increased risk of acute kidney injury (95% confidence interval 1.08-1.33). Thus, our identified loci for rapid kidney function decline may help prioritize therapeutic targets and identify mechanisms and individuals at risk for sustained deterioration of kidney function.
Rapid decline of glomerular filtration rate estimated from creatinine (eGFRcrea) is associated with severe clinical endpoints. In contrast to cross-sectionally assessed eGFRcrea, the genetic basis for rapid eGFRcrea decline is largely unknown. To help define this, we meta-analyzed 42 genome-wide association studies from the Chronic Kidney Diseases Genetics Consortium and United Kingdom Biobank to identify genetic loci for rapid eGFRcrea decline. Two definitions of eGFRcrea decline were used: 3 mL/min/1.73m(2)/year or more ("Rapid3"; encompassing 34,874 cases, 107,090 controls) and eGFRcrea decline 25% or more and eGFRcrea under 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) at follow-up among those with eGFRcrea 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) or more at baseline ("CKDi25"; encompassing 19,901 cases, 175,244 controls). Seven independent variants were identified across six loci for Rapid3 and/or CKDi25: consisting of five variants at four loci with genome-wide significance (near UMOD-PDILT (2), PRKAG2, WDR72, OR2S2) and two variants among 265 known eGFRcrea variants (near GATM, LARP4B). All these loci were novel for Rapid3 and/or CKDi25 and our bioinformatic follow-up prioritized variants and genes underneath these loci. The OR2S2 locus is novel for any eGFRcrea trait including interesting candidates. For the five genome-wide significant lead variants, we found supporting effects for annual change in blood urea nitrogen or cystatin-based eGFR, but not for GATM or (LARP4B). Individuals at high compared to those at low genetic risk (8-14 vs. 0-5 adverse alleles) had a 1.20-fold increased risk of acute kidney injury (95% confidence interval 1.08-1.33). Thus, our identified loci for rapid kidney function decline may help prioritize therapeutic targets and identify mechanisms and individuals at risk for sustained deterioration of kidney function.
Magnetosome Organization in Magnetotactic Bacteria Unraveled by Ferromagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
(2017)
Magnetotactic bacteria form assemblies of magnetic nanoparticles called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes are typically arranged in chains, but other forms of assemblies such as clusters can be observed in some species and genetic mutants. As such, the bacteria have developed as a model for the understanding of how organization of particles can influence the magnetic properties. Here, we use ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure the magnetic anisotropies in different strains of Magnetosprillum gtyphiswaldense MSR-1, a bacterial species that is amendable to genetic mutations. We combine our experimental results with a model describing the spectra. The model includes chain imperfections and misalignments following a Fisher distribution function, in addition to the intrinsic magnetic properties of the magnetosomes. Therefore, by applying the model to analyze the ferromagnetic resonance data, the distribution of orientations in the bulk sample can be retrieved in addition to the average magnetosome arrangement. In this way, we quantitatively characterize the magnetosome arrangement in both wild-type cells and Delta mamJ mutants, which exhibit differing magnetosome organization.
Metal-containing ionic liquids (ILs) are of interest for a variety of technical applications, e.g., particle synthesis and materials with magnetic or thermochromic properties. In this paper we report the synthesis of, and two structures for, some new tetrabromidocuprates(II) with several “onium” cations in comparison to the results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic analyses. The sterically demanding cations were used to separate the paramagnetic Cu(II) ions for EPR measurements. The EPR hyperfine structure in the spectra of these new compounds is not resolved, due to the line broadening resulting from magnetic exchange between the still-incomplete separated paramagnetic Cu(II) centres. For the majority of compounds, the principal g values (g|| and gK) of the tensors could be determined and information on the structural changes in the [CuBr4]2- anions can be obtained. The complexes have high potential, e.g., as ionic liquids, as precursors for the synthesis of copper bromide particles, as catalytically active or paramagnetic ionic liquids.
Metal-containing ionic liquids (ILs) are of interest for a variety of technical applications, e.g., particle synthesis and materials with magnetic or thermochromic properties. In this paper we report the synthesis of, and two structures for, some new tetrabromidocuprates(II) with several “onium” cations in comparison to the results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic analyses. The sterically demanding cations were used to separate the paramagnetic Cu(II) ions for EPR measurements. The EPR hyperfine structure in the spectra of these new compounds is not resolved, due to the line broadening resulting from magnetic exchange between the still-incomplete separated paramagnetic Cu(II) centres. For the majority of compounds, the principal g values (g|| and gK) of the tensors could be determined and information on the structural changes in the [CuBr4]2- anions can be obtained. The complexes have high potential, e.g., as ionic liquids, as precursors for the synthesis of copper bromide particles, as catalytically active or paramagnetic ionic liquids.
Heterobimetallic 3d-4-complexes with bis(1;2-dithiooxalato)nickelate(II) as planar bridging block
(2005)
Planar bis(1,2-dithiooxalato)nickelates(II) react in aqueous solutions of lanthanide ions to form pentanuclear, heterobimetallic complexes of the general composition [{Ln(H2O)(n)}(2)- {Ni(dto)(2)}(3)] (.) xH(2)O (Ln = Y3+, La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+, Yb3+, Lu3+; n = 4 or 5; x = 9-12). With [{Nd(H2O)(5)}(2){Ni(S2C2O2)(2)}(3)] (.) xH(2)O (x = 10-12) (1) and [{Er(H2O)(4)}(2){Ni(S2C2O2)(2)}(3)] (.) xH(2)O (x = 9- 10) (2) we were able to isolate two complexes of this series as single crystals, which were characterized by X-ray structure analysis. Depending on the individual ionic radii of the lanthanide ions, the compounds crystallize in two different crystal systems with the following unit cell parameters: 1, monoclinic in P2(1)/c with a = 11.3987(13), b = 11.4878(8), c = 20.823(2)angstrom , beta = 98.907(9)degrees and Z = 2; 2, triclinic in P (1) over bar with a = 10.5091(6), b = 11.0604(6), c = 11.2823(6) angstrom, alpha = 107.899(4)degrees, beta = 91.436(4)degrees, gamma = 112.918(4)degrees and Z = 1. The channels and cavities appearing in the packing of the molecules are occupied by uncoordinated water molecules. High magnetic moments up to 14.65 BM./f.u. have been observed at room temperature due to the combined moments of the individual lanthanide ions
In order to elucidate the interactions of copper with wood, three mononuclear copper(II) coordination compounds with a vanillinate anion, cis-[Cu(C8H7O3)(2)(H2O)(2)] (1), trans-[Cu(C8H7O3)(2)(H2O)(2)].2H(2)O (2), and trans- [Cu(C8H7O3)(2)(H2O)(2)] (3), have been characterized. X-ray structure analysis of the cis isomer 1 reveals two bidentate vanillinate ions coordinated via methoxy (Cu-O1 2.260(2) angstrom) and deprotonated hydroxy oxygen atoms (Cu-O2 1.909(2) angstrom), and two water molecules (Cu-O1w 2.087(2) angstrom) in the octahedral CuO6 chromophore. Two axes O1-Cu- O1w' in the octahedron have the same length, while the third axis O2-Cu-O2' is shorter. This is in agreement with the room temperature EPR spectrum of 1, showing two signals (g(12) 2.302, g(3) 2.005), but interestingly, three signals (g(1) 2.393, g(2) 2.214, g(3) 2.010) in the 115 K spectrum were found. The same coordination atoms were found also in the trans isomer 2 (Cu-O2 1.950(2), Cu-O1w 1.994(2), Cu-O1 2.334(2) angstrom), however here, two axes of almost equal length are short (O2-Cu-O2' O1w-Cu-O1w'), while the third axis is longer (O1-Cu-O1'). On the other hand, three (rhombic) signals (g(1) 2.289, g(2) 2.163, g(3) 2.086) in the room temperature EPR spectrum of 2 suggest three different axes in the coordination octahedron. In the EPR spectrum, of the second trans complex 3, a slightly rhombically distorted elongated axial spectrum is found. The 115 K EPR spectra of the two trans complexes 2 and 3 do not differ significantly from the features observed at room temperature. These results indicate that there is not always a straightforward correlation between the results of XRD structure analysis and EPR spectroscopy. Nevertheless, both methods can act also complementarily and give a deeper insight into the nature of copper(II) chromophores
Indium(III) chloride forms in water with potassium 1,2-dithiooxalate (dto) and potassium 1,2-dithiosquarate (dtsq) stable coordination compounds. Due to the higher bridging ability of the 1,2-dithiooxalate ligand in all cases only thiooxalate bridged binuclear complexes were found. From 1,2-dithioquadratate with an identical donor atom set mononuclear trischelates could be isolated. Five crystalline complexes, (BzlMe(3)N)(4)[(dto)(2)In(dto)In(dto)(2)] (1), (BzlPh(3)P)(4)[(dto)(2)In(dto)In(dto)(2)] (2), (BzlMe(3)N)(3)[In(dtsq)(3)] (3), (Bu4N)(3)[In(dtsq)(3)] (4) and (Ph4P)[In(dtsq)(2)(DMF)(2)] (5), have been isolated and characterized by X-ray analyses. Due to the type of the complex and the cations involved these compounds crystallize in different space groups with the following parameters: 1, monoclinic in P2(1)/c with a = 14.4035(5) Angstrom, b = 10.8141(5) Angstrom, c = 23.3698(9) Angstrom, beta = 124.664(2)degrees, and Z = 2; 2, triclinic in P (1) over bar with a = 11.3872(7) Angstrom, b = 13.6669(9) Angstrom, c = 17.4296(10) Angstrom, alpha = 88.883(5)degrees, beta = 96.763(1)degrees, gamma = 74.587(5)degrees, and Z = 1; 3, hexagonal in R3 with a = 20.6501(16) Angstrom, b = 20.6501(16) Angstrom, c = 19.0706(13) Angstrom and Z = 6; 4, monoclinic in P21/c with a = 22.7650(15) Angstrom, b = 20.4656(10) Angstrom, c = 14.4770(9) Angstrom, P
As polypeptoids become increasingly popular, they present a more soluble and processable alternative to natural and synthetic polypeptides; the breadth of their potential functionality slowly comes into focus. This report analyzes the ability of an alkyne-functionalized polypeptoid, poly(N-propargyl glycine), to crosslink upon heating. The crosslinking process is analyzed by thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis), Fourier-transform infrared, electron paramagnetic resonance, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. While a precise mechanism cannot be confidently assigned, it is clear that the reaction proceeds by a radical mechanism that exclusively involves the alkyne functionality, which, upon crosslinking, yields alkene and aromatic products.