Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (56) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (51)
- Review (3)
- Doctoral Thesis (2)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (56)
Keywords
- Arabidopsis thaliana (8)
- starch (8)
- Starch metabolism (6)
- starch metabolism (6)
- LCSM (4)
- glucan (3)
- starch phosphorylation (3)
- water dikinase (3)
- Cytosolic heteroglycans (2)
- Dehydration tolerance (2)
- Potato (2)
- Triticum aestivum L. (2)
- analytics (2)
- oil yield (2)
- phosphorylase (2)
- starch granule initiation (2)
- starch granule surface (2)
- starch granules (2)
- starch morphology (2)
- starch synthase (2)
- Analytical limitations (1)
- Apple (1)
- Arabidopsis (1)
- AtPAP2 (1)
- Buds (1)
- C-reactive protein (1)
- Carbohydrate binding proteins (1)
- Cultivated barley (1)
- Cytosolic glucosyl transferases (1)
- DPE2 (1)
- Dormancy phases (1)
- EARLY STARVATION1 (1)
- Elaeis guineensis Jacq (1)
- Flexibility (1)
- GSNOR-GSNO reductase (1)
- Glucan, water dikinase (1)
- Heterotrophic tissues (1)
- Hybridoma (1)
- In vitro expression (1)
- Leishmania (1)
- Lesion formation (1)
- Maltose metabolism (1)
- NOS-like activity (1)
- Nitric oxide synthase-like activity (1)
- Nitro-tyrosine (1)
- Organization model (1)
- PHS2 (1)
- Peptide mass fingerprinting (1)
- Pho1 (1)
- Pho2 (1)
- Phosphoglucan, water dikinase (1)
- Photoautotrophic tissues (1)
- Photosynthesis (1)
- Plastidial phosphorylase (1)
- Progesterone (1)
- Protein G (1)
- Protein carbonylation (1)
- Protein expression (1)
- Protein purification (1)
- Proteomic (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Prunus avium L. (1)
- RNA-Seq (1)
- RNA-seq (1)
- Reactive nitrogen species (1)
- Redox sensitive proteins (1)
- S-glutathionylation (1)
- S-nitrosylation (1)
- SLPI (1)
- Sea barley (1)
- Seed germination (1)
- Seedlings (1)
- Serum-free (1)
- Solanum tuberosum L. (1)
- Starch (1)
- Starch degradation (1)
- Starch granule (1)
- Starch granule number per (1)
- Starch granules (1)
- Starch morphology (1)
- Starch phosphorylation (1)
- Starch structure (1)
- Starch synthase (1)
- Sugar efflux (1)
- Tuber yield (1)
- acid invertase (1)
- alpha-glucan (1)
- and palm (1)
- apoplast (1)
- canavanine (1)
- carbohydrate (1)
- cellular antioxidant system (1)
- chemical modification (1)
- chloroplast (1)
- chloroplast isolation (1)
- cold stress (1)
- enzymatic modification (1)
- fruit development (1)
- gene expression (1)
- glucan phosphorylase (1)
- glucan phosphorylation (1)
- glucose 1-phosphate (1)
- glucose 1-phosphate transport (1)
- glycogen (1)
- granule number per chloroplast (1)
- guard cell (1)
- in planta modification (1)
- low light stress conditions (1)
- maltooligosaccharides (1)
- mesocarp (1)
- mesophyll cell (1)
- metabolic-profiling (1)
- metabolites (1)
- nitrated proteins (1)
- nitric oxide-NO (1)
- nonproteinogenic amino acid (1)
- oil (1)
- oil palm (1)
- phosphoglucan (1)
- phosphoglucan water dikinase (1)
- physical modification (1)
- plastidial phosphorylase (1)
- potato tubers (1)
- protein autophosphorylation (1)
- reactive nitrogen species (RNS) (1)
- senescence (1)
- sex1-8 (1)
- soluble heteroglycans (1)
- starch application (1)
- starch biosynthesis (1)
- starch degradation (1)
- starch granule (1)
- starch granule biogenesis (1)
- starch granule morphology (1)
- starch granule number per chloroplast (1)
- starch granule number regulation (1)
- starch granule size (1)
- starch initiation (1)
- starch modification (1)
- starch modifications; (1)
- starch structure (1)
- starch surface (1)
- starch surface structure (1)
- sucrose; (1)
- sugar transport (1)
- thaliana (1)
- water dikinase (GWD) (1)
Institute
Starch has been a convenient, economically important polymer with substantial applications in the food and processing industry. However, native starches present restricted applications, which hinder their industrial usage. Therefore, modification of starch is carried out to augment the positive characteristics and eliminate the limitations of the native starches. Modifications of starch can result in generating novel polymers with numerous functional and value-added properties that suit the needs of the industry. Here, we summarize the possible starch modifications in planta and outside the plant system (physical, chemical, and enzymatic) and their corresponding applications. In addition, this review will highlight the implications of each starch property adjustment.
Identification of a novel heteroglycan-interacting protein, HIP 1.3, from Arabidopsis thaliana
(2011)
Plastidial degradation of transitory starch yields mainly maltose and glucose. Following the export into the cytosol, maltose acts as donor for a glucosyl transfer to cytosolic heteroglycans as mediated by a cytosolic transglucosidase (DPE2; EC 2.4.1.25) and the second glucosyl residue is liberated as glucose. The cytosolic phosphorylase (Pho2/PHS2; EC 2.4.1.1) also interacts with heteroglycans using the same intramolecular sites as DPE2. Thus, the two glucosyl transferases interconnect the cytosolic pools of glucose and glucose 1-phosphate. Due to the complex monosaccharide pattern, other heteroglycan-interacting proteins (Hips) are expected to exist.
Identification of those proteins was approached by using two types of affinity chromatography. Heteroglycans from leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) covalently bound to Sepharose served as ligands that were reacted with a complex mixture of buffer-soluble proteins from Arabidopsis leaves. Binding proteins were eluted by sodium chloride. For identification, SDS-PAGE, tryptic digestion and MALDI-TOF analyses were applied. A strongly interacting polypeptide (approximately 40 kDa; designated as HIP1.3) was observed as product of locus At1g09340. Arabidopsis mutants deficient in HIP1.3 were reduced in growth and contained heteroglycans displaying an altered monosaccharide pattern. Wild type plants express HIP1.3 most strongly in leaves. As revealed by immuno fluorescence, HIP1.3 is located in the cytosol of mesophyll cells but mostly associated with the cytosolic surface of the chloroplast envelope membranes. In an HIP1.3-deficient mutant the immunosignal was undetectable. Metabolic profiles from leaves of this mutant and wild type plants as well were determined by GC-MS. As compared to the wild type control, more than ten metabolites, such as ascorbic acid, fructose, fructose bisphosphate, glucose, glycine, were elevated in darkness but decreased in the light. Although the biochemical function of HIP1.3 has not yet been elucidated, it is likely to possess an important function in the central carbon metabolism of higher plants.
In leaves of two starch-related single-knockout lines lacking either the cytosolic transglucosidase (also designated as disproportionating enzyme 2, DPE2) or the maltose transporter (MEX1), the activity of the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme (PHS1) is increased. In both mutants, metabolism of starch-derived maltose is impaired but inhibition is effective at different subcellular sites. Two constitutive double knockout mutants were generated (designated as dpe2-1 x phs1a and mex1 x phs1b) both lacking functional PHS1. They reveal that in normally grown plants, the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme participates in transitory starch degradation and that the central carbon metabolism is closely integrated into the entire cell biology. All plants were grown either under continuous illumination or in a light-dark regime. Both double mutants were compromised in growth and, compared with the single knockout plants, possess less average leaf starch when grown in a light-dark regime. Starch and chlorophyll contents decline with leaf age. As revealed by transmission electron microscopy, mesophyll cells degrade chloroplasts, but degradation is not observed in plants grown under continuous illumination. The two double mutants possess similar but not identical phenotypes. When grown in a light-dark regime, mesophyll chloroplasts of dpe2-1 x phs1a contain a single starch granule but under continuous illumination more granules per chloroplast are formed. The other double mutant synthesizes more granules under either growth condition. In continuous light, growth of both double mutants is similar to that of the parental single knockout lines. Metabolite profiles and oligoglucan patterns differ largely in the two double mutants.
Changes in carbon flow and sink/source activities can affect floral, architectural, and reproductive traits of plants. In potato, overexpression (OE) of the purple acid phosphatase 2 of Arabidopsis (AtPAP2) resulted in earlier flowering, faster growth rate, increased tubers and tuber starch content, and higher photosynthesis rate. There was a significant change in sucrose, glucose and fructose levels in leaves, phloem and sink biomass of the OE lines, consistent with an increased expression of sucrose transporter 1 (StSUT1). Furthermore, the expression levels and enzyme activity of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) were also significantly increased in the OE lines. These findings strongly suggest that higher carbon supply from the source and improved sink strength can improve potato tuber yield. (C) 2014 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In most plants, carbohydrates represent the major energy store as well as providing the building blocks for essential structural polymers. Although the major pathways for carbohydrate biosynthesis, degradation, and transport are well characterized, several key steps have only recently been discovered. In addition, several novel minor metabolic routes have been uncovered in the past few years. Here we review current studies of plant carbohydrate metabolism detailing the expanding compendium of functionally characterized transport proteins as well as our deeper comprehension of more minor and conditionally activated metabolic pathways. We additionally explore the pertinent questions that will allow us to enhance our understanding of the response of both major and minor carbohydrate fluxes to changing cellular circumstances.
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the most productive oil-producing crop per hectare of land. The oil that accumulates in the mesocarp tissue of the fruit is the highest observed among fruit-producing plants. A comparative analysis between high-, medium-, and low-yielding oil palms, particularly during fruit development, revealed unique characteristics. Metabolomics analysis was able to distinguish accumulation patterns defining of the various developmental stages and oil yield. Interestingly, high- and medium-yielding oil palms exhibited substantially increased sucrose levels compared to low-yielding palms. In addition, parameters such as starch granule morphology, granule size, total starch content, and starch chain length distribution (CLD) differed significantly among the oil yield categories with a clear correlation between oil yield and various starch parameters. These results provide new insights into carbohydrate and starch metabolism for biosynthesis of oil palm fruits, indicating that starch and sucrose can be used as novel, easy-to-analyze, and reliable biomarker for oil yield.