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Furniss, A. ; Noda, K. ; Boggs, S. ; Chiang, J. ; Christensen, F. ; Craig, W. ; Giommi, P. ; Hailey, C. ; Harisson, F. ; Madejski, G. ; Nalewajko, K. ; Perri, M. ; Stern, D. ; Urry, M. ; Verrecchia, F. ; Zhang, W. ; Ahnen, M. L. ; Ansoldi, S. ; Antonelli, L. A. ; Antoranz, P. ; Babic, A. ; Banerjee, B. ; Bangale, P. ; de Almeida, U. Barres ; Barrio, J. A. ; Becerra Gonzalez, J. ; Bednarek, W. ; Bernardini, E. ; Biasuzzi, B. ; Biland, A. ; Blanch Bigas, O. ; Bonnefoy, S. ; Bonnoli, G. ; Borracci, F. ; Bretz, T. ; Carmona, E. ; Carosi, A. ; Chatterjee, A. ; Clavero, R. ; Colin, P. ; Colombo, E. ; Contreras, J. L. ; Cortina, J. ; Covino, S. ; Da Vela, P. ; Dazzi, F. ; De Angelis, A. ; De Caneva, G. ; De Lotto, B. ; de Ona Wilhelmi, E. ; Delgado Mendez, C. ; Di Pierro, F. ; Prester, Dijana Dominis ; Dorner, D. ; Doro, M. ; Einecke, S. ; Eisenacher Glawion, D. ; Elsaesser, D. ; Fernandez-Barral, A. ; Fidalgo, D. ; Fonseca, M. V. ; Font, L. ; Frantzen, K. ; Fruck, C. ; Galindo, D. ; Garcia Lopez, R. J. ; Garczarczyk, M. ; Garrido Terrats, D. ; Gaug, M. ; Giammaria, P. ; Godinovic, N. ; Gonzalez Munoz, A. ; Guberman, D. ; Hanabata, Y. ; Hayashida, M. ; Herrera, J. ; Hose, J. ; Hrupec, D. ; Hughes, G. ; Idec, W. ; Kellermann, H. ; Kodani, K. ; Konno, Y. ; Kubo, H. ; Kushida, J. ; La Barbera, A. ; Lelas, D. ; Lewandowska, N. ; Lindfors, E. ; Lombardi, S. ; Longo, F. ; Lopez, M. ; Lopez-Coto, R. ; Lopez-Oramas, A. ; Lorenz, E. ; Majumdar, P. ; Makariev, M. ; Mallot, K. ; Maneva, G. ; Manganaro, M. ; Mannheim, K. ; Maraschi, L. ; Marcote, B. ; Mariotti, M. ; Martinez, M. ; Mazin, D. ; Menzel, U. ; Miranda, J. M. ; Mirzoyan, R. ; Moralejo, A. ; Nakajima, D. ; Neustroev, V. ; Niedzwiecki, A. ; Nievas Rosillo, M. ; Nilsson, K. ; Nishijima, K. ; Orito, R. ; Overkemping, A. ; Paiano, S. ; Palacio, J. ; Palatiello, M. ; Paneque, D. ; Paoletti, R. ; Paredes, J. M. ; Paredes-Fortuny, X. ; Persic, M. ; Poutanen, J. ; Moroni, P. G. Prada ; Prandini, E. ; Puljak, I. ; Reinthal, R. ; Rhode, W. ; Ribo, M. ; Rico, J. ; Garcia, J. Rodriguez ; Saito, T. ; Saito, K. ; Satalecka, K. ; Scapin, V. ; Schultz, C. ; Schweizer, T. ; Shore, S. N. ; Sillanpaa, A. ; Sitarek, J. ; Snidaric, I. ; Sobczynska, D. ; Stamerra, A. ; Steinbring, T. ; Strzys, M. ; Takalo, L. ; Takami, H. ; Tavecchio, F. ; Temnikov, P. ; Terzic, T. ; Tescaro, D. ; Teshima, M. ; Thaele, J. ; Torres, D. F. ; Toyama, T. ; Treves, A. ; Verguilov, V. ; Vovk, I. ; Will, M. ; Zanin, R. ; Archer, A. ; Benbow, W. ; Bird, R. ; Biteau, Jonathan ; Bugaev, V. ; Cardenzana, J. V. ; Cerruti, M. ; Chen, Xuhui ; Ciupik, L. ; Connolly, M. P. ; Cui, W. ; Dickinson, H. J. ; Dumm, J. ; Eisch, J. D. ; Falcone, A. ; Feng, Q. ; Finley, J. P. ; Fleischhack, H. ; Fortin, P. ; Fortson, L. ; Gerard, L. ; Gillanders, G. H. ; Griffin, S. ; Griffiths, S. T. ; Grube, J. ; Gyuk, G. ; Hakansson, Nils ; Holder, J. ; Humensky, T. B. ; Johnson, C. A. ; Kaaret, P. ; Kertzman, M. ; Kieda, D. ; Krause, M. ; Krennrich, F. ; Lang, M. J. ; Lin, T. T. Y. ; Maier, G. ; McArthur, S. ; McCann, A. ; Meagher, K. ; Moriarty, P. ; Mukherjee, R. ; Nieto, D. ; Ong, R. A. ; Park, N. ; Petry, D. ; Pohl, Martin ; Popkow, A. ; Ragan, K. ; Ratliff, G. ; Reyes, L. C. ; Reynolds, P. T. ; Richards, G. T. ; Roache, E. ; Santander, M. ; Sembroski, G. H. ; Shahinyan, K. ; Staszak, D. ; Telezhinsky, Igor O. ; Tucci, J. V. ; Tyler, J. ; Vassiliev, V. V. ; Wakely, S. P. ; Weiner, O. M. ; Weinstein, A. ; Wilhelm, Alina ; Williams, D. A. ; Zitzer, B. ; Vince, O. ; Fuhrmann, L. ; Angelakis, E. ; Karamanavis, V. ; Myserlis, I. ; Krichbaum, T. P. ; Zensus, J. A. ; Ungerechts, H. ; Sievers, A. ; Bachev, R. ; Boettcher, Markus ; Chen, W. P. ; Damljanovic, G. ; Eswaraiah, C. ; Guver, T. ; Hovatta, T. ; Hughes, Z. ; Ibryamov, S. I. ; Joner, M. D. ; Jordan, B. ; Jorstad, S. G. ; Joshi, M. ; Kataoka, J. ; Kurtanidze, O. M. ; Kurtanidze, S. O. ; Lahteenmaki, A. ; Latev, G. ; Lin, H. C. ; Larionov, V. M. ; Mokrushina, A. A. ; Morozova, D. A. ; Nikolashvili, M. G. ; Raiteri, C. M. ; Ramakrishnan, V. ; Readhead, A. C. R. ; Sadun, A. C. ; Sigua, L. A. ; Semkov, E. H. ; Strigachev, A. ; Tammi, J. ; Tornikoski, M. ; Troitskaya, Y. V. ; Troitsky, I. S. ; Villata, M.
We report on simultaneous broadband observations of the TeV-emitting blazar Markarian 501 between 2013 April 1 and August 10, including the first detailed characterization of the synchrotron peak with Swift and NuSTAR. During the campaign, the nearby BL Lac object was observed in both a quiescent and an elevated state. The broadband campaign includes observations with NuSTAR, MAGIC, VERITAS, the Fermi Large Area Telescope, Swift X-ray Telescope and UV Optical Telescope, various ground-based optical instruments, including the GASP-WEBT program, as well as radio observations by OVRO, Metsahovi, and the F-Gamma consortium. Some of the MAGIC observations were affected by a sand layer from the Saharan desert, and had to be corrected using event-by-event corrections derived with a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) facility. This is the first time that LIDAR information is used to produce a physics result with Cherenkov Telescope data taken during adverse atmospheric conditions, and hence sets a precedent for the current and future ground-based gamma-ray instruments. The NuSTAR instrument provides unprecedented sensitivity in hard X-rays, showing the source to display a spectral energy distribution (SED) between 3 and 79 keV consistent with a log-parabolic spectrum and hard X-ray variability on hour timescales. None (of the four extended NuSTAR observations) show evidence of the onset of inverse-Compton emission at hard X-ray energies. We apply a single-zone equilibrium synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model to five simultaneous broadband SEDs. We find that the SSC model can reproduce the observed broadband states through a decrease in the magnetic field strength coinciding with an increase in the luminosity and hardness of the relativistic leptons responsible for the high-energy emission.
Warrington, Nicole ; Beaumont, Robin ; Horikoshi, Momoko ; Day, Felix R. ; Helgeland, Øyvind ; Laurin, Charles ; Bacelis, Jonas ; Peng, Shouneng ; Hao, Ke ; Feenstra, Bjarke ; Wood, Andrew R. ; Mahajan, Anubha ; Tyrrell, Jessica ; Robertson, Neil R. ; Rayner, N. William ; Qiao, Zhen ; Moen, Gunn-Helen ; Vaudel, Marc ; Marsit, Carmen ; Chen, Jia ; Nodzenski, Michael ; Schnurr, Theresia M. ; Zafarmand, Mohammad Hadi ; Bradfield, Jonathan P. ; Grarup, Niels ; Kooijman, Marjolein N. ; Li-Gao, Ruifang ; Geller, Frank ; Ahluwalia, Tarunveer Singh ; Paternoster, Lavinia ; Rueedi, Rico ; Huikari, Ville ; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan ; Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka ; Cavadino, Alana ; Metrustry, Sarah ; Cousminer, Diana L. ; Wu, Ying ; Thiering, Elisabeth Paula ; Wang, Carol A. ; Have, Christian Theil ; Vilor-Tejedor, Natalia ; Joshi, Peter K. ; Painter, Jodie N. ; Ntalla, Ioanna ; Myhre, Ronny ; Pitkänen, Niina ; van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M. ; Joro, Raimo ; Lagou, Vasiliki ; Richmond, Rebecca C. ; Espinosa, Ana ; Barton, Sheila J. ; Inskip, Hazel M. ; Holloway, John W. ; Santa-Marina, Loreto ; Estivill, Xavier ; Ang, Wei ; Marsh, Julie A. ; Reichetzeder, Christoph ; Marullo, Letizia ; Hocher, Berthold ; Lunetta, Kathryn L. ; Murabito, Joanne M. ; Relton, Caroline L. ; Kogevinas, Manolis ; Chatzi, Leda ; Allard, Catherine ; Bouchard, Luigi ; Hivert, Marie-France ; Zhang, Ge ; Muglia, Louis J. ; Heikkinen, Jani ; Morgen, Camilla S. ; van Kampen, Antoine H. C. ; van Schaik, Barbera D. C. ; Mentch, Frank D. ; Langenberg, Claudia ; Scott, Robert A. ; Zhao, Jing Hua ; Hemani, Gibran ; Ring, Susan M. ; Bennett, Amanda J. ; Gaulton, Kyle J. ; Fernandez-Tajes, Juan ; van Zuydam, Natalie R. ; Medina-Gomez, Carolina ; de Haan, Hugoline G. ; Rosendaal, Frits R. ; Kutalik, Zoltán ; Marques-Vidal, Pedro ; Das, Shikta ; Willemsen, Gonneke ; Mbarek, Hamdi ; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina ; Standl, Marie ; Appel, Emil V. R. ; Fonvig, Cilius Esmann ; Trier, Caecilie ; van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M. ; Murcia, Mario ; Bustamante, Mariona ; Bonàs-Guarch, Sílvia ; Hougaard, David M. ; Mercader, Josep M. ; Linneberg, Allan ; Schraut, Katharina E. ; Lind, Penelope A. ; Medland, Sarah Elizabeth ; Shields, Beverley M. ; Knight, Bridget A. ; Chai, Jin-Fang ; Panoutsopoulou, Kalliope ; Bartels, Meike ; Sánchez, Friman ; Stokholm, Jakob ; Torrents, David ; Vinding, Rebecca K. ; Willems, Sara M. ; Atalay, Mustafa ; Chawes, Bo L. ; Kovacs, Peter ; Prokopenko, Inga ; Tuke, Marcus A. ; Yaghootkar, Hanieh ; Ruth, Katherine S. ; Jones, Samuel E. ; Loh, Po-Ru ; Murray, Anna ; Weedon, Michael N. ; Tönjes, Anke ; Stumvoll, Michael ; Michaelsen, Kim Fleischer ; Eloranta, Aino-Maija ; Lakka, Timo A. ; van Duijn, Cornelia M. ; Kiess, Wieland ; Koerner, Antje ; Niinikoski, Harri ; Pahkala, Katja ; Raitakari, Olli T. ; Jacobsson, Bo ; Zeggini, Eleftheria ; Dedoussis, George V. ; Teo, Yik-Ying ; Saw, Seang-Mei ; Montgomery, Grant W. ; Campbell, Harry ; Wilson, James F. ; Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M. ; Vrijheid, Martine ; de Geus, Eco J. C. N. ; Hayes, M. Geoffrey ; Kadarmideen, Haja N. ; Holm, Jens-Christian ; Beilin, Lawrence J. ; Pennell, Craig E. ; Heinrich, Joachim ; Adair, Linda S. ; Borja, Judith B. ; Mohlke, Karen L. ; Eriksson, Johan G. ; Widen, Elisabeth E. ; Hattersley, Andrew T. ; Spector, Tim D. ; Kaehoenen, Mika ; Viikari, Jorma S. ; Lehtimaeki, Terho ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Sebert, Sylvain ; Vollenweider, Peter ; Sorensen, Thorkild I. A. ; Bisgaard, Hans ; Bonnelykke, Klaus ; Murray, Jeffrey C. ; Melbye, Mads ; Nohr, Ellen A. ; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. ; Rivadeneira, Fernando ; Hofman, Albert ; Felix, Janine F. ; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. ; Hansen, Torben ; Pisinger, Charlotta ; Vaag, Allan A. ; Pedersen, Oluf ; Uitterlinden, Andre G. ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; Power, Christine ; Hypponen, Elina ; Scholtens, Denise M. ; Lowe, William L. ; Smith, George Davey ; Timpson, Nicholas J. ; Morris, Andrew P. ; Wareham, Nicholas J. ; Hakonarson, Hakon ; Grant, Struan F. A. ; Frayling, Timothy M. ; Lawlor, Debbie A. ; Njolstad, Pal R. ; Johansson, Stefan ; Ong, Ken K. ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Perry, John R. B. ; Evans, David M. ; Freathy, Rachel M.
Birth weight variation is influenced by fetal and maternal genetic and non-genetic factors, and has been reproducibly associated with future cardio-metabolic health outcomes. In expanded genome-wide association analyses of own birth weight (n = 321,223) and offspring birth weight (n = 230,069 mothers), we identified 190 independent association signals (129 of which are novel). We used structural equation modeling to decompose the contributions of direct fetal and indirect maternal genetic effects, then applied Mendelian randomization to illuminate causal pathways. For example, both indirect maternal and direct fetal genetic effects drive the observational relationship between lower birth weight and higher later blood pressure: maternal blood pressure-raising alleles reduce offspring birth weight, but only direct fetal effects of these alleles, once inherited, increase later offspring blood pressure. Using maternal birth weight-lowering genotypes to proxy for an adverse intrauterine environment provided no evidence that it causally raises offspring blood pressure, indicating that the inverse birth weight-blood pressure association is attributable to genetic effects, and not to intrauterine programming.
Tiegs, Scott D. ; Costello, David M. ; Isken, Mark W. ; Woodward, Guy ; McIntyre, Peter B. ; Gessner, Mark O. ; Chauvet, Eric ; Griffiths, Natalie A. ; Flecker, Alex S. ; Acuna, Vicenc ; Albarino, Ricardo ; Allen, Daniel C. ; Alonso, Cecilia ; Andino, Patricio ; Arango, Clay ; Aroviita, Jukka ; Barbosa, Marcus V. M. ; Barmuta, Leon A. ; Baxter, Colden V. ; Bell, Thomas D. C. ; Bellinger, Brent ; Boyero, Luz ; Brown, Lee E. ; Bruder, Andreas ; Bruesewitz, Denise A. ; Burdon, Francis J. ; Callisto, Marcos ; Canhoto, Cristina ; Capps, Krista A. ; Castillo, Maria M. ; Clapcott, Joanne ; Colas, Fanny ; Colon-Gaud, Checo ; Cornut, Julien ; Crespo-Perez, Veronica ; Cross, Wyatt F. ; Culp, Joseph M. ; Danger, Michael ; Dangles, Olivier ; de Eyto, Elvira ; Derry, Alison M. ; Diaz Villanueva, Veronica ; Douglas, Michael M. ; Elosegi, Arturo ; Encalada, Andrea C. ; Entrekin, Sally ; Espinosa, Rodrigo ; Ethaiya, Diana ; Ferreira, Veronica ; Ferriol, Carmen ; Flanagan, Kyla M. ; Fleituch, Tadeusz ; Shah, Jennifer J. Follstad ; Frainer, Andre ; Friberg, Nikolai ; Frost, Paul C. ; Garcia, Erica A. ; Lago, Liliana Garcia ; Garcia Soto, Pavel Ernesto ; Ghate, Sudeep ; Giling, Darren P. ; Gilmer, Alan ; Goncalves, Jose Francisco ; Gonzales, Rosario Karina ; Graca, Manuel A. S. ; Grace, Mike ; Grossart, Hans-Peter ; Guerold, Francois ; Gulis, Vlad ; Hepp, Luiz U. ; Higgins, Scott ; Hishi, Takuo ; Huddart, Joseph ; Hudson, John ; Imberger, Samantha ; Iniguez-Armijos, Carlos ; Iwata, Tomoya ; Janetski, David J. ; Jennings, Eleanor ; Kirkwood, Andrea E. ; Koning, Aaron A. ; Kosten, Sarian ; Kuehn, Kevin A. ; Laudon, Hjalmar ; Leavitt, Peter R. ; Lemes da Silva, Aurea L. ; Leroux, Shawn J. ; Leroy, Carri J. ; Lisi, Peter J. ; MacKenzie, Richard ; Marcarelli, Amy M. ; Masese, Frank O. ; Mckie, Brendan G. ; Oliveira Medeiros, Adriana ; Meissner, Kristian ; Milisa, Marko ; Mishra, Shailendra ; Miyake, Yo ; Moerke, Ashley ; Mombrikotb, Shorok ; Mooney, Rob ; Moulton, Tim ; Muotka, Timo ; Negishi, Junjiro N. ; Neres-Lima, Vinicius ; Nieminen, Mika L. ; Nimptsch, Jorge ; Ondruch, Jakub ; Paavola, Riku ; Pardo, Isabel ; Patrick, Christopher J. ; Peeters, Edwin T. H. M. ; Pozo, Jesus ; Pringle, Catherine ; Prussian, Aaron ; Quenta, Estefania ; Quesada, Antonio ; Reid, Brian ; Richardson, John S. ; Rigosi, Anna ; Rincon, Jose ; Risnoveanu, Geta ; Robinson, Christopher T. ; Rodriguez-Gallego, Lorena ; Royer, Todd V. ; Rusak, James A. ; Santamans, Anna C. ; Selmeczy, Geza B. ; Simiyu, Gelas ; Skuja, Agnija ; Smykla, Jerzy ; Sridhar, Kandikere R. ; Sponseller, Ryan ; Stoler, Aaron ; Swan, Christopher M. ; Szlag, David ; Teixeira-de Mello, Franco ; Tonkin, Jonathan D. ; Uusheimo, Sari ; Veach, Allison M. ; Vilbaste, Sirje ; Vought, Lena B. M. ; Wang, Chiao-Ping ; Webster, Jackson R. ; Wilson, Paul B. ; Woelfl, Stefan ; Xenopoulos, Marguerite A. ; Yates, Adam G. ; Yoshimura, Chihiro ; Yule, Catherine M. ; Zhang, Yixin X. ; Zwart, Jacob A.
River ecosystems receive and process vast quantities of terrestrial organic carbon, the fate of which depends strongly on microbial activity. Variation in and controls of processing rates, however, are poorly characterized at the global scale. In response, we used a peer-sourced research network and a highly standardized carbon processing assay to conduct a global-scale field experiment in greater than 1000 river and riparian sites. We found that Earth’s biomes have distinct carbon processing signatures. Slow processing is evident across latitudes, whereas rapid rates are restricted to lower latitudes. Both the mean rate and variability decline with latitude, suggesting temperature constraints toward the poles and greater roles for other environmental drivers (e.g., nutrient loading) toward the equator. These results and data set the stage for unprecedented “next-generation biomonitoring” by establishing baselines to help quantify environmental impacts to the functioning of ecosystems at a global scale.
Barbolini, Natasha ; Woutersen, Amber ; Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume ; Silvestro, Daniele ; Tardif-Becquet, Delphine ; Coster, Pauline M. C. ; Meijer, Niels ; Chang, Cun ; Zhang, Hou-Xi ; Licht, Alexis ; Rydin, Catarina ; Koutsodendris, Andreas ; Han, Fang ; Rohrmann, Alexander ; Liu, Xiang-Jun ; Zhang, Y. ; Donnadieu, Yannick ; Fluteau, Frederic ; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste ; Le Hir, Guillaume ; Hoorn, M. Carina
The origins and development of the arid and highly seasonal steppe-desert biome in Central Asia, the largest of its kind in the world, remain largely unconstrained by existing records. It is unclear how Cenozoic climatic, geological, and biological forces, acting at diverse spatial and temporal scales, shaped Central Asian ecosystems through time. Our synthesis shows that the Central Asian steppe-desert has existed since at least Eocene times but experienced no less than two regime shifts, one at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition and one in the mid-Miocene. These shifts separated three successive "stable states," each characterized by unique floral and faunal structures. Past responses to disturbance in the Asian steppe-desert imply that modern ecosystems are unlikely to recover their present structures and diversity if forced into a new regime. This is of concern for Asian steppes today, which are being modified for human use and lost to desertification at unprecedented rates.
Saikin, Anthony ; Jordanova, Vania K. ; Zhang, J. C. ; Smith, C. W. ; Spence, H. E. ; Larsen, B. A. ; Reeves, G. D. ; Torbert, R. B. ; Kletzing, C. A. ; Zhelayskaya, I. S. ; Shprits, Yuri
We perform a statistical study calculating electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave amplitudes based off in situ plasma measurements taken by the Van Allen Probes’ (1.1–5.8 Re) Helium, Oxygen, Proton, Electron (HOPE) instrument. Calculated wave amplitudes are compared to EMIC waves observed by the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science on board the Van Allen Probes during the same period. The survey covers a 22-month period (1 November 2012 to 31 August 2014), a full Van Allen Probe magnetic local time (MLT) precession. The linear theory proxy was used to identify EMIC wave events with plasma conditions favorable for EMIC wave excitation. Two hundred and thirty-two EMIC wave events (103 H+-band and 129 He+-band) were selected for this comparison. Nearly all events selected are observed beyond L = 4. Results show that calculated wave amplitudes exclusively using the in situ HOPE measurements produce amplitudes too low compared to the observed EMIC wave amplitudes. Hot proton anisotropy (Ahp) distributions are asymmetric in MLT within the inner (L < 7) magnetosphere with peak (minimum) Ahp, ∼0.81 to 1.00 (∼0.62), observed in the dawn (dusk), 0000 < MLT ≤ 1200 (1200 < MLT ≤ 2400), sectors. Measurements of Ahp are found to decrease in the presence of EMIC wave activity. Ahp amplification factors are determined and vary with respect to EMIC wave-band and MLT. He+-band events generally require double (quadruple) the measured Ahp for the dawn (dusk) sector to reproduce the observed EMIC wave amplitudes.
Beaumont, Robin N. ; Warrington, Nicole M. ; Cavadino, Alana ; Tyrrell, Jessica ; Nodzenski, Michael ; Horikoshi, Momoko ; Geller, Frank ; Myhre, Ronny ; Richmond, Rebecca C. ; Paternoster, Lavinia ; Bradfield, Jonathan P. ; Kreiner-Moller, Eskil ; Huikari, Ville ; Metrustry, Sarah ; Lunetta, Kathryn L. ; Painter, Jodie N. ; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan ; Allard, Catherine ; Barton, Sheila J. ; Espinosa, Ana ; Marsh, Julie A. ; Potter, Catherine ; Zhang, Ge ; Ang, Wei ; Berry, Diane J. ; Bouchard, Luigi ; Das, Shikta ; Hakonarson, Hakon ; Heikkinen, Jani ; Helgeland, Oyvind ; Hocher, Berthold ; Hofman, Albert ; Inskip, Hazel M. ; Jones, Samuel E. ; Kogevinas, Manolis ; Lind, Penelope A. ; Marullo, Letizia ; Medland, Sarah E. ; Murray, Anna ; Murray, Jeffrey C. ; Njolstad, Pal R. ; Nohr, Ellen A. ; Reichetzeder, Christoph ; Ring, Susan M. ; Ruth, Katherine S. ; Santa-Marina, Loreto ; Scholtens, Denise M. ; Sebert, Sylvain ; Sengpiel, Verena ; Tuke, Marcus A. ; Vaudel, Marc ; Weedon, Michael N. ; Willemsen, Gonneke ; Wood, Andrew R. ; Yaghootkar, Hanieh ; Muglia, Louis J. ; Bartels, Meike ; Relton, Caroline L. ; Pennell, Craig E. ; Chatzi, Leda ; Estivill, Xavier ; Holloway, John W. ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Montgomery, Grant W. ; Murabito, Joanne M. ; Spector, Tim D. ; Power, Christine ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Ritta ; Bisgaard, Hans ; Grant, Struan F. A. ; Sorensen, Thorkild I. A. ; Jaddoe, Vincent W. ; Jacobsson, Bo ; Melbye, Mads ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Hattersley, Andrew T. ; Hayes, M. Geoffrey ; Frayling, Timothy M. ; Hivert, Marie-France ; Felix, Janine F. ; Hypponen, Elina ; Lowe, William L. ; Evans, David M. ; Lawlor, Debbie A. ; Feenstra, Bjarke ; Freathy, Rachel M.
Genome-wide association studies of birth weight have focused on fetal genetics, whereas relatively little is known about the role of maternal genetic variation. We aimed to identify maternal genetic variants associated with birth weight that could highlight potentially relevant maternal determinants of fetal growth. We meta-analysed data on up to 8.7 million SNPs in up to 86 577 women of European descent from the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium and the UK Biobank. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) and analyses of mother-child pairs to quantify the separate maternal and fetal genetic effects. Maternal SNPs at 10 loci (MTNR1B, HMGA2, SH2B3, KCNAB1, L3MBTL3, GCK, EBF1, TCF7L2, ACTL9, CYP3A7) were associated with offspring birth weight at P< 5 x 10(-8). In SEM analyses, at least 7 of the 10 associations were consistent with effects of the maternal genotype acting via the intrauterine environment, rather than via effects of shared alleles with the fetus. Variants, or correlated proxies, at many of the loci had been previously associated with adult traits, including fasting glucose (MTNR1B, GCK and TCF7L2) and sex hormone levels (CYP3A7), and one (EBF1) with gestational duration. The identified associations indicate that genetic effects on maternal glucose, cytochrome P450 activity and gestational duration, and potentially on maternal blood pressure and immune function, are relevant for fetal growth. Further characterization of these associations in mechanistic and causal analyses will enhance understanding of the potentially modifiable maternal determinants of fetal growth, with the goal of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with low and high birth weights.
Beaumont, Robin N. ; Warrington, Nicole M. ; Cavadino, Alana ; Tyrrell, Jessica ; Nodzenski, Michael ; Horikoshi, Momoko ; Geller, Frank ; Myhre, Ronny ; Richmond, Rebecca C. ; Paternoster, Lavinia ; Bradfield, Jonathan P. ; Kreiner-Møller, Eskil ; Huikari, Ville ; Metrustry, Sarah ; Lunetta, Kathryn L. ; Painter, Jodie N. ; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan ; Allard, Catherine ; Barton, Sheila J. ; Espinosa, Ana ; Marsh, Julie A. ; Potter, Catherine ; Zhang, Ge ; Ang, Wei ; Berry, Diane J. ; Bouchard, Luigi ; Das, Shikta ; Hakonarson, Hakon ; Heikkinen, Jani ; Helgeland, Øyvind ; Hocher, Berthold ; Hofman, Albert ; Inskip, Hazel M. ; Jones, Samuel E. ; Kogevinas, Manolis ; Lind, Penelope A. ; Marullo, Letizia ; Medland, Sarah E. ; Murray, Anna ; Murray, Jeffrey C. ; Njølstad, Pa ̊l R. ; Nohr, Ellen A. ; Reichetzeder, Christoph ; Ring, Susan M. ; Ruth, Katherine S. ; Santa-Marina, Loreto ; Scholtens, Denise M. ; Sebert, Sylvain ; Sengpiel, Verena ; Tuke, Marcus A. ; Vaudel, Marc ; Weedon, Michael N. ; Willemsen, Gonneke ; Wood, Andrew R. ; Yaghootkar, Hanieh ; Muglia, Louis J. ; Bartels, Meike ; Relton, Caroline L. ; Pennell, Craig E. ; Chatzi, Leda ; Estivill, Xavier ; Holloway, John W. ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Montgomery, Grant W. ; Murabito, Joanne M. ; Spector, Tim D. ; Power, Christine ; Ja ̈rvelin, Marjo-Ritta ; Bisgaard, Hans ; Grant, Struan F.A. ; Sørensen, Thorkild I.A. ; Jaddoe, Vincent W. ; Jacobsson, Bo ; Melbye, Mads ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Hattersley, Andrew T. ; Hayes, M. Geoffrey ; Frayling, Timothy M. ; Hivert, Marie-France ; Felix, Janine F. ; Hyppo ̈nen, Elina ; Lowe, William L. , Jr ; Evans, David M. ; Lawlor, Debbie A. ; Feenstra, Bjarke ; Freathy, Rachel M.
Genome-wide association studies of birth weight have focused on fetal genetics, whereas relatively little is known about the role of maternal genetic variation. We aimed to identify maternal genetic variants associated with birth weight that could highlight potentially relevant maternal determinants of fetal growth. We meta-analysed data on up to 8.7 million SNPs in up to 86 577 women of European descent from the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium and the UK Biobank. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) and analyses of mother–child pairs to quantify the separate maternal and fetal genetic effects. Maternal SNPs at 10 loci (MTNR1B, HMGA2, SH2B3, KCNAB1, L3MBTL3, GCK, EBF1, TCF7L2, ACTL9, CYP3A7) were associated with offspring birth weight at P < 5 Â 10 À8 . In SEM analyses, at least 7 of the 10 associations were consistent with effects of the maternal genotype acting via the intrauterine environment, rather than via effects of shared alleles with the fetus. Variants, or correlated proxies, at many of the loci had been previously associated with adult traits, including fasting glucose (MTNR1B, GCK and TCF7L2) and sex hormone levels (CYP3A7), and one (EBF1) with gestational duration. The identified associations indicate that genetic effects on maternal glucose, cytochrome P450 activity and gestational duration, and potentially on maternal blood pressure and immune function, are relevant for fetal growth. Further characterization of these associations in mechanistic and causal analyses will enhance understanding of the potentially modifiable maternal determinants of fetal growth, with the goal of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with low and high birth weights.
Read, Betsy A. ; Kegel, Jessica ; Klute, Mary J. ; Kuo, Alan ; Lefebvre, Stephane C. ; Maumus, Florian ; Mayer, Christoph ; Miller, John ; Monier, Adam ; Salamov, Asaf ; Young, Jeremy ; Aguilar, Maria ; Claverie, Jean-Michel ; Frickenhaus, Stephan ; Gonzalez, Karina ; Herman, Emily K. ; Lin, Yao-Cheng ; Napier, Johnathan ; Ogata, Hiroyuki ; Sarno, Analissa F. ; Shmutz, Jeremy ; Schroeder, Declan ; de Vargas, Colomban ; Verret, Frederic ; von Dassow, Peter ; Valentin, Klaus ; Van de Peer, Yves ; Wheeler, Glen ; Dacks, Joel B. ; Delwiche, Charles F. ; Dyhrman, Sonya T. ; Glöckner, Gernot ; John, Uwe ; Richards, Thomas ; Worden, Alexandra Z. ; Zhang, Xiaoyu ; Grigoriev, Igor V. ; Allen, Andrew E. ; Bidle, Kay ; Borodovsky, M. ; Bowler, C. ; Brownlee, Colin ; Cock, J. Mark ; Elias, Marek ; Gladyshev, Vadim N. ; Groth, Marco ; Guda, Chittibabu ; Hadaegh, Ahmad ; Iglesias-Rodriguez, Maria Debora ; Jenkins, J. ; Jones, Bethan M. ; Lawson, Tracy ; Leese, Florian ; Lindquist, Erika ; Lobanov, Alexei ; Lomsadze, Alexandre ; Malik, Shehre-Banoo ; Marsh, Mary E. ; Mackinder, Luke ; Mock, Thomas ; Müller-Röber, Bernd ; Pagarete, Antonio ; Parker, Micaela ; Probert, Ian ; Quesneville, Hadi ; Raines, Christine ; Rensing, Stefan A. ; Riano-Pachon, Diego Mauricio ; Richier, Sophie ; Rokitta, Sebastian ; Shiraiwa, Yoshihiro ; Soanes, Darren M. ; van der Giezen, Mark ; Wahlund, Thomas M. ; Williams, Bryony ; Wilson, Willie ; Wolfe, Gordon ; Wurch, Louie L.
Coccolithophores have influenced the global climate for over 200 million years(1). These marine phytoplankton can account for 20 per cent of total carbon fixation in some systems(2). They form blooms that can occupy hundreds of thousands of square kilometres and are distinguished by their elegantly sculpted calcium carbonate exoskeletons (coccoliths), rendering them visible from space(3). Although coccolithophores export carbon in the form of organic matter and calcite to the sea floor, they also release CO2 in the calcification process. Hence, they have a complex influence on the carbon cycle, driving either CO2 production or uptake, sequestration and export to the deep ocean(4). Here we report the first haptophyte reference genome, from the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi strain CCMP1516, and sequences from 13 additional isolates. Our analyses reveal a pan genome (core genes plus genes distributed variably between strains) probably supported by an atypical complement of repetitive sequence in the genome. Comparisons across strains demonstrate that E. huxleyi, which has long been considered a single species, harbours extensive genome variability reflected in different metabolic repertoires. Genome variability within this species complex seems to underpin its capacity both to thrive in habitats ranging from the equator to the subarctic and to form large-scale episodic blooms under a wide variety of environmental conditions.
Deusdará-Leal, Karinne ; Samprogna Mohor, Guilherme ; Cuartas, Luz Adriana ; Seluchi, Marcelo E. ; Marengo, Jose A. ; Zhang, Rong ; Broedel, Elisangela ; Amore, Diogo de Jesus ; Alvalá, Regina C. S. ; Cunha, Ana Paula M. A. ; Gonçalves, José A. C.
Trends in streamflow, rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) time series, from 1970 to 2017, were assessed for five important hydrological basins in Southeastern Brazil. The concept of elasticity was also used to assess the streamflow sensitivity to changes in climate variables, for annual data and 5-, 10- and 20-year moving averages. Significant negative trends in streamflow and rainfall and significant increasing trend in PET were detected. For annual analysis, elasticity revealed that 1% decrease in rainfall resulted in 1.21-2.19% decrease in streamflow, while 1% increase in PET induced different reductions percentages in streamflow, ranging from 2.45% to 9.67%. When both PET and rainfall were computed to calculate the elasticity, results were positive for some basins. Elasticity analysis considering 20-year moving averages revealed that impacts on the streamflow were cumulative: 1% decrease in rainfall resulted in 1.83-4.75% decrease in streamflow, while 1% increase in PET induced 3.47-28.3% decrease in streamflow. This different temporal response may be associated with the hydrological memory of the basins. Streamflow appears to be more sensitive in less rainy basins. This study provides useful information to support strategic government decisions, especially when the security of water resources and drought mitigation are considered in face of climate change.
Christakoudi, Sofa ; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K. ; Muller, David C. ; Freisling, Heinz ; Weiderpass, Elisabete ; Overvad, Kim ; Söderberg, Stefan ; Häggström, Christel ; Pischon, Tobias ; Dahm, Christina C. ; Zhang, Jie ; Tjønneland, Anne ; Schulze, Matthias Bernd
Abdominal and general adiposity are independently associated with mortality, but there is no consensus on how best to assess abdominal adiposity. We compared the ability of alternative waist indices to complement body mass index (BMI) when assessing all-cause mortality. We used data from 352,985 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for other risk factors. During a mean follow-up of 16.1 years, 38,178 participants died. Combining in one model BMI and a strongly correlated waist index altered the association patterns with mortality, to a predominantly negative association for BMI and a stronger positive association for the waist index, while combining BMI with the uncorrelated A Body Shape Index (ABSI) preserved the association patterns. Sex-specific cohort-wide quartiles of waist indices correlated with BMI could not separate high-risk from low-risk individuals within underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m(2)) or obese (BMI30 kg/m(2)) categories, while the highest quartile of ABSI separated 18-39% of the individuals within each BMI category, which had 22-55% higher risk of death. In conclusion, only a waist index independent of BMI by design, such as ABSI, complements BMI and enables efficient risk stratification, which could facilitate personalisation of screening, treatment and monitoring.