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Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.
A promising replacement for the radioactive sources commonly encountered in ion mobility spectrometers is a miniaturized, energy-efficient photoionization source that produce the reactant ions via soft X-radiation (2.8 keV). In order to successfully apply the photoionization source, it is imperative to know the spectrum of reactant ions and the subsequent ionization reactions leading to the detection of analytes. To that end, an ionization chamber based on the photoionization source that reproduces the ionization processes in the ion mobility spectrometer and facilitates efficient transfer of the product ions into a mass spectrometer was developed. Photoionization of pure gasses and gas mixtures containing air, N-2, CO2 and N2O and the dopant CH2Cl2 is discussed. The main product ions of photoionization are identified and compared with the spectrum of reactant ions formed by radioactive and corona discharge sources on the basis of literature data. The results suggest that photoionization by soft X-radiation in the negative mode is more selective than the other sources. In air, adduct ions of O-2 - with H2O and CO2 were exclusively detected. Traces of CO2 impact the formation of adduct ions of O-2 - and Cl -(upon addition of dopant) and are capable of suppressing them almost completely at high CO2 concentrations. Additionally, the ionization products of four alkyl nitrates (ethylene glycol dinitrate, nitroglycerin, erythritol tetranitrate and pentaerythritol tetranitrate) formed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization induced by X-ray photoionization in different gasses (air, N-2 and N2O) and dopants (CH2Cl2, C2H5Br and CH3I) are investigated. The experimental studies are complemented by density functional theory calculations of the most important adduct ions of the alkyl nitrates (M) used for their spectrometric identification. In addition to the adduct ions [M + NO3](-) and [M + Cl](-), adduct ions such as [M + N2O2](-), [M + Br](-) and [M+ I](-) were detected, and their gas-phase structures and energetics are investigated by density functional theory calculations. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The MOOChub is a joined web-based catalog of all relevant German and Austrian MOOC platforms that lists well over 750 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). Automatically building such a catalog requires that all partners describe and publicly offer the metadata of their courses in the same way. The paper at hand presents the genesis of the idea to establish a common metadata standard and the story of its subsequent development. The result of this effort is, first, an open-licensed de-facto-standard, which is based on existing commonly used standards and second, a first prototypical platform that is using this standard: the MOOChub, which lists all courses of the involved partners. This catalog is searchable and provides a more comprehensive overview of basically all MOOCs that are offered by German and Austrian MOOC platforms. Finally, the upcoming developments to further optimize the catalog and the metadata standard are reported.
In der Philosophie des 20. Jahrhunderts wird deutlich, dass es in Frankreich und in Deutschland voneinander abweichende Sichtweisen auf die Frage gibt, ob der Mensch eine "Sonderstellung" in der Dynamik des biologischen und geschichtlichen Lebens genießt. Während sich in Deutschland die Tradition eines anthropologischen Denkens neu formiert, ist in Frankreich eine scharfe Skepsis gegenüber dem Erbe des Humanismus charakteristisch. Die Beiträge dieses zweisprachigen Buches untersuchen diese deutsch-französische Konstellation von Fragen und Autoren, und aktualisieren die Reflexion auf die (Grenzen der) Singularität des Menschen.
EMOOCs 2023
(2023)
From June 14 to June 16, 2023, Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam, hosted the eighth European MOOC Stakeholder Summit (EMOOCs 2023).
The pandemic is fortunately over. It has once again shown how important digital education is. How well-prepared a country was could be seen in our schools, universities, and companies. In different countries, the problems manifested themselves differently. The measures and approaches to solving the problems varied accordingly. Digital education, whether micro-credentials, MOOCs, blended learning formats, or other e-learning tools, received a major boost.
EMOOCs 2023 focusses on the effects of this emergency situation. How has it affected the development and delivery of MOOCs and other e-learning offerings all over Europe? Which projects can serve as models for successful digital learning and teaching? Which roles can MOOCs and micro-credentials bear in the current business transformation? Is there a backlash to the routine we knew from pre-Corona times? Or have many things become firmly established in the meantime, e.g. remote work, hybrid conferences, etc.?
Furthermore, EMOOCs 2023 has a closer look at the development and formalization of digital learning. Micro-credentials are just the starting point. Further steps in this direction would be complete online study programs or full online universities.
Another main topic is the networking of learning offers and the standardization of formats and metadata. Examples of fruitful cooperations are the MOOChub, the European MOOC Consortium, and the Common Micro-Credential Framework.
The learnings, derived from practical experience and research, are explored in EMOOCs 2023 in four tracks and additional workshops, covering various aspects of this field. In this publication, we present papers from the conference’s Research & Experience Track, the Business Track and the International Track.
A catalog of genetic loci associated with kidney function from analyses of a million individuals
(2019)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is responsible for a public health burden with multi-systemic complications. Through transancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and independent replication (n = 1,046,070), we identified 264 associated loci (166 new). Of these,147 were likely to be relevant for kidney function on the basis of associations with the alternative kidney function marker blood urea nitrogen (n = 416,178). Pathway and enrichment analyses, including mouse models with renal phenotypes, support the kidney as the main target organ. A genetic risk score for lower eGFR was associated with clinically diagnosed CKD in 452,264 independent individuals. Colocalization analyses of associations with eGFR among 783,978 European-ancestry individuals and gene expression across 46 human tissues, including tubulo-interstitial and glomerular kidney compartments, identified 17 genes differentially expressed in kidney. Fine-mapping highlighted missense driver variants in 11 genes and kidney-specific regulatory variants. These results provide a comprehensive priority list of molecular targets for translational research.
For Vibrio cholerae, the coordinated import and export of Na+ is crucial for adaptation to habitats with different osmolarities. We investigated the Na+-extruding branch of the sodium cycle in this human pathogen by in vivo Na-23-NMR spectroscopy. The Na+ extrusion activity of cells was monitored after adding glucose which stimulated respiration via the Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR). In a V. cholerae deletion mutant devoid of the Na+-NQR encoding genes (nqrA-F), rates of respiratory Na+ extrusion were decreased by a factor of four, but the cytoplasmic Na+ concentration was essentially unchanged. Furthermore, the mutant was impaired in formation of transmembrane voltage (Delta psi, inside negative) and did not grow under hypoosmotic conditions at pH 8.2 or above. This growth defect could be complemented by transformation with the plasmid encoded nqr operon. In an alkaline environment, Na+/H+ antiporters acidify the cytoplasm at the expense of the transmembrane voltage. It is proposed that, at alkaline pH and limiting Na+ concentrations, the Na+-NQR is crucial for generation of a transmembrane voltage to drive the import of H+ by electrogenic Na+/H+ antiporters. Our study provides the basis to understand the role of the Na+-NQR in pathogenicity of V. cholerae and other pathogens relying on this primary Na+ pump for respiration. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Cassini-Huygens Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) is intended to provide direct observations of dust grains with masses between 10(-19) and 10(-9) kg in interplanetary space and in the jovian and saturnian systems, to investigate their physical, chemical and dynamical properties as functions of the distances to the Sun, to Jupiter and to Saturn and its satellites and rings, to study their interaction with the saturnian rings, satellites and magnetosphere. Chemical composition of interplanetary meteoroids will be compared with asteroidal and cometary dust, as well as with Saturn dust, ejecta from rings and satellites. Ring and satellites phenomena which might be effects of meteoroid impacts will be compared with the interplanetary dust environment. Electrical charges of particulate matter in the magnetosphere and its consequences will be studied, e.g. the effects of the ambient plasma and the magnetic held on the trajectories of dust particles as well as fragmentation of particles due to electrostatic disruption. The investigation will be performed with an instrument that measures the mass, composition, electric charge, speed, and flight direction of individual dust particles. It is a highly reliable and versatile instrument with a mass sensitivity 106 times higher than that of the Pioneer 10 and I I dust detectors which measured dust in the saturnian system. The Cosmic Dust Analyzer has significant inheritance from former space instrumentation developed for the VEGA, Giotto, Galileo, and Ulysses missions. It will reliably measure impacts from as low as I impact per month up to 104 impacts per second. The instrument weighs 17 kg and consumes 12 W, the integrated time-of-flight mass spectrometer has a mass resolution of up to 50. The nominal data transmission rate is 524 bits/s and varies between 50 and 4192 bps
Inhalt: BEITRÄGE Catherine Denys Die Renaissance der Militärgeschichte der frühen Neuzeit in Frankreich. Eine historiographische Bilanz der Jahre 1945-2005 Tadashi Suzuki „Befreiung vom Tabu“: Die japanische Forschung zur europäischen Militärgeschichte seit 1945 PROJEKTE Markus von Salisch Die kursächsische Armee und der Siebenjährige Krieg BERICHTE Linda Waack und Rosa Costa Gewalt und Geschlecht. 12. Fachtagung des Arbeitskreises Geschlechtergeschichte der Frühen Neuzeit (2.-4. 11. 2006, Stuttgart-Hohenheim) Katrin Bentz, Nicole Bütow und Thomas Kupka 1806: Jena, Auerstedt und die Kapitulation von Magdeburg. Schande oder Chance? (13.-15. Oktober 2006, Magdeburg) REZENSIONEN Alexander Kästner Stefan Kroll: Soldaten im 18. Jahrhundert zwischen Friedensalltag und Kriegserfahrung. Lebenswelten und Kultur in der kursächsischen Armee, Paderborn u. a. 2006. Max Plassmann Olaf Jessen: Preußens Napoleon? Ernst von Rüchel (1754-1823). Krieg im Lichte der Vernunft, Paderborn 2006 Ulrike Ludwig Cecilia Nubola, Andreas Würgler (Hrsg.), Bittschriften und Gravamina. Politik, Verwaltung und Justiz in Europa (14.-18. Jahrhundert), Berlin 2005 ANKÜNDIGUNGEN Military Studies - Masterstudiengang Militärgeschichte – Militärsoziologie
Aus dem Inhalt dieser Ausgabe: BEITRAG: Brigitte Rath: Zur Repräsentation von Gewalt MUSEEN: Gerhard Bauer: Das Militärwesen der frühen Neuzeit und seine Darstellung in der Dauerausstellung des Militärhistorischen Museums der Bundeswehr in Dresden Gerhard Quaas: Militaria-Sammlung 1: Alte Waffen und Rüstungen Manfried Rauchensteiner: Das Heeresgeschichtliche Museum als Gedächtnisort Christoph Rehm: Das Wehrgeschichtliche Museum Rastatt PROJEKTE: Uwe Tresp: Söldner aus Böhmen. Entstehung und Organisation böhmischer Södnerheere im Dienst deutscher Fürsten des 15. Jahrhunderts Matthias Franz: Die Rekrutierung der sächsischen Regimenter in der Niederlausitz 1726-1781 Olaf Gründel: Zum Verhältnis von Militär- und Zivilbevölkerung in brandenburgischen Städten des 18. Jahrhunderts. Das Beispiel Prenzlau Stephan Huck: Soldaten in Amerika. Sozialgeschichtliche Studie Braunschweiger Truppen im amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg Marc Schweska: Figuren der Vorstellung. Problematisierung von Macht und Moral in der Frühen Neuzeit Alexander Schunka: Fremde in Sachsen - ein Teilprojekt des Sonderforschungsbereichs "Pluralisierung und Autorität in der Frühen Neuzeit" Olaf Simons: Pierre Marteau's Verlagshaus sucht Kooperationspartner, Beiträge, Ideen für eine Web-Site zum Thema Europas Kriege 1670-1730 REZENSIONEN: Ulrike Ludwig: Rezensionen im Bulletin Militär und Gesellschaft in der Frühen Neuzeit Thomas Fuchs: Militär und ländliche Gesellschaft in der frühen Neuzeit, hrsg. von Stefan Kroll und Kersten Krüger, Hamburg 2000 Daniel Krebs: Stephan Brumwell, Redcoats. The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755-1763, Cambridge 2002 Heiner Lang: Claudia Brink, Arte et Marte, München 2000