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The salivary glands of the blowfly were injected with luminescent oxygen-sensitive microbeads. The changes in oxygen content within individual gland tubules during hormone-induced secretory activity were quantified. The measurements are based on an upgraded phase-modulation technique, where the phase shift of the sensor phosphorescence is determined independently from concentration and background signals. We show that the combination of a lock-in amplifier with a fluorescence microscope results in a convenient setup to measure oxygen concentrations within living animal tissues at the cellular level.
A technique has been developed to measure absolute intracellular oxygen concentrations in green plants. Oxygen-sensitive phosphorescent microbeads were injected into the cells and an optical multifrequency phase-modulation technique was used to discriminate the sensor signal from the strong autofluorescence of the plant tissue. The method was established using photosynthesis-competent cells of the giant algae Chara corallina L., and was validated by application to various cell types of other plant species.