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The nor-halimane diterpenoid tessmannic acid and its methyl, 2-methylisopropyl and 1-methylbutyl esters, the unusual isocoumarins 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-pentylisocoumarin and 7-chloro-8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-pentylisocoumarin, and 5- pentyl-3-methoxy-N-butylaniline were isolated from the stem and root bark extracts of Tessmannia densiflora Harms (Caesalpiniaceae) that showed mosquito larvicidal activity. The structures were determined on interpretation of spectroscopic data. Tessmannic acid and its methyl ester exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity. The compounds also caused high larvae and adult Anopheles gambiae mosquitoe mortality effects, and stronger mosquito repellency than that shown by the standard repellent DEET, hence indicating Tessmannia species to be potential sources of bioactive natural products.
The esters of 4-hydroxy-cyclohexanone and a series of carboxylic acids R-COOH with R of different electronic and steric influence (R=Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, sec-Bu, t-Bu, CF3, CH2Cl, CHCl2, CCl3, CH2Br, CHBr2, and CBr3) were synthesized and the conformational equilibria studied by H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy at 103 K and at 295 K, respectively. The geometry of optimized structures of the axial 'equatorial chair conformers was computed at the ab initio MO and DFT levels of theory. Only one preferred conformation was obtained for the axial and the equatorial conformer as well. When comparing the conformational equilibria of the cyclohexanone esters with those of the corresponding cyclohexyl esters a certain polarity contribution of the cyclohexanone framework was revealed, which is independent of the substituent effects and increases the stability of the axial conformers by a constant amount.
Amphiphilic linear ternary block copolymers (ABC) were synthesized in three consecutive steps by the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) method. Using oligo(ethylene oxide) monomethyl ether acrylate, benzyl acrylate, and 1H,1H-perfluorobutyl acrylate monomers, the triblock copolymers consist of a hydrophilic (A), a lipophilic (B), and a fluorophilic (C) block. The block sequence of the triphilic copolymers was varied systematically to provide all possible variations: ABC, ACB, and BAC. All blocks have glass transition temperatures below 0 degrees C. Self-assembly into spherical micellar aggregates was observed in aqueous solution, where hydrophobic cores undergo local phase separation into various ultrastructures as shown by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Selective solubilization of substantial quantities of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon low molar mass compounds by the lipophilic and fluorophilic block, respectively, is demonstrated.
Restricted rotation about the N-S partial double bonds in a bis-N-triflyl substituted 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivative 1 has been frozen at low temperature (Delta G* = 11.6 kcal mol(-1)), and the existence of all four rotamers about the two N-S bonds, 3-in, 8-in, 3-in, 8-out, 3-out, 8-in, and 3-out, 8-out, respectively, proved experimentally by NMR spectroscopy and theoretically by DFT and MP2 calculations. Copyright (C) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR-spectroscopic and theoretical structural analysis of 5-benzyl subtituted hydantoins in solutions
(1999)
To synthesize functionalized Mannich bases that can serve two different types of ortho-quinone methide (o-QM) intermediates, 2-naphthol and 6-hydroxyquinoline were reacted with salicylic aldehyde in the presence of morpholine. The Mannich bases that can form o-QM and aza-o-QM were also synthesized by mixing 2-naphthol, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, and morpholine followed by reduction of the nitro group. The highly functionalized aminonaphthol derivatives were then tested in [4+2] cycloaddition with different cyclic imines. The reaction proved to be both regio- and diastereoselective. In all cases, only one reaction product was obtained. Detailed structural analyses of the new polyheterocycles as well as conformational studies including DFT modelling were performed. The relative stability of o-QMs/aza-o-QM were also calculated, and the regioselectivity of the reactions could be explained only when the cycloaddition started from aminodiol 4. It was summarized that starting from diaminonaphthol 25, the regioselectivity of the reaction is driven by the higher nucleophilicity of the amino group compared with the hydroxy group. 12H-benzo[a]xanthen-12-one (11), formed via o-QM formation, was isolated as a side product. The proton NMR spectrum of 11 proved to be very unique from NMR point of view. The reason for the extreme low-field position of proton H-1 could be accounted for by theoretical calculation of structure and spatial magnetic properties of the compound in combination of ring current effects of the aromatic moieties and steric compression within the heavily hindered H(1)-C(1)-C(12b)-C(12a)-C(12)=O structural fragment.
Laforin or malin deficiency causes Lafora disease, characterized by altered glycogen metabolism and teenage-onset neurodegeneration with intractable and invariably fatal epilepsy. Plant starches possess small amounts of metabolically essential monophosphate esters. Glycogen contains similar phosphate amounts, which are thought to originate from a glycogen synthase error side reaction and therefore lack any specific function. Glycogen is also believed to lack monophosphates at glucosyl carbon C6, an essential phosphorylation site in plant starch metabolism. We now show that glycogen phosphorylation is not due to a glycogen synthase side reaction, that C6 is a major glycogen phosphorylation site, and that C6 monophosphates predominate near centers of glycogen molecules and positively correlate with glycogen chain lengths. Laforin or malin deficiency causes C6 hyperphosphorylation, which results in malformed long-chained glycogen that accumulates in many tissues, causing neurodegeneration in brain. Our work advances the understanding of Lafora disease pathogenesis and suggests that glycogen phosphorylation has important metabolic function.
The new tetrathiacrown ethers maleonitrile-tetrathia-12-crown-4 (mn12S(4)) and maleonitrile-tetrathia-13-crown- 4 (mn13S(4)) have been prepared and characterised by X-ray crystallographic analysis. These crown ethers form 2:1, 3:2 and 1: 1 complexes with AgY (Y = BF4, PF6). The crystal structures of [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)]BF4 (3a), [Ag(mn13S(4))(2)]BF4 (4a) and [Ag-2(mn13S(4))(3)](PF6)(2) (6b) have been determined. Compound 3a contains the centrosymmetric sandwich complex cation [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)](+) where each mn12S(4) ligand is coordinated to the Ag centre in an endo manner through all four S atoms. The 2:1 complex [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)](+) is the first sandwich complex with a tetrathiacrown ether and the first complex with an octa(thioether) coordination sphere. The crystal structure of compound 4a also reveals a 2:1 complex. This complex, [Ag(mnl3S(4))(2)](+), exhibits a half-sandwich structure. One mn13S(4) ligand coordinates to Ag+ by all four S donor atoms and the other 13S(4) crown by only one S atom. Compound 6b contains a dinuclear Ag complex. The Ag complexes 3a,b-8a,b were also studied by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) was used to compare the relative stability of 2:1 complexes [AgL2]+ and 1:1 complexes [AgL](+) (L = mn12S(4), mn13S(4)). The C-13 NMR chemical shifts of 2:1 and 1:1 Ag complexes and their corresponding free ligands were also estimated and compared. The free energy of the barrier of ring inversion (Delta G(double dagger)) for [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)](+) was determined to be 64 kJmol(-1).
The cyclizations of tetrahydroisoquinoline 1,2-amino alcohols with phenylphosphonic dichloride, bis(2- chloroethyl)phosphoramidic dichloride, thionyl chloride and sulfuryl chloride were utilized to synthesize 1,5,6,10b- tetrahydro-1,3,2-oxazaphospholo[4,3-a]isoquinolines (2, 3), 1,5,10,10a-tetrahydro-1,3,2-oxazaphospholo[3,4- b]isoquinolines (8, 9), 1,5,6,10b-tetrahydro-1,2,3-oxathiazolo[4,3-a]isoquinolines (4-6) anda 1,5,10,10a-tetrahydro- 1,2,3-oxathiazolo[3,4-b]isoquinoline (11), which are the first representatives of these ring systems. NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed the existence of conformational equilibria that are fast on the NMR timescale. Theoretical DFT calculations pointed to the participation of generally two preferred conformers in the conformational equilibria; the positions of the equilibria were indicated by the experimental NMR spectroscopic parameters, and they are in good agreement with the theoretically calculated energy differences of the participating conformers. For two compounds, which could be not isolated (10, 12), both the preferred conformers and the stereochemistry could be concluded from the DFT calculation results.
Through the cyclization of 1-(;-hydroxynaphthyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 1-(;- hydroxynaphthyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline with formaldehyde, phosgene, p-nitrobenzaldehyde or p-chlorophenyl isothiocyanate, 8-substituted 10,11-dihydro-8H,15bH-naphth[1,2-e][1,3]oxazino[4,3-a]isoquinolines (3 and 4) and 10,11- dihydro-8H,15bH-naphth[2,1-e][1,3]oxazino[4,3-a]isoquinolines (15 and 16) were prepared. Conformational analysis of both the piperidine and the 1,3-oxazine moieties of these heterocycles by NMR spectroscopy and an accompanying theoretical study revealed that these two conformationally flexible six-membered ring moieties prefer twisted chair conformers.
A new functional group, the hydroxy group, was inserted into a Betti base by reaction with salicylaldehyde, and the naphthoxazine derivatives thus obtained were converted by ring-closure reactions with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde or phosgene to the corresponding naphth[1',2':5,6][1,3]oxazino[3,2-c][1,3]benzoxazine derivatives. Further, the conformational analysis of these polycyclic compounds by NMR spectroscopy and an accompanying molecular modelling are reported; especially, both quantitative anisotropic ring current effects of the aromatic moieties in these compounds and steric substituent effects were employed to determine the stereochemistry of the naphthoxazinobenzoxazine derivatives.
The anisotropic effects of the phenyl, alpha- and beta-naphthyl moieties in four series of 1,3-oxazino[4,3- a]isoquinolines on the H-1 chemical shifts of the isoquinoline protons were calculated by employing the Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift (NICS) concept and Visualized as anisotropic cones by a through-space NMR shielding grid. The signs and extents of these spatial effects on the H-1 chemical shifts of the isoquinoline protons were compared with the experimental H-1 NMR spectra. The differences between the experimental delta (H-1)/ppm values and the calculated anisotropic effects of the aromatic moieties are discussed in terms of the steric compression that occurs in the Compounds studied.
Through the reactions of 1-aminomethyl-2-naphthol and substituted 1-aminobenzyl-2-naphthols with 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline or 6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline under microwave conditions, naphth[1,2-e][1,3]oxazino[2,3-a]-isoquinoline derivatives were prepared in good yields. The latter reaction was extended by using 2-aminoarylmethyl-1-naphthols, leading to isomeric naphth-[2,1-e][1,3]oxazino[2,3-a] isoquinolines. Beside the detailed NMR spectroscopic and theoretical study of both stereochemistry and dynamic behaviour of these new conformational flexible heterocyclic ring systems an unexpected dynamic process between two diastereomers was observed in solution, studied by variable temperature H-1 NMR spectroscopy and the mechanism proved by theoretical DFT computations.
Novel piperidine-fused benzoxazino- and quinazolinonaphthoxazines-synthesis and conformational study
(2012)
The reactions of 1-(amino(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-2-naphthol (3) and 1-(amino(2-aminophenyl)methyl)-2-naphthol (6) with glutardialdehyde resulted in the formation of piperidine-fused benzoxazinonaphthoxazine 4 and quinazolinonaphthoxazine 7, respectively, both in diastereopure form. The full conformational search protocols of 4 and 7 were successfully carried out by NMR spectroscopy and accompanying molecular modelling; the global minimum-energy conformers of all diastereomers were computed, and the assignments of the most stable stereoisomers, Gtct1 for 4 and Gtct1 for 7, were corroborated by spatial NOE information relating to the H7a-H10a-H15b and H,H coupling patterns of the protons in the flexible part of the piperidine moiety. Additionally, mass spectrometric fragmentation was investigated in collision-induced dissociation experiments. The elemental compositions of the ions were determined by accurate mass measurements.
Four new primary aminonaphthols (4, 5, 9 and 10) were synthesized from 1- or 2-naphthol and 1- or 2- naphthaldehyde via naphthoxazines in modified Mannich condensations. Simple ring-closure reactions of these aminonaphthols with paraformaldehyde, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, phosgene or 4-chlorophenyl isothiocyanate led to new heterocyclic derivatives. In these transformations, either an sp2 or an sp3 carbon was inserted between the hydroxy and amino groups. The effects of substituents and the naphthyl ring on the conformation were investigated by means of NMR measurements, employing both dipolar and scalar couplings. The structures were confirmed by DFT quantum chemical calculations involving computed coupling constants, intramolecular distances between nuclei and the relative energies of the preferred conformers.
The stabilities of the trans (B) and cis (C) tautomeric ring forms that are experimentally observed in the ring- chain tautomeric interconversion of 1-alkyl-3-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1H-naphth[1,2-e][1,3]oxazines has been investigated. Stability differences are explained by the analysis of the natural bond orbital results for the lone pairs of electrons that are on the heteroatoms in the oxazine ring system and by regression analysis of the calculated 13C NMR chemical shift values.
Synthesis and conformational analysis of new naphth[1,2-e][1,3]oxazino[3,4-c]quinazoline derivatives
(2011)
Syntheses and conformational analyses of new naphth[1,2-e][1,3]oxazino[3,2-c] quinazolin-13-ones
(2012)
The syntheses of naphth[1,2-e][1,3]oxazino[3,2-c]quinazolin-13-one derivatives (3a-f) were achieved by the solvent-free heating of benzyloxycarbonyl-protected intermediates (2a-f) with MeONa. For intermediates 2a-f, prepared by the reactions of substituted aminonaphthols with benzyl N-(2-formylphenyl)carbamate, not only the expected trans ring form B and chain form A(1), but also the rearranged chain form A(2) as a new tautomer were detected in DMSO at room temperature. The quantity of A(2) in the tautomeric mixture was changed with time.
Conformational analyses of the target heterocycles 3a-f by NMR spectroscopy and accompanying theoretical calculations at the DFT level of theory revealed that the oxazine ring preferred a twisted chair conformation and the quinazolone ring was planar. Besides the conformations, both the configurations at C-7a and C-15 and the preferred rotamers of the 1-naphthyl substituent at C-15 were assigned, which allowed evaluation of the aryl substituent-dependent steric hindrance in this part of the molecules. Configurational assignments were corroborated by quantifying the ring current effect of 15-aryl in terms of spatial NICS.
Novel piperidine-fused benzoxazino- and
quinazolinonaphthoxazines-synthesis and conformational study
(2012)
The reactions of 1-(amino(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-2-naphthol (3) and 1-(amino(2-aminophenyl) methyl)-2-naphthol (6) with glutardialdehyde resulted in the formation of piperidine-fused benzox-azinonaphthoxazine 4 and quinazolinonaphthoxazine 7, respectively, both in diastereopure form. The full conformational search protocols of 4 and 7 were successfully carried out by NMR spectroscopy and accompanying molecular modelling; the global minimum-energy conformers of all diastereomers were computed, and the assignments of the most stable stereoisomers, G(tct)(1) for 4 and G(tct)(1) for 7, were corroborated by spatial NOE information relating to the H-7a-H-10a-H-15b and H,H coupling patterns of the protons in the flexible part of the piperidine moiety. Additionally, mass spectrometric fragmentation was investigated in collision-induced dissociation experiments. The elemental compositions of the ions were determined by accurate mass measurements. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synthesis and conformational analysis of new naphth[1,2-e][1,3]oxazino[3,4-c]quinazoline derivatives
(2011)
A new highly functionalized aminonaphthol derivative, 1-(amino(2-aminophenyl)methyl)-2-naphthol (4), was synthesized by the reaction of 2-naphthol, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and tert-butyl carbamate or benzyl carbamate, followed by reduction and/or removal of the protecting group. The aminonaphthol derivative thus obtained was converted in ring-closure reactions with formaldehyde. benzaldehyde and/or phosgene to the corresponding naphth[1,2-e][1,3]oxazino[3,4-c]quinazoline derivatives. The conformational analysis of some derivatives by NMR spectroscopy and accompanying molecular modelling are also reported.