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The present study aimed to examine the extent to which the co-occurrence of ADHD and smoking in adolescents could be attributed to common genetic, environmental and psychopathological factors. Data are from an ongoing prospective study of the outcome of early risk factors. At age 15 years, 305 adolescents completed self-report questionnaires measuring tobacco consumption and deviant peer affiliations. Lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were obtained using standardized interviews. DNA was genotyped for the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene exon III polymorphism. Adolescents with a lifetime diagnosis of ADHD displayed significantly higher smoking activity than non-ADHD controls. A major component of this association could be accounted for by deviant peer affiliations and the comorbidity with oppositional-defiant and conduct disorder, while a minor part was attributable to DRD4 in males but not in females. These findings suggest that the association of ADHD with smoking relies on risk factors shared by the two behaviors.
Anpassung der Psychotherapie-Richtlinien zur Zulassung psychotherapeutischer Verfahren und Methoden
(2006)
Background: Several studies have reported higher smoking rates among adolescents with externalizing disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder) as compared to healthy controls. Objective: To follow the association between childhood externalizing disorders and smoking during development, to determine the type of problems most strongly related to later tobacco use, and to control for the influence of covarying factors. Methods: Participants were from a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 384 children born with different perinatal and psychosocial risks. Standardized assessments of behavioral disorders between 2 and 11 years and of tobacco use at age 15 were obtained. Results: 15-year-olds with externalizing disorders between 2 and 11 years reported higher tobacco use than those without a history of disorder. This association could be followed back into early childhood and held up even after controlling for covariates. Conclusions: The findings suggest that childhood externalizing disorders may represent an independent risk factor for elevated tobacco use in adolescence
This editorial summarizes the currant state of development of guidelines for the assessment and treatment of mental disorders in children and adolescents. The aims of guidelines and criteria for the quality of guidelines are discussed. This special issue intends to be a starting point for the development of guidelines for psychological and psychotherapeutic disciplines in the German-speaking countries
An outline of evidence-based guidelines for the assessment and treatment of depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence is presented. Depressive disorders in children and adolescents are marked by core symptoms similar to those seen in adults, although symptom expression varies greatly with developmental stage. These disorders are common, especially in adolescence, chronic, and recurrent, and are associated with comorbid conditions such as anxiety disorders, conduct disorders, and substance use disorders. Effective treatment approaches for the prevention of depressive disorders and the acute treatment of mild and moderate depressive disorders are available. The psychotherapeutic interventions of choice are currently cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT). The antidepressants of choice are currently selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). Especially on relapse prevention and the evaluation of the combination of psychotherapy with antidepressant medication further studies are necessary