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Carlos Montúfar (1780-1816) war ab Quito das dritte ständige Mitglied der amerikanischen Humboldt-Expedition zusammen mit Aimé Bonpland. Das Tagebuch, das er vom 9. Juni bis zum 10. September 1802 kurz vor Cajamarca führte, ist von Interesse für Humboldt-Forscher, zumal Bonpland scheinbar keine Zeugnisse weder in Brief- noch in Tagebuchform überlieferte. Recherchen am Original des Montúfar-Tagebuchs ergaben, dass die 1888 veröffentlichte Transkription durch Marcos Jiménez de la Espada aus verschiedenen Gründen problematisch ist. Es muss deshalb ein Desiderat der Humboldt-Forschung sein, eine korrigierte und kommentierte Transkription vorzulegen. Das geschieht hier zusammen mit einer digitalisierten Kopie des Originals
Im Juli des Jahres 1841 kommt es zu einem Treffen zwischen zwei Männern, das zunächst belanglos erscheint, sich aber Jahre später als wichtige historische Begebenheit herausstellen wird. In seinem Pariser Büro empfängt der 71jährige Naturforscher Alexander von Humboldt den jungen Preußen Ludwig Leichhardt. Der angehende Naturwissenschaftler erhofft sich Zuspruch und Empfehlung des berühmten Alexander von Humboldts. Die Unterredung ist kurz und verläuft für Leichhardt ergebnislos. Es wird das einzige Treffen der beiden Naturwissenschaftler bleiben. Aus heutiger Sicht unverständlich, da Ludwig Leichhardt und Alexander von Humboldt mehr verband, als ihre Leidenschaft für die Naturwissenschaften. Viel zu wenig ist sich bis jetzt den biographischen Analogien und den vergleichbaren geographischen Leistungen der beiden Preußen gewidmet worden.
Über die Autoren
(2012)
This paper develops a spatial model to analyze the stability of a market sharing agreement between two firms. We find that the stability of the cartel depends on the relative market size of each firm. Collusion is not attractive for firms with a small home market, but the incentive for collusion increases when the firm’s home market is getting larger relative to the home market of the competitor. The highest stability of a cartel and additionally the highest social welfare is found when regions are symmetric. Further we can show that a monetary transfer can stabilize the market sharing agreement.
Mit dem in §18 des Tarifvertrags für den öffentlichen Dienst (TVöD) festgeschriebenen Leistungsentgelt soll u.a. die Motivation der Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter im öffentlichen Dienst gesteigert werden. Eine motivationssteigernde Wirkung wird jedoch von Seiten der Motivationsforschung bestritten. Sie geht im Gegenteil davon aus, dass eine leistungsorientierte Bezahlung (LOB) zu einer Verdrängung der intrinsischen Motivation (Crowding-Out Effekt) führen kann. Mithilfe eines empirischen Tests der Motivation Crowding Theorie gelangt diese Arbeit zu einem differenzierteren Urteil. Es wird gezeigt, dass im Beispiel der Kreisverwaltung Potsdam Mittelmark die subjektive Wahrnehmung der LOB durch den einzelnen Beschäftigten darüber entscheidet, ob dessen Motivation verstärkt oder verdrängt wird. Jene Beschäftigten, die sich durch die LOB kontrolliert fühlen, weisen eine signifikant geringere PSM und intrinsische Motivation als diejenigen auf, die die LOB als fördernd wahrnehmen. Als zentraler Faktor für das Urteil der Beschäftigten wird die wahrgenommene Fairness des Systems identifiziert.
Henning Rohwer wird im Dorf Esau genannt, weil sein Vater sich dazu entschieden hat, die Erbfolge zu durchbrechen und seinen Bauernhof nicht dem erstgeborenen Henning zu übertragen, sondern dem zweiten geeigneteren Sohn Fritz. Fritz soll Anna Harder heiraten. Henning versucht, durch Anritzen des Pferdegeschirrs die Brautfahrt der beiden mit einem tödlichen Unfall enden zu lassen und sich auf diese Weise den Hof zurückzuerobern. Diese Geschichte, die in der 1975 posthum publizierten Baasdörper Krönk andeutungsweise enthalten ist, wurde von F.E. Peters zu Lebzeiten auf Hochdeutsch veröffentlicht. Sie erzählt von dem sozialen Abstieg eines Verstoßenen und den archaischen Selektionsmechanismen und Abwehrstrategien einer Dorfgemeinschaft, die Verstöße ihrer Mitglieder gegen den bäuerlichen Sitten- und Ehrenkodex hart ahndet.
Climate is the principal driving force of hydrological extremes like floods and attributing generating mechanisms is an essential prerequisite for understanding past, present, and future flood variability. Successively enhanced radiative forcing under global warming enhances atmospheric water-holding capacity and is expected to increase the likelihood of strong floods. In addition, natural climate variability affects the frequency and magnitude of these events on annual to millennial time-scales. Particularly in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, correlations between meteorological variables and hydrological indices suggest significant effects of changing climate boundary conditions on floods. To date, however, understanding of flood responses to changing climate boundary conditions is limited due to the scarcity of hydrological data in space and time. Exploring paleoclimate archives like annually laminated (varved) lake sediments allows to fill this gap in knowledge offering precise dated time-series of flood variability for millennia. During river floods, detrital catchment material is eroded and transported in suspension by fluid turbulence into downstream lakes. In the water body the transport capacity of the inflowing turbidity current successively diminishes leading to the deposition of detrital layers on the lake floor. Intercalated into annual laminations these detrital layers can be dated down to seasonal resolution. Microfacies analyses and X-ray fluorescence scanning (µ-XRF) at 200 µm resolution were conducted on the varved Mid- to Late Holocene interval of two sediment profiles from pre-alpine Lake Ammersee (southern Germany) located in a proximal (AS10prox) and distal (AS10dist) position towards the main tributary River Ammer. To shed light on sediment distribution within the lake, particular emphasis was (1) the detection of intercalated detrital layers and their micro-sedimentological features, and (2) intra-basin correlation of these deposits. Detrital layers were dated down to the season by microscopic varve counting and determination of the microstratigraphic position within a varve. The resulting chronology is verified by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating of 14 terrestrial plant macrofossils. Since ~5500 varve years before present (vyr BP), in total 1573 detrital layers were detected in either one or both of the investigated sediment profiles. Based on their microfacies, geochemistry, and proximal-distal deposition pattern, detrital layers were interpreted as River Ammer flood deposits. Calibration of the flood layer record using instrumental daily River Ammer runoff data from AD 1926 to 1999 proves the flood layer succession to represent a significant time-series of major River Ammer floods in spring and summer, the flood season in the Ammersee region. Flood layer frequency trends are in agreement with decadal variations of the East Atlantic-Western Russia (EA-WR) atmospheric pattern back to 200 yr BP (end of the used atmospheric data) and solar activity back to 5500 vyr BP. Enhanced flood frequency corresponds to the negative EA-WR phase and reduced solar activity. These common links point to a central role of varying large-scale atmospheric circulation over Europe for flood frequency in the Ammersee region and suggest that these atmospheric variations, in turn, are likely modified by solar variability during the past 5500 years. Furthermore, the flood layer record indicates three shifts in mean layer thickness and frequency of different manifestation in both sediment profiles at ~5500, ~2800, and ~500 vyr BP. Combining information from both sediment profiles enabled to interpret these shifts in terms of stepwise increases in mean flood intensity. Likely triggers of these shifts are gradual reduction of Northern Hemisphere orbital summer forcing and long-term solar activity minima. Hypothesized atmospheric response to this forcing is hemispheric cooling that enhances equator-to-pole temperature gradients and potential energy in the troposphere. This energy is transferred into stronger westerly cyclones, more extreme precipitation, and intensified floods at Lake Ammersee. Interpretation of flood layer frequency and thickness data in combination with reanalysis models and time-series analysis allowed to reconstruct the flood history and to decipher flood triggering climate mechanisms in the Ammersee region throughout the past 5500 years. Flood frequency and intensity are not stationary, but influenced by multi-causal climate forcing of large-scale atmospheric modes on time-scales from years to millennia. These results challenge future projections that propose an increase in floods when Earth warms based only on the assumption of an enhanced hydrological cycle.
The field of machine learning studies algorithms that infer predictive models from data. Predictive models are applicable for many practical tasks such as spam filtering, face and handwritten digit recognition, and personalized product recommendation. In general, they are used to predict a target label for a given data instance. In order to make an informed decision about the deployment of a predictive model, it is crucial to know the model’s approximate performance. To evaluate performance, a set of labeled test instances is required that is drawn from the distribution the model will be exposed to at application time. In many practical scenarios, unlabeled test instances are readily available, but the process of labeling them can be a time- and cost-intensive task and may involve a human expert. This thesis addresses the problem of evaluating a given predictive model accurately with minimal labeling effort. We study an active model evaluation process that selects certain instances of the data according to an instrumental sampling distribution and queries their labels. We derive sampling distributions that minimize estimation error with respect to different performance measures such as error rate, mean squared error, and F-measures. An analysis of the distribution that governs the estimator leads to confidence intervals, which indicate how precise the error estimation is. Labeling costs may vary across different instances depending on certain characteristics of the data. For instance, documents differ in their length, comprehensibility, and technical requirements; these attributes affect the time a human labeler needs to judge relevance or to assign topics. To address this, the sampling distribution is extended to incorporate instance-specific costs. We empirically study conditions under which the active evaluation processes are more accurate than a standard estimate that draws equally many instances from the test distribution. We also address the problem of comparing the risks of two predictive models. The standard approach would be to draw instances according to the test distribution, label the selected instances, and apply statistical tests to identify significant differences. Drawing instances according to an instrumental distribution affects the power of a statistical test. We derive a sampling procedure that maximizes test power when used to select instances, and thereby minimizes the likelihood of choosing the inferior model. Furthermore, we investigate the task of comparing several alternative models; the objective of an evaluation could be to rank the models according to the risk that they incur or to identify the model with lowest risk. An experimental study shows that the active procedure leads to higher test power than the standard test in many application domains. Finally, we study the problem of evaluating the performance of ranking functions, which are used for example for web search. In practice, ranking performance is estimated by applying a given ranking model to a representative set of test queries and manually assessing the relevance of all retrieved items for each query. We apply the concepts of active evaluation and active comparison to ranking functions and derive optimal sampling distributions for the commonly used performance measures Discounted Cumulative Gain and Expected Reciprocal Rank. Experiments on web search engine data illustrate significant reductions in labeling costs.
The potential increase in frequency and magnitude of extreme floods is currently discussed in terms of global warming and the intensification of the hydrological cycle. The profound knowledge of past natural variability of floods is of utmost importance in order to assess flood risk for the future. Since instrumental flood series cover only the last ~150 years, other approaches to reconstruct historical and pre-historical flood events are needed. Annually laminated (varved) lake sediments are meaningful natural geoarchives because they provide continuous records of environmental changes > 10000 years down to a seasonal resolution. Since lake basins additionally act as natural sediment traps, the riverine sediment supply, which is preserved as detrital event layers in the lake sediments, can be used as a proxy for extreme discharge events. Within my thesis I examined a ~ 8.50 m long sedimentary record from the pre-Alpine Lake Mondsee (Northeast European Alps), which covered the last 7000 years. This sediment record consists of calcite varves and intercalated detrital layers, which range in thickness from 0.05 to 32 mm. Detrital layer deposition was analysed by a combined method of microfacies analysis via thin sections, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), μX-ray fluorescence (μXRF) scanning and magnetic susceptibility. This approach allows characterizing individual detrital event layers and assigning a corresponding input mechanism and catchment. Based on varve counting and controlled by 14C age dates, the main goals of this thesis are (i) to identify seasonal runoff processes, which lead to significant sediment supply from the catchment into the lake basin and (ii) to investigate flood frequency under changing climate boundary conditions. This thesis follows a line of different time slices, presenting an integrative approach linking instrumental and historical flood data from Lake Mondsee in order to evaluate the flood record inferred from Lake Mondsee sediments. The investigation of eleven short cores covering the last 100 years reveals the abundance of 12 detrital layers. Therein, two types of detrital layers are distinguished by grain size, geochemical composition and distribution pattern within the lake basin. Detrital layers, which are enriched in siliciclastic and dolomitic material, reveal sediment supply from the Flysch sediments and Northern Calcareous Alps into the lake basin. These layers are thicker in the northern lake basin (0.1-3.9 mm) and thinner in the southern lake basin (0.05-1.6 mm). Detrital layers, which are enriched in dolomitic components forming graded detrital layers (turbidites), indicate the provenance from the Northern Calcareous Alps. These layers are generally thicker (0.65-32 mm) and are solely recorded within the southern lake basin. In comparison with instrumental data, thicker graded layers result from local debris flow events in summer, whereas thin layers are deposited during regional flood events in spring/summer. Extreme summer floods as reported from flood layer deposition are principally caused by cyclonic activity from the Mediterranean Sea, e.g. July 1954, July 1997 and August 2002. During the last two millennia, Lake Mondsee sediments reveal two significant flood intervals with decadal-scale flood episodes, during the Dark Ages Cold Period (DACP) and the transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) into the Little Ice Age (LIA) suggesting a linkage of transition to climate cooling and summer flood recurrences in the Northeastern Alps. In contrast, intermediate or decreased flood episodes appeared during the MWP and the LIA. This indicates a non-straightforward relationship between temperature and flood recurrence, suggesting higher cyclonic activity during climate transition in the Northeast Alps. The 7000-year flood chronology reveals 47 debris flows and 269 floods, with increased flood activity shifting around 3500 and 1500 varve yr BP (varve yr BP = varve years before present, before present = AD 1950). This significant increase in flood activity shows a coincidence with millennial-scale climate cooling that is reported from main Alpine glacier advances and lower tree lines in the European Alps since about 3300 cal. yr BP (calibrated years before present). Despite relatively low flood occurrence prior to 1500 varve yr BP, floods at Lake Mondsee could have also influenced human life in early Neolithic lake dwellings (5750-4750 cal. yr BP). While the first lake dwellings were constructed on wetlands, the later lake dwellings were built on piles in the water suggesting an early flood risk adaptation of humans and/or a general change of the Late Neolithic Culture of lake-dwellers because of socio-economic reasons. However, a direct relationship between the final abandonment of the lake dwellings and higher flood frequencies is not evidenced.
A discrete analogue of the Witten Laplacian on the n-dimensional integer lattice is considered. After rescaling of the operator and the lattice size we analyze the tunnel effect between different wells, providing sharp asymptotics of the low-lying spectrum. Our proof, inspired by work of B. Helffer, M. Klein and F. Nier in continuous setting, is based on the construction of a discrete Witten complex and a semiclassical analysis of the corresponding discrete Witten Laplacian on 1-forms. The result can be reformulated in terms of metastable Markov processes on the lattice.
Assuming that liquid iron alloy from the outer core interacts with the solid silicate-rich lower mantle the influence on the core-mantle reflected phase PcP is studied. If the core-mantle boundary is not a sharp discontinuity, this becomes apparent in the waveform and amplitude of PcP. Iron-silicate mixing would lead to regions of partial melting with higher density which in turn reduces the velocity of seismic waves. On the basis of the calculation and interpretation of short-period synthetic seismograms, using the reflectivity and Gauss Beam method, a model space is evaluated for these ultra-low velocity zones (ULVZs). The aim of this thesis is to analyse the behaviour of PcP between 10° and 40° source distance for such models using different velocity and density configurations. Furthermore, the resolution limits of seismic data are discussed. The influence of the assumed layer thickness, dominant source frequency and ULVZ topography are analysed. The Gräfenberg and NORSAR arrays are then used to investigate PcP from deep earthquakes and nuclear explosions. The seismic resolution of an ULVZ is limited both for velocity and density contrasts and layer thicknesses. Even a very thin global core-mantle transition zone (CMTZ), rather than a discrete boundary and also with strong impedance contrasts, seems possible: If no precursor is observable but the PcP_model /PcP_smooth amplitude reduction amounts to more than 10%, a very thin ULVZ of 5 km with a first-order discontinuity may exist. Otherwise, if amplitude reductions of less than 10% are obtained, this could indicate either a moderate, thin ULVZ or a gradient mantle-side CMTZ. Synthetic computations reveal notable amplitude variations as function of the distance and the impedance contrasts. Thereby a primary density effect in the very steep-angle range and a pronounced velocity dependency in the wide-angle region can be predicted. In view of the modelled findings, there is evidence for a 10 to 13.5 km thick ULVZ 600 km south-eastern of Moscow with a NW-SE extension of about 450 km. Here a single specific assumption about the velocity and density anomaly is not possible. This is in agreement with the synthetic results in which several models create similar amplitude-waveform characteristics. For example, a ULVZ model with contrasts of -5% VP , -15% VS and +5% density explain the measured PcP amplitudes. Moreover, below SW Finland and NNW of the Caspian Sea a CMB topography can be assumed. The amplitude measurements indicate a wavelength of 200 km and a height of 1 km topography, previously also shown in the study by Kampfmann and Müller (1989). Better constraints might be provided by a joined analysis of seismological data, mineralogical experiments and geodynamic modelling.
Seit Mitte 1950er Jahre hatten Bundesregierungen immer wieder betont, dass die Bundesrepublik „kein „Einwanderungsland“ sei. Das Bekenntnis der Rot-Grünen Koalition zum „Einwanderungsland“ und die Reformen im Bereich des Staatsbürgerschaftsrechts (1999), des Arbeitsrechts (2000) und der Zuwanderung (2004) markierte daher für viele Experten einen Paradigmawandel in der deutschen Immigrations- und Integrationspolitik. Dieser Wandel ist nie systematisch untersucht worden. Für den Zeitraum von 1981 bis 2005 geht die Arbeit auf der Basis einer stichwortbasierten Inhaltsanalyse und eines Gesetzgebungsindexes deshalb den Fragen nach, (1) inwieweit sich Veränderungen in der politischen Zuwanderungsdiskussion in Deutschland am Beispiel des Deutschen Bundestags nachweisen lassen (Diskursebene), (2) inwiefern die gesetzliche Steuerung und Regulierung von Immigration und Integration in dieser Periode von Liberalisierungstendenzen gekennzeichnet war (Policyebene), und (3) in welchem Verhältnis Diskurs und Policy zueinander stehen. Politische, ökonomische und gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen werden dabei berücksichtigt. Theoretisch basiert die Arbeit auf den Annahmen der Punctuated Equilibrium Theory, die etwas ausführlicher dargestellt und mit den Konzepten Paradigma, Frame und Policywandel verbunden wird.
This document presents an axiom selection technique for classic first order theorem proving based on the relevance of axioms for the proof of a conjecture. It is based on unifiability of predicates and does not need statistical information like symbol frequency. The scope of the technique is the reduction of the set of axioms and the increase of the amount of provable conjectures in a given time. Since the technique generates a subset of the axiom set, it can be used as a preprocessor for automated theorem proving. This technical report describes the conception, implementation and evaluation of ARDE. The selection method, which is based on a breadth-first graph search by unifiability of predicates, is a weakened form of the connection calculus and uses specialised variants or unifiability to speed up the selection. The implementation of the concept is evaluated with comparison to the results of the world championship of theorem provers of the year 2012 (CASC J6). It is shown that both the theorem prover leanCoP which uses the connection calculus and E which uses equality reasoning, can benefit from the selection approach. Also, the evaluation shows that the concept is applyable for theorem proving problems with thousands of formulae and that the selection is independent from the calculus used by the theorem prover.
Aufstiege aus der Mittelschicht : soziale Aufstiegsmobilität von Haushalten zwischen 1984 und 2010
(2012)
Die Dissertation widmet sich den intragenerationalen Aufstiegsprozessen von Haushalten aus der Mittelschicht zu den Wohlhabenden. Intragenerationale Mobilitätsforschung wird bislang vor allem als arbeitsmarktbezogene Inidivualmobilität angesehen. Diese Dissertation erweitert den Ansatz auf die Ebene des Haushaltes. Dem liegt der Gedanke zugrunde, dass die soziale Position eines Individuums nicht allein durch sein Erwerbseinkommen determiniert wird. Ebenso entscheidend ist der Kontext des Haushaltes. Dieser bestimmt darüber, wie viele Personen zum Einkommen beitragen können und wie viele daran partizipieren. Weiterhin kommt der Haushaltsebene in Paar-Haushalten die Rolle des Aushandlungsortes zu. Hier wird über Familienplanung, Kinderwunsch und damit in Zusammenhang stehend auch über die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Partner entscheiden. Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht diese Annahmen mithilfe von Daten des Sozioökonomischen Panels (SOEP) der Jahre 1984 bis 2010. Der Fokus liegt auf der Erwerbsbeteiligung und dem Bildungsniveau des Haushaltes, seiner Struktur, sowie dem Beruf des Haushaltsvorstandes. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass dies die Hauptfaktoren sind, die über die finanziellen Möglichkeiten eines Haushaltes entscheiden. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt in der Berücksichtigung des historischen Kontextes, da anzunehmen ist, dass die oben benannten Faktoren sich und ihren Einfluss auf die Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten von Haushalten im historischen Verlauf verändert haben.
The Sun is surrounded by a 10^6 K hot atmosphere, the corona. The corona and the solar wind are fully ionized, and therefore in the plasma state. Magnetic fields play an important role in a plasma, since they bind electrically charged particles to their field lines. EUV spectroscopes, like the SUMER instrument on-board the SOHO spacecraft, reveal a preferred heating of coronal ions and strong temperature anisotropies. Velocity distributions of electrons can be measured directly in the solar wind, e.g. with the 3DPlasma instrument on-board the WIND satellite. They show a thermal core, an anisotropic suprathermal halo, and an anti-solar, magnetic-field-aligned, beam or "strahl". For an understanding of the physical processes in the corona, an adequate description of the plasma is needed. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) treats the plasma simply as an electrically conductive fluid. Multi-fluid models consider e.g. protons and electrons as separate fluids. They enable a description of many macroscopic plasma processes. However, fluid models are based on the assumption of a plasma near thermodynamic equilibrium. But the solar corona is far away from this. Furthermore, fluid models cannot describe processes like the interaction with electromagnetic waves on a microscopic scale. Kinetic models, which are based on particle velocity distributions, do not show these limitations, and are therefore well-suited for an explanation of the observations listed above. For the simplest kinetic models, the mirror force in the interplanetary magnetic field focuses solar wind electrons into an extremely narrow beam, which is contradicted by observations. Therefore, a scattering mechanism must exist that counteracts the mirror force. In this thesis, a kinetic model for electrons in the solar corona and wind is presented that provides electron scattering by resonant interaction with whistler waves. The kinetic model reproduces the observed components of solar wind electron distributions, i.e. core, halo, and a "strahl" with finite width. But the model is not only applicable on the quiet Sun. The propagation of energetic electrons from a solar flare is studied, and it is found that scattering in the direction of propagation and energy diffusion influence the arrival times of flare electrons at Earth approximately to the same degree. In the corona, the interaction of electrons with whistler waves does not only lead to scattering, but also to the formation of a suprathermal halo, as it is observed in interplanetary space. This effect is studied both for the solar wind as well as the closed volume of a coronal magnetic loop. The result is of fundamental importance for solar-stellar relations. The quiet solar corona always produces suprathermal electrons. This process is closely related to coronal heating, and can therefore be expected in any hot stellar corona. In the second part of this thesis it is detailed how to calculate growth or damping rates of plasma waves from electron velocity distributions. The emission and propagation of electron cyclotron waves in the quiet solar corona, and that of whistler waves during solar flares, is studied. The latter can be observed as so-called fiber bursts in dynamic radio spectra, and the results are in good agreement with observed bursts.
This study is based on an editorial report, which was presented at the 2009 working conference »Alexander von Humboldt and the Hemisphere« at Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN). It demonstrates the textual genesis of Humboldt’s writings on Cuba through examples, which were obtained from a detailed text comparison of the three existing »original« versions of Humboldt’s Essai politique sur l’île de Cuba. The collation was part of a larger strategy to regain philological ground for the »Humboldt in English« (HiE) project. Since 2007 and funded with grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation, and the Gerda Henkel Foundation, the US-German research team behind HiE has been working on new and unabridged translations and critical editions of three of Humboldt’s most significant texts from his American oeuvre.1 The following observations will outline the most important results of this collation effort as a complementary contribution to the recent release of the HiE project’s first volume, The Political Essay on the Island of Cuba (Chicago University Press 2011), edited by Vera M. Kutzinski and Ottmar Ette.
Die Restenose stellt ein zentrales Problem der interventionellen Kardiologie dar und ist häufigste Komplikation nach perkutanen Angioplastieverfahren. Hauptursache dieser Wiederverengung des Gefäßes ist die Bildung einer Neointima durch die Proliferation transdifferenzierter vaskulärer glatter Muskelzellen und die Sekretion extrazellulärer Matrix. Die Entstehung reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) und die Entzündungsreaktion nach der Gefäßverletzung werden als frühe, die Neointimabildung induzierende Prozesse diskutiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden mehrere Projekte bearbeitet, die Aufschluss über die während der Neointimabildung statt findenden Prozesse geben sollen. Mit Hilfe eines Verletzungsmodells der murinen Femoralarterie wurde der Einfluss der Entzündung und der ROS-Bildung auf die Neointimabildung in der Maus untersucht. Die Behandlung mit dem mitochondrialen Superoxiddismutase-Mimetikum MitoTEMPO verminderte die Bildung der Neointima besser, als die Behandlung mit dem globalen ROS-Fänger N-Acetylcystein. Die stärkste Hemmung der Neointimabildung wurde jedoch durch die Immunsuppression mit Rapamycin erreicht. Interferon-γ (INFγ) ist ein wichtiges Zytokin der Th1-Immunantwort, das in Folge der Gefäßverletzung freigesetzt wird und die proinflammatorischen Chemokine CXCL9 (MIG, Monokine Induced by INF), CXCL10 (IP-10, INF inducible Protein of 10 kDa) und CXCL11 (I-TAC, Interferon inducible T cell-Chemoattractant) induziert. CXCL9, CXCL10 und CXCL11 sind Liganden des CXC-Chemokinrezeptors 3 (CXCR3) und locken chemotaktisch CXCR3 positive Entzündungszellen zum Ort der Gefäßverletzung. Daher wurde die spezielle Bedeutung des Chemokins CXCL10 in der Restenose untersucht. Dazu wurden CXCL10-defiziente Mäuse dem Femoralisverletzungsmodell unterzogen und die Gefäße nach 14 Tagen morphometrisch und immunhistologisch untersucht. CXCL10-Defizienz führte in Mäusen zu einer verminderten Neointimabildung, die mit einer verringerten Inflammation, Apoptose und Proliferation im verletzten Gefäß korrelierte. Neben der Inflammation beeinflusst aber auch die Reendothelialisierung der verletzten Gefäßwand die Restenose. Interessanterweise war im Vergleich zu Wildtyp-Mäusen in den CXCL10-Knockout-Mäusen auch die Reendothelialisierung erheblich verbessert. Offensichtlich ist das CXCR3-Chemokinsystem also in völlig unterschiedliche biologische Prozesse involviert und beeinflusst nicht nur die Bildung der Neoimtima durch die Förderung der Entzündung, sondern auch die Unterdrückung der Reendothelialisierung der verletzten Gefäßwand. Tatsächlich wird der CXCR3 nicht nur auf Entzündungszellen, sondern auch auf Endothelzellen exprimiert. Zur separaten Untersuchung der Rolle des CXCR3 in der Inflammation und der Reendothelialisierung wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit damit begonnen konditionelle CXCR3-Knockout-Mäuse zu generieren, in denen der CXCR3 entweder in Entzündungszellen oder in Endothelzellen ausgeschaltet ist. Zum besseren Verständnis der molekularen Mechanismen, mit denen der CXCR3 seine Funktionen vermittelt, wurde zudem untersucht ob dieser mit anderen G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren (GPCR) interagiert. Die Analyse von Coimmunpräzipitaten deutet auf eine Homodimerisierung der beiden CXCR3 Splicevarianten CXCR3A und CXCR3B, sowie auf die Heterodimerbildung von CXCR3A und CXCR3B mit sich, sowie jeweils mit CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 und den Opioidrezeptoren MOR und KOR hin. Die getestete Methode des Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energietransfers (FRET) erwies sich jedoch als ungeeignet zur Untersuchung von CXCR3, da dieser in HEK293T-Zellen nicht korrekt transient exprimiert wurde. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit darauf hin, dass das CXCR3-Chemokinsystem eine zentrale Rolle in unterschiedlichen, die Neointimabildung beeinflussenden Prozessen spielt. Damit könnten der CXCR3 und insbesondere das Chemokin CXCL10 interessante Zielmoleküle in der Entwicklung neuer verbesserter Therapien zur Verhinderung der Restenose darstellen.
Flux-P
(2012)
Quantitative knowledge of intracellular fluxes in metabolic networks is invaluable for inferring metabolic system behavior and the design principles of biological systems. However, intracellular reaction rates can not often be calculated directly but have to be estimated; for instance, via 13C-based metabolic flux analysis, a model-based interpretation of stable carbon isotope patterns in intermediates of metabolism. Existing software such as FiatFlux, OpenFLUX or 13CFLUX supports experts in this complex analysis, but requires several steps that have to be carried out manually, hence restricting the use of this software for data interpretation to a rather small number of experiments. In this paper, we present Flux-P as an approach to automate and standardize 13C-based metabolic flux analysis, using the Bio-jETI workflow framework. Exemplarily based on the FiatFlux software, it demonstrates how services can be created that carry out the different analysis steps autonomously and how these can subsequently be assembled into software workflows that perform automated, high-throughput intracellular flux analysis of high quality and reproducibility. Besides significant acceleration and standardization of the data analysis, the agile workflow-based realization supports flexible changes of the analysis workflows on the user level, making it easy to perform custom analyses.
This study follows the debate in comparative public administration research on the role of advisory arrangements in central governments. The aim of this study is to explain the mechanisms by which these actors gain their alleged role in government decision-making. Hence, it analyses advisory arrangements that are proactively involved in executive decision-making and may compete with the permanent bureaucracy by offering policy advice to political executives. The study argues that these advisory arrangements influence government policy-making by "institutional politics", i.e. by shaping the institutional underpinnings to govern or rather the "rules of the executive game" in order to strengthen their own position or that of their clients. The theoretical argument of this study follows the neo-institutionalist turn in organization theory and defines institutional politics as gradual institutionalization processes between institutions and organizational actors. It applies a broader definition of institutions as sets of regulative, normative and cognitive pillars. Following the "power-distributional approach" such gradual institutionalization processes are influenced by structure-oriented characteristics, i.e. the nature of the objects of institutional politics, in particular the freedom of interpretation in their application, as well as the distinct constraints of the institutional context. In addition, institutional politics are influenced by agency-oriented characteristics, i.e. the ambitions of actors to act as "would-be change agents". These two explanatory dimensions result in four ideal-typical mechanisms of institutional politics: layering, displacement, drift, and conversion, which correspond to four ideal-types of would-be change agents. The study examines the ambitions of advisory arrangements in institutional politics in an exploratory manner, the relevance of the institutional context is analyzed via expectation hypotheses on the effects of four institutional context features that are regarded as relevant in the scholarly debate: (1) the party composition of governments, (2) the structuring principles in cabinet, (3) the administrative tradition, and (4) the formal politicization of the ministerial bureaucracy. The study follows a "most similar systems design" and conducts qualitative case studies on the role of advisory arrangements at the center of German and British governments, i.e. the Prime Minister’s Office and the Ministry of Finance, for a longer period (1969/1970-2005). Three time periods are scrutinized per country; the British case studies examine the role of advisory arrangements at the Cabinet Office, the Prime Minister's Office, and the Ministry of Finance under Prime Ministers Heath (1970-74), Thatcher (1979-87) and Blair (1997-2005). The German case studies study the role of advisory arrangements at the Federal Chancellery and the Federal Ministry of Finance during the Brandt government (1969-74), the Kohl government (1982-1987) and the Schröder government (1998-2005). For the empirical analysis, the results of a document analysis and the findings of 75 semi-structured expert interviews have been triangulated. The comparative analysis reveals different patterns of institutional politics. The German advisory arrangements engaged initially in displacement but turned soon towards layering and drift, i.e. after an initial displacement of the pre-existing institutional underpinnings to govern they laid increasingly new elements onto existing ones and took the non-deliberative decision to neglect the adaption of existing rules of the executive game towards changing environmental demands. The British advisory arrangements were mostly involved in displacement and conversion, despite occasional layering, i.e. they displaced the pre-existing institutional underpinnings to govern with new rules of the executive game and transformed and realigned them, sometimes also layering new elements onto pre-existing ones. The structure- and agency-oriented characteristics explain these patterns of institutional politics. First, the study shows that the institutional context limits the institutional politics in Germany and facilitates the institutional politics in the UK. Second, the freedom of interpreting the application of institutional targets is relevant and could be observed via the different ambitions of advisory arrangements across countries and over time, confirming, third, that the interests of such would-be change agents are likewise important to understand the patterns of institutional politics. The study concludes that the role of advisory arrangements in government policy-making rests not only upon their policy-related, party-political or media-advisory role for political executives, but especially upon their activities in institutional politics, resulting in distinct institutional constraints on all actors in government policy-making – including their own role in these processes.
The distinctness of, and overlap between, pea genotypes held in several Pisum germplasm collections has been used to determine their relatedness and to test previous ideas about the genetic diversity of Pisum. Our characterisation of genetic diversity among 4,538 Pisum accessions held in 7 European Genebanks has identified sources of novel genetic variation, and both reinforces and refines previous interpretations of the overall structure of genetic diversity in Pisum. Molecular marker analysis was based upon the presence/absence of polymorphism of retrotransposon insertions scored by a high-throughput microarray and SSAP approaches. We conclude that the diversity of Pisum constitutes a broad continuum, with graded differentiation into sub-populations which display various degrees of distinctness. The most distinct genetic groups correspond to the named taxa while the cultivars and landraces of Pisum sativum can be divided into two broad types, one of which is strongly enriched for modern cultivars. The addition of germplasm sets from six European Genebanks, chosen to represent high diversity, to a single collection previously studied with these markers resulted in modest additions to the overall diversity observed, suggesting that the great majority of the total genetic diversity collected for the Pisum genus has now been described. Two interesting sources of novel genetic variation have been identified. Finally, we have proposed reference sets of core accessions with a range of sample sizes to represent Pisum diversity for the future study and exploitation by researchers and breeders.
This article examines two so-far-understudied verb doubling constructions in Mandarin Chinese, viz., verb doubling clefts and verb doubling lian…dou. We show that these constructions have the same internal syntax as regular clefts and lian…dou sentences, the doubling effect being epiphenomenal; therefore, we classify them as subtypes of the general cleft and lian…dou constructions, respectively, rather than as independent constructions. Additionally, we also show that, as in many other languages with comparable constructions, the two instances of the verb are part of a single movement chain, which has the peculiarity of allowing Spell-Out of more than one link.
Уголовно-процессуальный кодекс ФРГ (УПК ФРГ) является основным законодательным актом, регулирующим немецкий уголовный процесс. В данное издание входят трансформация УПК ФРГ на русский язык и юридические комментарии, призванные облегчить читателю правильное языковое понимание и правовое толкование текста немецкого уголовно-процессуального закона. Трансформация текста закона основана на принципах функционального перевода, подразумевающего точную передачу смысла закона, в соответствии с научным толкованием юридических терминов и правовых институтов, объяснённым в комментариях. Помимо толкования понятий, в комментариях кратко представлены актуальные дискуссии в доктрине и судебной практике в отношении отдельных норм, а также последние изменения и дополнения, внесённые в закон, и краткая информация о содержании других законодательных актов, связанных с положениями УПК ФРГ. Вступительная статья содержит обзор уголовного процесса ФРГ и представляет собой введение в немецкое уголовно-процессуальное право. Книга адресована не только юристам-практикам и правоведам, но и всем тем, кто в силу профессиональной деятельности или в процессе обучения интересуется уголовным процессом ФРГ. Текст закона представлен в редакции от 21 июля 2012 года.
Background
High blood glucose and diabetes are amongst the conditions causing the greatest losses in years of healthy life worldwide. Therefore, numerous studies aim to identify reliable risk markers for development of impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes. However, the molecular basis of impaired glucose metabolism is so far insufficiently understood. The development of so called 'omics' approaches in the recent years promises to identify molecular markers and to further understand the molecular basis of impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes. Although univariate statistical approaches are often applied, we demonstrate here that the application of multivariate statistical approaches is highly recommended to fully capture the complexity of data gained using high-throughput methods.
Methods
We took blood plasma samples from 172 subjects who participated in the prospective Metabolic Syndrome Berlin Potsdam follow-up study (MESY-BEPO Follow-up). We analysed these samples using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and measured 286 metabolites. Furthermore, fasting glucose levels were measured using standard methods at baseline, and after an average of six years. We did correlation analysis and built linear regression models as well as Random Forest regression models to identify metabolites that predict the development of fasting glucose in our cohort.
Results
We found a metabolic pattern consisting of nine metabolites that predicted fasting glucose development with an accuracy of 0.47 in tenfold cross-validation using Random Forest regression. We also showed that adding established risk markers did not improve the model accuracy. However, external validation is eventually desirable. Although not all metabolites belonging to the final pattern are identified yet, the pattern directs attention to amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and redox homeostasis.
Conclusions
We demonstrate that metabolites identified using a high-throughput method (GC-MS) perform well in predicting the development of fasting plasma glucose over several years. Notably, not single, but a complex pattern of metabolites propels the prediction and therefore reflects the complexity of the underlying molecular mechanisms. This result could only be captured by application of multivariate statistical approaches. Therefore, we highly recommend the usage of statistical methods that seize the complexity of the information given by high-throughput methods.
Inhalt: I. Einleitung und Problemstellung II. Der Erwerb einer Staatsangehörigkeit durch Einbürgerung III. Extraterritoriale Kollektiveinbürgerungen IV. Aktuelle Einbürgerungspraxis in Mittel- und Osteuropa V. Die Beurteilung extraterritorialer Kollektiveinbürgerungen anhand völker- und menschenrechtlicher Normen und Prinzipien VI. Anwendung der Prinzipien auf die Einbürgerungspraxis der mittel- und osteuropäischen Staaten VII. Schlussfolgerung
Videos related to the maps
(2012)
Deepening Understanding
(2012)
China und Indien
(2012)
Der Artikel analysiert die neue Rolle aufsteigender Schwellenländer
in den internationalen Klimaverhandlungen am Beispiel Chinas und
Indiens. Die Ablehnung verbindlicher Reduktionsziele für Treibhausgase
wurde in Kopenhagen als Blockadepolitik beider Länder gewertet.
China und Indien können sich in ihrer Position behaupten, da ihr
gestiegenes Gewicht in der multipolaren Weltordnung und die Untätigkeit
führender Industrieländer ihre Verhandlungsposition stärkt. Die
Autorin diskutiert Kooperationsmöglichkeiten auf subnationaler Ebene,
die die Blockadeposition nationaler Regierungen umgehen können.
Mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of the staurolite-chloritoid schists from Poshtuk, NW Iran
(2012)
The Poshtuk metapelitic rocks in northwestern Iran underwent two main phases of regional and contact metamorphism. Microstructures, textural features and field relations indicate that these rocks underwent a polymetamorphic history. The dominant metamorphic assemblage of the metapelites is garnet, staurolite, chloritoid, chlorite, muscovite and quartz, which grew mainly syntectonically during the later contact metamorphic event. Peak metamorphic conditions of this event took place at 580 ◦ C and ∼ 3–4 kbar, indicating that this event occurred under high-temperature and low-pressure conditions (HT/LP metamorphism), which reflects the high heat flow in this part of the crust. This event is mainly controlled by advective heat input through magmatic intrusions into all levels of the crust. These extensive Eocene metamorphic and magmatic activities can be associated with the early Alpine Orogeny, which resulted in this area from the convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian plates, and the Cenozoic closure of the Tethys oceanic tract(s).
Tensorial spacetime geometries carrying predictive, interpretable and quantizable matter dynamics
(2012)
Which tensor fields G on a smooth manifold M can serve as a spacetime structure? In the first part of this thesis, it is found that only a severely restricted class of tensor fields can provide classical spacetime geometries, namely those that can carry predictive, interpretable and quantizable matter dynamics. The obvious dependence of this characterization of admissible tensorial spacetime geometries on specific matter is not a weakness, but rather presents an insight: it was Maxwell theory that justified Einstein to promote Lorentzian manifolds to the status of a spacetime geometry. Any matter that does not mimick the structure of Maxwell theory, will force us to choose another geometry on which the matter dynamics of interest are predictive, interpretable and quantizable. These three physical conditions on matter impose three corresponding algebraic conditions on the totally symmetric contravariant coefficient tensor field P that determines the principal symbol of the matter field equations in terms of the geometric tensor G: the tensor field P must be hyperbolic, time-orientable and energy-distinguishing. Remarkably, these physically necessary conditions on the geometry are mathematically already sufficient to realize all kinematical constructions familiar from Lorentzian geometry, for precisely the same structural reasons. This we were able to show employing a subtle interplay of convex analysis, the theory of partial differential equations and real algebraic geometry. In the second part of this thesis, we then explore general properties of any hyperbolic, time-orientable and energy-distinguishing tensorial geometry. Physically most important are the construction of freely falling non-rotating laboratories, the appearance of admissible modified dispersion relations to particular observers, and the identification of a mechanism that explains why massive particles that are faster than some massless particles can radiate off energy until they are slower than all massless particles in any hyperbolic, time-orientable and energy-distinguishing geometry. In the third part of the thesis, we explore how tensorial spacetime geometries fare when one wants to quantize particles and fields on them. This study is motivated, in part, in order to provide the tools to calculate the rate at which superluminal particles radiate off energy to become infraluminal, as explained above. Remarkably, it is again the three geometric conditions of hyperbolicity, time-orientability and energy-distinguishability that allow the quantization of general linear electrodynamics on an area metric spacetime and the quantization of massive point particles obeying any admissible dispersion relation. We explore the issue of field equations of all possible derivative order in rather systematic fashion, and prove a practically most useful theorem that determines Dirac algebras allowing the reduction of derivative orders. The final part of the thesis presents the sketch of a truly remarkable result that was obtained building on the work of the present thesis. Particularly based on the subtle duality maps between momenta and velocities in general tensorial spacetimes, it could be shown that gravitational dynamics for hyperbolic, time-orientable and energy distinguishable geometries need not be postulated, but the formidable physical problem of their construction can be reduced to a mere mathematical task: the solution of a system of homogeneous linear partial differential equations. This far-reaching physical result on modified gravity theories is a direct, but difficult to derive, outcome of the findings in the present thesis. Throughout the thesis, the abstract theory is illustrated through instructive examples.
Auf den Spuren der griechischen Mythen bei Anton Čechov in den Werken der frühen Schaffensperiode
(2012)
Die Poetik des Alltags des russischen Schriftstellers Anton Čechov fasziniert bereits über ein Jahrhundert die Leser weltweit. Dieser Faszination liegt nicht zuletzt der griechische Mythos zugrunde, ein Kulturerbe, das die Denkweise unserer Gesellschaft tief greifend beeinflusst hat. Die antiken Gottheiten und Helden wie Apollo, Dionysos, Pythia, Narziss werden in Čechovs wenig untersuchtem Frühwerk zu Menschen des Alltags. Diese Projektion ist eine parodie- und travestiehafte Modifikation der mythischen Elementarstrukturen. In dieser Verschmelzung des Mythischen mit dem Alltäglichen wird Čechov zum Nachfolger insbesondere des antiken Dramatikers Epicharm. Methodisch basiert meine Analyse auf dem Begriffspaar von „Wiedergebrauchs-Rede“ und „Verbrauchs-Rede“ des Rhetorikers Heinrich Lausberg: Čechov erzählt die prominenten Mythen so wieder, dass sie zwar ihre Erhabenheit verlieren, ihre untergründige Kraft jedoch beibehalten und so das Selbstbild des modernen Menschen bereichern.
Relating to students
(2012)
1. The Assignment 'Devotion to Religion and acitive Citizenship' 2. The Assignment 'How are religious spread across Europe' 3. The Assignment 'Is football as important as religion?' 4. The Assignment 'Why be religious?' 5. The Assignment 'Lucky charms' 6. The Assignment 'No Creo en el Jamas' (Life after death) 7. The Assignment 'Religion and its influence on politics ans policies' 8. The Assignment 'Secularisation in Europe' 9. The Assignment 'The meaning of religious places' 10. The Assignment 'Unity in diversity' 11. Which conceptions did you find?
Der boomende Wirtschaftsriese China erfährt weltweit immer mehr Aufmerksamkeit von Politik, Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit. Gleichzeitig werden aber auch innere soziale Probleme und die großen regionalen Disparitäten des Landes angesprochen. Auch Berichte über die Situation der Wanderarbeiter in den Großstädten des Landes häufen sich. Obwohl sich die Wissenschaft ebenfalls dieses Themas angenommen hat, mangelt es noch an Untersuchungen darüber, insbesondere an solchen, die eingehend und systematisch mit empirischen Erhebungen „vor Ort“ dieses Phänomen studieren. In diese Lücke stößt die Dissertation von Ling He. In ihrem Mittelpunkt steht das Alltagsleben der Arbeitsmigranten in Peking. Dabei werden behandelt: die Migrationsmotive, die strukturellen und individuellen Rahmenbedingungen für die Arbeitsmigranten und ihre Familien, die Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen, die Bildung finanzieller Ressourcen sowie auch die Konstruktion sozialer Netzwerke und die Integration der Migranten in Peking. Außerdem geht die Dissertation ein auf die Vorteile, die für die etwa 17 Millionen Einwohner zählende Stadt durch die Beschäftigung der etwa 3 Millionen Arbeitsmigranten geschaffen werden, und sie weist auf die sozialen und ökonomischen Probleme hin, die im Zusammenhang mit der Arbeitsmigration gelöst werden müssten.
Die Krankenhäuser Ostdeutschlands in Transition : eine registerbasierte Analyse amtlicher Paneldaten
(2012)
Vorliegende Arbeit untersucht – nach intensiver Datenanalyse und -klärung – die ersten eineinhalb Jahrzehnte Transition in Ostdeutschland ökonometrisch. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die Interaktionen zwischen der allgemeinen Wirtschaft und den Krankenhäusern sowie – auf Basis der Hauptdiagnose – den in Krankenhäusern behandelten Krankheiten. Verschiedene, in den politischen Diskussionen zur Effizienz der Krankenhäuser übliche Indikatoren werden verglichen und auf ihre Eignung zur adäquaten Beschreibung von Krankenhauskosten und -leistungen geprüft. Durch Einbeziehen der Daten aus Rheinland-Pfalz wird herausgearbeitet, welche der Veränderungen in Ostdeutschland transitionsbezogen sind und ob und wie sich die transitionsbezogenen von eher transitionsunabhängigen Veränderungen trennen lassen. Dazu werden den Daten – jährlich erhobenen Angaben zu einem jeden Krankenhaus bzw. jedem Kreis des Untersuchungsgebietes – Paneldatenmodelle angepasst. Ergänzt um deskriptive Statistiken, Graphen und Choroplethenkarten sind diese Modelle Grundlage einer wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Interpretation der Veränderungen zwischen 1992 und 2005. Größten Einfluss auf die Krankenhäuser in Ost- wie in Westdeutschland haben die sich verändernden Rahmenbedingungen, zuvörderst die etappenweise Ablösung einer budgetbasierten Krankenhausfinanzierung durch eine, die auf Fallpauschalen für die verschieden schweren Krankenhausfälle (per diagnose related groups – DRG) basiert. Bereits die um das Jahr 2000 unter den Ärzten und Krankenhausmanagern beginnende Diskussion um die Fallpauschalen führt zu erheblichen Veränderungen bei der ärztlichen Diagnosestellung (bzw. -kodierung), diese Veränderungen werden diskutiert. Vor allem den Besonderheiten der Finanzierung des deutschen Gesundheitswesens ist es geschuldet, dass die Transition für die ostdeutschen Krankenhäuser sehr schnell zu einem den westlichen Krankenhäusern ähnlichen Leistungs- und Kostenniveau führt und dass mikroökonomische Unterschiede in Wirtschafts- und Sozialparametern kaum Einfluss auf die Krankenhäuser haben.
This thesis deals with two theories of international trade: the theory of comparative advantage, which is connected to the name David Ricardo and is dominating current trade theory, and Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage. Both theories are compared and their assumptions are scrutinised. The former theory is rejected on theoretical and empirical grounds in favour of the latter. On the basis of the theory of absolute advantage, developments of free international trade are examined, whereby the focus is on trade between industrial and underdeveloped countries. The main conclusions are that trade patterns are determined by absolute production cost advantages and that the gap between developed and poor countries is not reduced but rather increased by free trade.
This thesis aims at a better mechanistic understanding of animal communities. Therefore, an allometry- and individual-based model has been developed which was used to simulate mammal and bird communities in heterogeneous landscapes, and to to better understand their response to landscape changes (habitat loss and fragmentation).
In the limit we analyze the generators of families of reversible jump processes in the n-dimensional space associated with a class of symmetric non-local Dirichlet forms and show exponential decay of the eigenfunctions. The exponential rate function is a Finsler distance, given as solution of certain eikonal equation. Fine results are sensitive to the rate functions being twice differentiable or just Lipschitz. Our estimates are similar to the semiclassical Agmon estimates for differential operators of second order. They generalize and strengthen previous results on the lattice.
Inhalt: - Verschiedene Dimensionen der Nachhaltigkeit - Das Gemeinsame der verschiedenen Dimensionen - Das Streben nach einem besseren Verständnis der Welt - Nachhaltigkeit - Ein allgemeines Modell der Nachhaltigkeit: Das »Existenzraum-Modell« - Das Metasystem Erde - Die Zukunftsfähigkeit der Gesellschaft
F2C2
(2012)
Background: Flux coupling analysis (FCA) has become a useful tool in the constraint-based analysis of genome-scale metabolic networks. FCA allows detecting dependencies between reaction fluxes of metabolic networks at steady-state. On the one hand, this can help in the curation of reconstructed metabolic networks by verifying whether the coupling between reactions is in agreement with the experimental findings. On the other hand, FCA can aid in defining intervention strategies to knock out target reactions.
Results: We present a new method F2C2 for FCA, which is orders of magnitude faster than previous approaches. As a consequence, FCA of genome-scale metabolic networks can now be performed in a routine manner.
Conclusions: We propose F2C2 as a fast tool for the computation of flux coupling in genome-scale metabolic networks. F2C2 is freely available for non-commercial use at https://sourceforge.net/projects/f2c2/files/.
„Alle Kinder müssen zu wertvollen Menschen erzogen werden“, forderte Margot Honecker, Erziehungsminister der DDR von 1963 bis 1989. Während liberale Jugendsoziologen die Jugendphase als Moratorium begreifen und damit Heranwachsenden Freiräume zubilligen, geltende soziale Normen infrage zu stellen und selbstbestimmte Lebensentwürfe zu erproben, ohne ihr Handeln in gleicher Weise verantworten zu müssen wie Erwachsene, wurden Jugendliche in der DDR danach beurteilt, inwieweit sie dem Ideal der „allseitig gebildeten sozialistischen Persönlichkeit“ entsprachen. Nach Honeckers Ansicht wäre die freie Entfaltung des Individuums erst im Kommunismus möglich. Individuelle Entfaltung besaß für sie keinen eigenen Wert. Der politische Erziehungsanspruch erstreckte sich grundsätzlich auf alle Lebenswelten von Jugendlichen. Freiräume zur Selbstentfaltung waren in der DDR sowohl materiell als auch ideell eng umgrenzt, ein Umstand den der bundesdeutsche Bildungssoziologe Jürgen Zinnecker als „Jugendmoratorium in kasernierter Form“ bezeichnete. Dem politischen Anpassungsdruck waren Kinder und Jugendliche in besonders starkem Maße ausgesetzt. Zwar richtete sich der Erziehungsanspruch der SED grundsätzlich auf alle Bürger, doch anders als Erwachsene hatten Kinder und Jugendliche noch keine eigenständige Stellung innerhalb des sozialen und gesellschaftlichen Gefüges gefunden und deshalb weniger Möglichkeiten, sich der politischen Einwirkung zu entziehen. Mit dem Jugendgesetz von 1974 wurde die sozialistische Persönlichkeit als Erziehungsziel festgelegt, dem auch die Eltern zu folgen hatten. Bildungschancen wurden schon frühzeitig von der Anpassung an vorgegebene Normen abhängig gemacht, abweichendes Verhalten konnte rigide bestraft werden und gravierende Folgen für den weiteren Lebensweg haben. Auch wenn die meisten Jugendlichen die Forderungen des Staates zu erfüllen schienen und ihre Verbundenheit mit der Politik der SED wann immer gefordert bezeugten, standen sie dieser Politik tatsächlich mindestens gleichgültig gegenüber. Der „Widerspruch zwischen Wort und Tat“ war eines der gravierenden Probleme der Herrschenden im Umgang mit Heranwachsenden. Es gab aber auch Jugendliche, die bewusst Einschränkungen in Kauf nahmen, um ihre Vorstellungen eines selbstbestimmten Lebens verwirklichen zu können. Schon bei geringfügiger Abweichung von ausdrücklichen oder unausgesprochenen Vorgaben mussten sie mit erheblichen staatlichen Eingriffen in ihr persönliches Dasein rechnen. Die äußerste Form der Abweichung waren Ausreiseersuchen und Fluchtversuche. Jugendliche waren unter Antragstellern und „Republikflüchtigen“ überproportional vertreten. Die Dissertation beleuchtet das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen staatlich vorgegebenen Lebenswegen und eigen-sinniger Gestaltung verschiedener Lebensbereiche von Kindern und Jugendlichen für die Jahre der Honecker-Herrschaft zwischen 1971 bis 1989 im Bezirk Schwerin.
Inhalt: Andress, Reinhard: Ein kurzer Brief Humboldts an den Hofmarschall Moritz, Brescius von: Connecting the new world : nets, mobility and progress in the age of Alexander von Humboldt Ette, Ottmar: Alexander von Humboldt in Daniel Kehlmanns Welt Ette, Ottmar: De cómicos e histéricos : una réplica a la sátira sobre eruditos de Daniel Kehlmann Holl, Frank:"Die zweitgrößte Beleidigung des Menschen sei die Sklaverei ..." : Daniel Kehlmanns neu erfundener Alexander von Humboldt Knobloch, Eberhard: Alexander von Humboldt und Carl Friedrich Gauß : im Roman und in Wirklichkeit