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Reinhard Hujer
(2020)
Xenikoudakis et al. report a partial mitochondrial genome of the extinct giant beaver Castoroides and estimate the origin of aquatic behavior in beavers to approximately 20 million years. This time estimate coincides with the extinction of terrestrial beavers and raises the question whether the two events had a common cause.
Corona-Lage
(2020)
Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) gewinnt in zahlreichen Branchen rasant an Bedeutung und wird zunehmend auch in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)-Systemen als Anwendungsbereich erschlossen. Die Idee, dass Maschinen die kognitiven Fähigkeiten des Menschen imitieren können, indem Wissen durch Lernen auf Basis von Beispielen in Daten, Informationen und Erfahrungen generiert wird, ist heute ein Schlüsselelement der digitalen Transformation. Jedoch charakterisiert der Einsatz von KI in ERP-System einen hohen Komplexitätsgrad, da die KI als Querschnittstechnologie zu verstehen ist, welche in unterschiedlichen Unternehmensbereichen zum Einsatz kommen kann. Auch die Anwendungsgrade können sich dabei erheblich voneinander unterscheiden. Um trotz dieser Komplexität den Einsatz der KI in ERP-Systemen erfassen und systembezogen vergleichen zu können, wurde im Rahmen dieser Studie ein Reifegradmodell entwickelt. Dieses bildet die Ausgangsbasis zur Ermittlung der KI-Reife in ERP-Systemen und grenzt dabei die folgenden vier KI- bzw. systembezogenen Ebenen voneinander ab: 1) Technische Möglichkeiten, 2) Datenreife, 3) Funktionsreife und 4) Erklärfähigkeit des Systems.
Climate change entails an intensification of extreme weather events that can potentially trigger socioeconomic and energy system disruptions. As we approach 1 degrees C of global warming we should start learning from historical extremes and explicitly incorporate such events in integrated climate-economy and energy systems models.
So richtig schlüssig finden die Medienrechtler Marcus Schladebach und Hans-Christian Gräfe den Vorschlag der EU-Kommission für den Europäischen Media Freedom Act nicht. Unter einer überpathetischen Überschrift regelt er fiktive Fragen, die eigentlich keiner Regelung bedürfen. Zudem ohne Kompetenz auf dem Gebiet der Medienpolitik.
The sky is not the limit
(2022)
Der Potsdam Grievance Statistics File (PGSF) ist eine historische Datensammlung von Beschwerden, sog. Eingaben, die in der DDR von deren Bürgern eingereicht wurden. Die Eingaben wurden schriftlich oder mündlich gestellt und waren an staatliche Institutionen gerichtet. Der Staat zählte diese Eingaben und kategorisierte sie in Eingabenstatistiken.
Der PGSF enthält Eingabenstatistiken des Zeitraums 1970–1989 einer Wahrscheinlichkeitsstichprobe von im Jahr 1990 existierenden Kreisen. Zusätzlich finden sich Eingabenstatistiken eines Convenience-Samples von Kreisen aus dem Zeitraum 1970–1989.
Der Potsdam Grievance Statistics File (PGSF) ist eine historische Datensammlung von Beschwerden, sog. Eingaben, die in der DDR von deren Bürgern eingereicht wurden. Die Eingaben wurden schriftlich oder mündlich gestellt und waren an staatliche Institutionen gerichtet. Der Staat zählte diese Eingaben und kategorisierte sie in Eingabenstatistiken.
Der PGSF enthält Eingabenstatistiken des Zeitraums 1970–1989 einer Wahrscheinlichkeitsstichprobe von im Jahr 1990 existierenden Kreisen. Zusätzlich finden sich Eingabenstatistiken eines Convenience-Samples von Kreisen aus dem Zeitraum 1970–1989.
Leben in der ehemaligen DDR
(2020)
Leben in der ehemaligen DDR
(2019)
Harmonized data file as the basis for comparative analysis of quality of life in the Candidate Countries and the European Union member states, based on seven different data sets, one Eurobarometer survey covering 13 Candidate Countries with an identical set of variables conducted in April 2002, the other six Standard Eurobarometer of different subjects and fielded in different years, each with another set of questions identical with the CC Eurobarometer. Selected aggregate indicators of quality of life ... describing the social situation in the EU15 and Candidate Countries.
The US perennially has a far higher poverty rate than peer-rich democracies.1 This high poverty rate in the US presents an enormous challenge to population health given that considerable research demonstrates that being in poverty is bad for one’s health.2 Despite valuable contributions of prior research on income and mortality, the quantity of mortality associated with poverty in the US remains uknown. In this cohort study, we estimated the association between poverty and mortality and quantified the proportion and number of deaths associated with poverty.
Die Entscheidung des Menschenrechtsausschusses der Vereinten Nationen im Fall Billy et al. gegen Australien zum Schutz der Beschwerdeführenden vor den Folgen des Klimawandels wurde als bedeutsamer Erfolg gefeiert. Der Ausschuss bewertet allerdings nur die Adaptationsmaßnahmen Australiens als unzureichend. Der Artikel untersucht, ob die Entscheidung einen Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung des Klimaschutz- und Klimaanpassungsrechts auf Menschenrechtsebene leistet. Eine nähere Analyse der Entscheidungsgründe zeigt, dass sie weniger progressiv sind als teilweise angenommen. Dennoch stellt die Entscheidung einen Präzedenzfall dar, der angesichts der zunehmenden Bedeutung der Klimaanpassung, auch für nationale Gerichte und regionale Menschenrechtsgerichtshöfe wegweisend ist.
Several overlapping crises which affected the EU during the past ten years have recently aggravated. Especially the progressing refugee crisis, the persisting financial crisis and geopolitical turmoil in the EU's neighbourhood contributed to the rise of anti-EU movements and diverse articulations of Euroscepticism. Although public opinion and mainstream political analysis have easily identified right-wing populism as one of the most important drivers, it is still doubtful if it can be equated with Euroscepticism without further ado. To date it is by no means clear how and where Euroscepticism exactly originates.
Schulgesetz Rheinland-Pfalz
(2000)
Die Open Access-Strategie der Universität Potsdam verfolgt das Ziel, den offenen Zugang zu wissenschaftlichen Publikationen von Wissenschaftlern der Universität Potsdam nachhaltig zu fördern. Dazu werden sieben übergeordnete strategische Ziele definiert, aus denen in einem zweiten Schritt konkrete Handlungsfelder abgeleitet werden.
Die Strategie wurde am 16.12.2015 vom Senat der Universität Potsdam zustimmend zur Kenntnis genommen.
À partir des travaux des ethnologues qui ont décrit le fonctionnement des sociétés paysannes de l’Ancien Régime, nous montrons dans cet article comment le récit de l’enfance bretonne de Chateaubriand dans les ‚Mémoires d’outre-tombe‘ obéit à une logique initiatique qui donne à l’animal un rôle de premier plan. Transformée en véritable „aventure“, la capture des oiseaux devient pour l’enfant l’occasion de forger son caractère et de découvrir le sens de l’honneur, tandis que la contemplation de leur envol éveille en lui le goût des voyages qu’il n’a pas encore la possibilité d’assouvir. À Combourg, chouettes et chat noir peuplent les nuits de l’enfant et l’obligent à dompter ses peurs. Quant au cheval, que Chateaubriand a mal appris à maîtriser, il devient sous sa plume l’emblème d’une époque révolue dominée par les privilèges de l’aristocratie et le signe de l’inadaptation des derniers rois de France. Il restera à l’écrivain à s’emparer de cette familiarité avec le monde animal pour nourrir son imaginaire et sa sensibilité de plus en plus grande au sort que lui réserve la société.
PURPOSE: To determine the feasibility of upright compared to supine MRI measurements to determine characteristics of the lumbar spine in AA with spondylolisthesis.
METHODS: Ten AA (n=10; m/f: 4/6; 14.5±1.7y; 163±7cm; 52±8kg) from various sports, diagnosed with spondylolisthesis grade I-II Meyerding confirmed by x-ray in standing lateral view, were included. Open low-field MRI images (0.25 Tesla) in upright (82°) and supine (0°) position were evaluated by two observers. Medical imaging software was used to measure the anterior translation (AT, mm), lumbosacral joint angle (LSJA, °) and lordosis angle (LA, °). Reliability was analyzed by the intra-rater correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurements (SEM).
RESULTS: Due to motion artifacts during upright position, measures of three participants had to be excluded. Between observers, AT ranged from 4.2±2.7mm to 5.5±1.9mm (ICC=0.94, SEM=0.6mm) in upright and from 4.9±2.4mm to 5.9±3.0mm (ICC=0.89, SEM=0.9mm) in supine position. LSJA varied from 5.1±2.2° to 7.3±1.5° (ICC=0.54, SEM=1.5°) in upright and from 9.8±2.5° to 10±2.4° (ICC=0.73, SEM=1.1°) in supine position. LA differed from 58.8±14.6° to 61.9±6° (ICC=0.94, SEM=1.19°) in upright and from 51.9±11.7° to 52.6±11.1° (ICC=0.98, SEM=1.59°) in supine position.
CONCLUSIONS: Determination of AT and LA showed good to excellent reliability in both, upright and supine position. In contrast, reliability of LSJA had only moderate to good correlation
between observers and should therefore be interpreted with caution. However, motion artifacts should be taken into consideration during upright imaging procedures.
Indigene Rechte und COVID-19 (Brasilien) – indigenes Land und Gesundheit unter ernster Bedrohung
(2022)
Acute ankle sprain leads in 40% of all cases to chronic ankle instability (CAI). CAI is related to a variety of motor adaptations at the lower extremities. Previous investigations identified increased muscle activities while landing in CAI compared to healthy control participants. However, it remains unclear whether muscular alterations at the knee muscles are limited to the involved (unstable) ankle or are also present at the uninvolved leg. The latter might potentially indicate a risk of ankle sprain or future injury on the uninvolved leg. Purpose: To assess if there is a difference of knee muscle activities between the involved and uninvolved leg in participants with CAI during perturbed walking. Method: 10 participants (6 females; 4 males; 26±4 years; 169±9 cm; 65±7 kg) with unilateral CAI walked on a split-belt treadmill (1m/s) for 5 minutes of baseline walking and 6 minutes of perturbed walking (left and right side, each 10 perturbations). Electromyography (EMG) measurements were performed at biceps femoris (BF) and rectus femoris (RF). EMG amplitude (RMS; normalized to MVIC) were analyzed for 200ms pre-heel contact (Pre200), 100ms post heel contact (Post100) and 200ms after perturbation (Pert200). Data was analyzed by paired t-test/Wilcoxon test based on presence or absence of normal distribution (Bonferroni adjusted α level p≤ 0.0125). Results: No statistical difference was found between involved and uninvolved leg for RF (Pre200: 4±2% and 11± 22%, respectively, p= 0.878; Post100: 10± 5 and 18±31%, p=0.959; Pert200: 6±3% and 13±24%, p=0.721) as well as for BF (Pre200: 12±7% and 11±6, p=0.576; Post100: 10±7% and 9±7%, p=0.732; Pert200: 7±4 and 7±7%, p=0.386). Discussion: No side differences in muscle activity could be revealed for assessed feedforward and feedback responses (perturbed and unperturbed) in unilateral CAI. Reduced inter-individual variability of muscular activities at the involved leg might indicate a rather stereotypical response pattern. It remains to be investigated, whether muscular control at the knee is not affected by CAI, or whether both sides adapted in a similar style to the chronic condition at the ankle.
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is not only an ankle issue, but also affects sensorimotor system. People with CAI show altered muscle activation in proximal joints such as hip and knee. However, evidence is limited as controversial results have been presented regarding changes in activation of hip muscles in CAI population. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of CAI on activity of hip muscles during normal walking and walking with perturbations. METHODS: 8 subjects with CAI (23 ± 2 years, 171 ± 7 cm and 65 ± 4 kg) and 8 controls (CON) matched by age, height, weight and dominant leg (25 ± 3 years, 172 ± 7 cm and 65 ± 6 kg) walked shoed on a split-belt treadmill (1 m/s). Subjects performed 5 minutes of baseline walking and 6 minutes walking with 10 perturbations (at 200 ms after heel contact with 42 m/s2 deceleration impulse) on each side. Electromyography signals from gluteus medius (Gmed) and gluteus maximus (Gmax) were recorded while walking. Muscle amplitudes (Root Mean Square normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contraction) were calculated at 200 ms before heel contact (Pre200), 100 ms after heel contact (Post100) during normal walking and 200 ms after perturbations (Pert200). Differences between groups were examined using Mann Whitney U test and Bonferroni correction to account for multiple testing (adjust α level p≤ 0.0125). RESULT: In Gmed, CAI group showed lower muscle amplitude than CON group after heel contact (Post100: 18±7 % and 47±21 %, p< .01) and after walking perturbations ( 31±13 % and 62±26 %, p< .01), but not before heel contact (Pre200: 5±2 % and 11±10 %, p= 0.195). In Gmax, no difference was found between CAI and CON groups in all three time points (Pre200: 12±5 % and 17±12 %, p= 0.574; Post100: 41±21 % and 41±13 %, p= 1.00; Pert200: 79±46 % and 62±35 %, p= 0.505). CONCLUSION: People with CAI activated Gmed less than healthy control in feedback mechanism (after heel contact and walking with perturbations), but not in feedforward mechanism (before heel contact). Less activation on Gmed may affect the balance in frontal plane and increase the risk of recurrent ankle sprain, giving way or feeling ankle instability in patients with CAI during walking. Future studies should investigate the effect of Gmed strengthening or neuromuscular training on CAI rehabilitation.
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are some of the Universe’s most enigmatic and exotic events. However, at energies above 10 GeV their behaviour remains largely unknown. Although space based telescopes such as the Fermi-LAT have been able to detect GRBs in this energy range, their photon statistics are limited by the small detector size. Such limitations are not present in ground based gamma-ray telescopes such as the H.E.S.S. experiment, which has now entered its second phase with the addition of a large 600 m2 telescope to the centre of the array. Such a large telescope allows H.E.S.S. to access the sub 100-GeV energy range while still maintaining a large effective collection area, helping to potentially probe the short timescale emission of these events.
We present a description of the H.E.S.S. GRB observation programme, summarising the performance of the rapid GRB repointing system and the conditions under which GRB observations are initiated. Additionally we will report on the GRB follow-ups made during the 2014-15 observation campaigns.
HESS J1826-130
(2017)
HESS J1826-130 is an unidentified hard spectrum source discovered by H.E.S.S. along the Galactic plane, the spectral index being Gamma = 1.6 with an exponential cut-off at about 12 TeV. While the source does not have a clear counterpart at longer wavelengths, the very hard spectrum emission at TeV energies implies that electrons or protons accelerated up to several hundreds of TeV are responsible for the emission. In the hadronic case, the VHE emission can be produced by runaway cosmic-rays colliding with the dense molecular clouds spatially coincident with the H.E.S.S. source.
Eccentric (ECC) exercises might cause muscle damage, characterized by delayed-onset muscle soreness, elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels and local muscle oedema, shown by elevated T2 times in magnet resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Previous research suggests a high inter-individual difference regarding these systemic and local responses to eccentric workload. PURPOSE: To analyze ECC exercise-induced muscle damage in lumbar paraspinal muscles assessed via MRI. METHODS: Ten participants (3f/7m; 33±6y; 174±8cm; 71±12kg) were included in the study. Quantitative paraspinal muscle constitution of M. erector spinae and M. multifidius were assessed in supine position before and 72h after an intense eccentric trunk exercise bout in a mobile 1.5 tesla MRI device. MRI scans were recorded on spinal level L3 (T2-weighted TSE echo sequences, 11 slices, 2mm slice thickness, 3mm gap, echo times: 20, 40, 60, 80, 100ms, TR time: 2500ms). Muscle T2 times were calculated for manually traced regions of interest of the respective muscles with an imaging software. The exercise protocol was performed in an isokinetic device and consisted of 120sec alternating ECC trunk flexion-extension with maximal effort. Venous blood samples were taken before and 72h after the ECC exercise. Descriptive statistics (mean±SD) and t-testing for pre-post ECC exercises were performed. RESULTS: T2 times increased from pre- to post-ECC MRI measurements from 55±3ms to 79±28ms in M. erector spinae and from 62±5ms to 78±24ms in M. multifidius (p<0.001). CK increased from 126±97 U/L to 1447±20579 U/L. High SDs of T2 time and CK in post-ECC measures could be due to inter-individual reactions to ECC exercises. 3 participants showed high local and systemic reactions (HR) with T2 time increases of 120±24% (M. erector spinae) and 73±50% (M. multifidius). In comparison, the remaining 7 participants showed increases of 11±12% (M. erector spinae) and 7±9% (M. multifidius) in T2 time. Mean CK increased 9.5-fold in the 3 HR subjects compared with the remaining 7 subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The 120sec maximal ECC trunk flexion-extension protocol induced high amounts of muscle damage in 3 participants. Moderate to low responses were found in the remaining 7 subjects, assuming that inter-individual predictors play a role regarding physiological responses to ECC workload.
Preface
(2017)
It has been observationally established that winds of hot massive stars have highly variable characteristics. The variability evident in the winds is believed to be caused by structures on a broad range of spatial scales. Small-scale structures (clumping) in stellar winds of hot stars are possible consequence of an instability appearing in their radiation hydrodynamics. To understand how clumping may influence calculation of theoretical spectra, different clumping properties and their 3D nature have to be taken into account. Properties of clumping have been examined using our 3D radiative transfer calculations. Effects of clumping for the case of the B[e] phenomenon are discussed.
During their evolution, massive stars are characterized by a significant loss of mass either via spherically symmetric stellar winds or by aspherical mass-loss mechanisms, namely outflowing equatorial disks. However, the scenario that leads to the formation of a disk or rings of gas and dust around these objects is still under debate. Is it a viscous disk or an ouftlowing disk-forming wind or some other mechanism? It is also unclear how various physical mechanisms that act on the circumstellar environment of the stars affect its shape, density, kinematic, and thermal structure. We assume that the disk-forming mechanism is a viscous transport within an equatorial outflowing disk of a rapidly or even critically rotating star. We study the hydrodynamic and thermal structure of optically thick dense parts of outflowing circumstellar disks that may form around,e.g., Be stars, sgB[e] stars, or Pop m stars. We calculate self-consistent time dependent models of the inner dense region of the disk that is strongly affected either by irradiation from the central star and by contributions of viscous heating effects. We also simulate the dynamic effects of collision between expanding ejecta of supernovae and circumstellar disks that may be form in sgB[e] stars and, e.g., LBVs or Pop in stars.
Preclinical studies in cell culture systems as well as in whole animal chronic kidney disease (CKD) models showed that parathyroid hormone (PTH), oxidized at the 2 methionine residues (positions 8 and 18), caused a loss of function. This was so far not considered in the development of PTH assays used in current clinical practice. Patients with advanced CKD are subject to oxidative stress, and plasma proteins (including PTH) are targets for oxidants. In patients with CKD, a considerable but variable fraction (about 70 to 90%) of measured PTH appears to be oxidized. Oxidized PTH (oxPTH) does not interact with the PTH receptor resulting in loss of biological activity. Currently used intact PTH (iPTH) assays detect both oxidized and non-oxPTH (n-oxPTH). Clinical studies demonstrated that bioactive, n-oxPTH, but not iPTH nor oxPTH, is associated with mortality in CKD patients.
Selection of initial points, the number of clusters and finding proper clusters centers are still the main challenge in clustering processes. In this paper, we suggest genetic algorithm based method which searches several solution spaces simultaneously. The solution spaces are population groups consisting of elements with similar structure. Elements in a group have the same size, while elements in different groups are of different sizes. The proposed algorithm processes the population in groups of chromosomes with one gene, two genes to k genes. These genes hold corresponding information about the cluster centers. In the proposed method, the crossover and mutation operators can accept parents with different sizes; this can lead to versatility in population and information transfer among sub-populations. We implemented the proposed method and evaluated its performance against some random datasets and the Ruspini dataset as well. The experimental results show that the proposed method could effectively determine the appropriate number of clusters and recognize their centers. Overall this research implies that using heterogeneous population in the genetic algorithm can lead to better results.
As virtualization drives the automation of networking, the validation of security properties becomes more and more challenging eventually ruling out manual inspections. While formal verification in Software Defined Networks is provided by comprehensive tools with high speed reverification capabilities like NetPlumber for instance, the presence of middlebox functionality like firewalls is not considered. Also, they lack the ability to handle dynamic protocol elements like IPv6 extension header chains. In this work, we provide suitable modeling abstractions to enable both - the inclusion of firewalls and dynamic protocol elements. We exemplarily model the Linux ip6tables/netfilter packet filter and also provide abstractions for an application layer gateway. Finally, we present a prototype of our formal verification system FaVe.
The identification of vulnerabilities relies on detailed information about the target infrastructure. The gathering of the necessary information is a crucial step that requires an intensive scanning or mature expertise and knowledge about the system even though the information was already available in a different context. In this paper we propose a new method to detect vulnerabilities that reuses the existing information and eliminates the necessity of a comprehensive scan of the target system. Since our approach is able to identify vulnerabilities without the additional effort of a scan, we are able to increase the overall performance of the detection. Because of the reuse and the removal of the active testing procedures, our approach could be classified as a passive vulnerability detection. We will explain the approach and illustrate the additional possibility to increase the security awareness of users. Therefore, we applied the approach on an experimental setup and extracted security relevant information from web logs.