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Background: Medical training is very demanding and associated with a high prevalence of psychological distress. Compared to the general population, medical students are at a greater risk of developing a psychological disorder. Various attempts of stress management training in medical school have achieved positive results on minimizing psychological distress; however, there are often limitations. Therefore, the use of a rigorous scientific method is needed. The present study protocol describes a randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of a specifically developed mindfulness-based stress prevention training for medical students that includes selected elements of cognitive behavioral strategies (MediMind).
Methods/Design: This study protocol presents a prospective randomized controlled trial, involving four assessment time points: baseline, post-intervention, one-year follow-up and five-year follow-up. The aims include evaluating the effect on stress, coping, psychological morbidity and personality traits with validated measures. Participants are allocated randomly to one of three conditions: MediMind, Autogenic Training or control group. Eligible participants are medical or dental students in the second or eighth semester of a German university. They form a population of approximately 420 students in each academic term. A final total sample size of 126 (at five-year follow-up) is targeted. The trainings (MediMind and Autogenic Training) comprise five weekly sessions lasting 90 minutes each. MediMind will be offered to participants of the control group once the five-year follow-up is completed. The allotment is randomized with a stratified allocation ratio by course of studies, semester, and gender. After descriptive statistics have been evaluated, inferential statistical analysis will be carried out with a repeated measures ANOVA-design with interactions between time and group. Effect sizes will be calculated using partial η-square values.
Discussion: Potential limitations of this study are voluntary participation and the risk of attrition, especially concerning participants that are allocated to the control group. Strengths are the study design, namely random allocation, follow-up assessment, the use of control groups and inclusion of participants at different stages of medical training with the possibility of differential analysis.
A flexible approach to assess fluorescence decay functions in complex energy transfer systems
(2015)
Background: Time-correlated Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes molecular distances with greater accuracy than intensity-based calculation of FRET efficiency and provides a powerful tool to study biomolecular structure and dynamics. Moreover, time-correlated photon count measurements bear additional information on the variety of donor surroundings allowing more detailed differentiation between distinct structural geometries which are typically inaccessible to general fitting solutions.
Results: Here we develop a new approach based on Monte Carlo simulations of time-correlated FRET events to estimate the time-correlated single photon counts (TCSPC) histograms in complex systems. This simulation solution assesses the full statistics of time-correlated photon counts and distance distributions of fluorescently labeled biomolecules. The simulations are consistent with the theoretical predictions of the dye behavior in FRET systems with defined dye distances and measurements of randomly distributed dye solutions. We validate the simulation results using a highly heterogeneous aggregation system and explore the conditions to use this tool in complex systems.
Conclusion: This approach is powerful in distinguishing distance distributions in a wide variety of experimental setups, thus providing a versatile tool to accurately distinguish between different structural assemblies in highly complex systems.
Translation of protein from mRNA is a complex multi-step process that occurs at a non-uniform rate. Variability in ribosome speed along an mRNA enables refinement of the proteome and plays a critical role in protein biogenesis. Detailed single protein studies have found both tRNA abundance and mRNA secondary structure as key modulators of translation elongation rate, but recent genome-wide ribosome profiling experiments have not observed significant influence of either on translation efficiency. Here we provide evidence that this results from an inherent trade-off between these factors. We find codons pairing to high-abundance tRNAs are preferentially used in regions of high secondary structure content, while codons read by significantly less abundant tRNAs are located in lowly structured regions. By considering long stretches of high and low mRNA secondary structure in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli and comparing them to randomized-gene models and experimental expression data, we were able to distinguish clear selective pressures and increased protein expression for specific codon choices. The trade-off between secondary structure and tRNA-concentration based codon choice allows for compensation of their independent effects on translation, helping to smooth overall translational speed and reducing the chance of potentially detrimental points of excessively slow or fast ribosome movement.
Portal Wissen = Signs
(2015)
Signs take a variety of forms. We use or encounter them every day in various areas. They represent perceptions and ideas: A letter represents a sound, a word or picture stands for an idea, a note for a sound, a chemical formula for a substance, a boundary stone for a territorial claim, a building for an ideology, a gesture for a cue or an assessment.
On the one hand, we open up the world to ourselves by using signs; we acquire it, ensconce ourselves in it, and we punctuate it to represent ourselves in it. On the other, this reference to the world and ourselves becomes visible in our sign systems. As manifestations of a certain way of interacting with nature, the environment, and fellow human beings, they provide information about the social order or ethnic distinctions of a certain society or epoch as well as about how it perceives the world and humanity.
As a man-made network of meanings, sign systems can be changed and, in doing so, change how we perceive the world and humanity. Linguistically, this may, for example, be done by using an evaluative prefix: human – inhuman, sense – nonsense, matter – anti-matter or by hierarchizing terms, as in upper class and lower class. The consequences of such labeling, therefore, may decide on the raison d'être of the signified within an aspect of reality and the nature of this existence.
Since ancient times we have reflected on signs, at first mainly in philosophy. Each era has created theories of signs as a means of approaching its essence. Nowadays semiotics is especially concerned with them. While linguistics focuses on linguistic signs, semiotics deals with all types of signs and the interaction of components and processes involved in their communication. Semiotics has developed models, methods, and concepts. Semiosis and semiosphere, for example, are concepts that illuminate the processing of signs, i.e. the construction of meaning and the interaction of different sign systems. A sign is not limited to a monolithic meaning but is culturally contingent and marked by the socioeconomic conditions of the individual decoding it. Sociopolitical and sociocultural developments therefore affect the processing of signs.
Dealing with signs and sign systems, their circulation, and reciprocal play with shapes and interpretive possibilities is therefore an urgent and trailblazing task in light of sociocultural communication processes in our increasingly heterogeneous society to optimize communication and promote intercultural understanding as well as to recognize, use, and bolster social trends.
The articles in this magazine illustrate the many ways academia is involved in researching, interpreting, and explaining signs. Social scientists at the University of Potsdam are examining whether statistics about petitions made by GDR citizens can be interpreted retrospectively as a premonitory sign of the peaceful revolution of 1989. Colleagues at the Institute of Romance Studies are analyzing what Alexander von Humboldt’s American travel diaries signalize, and young researchers in the Research Training Group on “Wicked Problems, Contested Administrations” are examining challenges that seem to raise question marks for administrations. A project promoting sustainable consumption hopes to prove that academia can contribute to setting an example. An initiative of historians supporting Brandenburg cities in disseminating the history of the Reformation shows that the gap between academia and signs and wonder is not unbridgeable.
I wish you an inspiring read!
Prof. Dr. Eva Kimminich
Professor of Romance Cultural Studies
Portal Wissen = Paths
(2015)
How traits are inherited from one generation to the next, how mutations change genetic information and consequently contribute to the development of new characteristics and emergence of new species – all these are exciting biological questions. Over millions of years, genetic differentiation has brought about an incredible diversity of species. Evolution has followed many different paths. It has led to an awesome natural biodiversity – to organisms that have adapted to very different environments and are sometimes oddly shaped or behave strangely. Humanmade biodiversity is stunning, too. Just think of the 10,000 rose varieties whose beauty delights, or the myriad wheat, barley, and corn variations; plants that had all once been plain grasses feed us today. We humans create our own biodiversity unknown to nature. And it is serving us well.
Thanks to genome research we are now able to read the complete genetic information of organisms within a few hours or days. It takes much longer, however, to functionally map the many genomic sequences. Researchers achieve this through various methods: Activating or deactivating genes systematically, modifying their code, and exchanging genetic information between organisms have become standard procedures worldwide. The path to knowledge is often intricate, though. Elaborate experimental approaches are often necessary to gain insight into biological processes.
Methods of genomic research enable us to investigate not only what is “out there” in nature, but also to ask, “How does a living organism, like a moss, react when sent to the International Space Station (ISS)? Can we gain knowledge about the adaptation strategies of living beings in harsh environmental conditions or even for colonizing the Moon or Mars?” Can we use synthetic biology to precisely alter microorganisms, planned on a drawing board so to speak, to create new options for treating diseases or for making innovative biology-based products? The answer to both questions is a resounding Yes! (Although moving to other planets is not on our present agenda.) Human land use determines biodiversity. On the other hand, organisms influence the formation of landscapes and, sooner or later, the composition of our atmosphere. This also leads to exciting scientific questions. Researchers have to strike new paths to reach new conclusions. Paths often cross other paths. A few years ago it was still unforeseeable that ecological research would substantially benefit from fast DNA sequencing methods. Genome researchers could hardly assume that the same techniques would lead to new possibilities for examining the highly complex cellular regulation and optimizing biotechnological processes.
You will find examples of the multi-faceted research in biology as well as other very interesting articles in the latest edition of Portal Wissen. I wish you an enjoyable read!
Prof. Dr. Bernd Müller-Röber
Professor of Molecular Biology
Portal Wissen = Zeichen
(2015)
Zeichen haben vielfältige Formen. Wir nutzen sie oder begegnen ihnen tagtäglich in verschiedenen Bereichen. Sie sind Stellvertreter für Wahrnehmungen und Vorstellungen: Ein Buchstabe steht für einen Laut, ein Wort oder Bild für eine Vorstellung, eine Note für einen Ton, eine chemische Formel für einen Stoff, ein Grenzstein für einen Gebietsanspruch, ein Bauwerk für eine Ideologie, eine Geste für einen Hinweis oder eine Bewertung usw.
Einerseits erschließen wir uns mit Zeichen die Welt, eignen sie uns an, richten uns in ihr ein und stellen uns in ihr mittels Zeichensetzung dar. Anderseits wird diese Bezugnahme auf Welt und uns selbst durch unsere Zeichensysteme sichtbar. Als Ausdruck eines spezifischen Umgangs mit Natur, Umwelt und Mitmensch geben sie Auskunft über Welt- und Menschenbilder einer Gesellschaft oder Epoche, über ihre sozialen Ordnungen oder ethnischen Abgrenzungen.
Als ein vom Menschen geschaffenes Netzwerk von Bedeutungen können Zeichensysteme verändert werden und mit ihnen auch Welt- und Menschenbilder. Auf sprachlicher Ebene kann dies beispielsweise durch eine wertende Vorsilbe geschehen: Kraut – Unkraut, Mensch – Unmensch, Sinn – Unsinn, oder durch hierarchisierende Begriffe wie Ober- und Unterschicht. Die Konsequenzen solcher Etikettierungen entscheiden also unter Umständen über die Daseinsberechtigung des Bezeichneten innerhalb eines Wirklichkeitsausschnitts und über die Art dieses Daseins.
Über Zeichen wird bereits seit der Antike nachgedacht, zunächst vor allem in der Philosophie. Jede Epoche hat ihre Theorien von Zeichen hervorgebracht, um sich ihrem Wesen zu nähern. Heute befasst sich insbesondere die Semiotik mit ihnen. Während sich die Linguistik auf sprachliche Zeichen konzentriert, widmet sich die Semiotik allen Zeichenarten und dem Zusammenspiel der Komponenten und Prozesse, die an ihrer Vermittlung beteiligt sind. Sie hat dafür Modelle, Methoden und Konzepte entwickelt. Mit den Konzepten der Semiose sowie der Semiosphäre beispielsweise lassen sich der Prozess der Zeichenverarbeitung, d.h. der Sinnkonstruktion, bzw. das Zusammenwirken verschiedener Zeichensysteme beleuchten. Ein eindeutiger Sinn haftet einem Zeichen nicht an, er wird kulturell und durch die jeweiligen soziökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen des entschlüsselnden Individuums mitgeprägt. Gesellschaftspolitische und soziokulturelle Entwicklungen wirken sich daher auf die Zeichenverarbeitung aus.
Sich mit Zeichen und Zeichensystemen zu befassen, mit ihrer Zirkulation und dem dabei zu beobachtenden wechselseitigen Spiel mit Formen und Deutungsmöglichkeiten, ist daher im Hinblick auf soziokulturelle Verständigungsprozesse unserer zunehmend heterogenen Gesellschaft eine dringliche und richtungsweisende Aufgabe, um Kommunikation zu optimieren und interkulturelles Verständnis zu befördern, gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen zu erkennen, zu nutzen oder aufzufangen.
Die Beiträge in diesem Heft zeigen, auf welch vielfältige Weise Wissenschaft mit Zeichen, ihrer Erforschung, Deutung und Erklärung befasst ist. So beschäftigen sich Potsdamer Sozialwissenschaftler damit, ob Eingabenstatistiken von DDR-Bürgern rückblickend als Vorzeichen der friedlichen Revolution von 1989 gelesen werden können. Kollegen vom Institut für Romanistik wiederum untersuchen, was die amerikanischen Reisetagebücher Alexander von Humboldts auszeichnet, und die Nachwuchsforscher des Graduiertenkollegs „Wicked Problems, Contested Administrations“ nehmen gezielt Probleme in den Blick, bei denen Verwaltungen vor übergroßen Fragezeichen zu stehen scheinen. Dass Wissenschaft dazu beitragen kann, Zeichen zu setzen, will ein Projekt zur Förderung nachhaltigen Konsums beweisen. Eine Initiative von Historikern, die brandenburgische Städte bei der Vermittlung der Geschichte der Reformation unterstützen zeigt, dass zwischen Wissenschaft auf der einen und Zeichen und Wundern auf der anderen Seite keine unüberbrückbare Kluft besteht.
Ich wünsche Ihnen eine anregende Lektüre!
Prof. Dr. Eva Kimminich
Professorin für Kulturen Romanischer Länder
Portal Wissen = Wege
(2015)
Wie Merkmale von Generation zu Generation weitervererbt werden, wie sich die Erbinformation dabei durch Mutationen verändert und somit zur Ausprägung neuer Eigenschaften und der Entstehung neuer Arten beiträgt, sind spannende Fragen der Biologie. Genetische Differenzierung führte im Laufe von Jahrmillionen zur Ausbildung einer schier unglaublichen Artenvielfalt. Die Evolution hat viele Wege beschritten. Sie hat zu großartiger natürlicher Biodiversität geführt – zu Organismen, die an sehr unterschiedliche Umwelten angepasst sind und zum Teil eine ulkige Gestalt haben oder ein merkwürdiges Verhalten zeigen. Aber auch die von Menschenhand gemachte Biodiversität ist überwältigend – man denke nur an die 10.000 verschiedenen Rosensorten, die uns entzücken, oder die Myriaden unterschiedlicher Weizen-, Gerste- oder Maisvarianten; Pflanzen, die allesamt früher einmal einfache Gräser waren, uns heute aber ernähren. Wir Menschen schaffen eine eigene Biodiversität, eine, die die Natur selbst nicht kennt. Und wir „fahren“ gut damit. Dank der Genomforschung können wir heute die gesamte Erbinformation von Organismen in wenigen Stunden bis Tagen aus- lesen. Sehr viel länger dauert es aber, die zahlreichen Abschnitte eines Genoms funktionell zu kartieren.
Die Wissenschaftler bedienen sich dazu vielfältiger Methoden: Dabei gehört es heute weltweit zum Standardrepertoire, Gene gezielt zu inaktivieren oder zu aktivieren, ihren Code zu modifizieren oder Erbinformationen zwischen Organismen auszutauschen. Dennoch sind die Wege, die zur Erkenntnis führen, oft verschlungen. Nicht selten müssen ausgeklügelte experimentelle Ansätze gewählt werden, um neue Einsichten in biologische Prozesse zu gewinnen.
Mit den Methoden der Genomforschung können wir nicht nur das erkunden, was sich in der Natur „da draußen“ findet. Wir können auch fragen: „Wie verhält sich ein Lebewesen, beispielsweise ein Moos, eigentlich, wenn wir es zur International Space Station (ISS) schicken? Und können wir daraus Kenntnisse gewinnen über die Anpassungsstrategien von Lebewesen an harsche Umweltbedingungen oder gar für eine spätere Besiedlung des Mondes oder des Mars´?“ Oder können wir mithilfe der synthetischen Biologie Mikroorganismen präzise, quasi am Reißbrett geplant, so verändern, dass neue Optionen für die Behandlung von Krankheiten und für die Herstellung innovativer biobasierter Produkte entstehen? Die Antwort auf beide Fragen lautet eindeutig: Ja! (Wenngleich ein Umzug auf andere Planeten derzeit natürlich nicht vornan steht.).
Landnutzung durch den Menschen bestimmt die Biodiversität. Andererseits tragen Organismen zur landschaftlichen Formenbildung bei und beeinflussen über kurz oder lang die Zusammensetzung unserer Atmosphäre. Auch hier gibt es spannende Fragen, mit denen sich die Forschung beschäftigt.
Um neue Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen, müssen Forscher immer wieder neue Wege einschlagen. Oft kreuzen sich auch Pfade. So war es beispielsweise vor wenigen Jahren noch kaum absehbar, wir stark die ökologische Forschung beispielsweise von den schnellen DNA-Sequenziermethoden profitieren würde, und die Genomforscher unter uns konnten kaum erahnen, wie die gleichen Techniken uns neue Möglichkeiten an die Hand geben sollten, die hochkomplexe Regulation in Zellen zu untersuchen und für die Optimierung biotechnologischer Prozesse zu nutzen.
Beispiele aus den vielfältigen Facetten der biologischen Forschung finden Sie – neben anderen interessanten Beiträgen – in der aktuellen Ausgabe von „Portal Wissen“. Ich wünsche Ihnen eine anregende Lektüre!
Prof. Dr. Bernd Müller-Röber
Professor für Molekularbiologie
Das Streben nach Qualität
(2015)
Qualität ist in den letzten Jahren zu einem intensiv diskutierten Thema im Gesundheitswesen geworden. Nach Hygiene- und Behand lungsskandalen steht vor allem der Krankenhaussektor unter Druck. Und obwohl in den vergangenen 15 Jahren eine ganze Reihe an Mechanismen und Regularien eingeführt wurde, so ist der Bereich nur teilweise erforscht. Dieser Artikel liefert einen Überblick über die Komplexität des Qualitätsbegriffs. Anschließend wird die Landschaft der Instrumente zur Qualitätskontrolle und -sicherung im deutschen Krankenhaussektor vorgestellt. Erkenntnisse aus der internationalen Forschung sollen einen vertieften Einblick in die Wirkungsweise gewähren und weitere Forschungslücken betonen.
The polymorphism of immunogenes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is thought to influence the functional plasticity of immune responses and, consequently, the fitness of populations facing heterogeneous pathogenic pressures. Here, we evaluated MHC variation (allelic richness and divergence) and patterns of selection acting on the two highly polymorphic MHC class II loci (DRB and DQB) in the endangered primate Madame Berthe's mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae). Using 454 pyrosequencing, we examined MHC variation in a total of 100 individuals sampled over 9 years in Kirindy Forest, Western Madagascar, and compared our findings with data obtained previously for its sympatric congener, the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). These species exhibit a contrasting ecology and demography that were expected to affect MHC variation and molecular signatures of selection. We found a lower allelic richness concordant with its low population density, but a similar level of allelic divergence and signals of historical selection in the rare feeding specialist M. berthae compared to the widespread generalist M. murinus. These findings suggest that demographic factors may exert a stronger influence than pathogen-driven selection on current levels of allelic richness in M. berthae. Despite a high sequence similarity between the two congeners, contrasting selection patterns detected at DQB suggest its potential functional divergence. This study represents a first step toward unravelling factors influencing the adaptive divergence of MHC genes between closely related but ecologically differentiated sympatric lemurs and opens new questions regarding potential functional discrepancy that would explain contrasting selection patterns detected at DQB.
Faunal remains from Palaeolithic sites are important genetic sources to study preglacial and postglacial populations and to investigate the effect of climate change and human impact. Post mortem decay, resulting in fragmented and chemically modified DNA, is a key obstacle in ancient DNA analyses. In the absence of reliable methods to determine the presence of endogenous DNA in sub-fossil samples, temporal and spatial surveys of DNA survival on a regional scale may help to estimate the potential of faunal remains from a given time period and region. We therefore investigated PCR amplification success, PCR performance and post mortem damage in c. 47,000 to c. 12,000-year-old horse remains from 14 Palaeolithic sites along the Swiss Jura Mountains in relation to depositional context, tissue type, storage time and age, potentially influencing DNA preservation. The targeted 75 base pair mitochondrial DNA fragment could be amplified solely from equid remains from caves and not from any of the open dry and (temporary) wetland sites. Whether teeth are better than bones cannot be ultimately decided; however, both storage time after excavation and age significantly affect PCR amplification and performance, albeit not in a linear way. This is best explained by the—inevitable—heterogeneity of the data set. The extent of post mortem damage is not related to any of the potential impact factors. The results encourage comprehensive investigations of Palaeolithic cave sites, even from temperate regions.
The ICDP "PaleoVan" drilling campaign at Lake Van, Turkey, provided a long (> 100 m) record of lacustrine subsurface sedimentary microbial cell abundance. After the ICDP campaign at Potrok Aike, Argentina, this is only the second time deep lacustrine cell counts have been documented. Two sites were cored and revealed a strikingly similar cell distribution despite differences in organic matter content and microbial activity. Although shifted towards higher values, cell counts from Lake Potrok Aike, Argentina, reveal very similar distribution patterns with depth. The lacustrine cell count data are significantly different from published marine records; the most probable cause is differences in sedimentary organic matter composition with marine sediments containing a higher fraction of labile organic matter. Previous studies showed that microbial activity and abundance increase centimetres to metres around geologic interfaces. The finely laminated Lake Van sediment allowed studying this phenomenon on the microscale. We sampled at the scale of individual laminae, and in some depth intervals, we found large differences in microbial abundance between the different laminae. This small-scale heterogeneity is normally overlooked due to much larger sampling intervals that integrate over several centimetres. However, not all laminated intervals exhibit such large differences in microbial abundance, and some non-laminated horizons show large variability on the millimetre scale as well. The reasons for such contrasting observations remain elusive, but indicate that heterogeneity of microbial abundance in subsurface sediments has not been taken into account sufficiently. These findings have implications not just for microbiological studies but for geochemistry as well, as the large differences in microbial abundance clearly show that there are distinct microhabitats that deviate considerably from the surrounding layers.
The microbial community populating the human digestive tract has been linked to the development of obesity, diabetes and liver diseases. Proposed mechanisms on how the gut microbiota could contribute to obesity and metabolic diseases include: (1) improved energy extraction from diet by the conversion of dietary fibre to SCFA; (2) increased intestinal permeability for bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in response to the consumption of high-fat diets resulting in an elevated systemic LPS level and low-grade inflammation. Animal studies indicate differences in the physiologic effects of fermentable and non-fermentable dietary fibres as well as differences in long-and short-term effects of fermentable dietary fibre. The human intestinal microbiome is enriched in genes involved in the degradation of indigestible polysaccharides. The extent to which dietary fibres are fermented and in which molar ratio SCFA are formed depends on their physicochemical properties and on the individual microbiome. Acetate and propionate play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Acetate serves as a substrate for de novo lipogenesis in liver, whereas propionate can be utilised for gluconeogenesis. The conversion of fermentable dietary fibre to SCFA provides additional energy to the host which could promote obesity. However, epidemiologic studies indicate that diets rich in fibre rather prevent than promote obesity development. This may be due to the fact that SCFA are also ligands of free fatty acid receptors (FFAR). Activation of FFAR leads to an increased expression and secretion of enteroendocrine hormones such as glucagon-like-peptide 1 or peptide YY which cause satiety. In conclusion, the role of SCFA in host energy balance needs to be re-evaluated.
Although morphosyntax has been identified as a major source of difficulty for adult (nonnative) language learners, most previous studies have examined a limited set of largely affix-based phenomena. Little is known about word-based morphosyntax in late bilinguals and of how morphosyntax is represented and processed in a nonnative speaker's lexicon. To address these questions, we report results from two behavioral experiments investigating stem variants of strong verbs in German (which encode features such as tense, person, and number) in groups of advanced adult learners as well as native speakers of German. Although the late bilinguals were highly proficient in German, the results of a lexical priming experiment revealed clear native-nonnative differences. We argue that lexical representation and processing relies less on morphosyntactic information in a nonnative than in a native language.
This article investigates a public debate in Germany that put a special spotlight on the interaction of standard language ideologies with social dichotomies, centering on the question of whether Kiezdeutsch, a new way of speaking in multilingual urban neighbourhoods, is a legitimate German dialect. Based on a corpus of emails and postings to media websites, I analyse central topoi in this debate and an underlying narrative on language and identity. Central elements of this narrative are claims of cultural elevation and cultural unity for an idealised standard language High German', a view of German dialects as part of a national folk culture, and the construction of an exclusive in-group of German' speakers who own this language and its dialects. The narrative provides a potent conceptual frame for the Othering of Kiezdeutsch and its speakers, and for the projection of social and sometimes racist deliminations onto the linguistic plane.
Abstract gringo
(2015)
This paper defines the syntax and semantics of the input language of the ASP grounder gringo. The definition covers several constructs that were not discussed in earlier work on the semantics of that language, including intervals, pools, division of integers, aggregates with non-numeric values, and lparse-style aggregate expressions. The definition is abstract in the sense that it disregards some details related to representing programs by strings of ASCII characters. It serves as a specification for gringo from Version 4.5 on.
The effect of implicitly incentivized faking on explicit and implicit measures of doping attitude
(2015)
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) aims to measure participants' automatic evaluation of an attitude object and is useful especially for the measurement of attitudes related to socially sensitive subjects, e.g. doping in sports. Several studies indicate that IAT scores can be faked on instruction. But fully or semi-instructed research scenarios might not properly reflect what happens in more realistic situations, when participants secretly decide to try faking the test. The present study is the first to investigate IAT faking when there is only an implicit incentive to do so. Sixty-five athletes (22.83 years +/- 2.45; 25 women) were randomly assigned to an incentive-to-fake condition or a control condition. Participants in the incentive-to-fake condition were manipulated to believe that athletes with lenient doping attitudes would be referred to a tedious 45-minute anti-doping program. Attitudes were measured with the pictorial doping brief IAT (BIAT) and with the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). A one-way MANOVA revealed significant differences between conditions after the manipulation in PEAS scores, but not in the doping BIAT. In the light of our hypothesis this suggests that participants successfully faked an exceedingly negative attitude to doping when completing the PEAS, but were unsuccessful in doing so on the reaction time-based test. This study assessed BIAT faking in a setting that aimed to resemble a situation in which participants want to hide their attempts to cheat. The two measures of attitude were differentially affected by the implicit incentive. Our findings provide evidence that the pictorial doping BIAT is relatively robust against spontaneous and naive faking attempts. (B) IATs might be less prone to faking than implied by previous studies.
Based on niche theory, closely related and morphologically similar species are not predicted to coexist due to overlap in resource and habitat use. Local assemblages of bats often contain cryptic taxa, which co-occur despite notable similarities in morphology and ecology. We measured in two different habitat types on Madagascar levels of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in hair (n = 103) and faeces (n = 57) of cryptic Vespertilionidae taxa to indirectly examine whether fine-grained trophic niche differentiation explains their coexistence. In the dry deciduous forest (Kirindy), six sympatric species ranged over 6.0% in delta N-15, i.e. two trophic levels, and 4.2% in delta C-13 with a community mean of 11.3% in delta N-15 and - 21.0% in delta C-13. In the mesic forest (Antsahabe), three sympatric species ranged over one trophic level (delta N-15: 2.4%, delta C-13: 1.0%) with a community mean of 8.0% delta N-15 and - 21.7% in delta C-13. Multivariate analyses and residual permutation of Euclidian distances in delta C-13- delta N-15 bi-plots revealed in both communities distinct stable isotope signatures and species separation for the hair samples among coexisting Vespertilionidae. Intraspecific variation in faecal and hair stable isotopes did not indicate that seasonal migration might relax competition and thereby facilitate the local co-occurrence of sympatric taxa.