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Aufgrund ihrer Vielfalt fällt es schwer, autoritäre Systeme einheitlich zu definieren. In den Beiträgen werden die Unterschiede dieser auf fast allen Kontinenten vorkommenden Regierungsform untersucht. Dazu werden insbesondere ihre Entstehung und soziale Einflüsse wie Kultur und Militär beleuchtet. Von Kuba, nach Weißrussland, Iran und Somalia kann der Leser somit das Phänomen autoritärer Herrschaft und dessen Einflussgrößen nachvollziehen. Das Fehlen einer einheitlichen Definition stellt sich somit nicht als Mangel, sondern als Zugeständnis an die Realität heraus.
Charles Horton Cooley
(2005)
The era of public management change is said to challenge traditional "command and control" modes of governance, encouraging a move toward either more informal forms of (co-) governance or market-type incentives and competition. Regardless of whether these claims are made by reform advocates or by more sceptical observers within the wider governance debate, less attention has been paid by either side on the mechanisms that are supposed to facilitate the spread of new forms of control. This article seeks to advance this state of affairs in two ways. First, it utilizes the notion of institutional isomorphism to explore the nature of change of modes of control. In particular, it assesses the mechanisms for change, whether control mechanisms are changing due to coercive, mimetic, or professional mechanisms. Second, it explores the impact of these mechanisms in the federal context of Germany in two policy domains, prison and local government supervision (in the field of building administration). Finally, this article suggests that cultural theory offers considerable insights for the study of institutional isomorphism by emphasizing conflicting worldviews and the diversity of related policy ideas as driving forces of change in modes of governance
Confounding is one of the major types of bias encountered in observational epidemiologic surveys designed to study the relation between an exposure factor and a health event. A common way to remove confounding bias during the statistical analysis phase is to adjust for the confounders in a regression model. If a confounding factor is assessed as a continuous variable, it is necessary to define how the variable is entered into the regression model. In the case of logistic regression, we illustrate through simulation that coding by a binary variable or a categorical variable with broad categories may lead to substantial residual confounding. Specific approaches can be used to define a coding method that limits residual confounding. Among these, we briefly present nonparametric approaches and describe in detail several semiparametric approaches (generalised partial linear models, spline regression and fractional polynomials). These can be used to estimate the relation between a continuous factor and the health event of interest by a smooth non pre-specified function. In semiparametric models, the effect of certain covariates is coded by a parametric function, whereas the coding of one or two continuous variables is represented by a nonparametric function. These models can be used in exploratory analyses to describe dose-effect relations between the confounder and the health event, and thus help to define a relevant coding for the confounder
Cyberspace
(2005)
Der Blick
(2005)
Der bemerkenswerte Transformationspfad der zentralstaatlichen Verwaltung in Estland von der Sowjetbürokratie hin zum mustergültigen EU-Beitrittsland wird anhand des Landwirtschaftsministeriums beschrieben. Für dieses Gebiet gibt es im Gegensatz zu den bekannteren und gut recherchierten Aspekten der Transformation wie Demokratisierung, Wirtschaftsumbau und Außenpolitik noch keine Fallstudie. Daher wird hier die Entwicklung der staatlichen Verwaltung im Zeitverlauf anhand des Wandels der estnischen Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaftsverwaltung nachvollzogen. Am Ende werden Schlussfolgerungen formuliert und verdeutlicht, dass viele Erkenntnisse über das eigentliche Untersuchungsland hinausgehen und ebenso für andere Transformationsländer in MOE gelten.
Diese Arbeit behandelt die Frage, welche Auswirkungen eine EU-Mitgliedschaft der Türkei auf die europäischen Sicherheitsbeziehungen haben würde. Es wird die sicherheitspolitische Situation in- und außerhalb der türkischen Staatsgrenzen analysiert. Auf Basis der Rational Choice Theorie vom Akteurzentrierten Institutionalismus wird gezeigt mit welchen Herausforderungen die Europäische Union konfrontiert wäre und die Frage behandelt, ob eine so genannte Privilegierte Partnerschaft eine mögliche Alternative zu einer Vollmitgliedschaft sein kann.
Since 9/11, the fight against the financial sources of terrorism has become a major arena for international co-operation. In the first part, the paper highlights the borderline between security studies and international political economy. The second part of the paper asks how successful the international community is in this fight. The authors show that the idea of seizing terrorist funds and denying access to the international financial system is not a very promising one. They conclude that, so far, results have been mixed and that only a political approach to the problem promises a solution.
Governance als Reformstrategie : vom Wandel und der Bedeutung verwaltungspolitischer Leitbilder
(2005)
While the notion of governance has received considerable scholarly attention, much less is known about change, and its sources, across modes of governance within respective policy domains. This article explores these neglected issues in two policy domains characterized by multi-level governance characteristics: Land (state)- local relationships in the domain of building administration and relationships governing the prisons domain in Germany. It does so in three steps. First, the article explores governance and considers endogenous and exogenous sources of change. Second, it discusses the institutional arrangements in the two domains and analyses modes of governance and their change. Third, the article compares the different dynamics of change and links these findings to wider debates regarding change across and within modes of governance. The analysis of the two domains suggests that 'hunting around' effects (i.e. permanent instability) are less prominent than suggested by cultural theory, while external pressures for change are filtered by the preferences of the actors within the respective domains
This article examines the multiple governments of independent Estonia since 1992 referring to their stability. Confronted with the immense problems of democratic transition, the multi-party governments of Estonia change comparatively often. Following the elections of March 2003 the ninth government since 1992 was formed. A detailed examination of government stability and the example of Estonia is accordingly warranted, given that the country is seen as the most successful Central Eastern European transition country in spite of its frequent changes of government. Furthermore, this article questions whether or not internal government stability can exist within a situation where the government changes frequently. What does stability of government mean and what are the varying multi-faceted depths of the term? Before analysing the term, it has to be clarified and defined. It is presumed that government stability is composed of multiple variables influencing one another. Data about the average tenure of a government is not very conclusive. Rather, the deeper political causes for governmental change need to be examined. Therefore, this article discusses the conceptual and theoretical basics of governmental stability first. Secondly, it discusses the Estonian situation in detail up to the elections of 2003, including a short review of the 9th government since independence. In the conclusion, the author explains whether or not the governments of Estonia are stable. In the appendix, the reader finds all election results and also a list of all previous ministers of Estonian governments (all data are as of July 2002).
Inwieweit sich politische Grenzen als künstlich herausstellen, lässt sich anhand der EU betrachten. Während sie sich im Inneren auflösen, werden die äußeren verstärkt. Daher stehen im vorliegenden Lehrtext neben den generellen und europäischen “Grenz-” Betrachtungen auch osteuropäische, insbesondere polnische Standpunkte und Erfahrungen im Zentrum der Betrachtung. Gerade das Verhältnis zu Deutschland zeigt hierbei, wie eine “künstliche Linie” auch ein Ort des Zusammenkommens sein kann.
Inhalt: Der Forschungsstand zum klassenbasierten Wahlverhalten - Das klassenbasierte Wahlverhalten in Westeuropa – "Are social classes dying?" - Das klassenbasierte Wahlverhalten in Ost- und Mitteleuropa sowie in Ostdeutschland– "Bringing class back in?" Präzisierung der Fragestellung und Darstellung des Forschungsdesigns sowie der Datenbasis - Forschungshypothesen - Datengrundlage - Klassenkonzept und Parteipräferenz als zentrale Variablen des Forschungsdesigns - Übersicht zur datenanalytischen Vorgehensweise Klassenstruktur und Wahlverhalten in den alten und neuen Ländern - Die Modellierung des klassenspezifischen Wahlverhaltens in den alten Ländern - Die Modellierung des klassenspezifischen Wahlverhaltens in den neuen Ländern Klassenstruktur und Wertorientierungen - Eine zusätzliche Wertedimension in den neuen Ländern: die Sozialismus-Dimension Wertorientierungen und Parteipräferenzen - Wertorientierungen und Parteipräferenzen in den alten Bundesländern - Wertorientierungen und Parteipräferenzen in den neuen Bundesländern Komplexes Modell: Sozialstruktur, Wertorientierungen und Wahlverhalten – der Versuch einer inhaltlichen Bestimmung des klassenbasierten Wahlverhaltens - Komplexes Modell für die alten Bundesländer - Komplexes Modell für die neuen Bundesländer Zusammenfassung
Agricultural policy in the transition states of Central Eastern Europe is a very complex issue – ranging from privatisation of farm land, the establishment of agricultural markets to detailed questions of veterinary care, plant health and animal nutrition. Its main elements are the introduction of market liberalization, farm restructuring, privatisation, the reform of the sector and the creation of supporting market institutions and services.1 In this process central state agriculture administration plays a decisive role. This paper is summing up the research of the author on Slovak agricultural administration between 2002 and 2004. This work was part of a DFG-funded research project on “Genesis, Organization and Efficiency of the central-state Ministerial Administration in Central and Eastern Europe”. The project was analysing the processes, results and efficiency of administrative structures at central-state level in Estonia, Poland and Slovakia with reference to public administration in the policy fields of agriculture and telecommunications. The paper is reflecting the situation in the sector and its administration at the beginning of 2004. At first, an overview of the role of the agricultural sector in Slovak economy in the past and presence is provided (section I). Against this background, the development of the agricultural policy in the different periods since 1989 will be analysed, mainly what privatisation, accession to the EU and subsidy policy are concerned (section II). A detailed study of the developments in agricultural administration forms the next part of the paper (section III), i.e. the changes taking place in the ministry of agriculture and in the other institutions responsible for the implementation of agricultural policy. The role of interest groups in agriculture is briefly analysed (section IV). In the conclusions two different scenarios on the further development of Slovak agricultural administration will be deployed.
Nachbetrachtung : Vom Nutzen der `Irritation' - Zwischenräumlichkeiten und hybride Praktiken.
(2005)
Netzwerke für demokratie statt Achsen mit Autokraten : für einen Neuansatz deutscher Ostpolitik
(2005)
Neues Steuerungsmodell
(2005)