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Jeder nach seiner Façon
(2012)
Der 300. Geburtstag Friedrich II ist 2012 im Land Brandenburg und der Stadt Potsdam allgegenwärtig. Zahlreiche Veranstaltungen beschäftigen sich mit dem Leben und Wirken des Königs auf vielfältige Art und Weise.
Sein sympathischster Satz „Jeder soll nach seiner Façon selig werden“ – gemäß seiner Religion, war der Anstoß, sich im Jubiläums-Jahr mit Friedrich II abseits touristischer Erlebnisangebote auseinanderzusetzen. Dabei geht es nicht um Friedrich-Exegese, wohl aber um seine Philosophie von Sanssouci und seine politische Theorie.
Den abgekürzten Satz „Jeder nach seiner Façon“ interpretieren wir inzwischen individualistisch. Insbesondere die Versprechen der Urbanität führen zu einer rasanten Verstädterung der Welt, welche noch nie gesehene Herausforderungen an die demokratische Regierbarkeit stellt. Je subjektiver Glück als Abenteuer mit Chancen und Risiken verstanden wird, desto mehr wird urbane Toleranz zu einer eminenten Leistung menschlicher Zivilisation.
Die Verhaltenstugend der Toleranz wird zugleich größer, liberaler und sozialer, je mehr Menschen in großen Städten aufeinander Rücksicht nehmen müssen – Städte sozialisieren. Zugleich mehren sich die Konflikte, die zwar eskalieren, aber auch neue Lebenschancen eröffnen können.
In Deutschland werden die politischen Grenzen der Toleranz vor allem im Umgang mit Fremdenfeindlichkeit und Rechtsextremismus diskutiert. Eine Politik des Hasses und der Gewalt gehört nicht mehr zur Toleranz der Demokratie, die ansonsten vieles integrieren und gleichzeitig verändern kann. Urteilsfähige Bürger halten die Demokratie einer breiten und bündnisbereiten politischen Aufklärung, die Grenzen setzen und Orientierung stiften kann, zusammen.
Das vorliegende Buch von Heinz Kleger nimmt den Satz „Jeder soll nach seiner Façon selig werden“ als Anstoß zum Nachdenken über die historische Bedeutung des Preußenkönigs, seine damalige Gedankenwelt und politische Theorie. Die Selbstinszenierung Friedrich II. als der "große Kümmerer" und volksnahe König spielen dabei ebenso eine Rolle wie seine Philosophie von Sanssouci und sein Verhältnis zur Aufklärung. Kleger stellt den Satz in den Mittelpunkt unserer heutigen Betrachtungen über Toleranz und das Verhältnis von größtmöglicher individueller Freiheit einerseits und Formen Urbaner (Des)Integration andererseits. Dabei geht es um unser Verhältnis in einer liberalen Demokratie zu Herausforderungen der Zuwanderung und Fragen des politischen Extremismus.
Like versus dislike
(2012)
As Facebook's Like-button has become ubiquitous, it is the purpose of this research to investigate (1) whether Likes serve as a signal of a product's or service's quality and (2) how the introduction of a Dislike-button would alter perceptions. Following a qualitative study, we conducted an experiment in which 653 participants were presented with website screenshots featuring varying levels of Likes and Dislikes. The results indicate that the theoretical framing of Likes as a Signal is valid and that people do perceive the quality of products and services as superior when they are associated with more Likes. Signaling also explains the counter-intuitive finding that Dislikes can have a positive effect on people's quality perceptions. Results are discussed with respect to theory and practical implications.
Defining the allocation of decision rights for enterprise applications is a crucial issue in IT governance and organization design. Today, emerging delivery models such as Software as a Service (SaaS) defy the notion of the internal IT department as the focal point of centralized governance. Recognizing the importance of this issue, we find that the phenomenon of 'SaaS governance' itself is not yet well understood. Based on two cases of SaaS adoption, we take a process-theoretic approach to investigate the complex interaction between factors that influence in the allocation of SaaS authority. The results suggest that some factors, such as the locus of initiative and the decision for SaaS, interact with absorptive capacities and determine the later mode of application governance at a very early stage. Thus, the initiative for introducing SaaS emerges as an important intermediate variable between the overall IT governance mode and the resulting SaaS governance outcome.
Corporate career presences on social network sites: an analysis of hedonic and utilitarian value
(2012)
Due to the shortage of skilled workforce and the increasing usage of social network sites, companies increasingly apply social network sites to attract potential applicants. This paper explores how corporate career presences on network sites should be realized in order to attract potential applicants. Therefore, we tested the impact of seven individual characteristics (namely Appointments, Daily Working Routine, Jobs, Corporate News, Entertainment, Media Format, and Features) of these corporate career presences that we extracted by a comprehensive pre-study on users' perceived hedonic and utilitarian value of these presences on social network sites. Based on an online survey with 470 participants, the results reveal a highly significant impact of five characteristics that corporate career presences provide both a hedonic as well as a utilitarian value to the user
Currently used costing methods such as cost centre accounting do not sufficiently reflect the process-based resource utilization in medicine. The goal of this study was to establish a process-oriented cost assessment of percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation of liver and lung metastases.
In each of 15 patients a detailed task analysis of the primary process of hepatic and pulmonary RF ablation was performed. Based on these data a dedicated cost calculation model was developed for each primary process. The costs of each process were computed and compared with the revenue for in-patients according to the German diagnosis-related groups (DRG) system 2010.
The RF ablation of liver metastases in patients without relevant comorbidities and a low patient complexity level results in a loss of EUR 588.44, whereas the treatment of patients with a higher complexity level yields an acceptable profit. The treatment of pulmonary metastases is profitable even in cases of additional expenses due to complications.
Process-oriented costing provides relevant information that is needed for understanding the economic impact of treatment decisions. It is well suited as a starting point for economically driven process optimization and reengineering. Under the terms of the German DRG 2010 system percutaneous RF ablation of lung metastases is economically reasonable, while RF ablation of liver metastases in cases of low patient complexity levels does not cover the costs.
Experimental evidence reveals that there is a strong willingness to trust and to act in both positively and negatively reciprocal ways. So far it is rarely analyzed whether these variables of social cognition influence everyday decision making behavior. We focus on entrepreneurs who are permanently facing exchange processes in the interplay with investors, sellers, and buyers, as well as needing to trust others and reciprocate with their network. We base our analysis on the German Socio-Economic Panel with its recently introduced questions about trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity to examine the extent that these variables influence the entrepreneurial decision processes. More specifically, we analyze whether (i) the willingness to trust other people influences the probability of starting a business; (ii) trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity influence the exit probability of entrepreneurs; and (iii) willingness to trust and to act reciprocally influences the probability of being an entrepreneur versus an employee or a manager. Our findings reveal that, in particular, trust impacts entrepreneurial development. Interestingly, entrepreneurs are more trustful than employees, but much less trustful than managers.
The number of patients seeking treatment in emergency departments is rising, although many governments are seeking to reduce expenditure on health. Emergency departments must achieve more with the same resources or perform the same functions with fewer resources. Patients demand higher emergency clinical care quality, with low waiting times viewed as a key quality criterion by many patients. The objective of this study was to create an improved working system in emergency departments that cuts patient waiting times for first specialty physician contact. Techniques from industrial flow management were applied to the working process of an emergency department and the concept was named 'First View.' A total of 3269 patient contacts using the First View Concept during a treatment month showed statistical significance. Before introduction, a total 3230 patients in a comparative treatment month had a median waiting time before the first doctor contact of 47.6 min, a first quartile waiting time of 36.1 min, and a third quartile waiting time of 62.7 min. After introduction, 3269 patients had a median waiting time before first specialty physician contact of 11.2 min, a first quartile waiting time of 9.1 min, and a third quartile waiting time of 15.2 min. Industrial flow concepts can achieve significant improvements in emergency department workflows in countries in which sufficient numbers of specialty physicians are available. More attention to the organization of emergency department working processes is needed, especially involving lean management.
To ensure long-term competitiveness, companies need to develop the ability to explore, plan, and develop new business fields. A suitable approach faces multiple challenges because it needs to (1) integrate multiple perspectives, (2) ensure a high level of participation of the major stakeholders and decision-makers, (3) function despite a high level of uncertainty, and (4) take into account interdependencies between the influencing factors. In this paper, we present an integrated approach that combines multiple strategic-foresight methods in a synergetic way. It was applied in an inter-organizational business field exploration project in the telecommunications industry.
Dealing with spam is very costly, and many organizations have tried to reduce spam-related costs by installing spam filters. Relying on modern econometric methods to reduce the selection bias of installing a spam filter, we use a unique data setting implemented at a German university to measure the costs associated with spam and the costs savings of spam filters. Our methodological framework accounts for effect heterogeneity and can be easily used to estimate the effect of other IS technologies implemented in organizations.
The majority of costs stem from the time that employees spend identifying and deleting spam, amounting to an average of approximately five minutes per employee per day. Our analysis, which accounts for selection bias, finds that the installation of a spam filter reduces these costs by roughly one third. Failing to account for the selection bias would lead to a result that suggests that installing a spam filter does not reduce working time losses.
However, cost savings only occur when the spam burden is high, indicating that spam filters do not necessarily reduce costs and are therefore no universal remedy. The analysis further shows that spam filters alone are a countermeasure against spam that exhibits only limited effectiveness because they only reduce costs by one third.
The present paper investigates potential fiscal and distributional effects which emerge due to four reform scenarios on the German income tax rate. The analysis is based on a static simulation model for the German tax system using income tax micro-data. The data shows that changing the present progressive tax system to a flat-tax, which was proposed by the FDP in 2010, could reduce the tax revenue by 15 billion Euro. Such a tax regime would increase the unequal distribution and polarisation of net incomes. The IW Koln suggested an alternative tax rate in 2008. This regime would increase unequal distribution and polarisation of disposable incomes to a greater extent than the FDP-tax rate. An implementation of this income tax scale would go along with losses in tax revenue of 18.8 billion Euro. Likewise, the implementation of a 2009 SPD tax rate proposal would reduce tax revenue by 14.8 billion Euro. Although this regime would reduce unequal distribution, the effect on the polarization of disposable incomes is not definitely predictable. In contrast to all the other scenarios, the realisation of the recent SPD tax rate proposal from 2011 could enlarge tax revenue by 4.7 billion Euro. This tax regime would reduce unequal distribution and polarisation of disposable incomes even more than the present tax system.
Innovation response behaviour is defined as individuals novelty-supporting or novelty-impeding action when navigating innovation initiatives through the organization. A typology of innovation response behaviour is developed, distinguishing between active and passive modes of conduct for novelty-supporting and novelty-impeding behaviour, respectively. The antecedents of innovation response behaviour are delineated based on West and Farr's five-factor model of individual innovation. Moreover, we argue that within organizational contexts, individuals often fail to implement their ideas due to innovation barriers, perceived as factors that are beyond their control. Based on the theory of planned behaviour, we reveal how these barriers influence individuals intentional and exhibited innovation response behaviour. Propositions about proximal and distal antecedents of individuals innovation response behaviour are derived. Proposing a research framework to study the organizational process of innovation from an actor-based perspective, this paper intends to link existing research on individual innovation with the process of innovation at the organizational level, explicitly accounting for the socio-political dynamics and arising managerial problems associated with successful innovation implementation within organizational realities. Implications for research in innovation management are discussed and avenues for future research outlined.