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Zur Bedeutung der urheberrechtlichen Vergütungspflicht von kultischer Kirchenmusik in Deutschland
(2004)
Die Frage nach der Herkunft und der dynamischen Entwicklung langlebiger kosmischer Magnetfelder ist in vielen Details noch unbeantwortet. Es besteht zwar kein Zweifel daran, dass das Magnetfeld der Erde und anderer kosmischer Objekte durch den sogenannten Dynamoeffekt verursacht werden, der genaue Mechanismus als auch die notwendigen Voraussetzungen und Randbedingungen der zugrundeliegenden Strömungen sind aber weitgehend unbekannt. Die für einen Dynamo interessanten Strömungsmuster, die im Inneren von Himmelskörpern durch Konvektion und differentielle Rotation entstehen, sind Konvektionsrollen parallel zur Rotationsachse. Auf einer Strömung mit eben solcher Geometrie, der sogenannten Roberts-Strömung, basieren die in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchten Dynamomodelle. Mit Methoden der nichtlinearen Dynamik wird versucht, das Systemverhalten bei Änderung der Systemparamter genauer zu charakterisieren. Die numerischen Untersuchungen beginnen mit einer Analyse der Dynamoaktivität der Roberts-Strömung in Abhängigkeit von den zwei freien Parametern in den Modellgleichungen, der magnetischen Prandtl-Zahl und der Stärke des Energieinputs. Gefunden werden verschiedene Lösungstypen die von einem stationären Magnetfeld über periodische bis zu chaotischen Zuständen reichen. Die yugrundeliegenden Symmetrien werden beschrieben und die Bifurkationen, die zum Wechsel der Lösungstypen führen, charakterisiert. Zusätzlich gibt es Bereiche bei sehr kleinen Prandtl-Zahlen, in denen überhaupt kein Dynamo existiert. Dieses Verhalten wird in der Literatur auch für viele andere numerisch ausgewertete Modelle beschrieben. Im Übergangsbereich zwischen dynamoaktivem und dynamoinaktivem Bereich wird das Auftreten einer sogenannten Blowout-Bifurkation gefunden. Desweiteren beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit der Frage, inwiefern Helizität, also eine schraubenförmige Bewegung, der Strömung den Dynamoeffekt beeinflusst. Dazu werden ähnliche Strömungstypen verglichen, die sich hauptsächlich in ihrem Helizitätswert unterscheiden. Es wird gefunden, dass ein bestimmter Wert der Helizität nicht unterschritten werden darf, um einen stabilen Roberts-Dynamo zu erhalten.
Die Hochwasserereignisse der letzten Jahre haben Mängel bei der schnellen Verfügbarkeit des klassischen Darstellungs-, Entscheidungs- und Analyseinstruments Karte offenbart. Die Erfahrungen von 1997 und 2002 verdeutlichen, dass eine homogene digitale Datengrundlage, die neben rein topographischen zusätzlich auch fachspezifische Informationen des Hochwasserschutzes enthält, für eine effektive Bekämpfung solcher Ereignisse notwendig ist. Mit den Daten des ,Amtlichen Topographisch-Kartographischen Informationssystems’ (ATKIS) liegen topographische Basisdaten in graphikfreier Form als digitales Landschaftsmodell (DLM) flächendeckend für die Bundesrepublik vor. Anhand der exemplarischen Ableitung von nutzerorientierten Kartenmodellen aus diesen graphikfreien Daten wurde deren Eignung für den besonderen Verwendungszweck im Rahmen eines Hochwasserschutz-Informationssystems überprüft. Als Anwendungsbeispiel wurde das Gebiet der Ziltendorfer Niederung, die während des Oder-Hochwassers 1997 überflutet wurde, gewählt. In Expertengesprächen wurden zunächst Inhalte identifiziert, die für einen wirksamen Hochwasserschutz Relevanz besitzen; diese Inhalte wurden anschließend analog zum ATKIS-Systemdesign strukturiert und als Objekte eines separaten Objektbereichs im digitalen Fachmodell (DFM) erfasst. Bei der Ableitung von (Bildschirm-) Karten aus den graphikfreien Daten wurden jeweils unterschiedliche Kriterien für die Basiskarte und die Fachinhalte berücksichtigt. Dabei wurden verschiedene kartographische Regeln und Gesetze mit dem Ziel der prägnanten Visualisierung und damit der eindeutigen Lesbarkeit der Karten angewendet. Beispielhaft sei hier die Schaffung einer visuellen Hierarchie zwischen Basiskarte und Fachinhalten genannt. Die besonderen Nutzungsbedingungen von Karten im Einsatzfall erfordern u.a., dass die Karten auch von Personen, die nur über geringe oder keine Erfahrung im Umgang mit Karten verfügen, schnell und einfach zu lesen sind, um so eine sichere Informationsvermittlung zu gewährleisten. Voraussetzung dafür ist einerseits die Beschränkung auf die Darstellung der wesentlichen Inhalte, andererseits die Verwendung leicht lesbarer Kartenzeichen. Aus diesem Grund wurden einheitliche Kartenzeichen zur Darstellung der Fachinhalte entwickelt, die entweder aus allgemein bekannten Symbolen, aus den im Katastrophenschutz üblicherweise verwendeten sog. taktischen Zeichen oder aus Fachzeichen des Hochwasserschutzes abgeleitet wurden. Die entwickelten Kartenmodelle wurden abschließend in qualitativen Experteninterviews in Bezug auf ihre Qualität und Verwendbarkeit im Hochwasserschutz geprüft. Die Auswertung der Interviews ergab eine insgesamt positive Beurteilung der Karten für den Einsatz in Hochwasserschutz-Informationssystemen. Damit leistet die vorliegende Arbeit einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung von (Bildschirm-) Karten zur Unterstützung bei der Entscheidungsfindung im Katastrophenmanagement.
Wortartige Zwischenfälle
(2004)
Substanzen der pharmazeutischen und chemischen Industrie müssen nach internationalen Richtlinien auf deren Toxizität gegenüber Mensch und Umwelt geprüft werden. Dazu gehören u. a. Prüfungen zur Vorhersage des embryotoxischen Potentials, die am lebenden Organismus durchgeführt werden. Mit dem Ziel die Anzahl der Tierversuche zu verringern, die notwendig sind um das toxikologische Profil einer Prüfsubstanz zu bestimmen, wurde der Embryonale Stammzelltest (EST) entwickelt. Als Grundlage des EST dienen embryonale Stammzellen (ES-Zellen) einer Zelllinie. ES-Zellen sind Zellen, die sich in der frühen embryonalen Entwicklung in die Zellen der Keimblätter entwickeln können. Daraus wiederum differenzieren die vielen verschiedenen, unterschiedlich spezialisierten Zelltypen des komplexen Organismus. Im EST wird die Konzentration einer Prüfsubstanz bestimmt, bei der die Differenzierung von ES-Zellen zu Herzmuskelzellen zu 50 % inhibiert wird. Zusätzlich wird die Konzentration der Prüfsubstanz bestimm°t, bei der 50 % der ES-Zellen (IC50D3) bzw. Fibroblastenzellen (IC503T3) absterben. Die allgemeine Toxizität ist damit von der spezifischen Toxizität der Prüfsubstanz auf die ES-Zellen und deren Differenzierung unterscheidbar. Die Parameter fliessen in ein biostatistisches Modell zur Prädiktion des embryotoxischen Potentials der Prüfsubstanzen ein. Es wurde ein Versuchsprotokoll entwickelt, wonach die ES-Zellen sich verstärkt zu Endothelzellen differenzieren. Die Endothelzellen, die im lebenden Organismus die Wand der späteren Blutgefässe, wie Venen und Arterien bilden, wurden mittels molekularbiologischer Methoden auf der RNA- und der Protein-Ebene nachgewiesen und quantifiziert. Verschiedene Zellkulturmethoden, Wachstumsfaktoren, als auch Wachstumsfaktorkonzentrationen wurden auf deren Vermögen die Differenzierung der ES-Zellen zu Endothelzellen zu induzieren, untersucht. Nach der Etablierung des Differenzierungsprotokolls wurden sieben Substanzen auf deren Vermögen geprüft, die Differenzierung von ES-Zellen zu Endothelzellen zu inhibieren. Die Endothelzellen wurden dabei über die Expression der RNA von zwei endothelzellspezifischen Genen quantifiziert. Im Vergleich dazu wurden die IC50D3 und die IC503T3 der Prüfsubstanz bestimmt, um eine Abschätzung des embryotoxischen Potentials der Prüfsubstanz zu ermöglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass eine Abschätzung des embryotoxischen Potentials der sieben Prüfsubstanzen in nicht-, schwach- oder stark embryotoxisch vorgenommen werden konnte. Es ist zu schlussfolgern, dass der weiterentwickelte in vitro Embryotoxizitätsassay sensitiv und reproduzierbar ist. Mit der Verwendung von verschiedenen Differenzierungsendpunkten kann die Prädiktionskraft des Assays deutlich verbessert, und die Anzahl von Tierversuchen verringert werden. Durch die Verwendung von molekularbiologischen Markern kann der Assay einem Hochdurchsatzscreening zugängig gemacht werden und damit die Anzahl von Prüfsubstanzen deutlich erhöht werden.
We calculate the additional carbon emissions as a result of the conversion of natural land in a process of urbanisation; and the change of carbon flows by “urbanised” ecosystems, when the atmospheric carbon is exported to the neighboring territories, from 1980 till 2050 for the eight regions of the world. As a scenario we use combined UN and demographic model′s prognoses for regional total and urban population growth. The calculations of urban areas dynamics are based on two models: the regression model and the Gamma-model. The urbanised area is sub-divided on built-up, „green“ (parks, etc.) and informal settlements (favelas) areas. The next step is to calculate the regional and world dynamics of carbon emission and export, and the annual total carbon balance. Both models give similar results with some quantitative differences. In the first model, the world annual emissions attain a maximum of 205 MtC/year between 2020-2030. Emissions will then slowly decrease. The maximum contributions are given by China and the Asia and Pacific regions. In the second model, world annual emissions increase to 1.25 GtC in 2005, beginning to decrease afterwards. If we compare the emission maximum with the annual emission caused by deforestation, 1.36GtC per year, then we can say that the role of urbanised territories (UT) is of a comparable magnitude. Regarding the world annual export of carbon by UT, we observe its monotonous growth by three times, from 24 MtC to 66 MtC in the first model, and from 249 MtC to 505 MtC in the second one. The latter, is therefore comparable to the amount of carbon transported by rivers into the ocean (196-537 MtC). By estimating the total balance we find that urbanisation shifts the total balance towards a “sink” state. The urbanisation is inhibited in the interval 2020-2030, and by 2050 the growth of urbanised areas would almost stop. Hence, the total emission of natural carbon at that stage will stabilise at the level of the 1980s (80 MtC per year). As estimated by the second model, the total balance, being almost constant until 2000, then starts to decrease at an almost constant rate. We can say that by the end of the XXI century, the total carbon balance will be equal to zero, when the exchange flows are fully balanced, and may even be negative, when the system begins to take up carbon from the atmosphere, i.e., becomes a “sink”.
Even though the structure of the plant cell wall is by and large quite well characterized, its synthesis and regulation remains largely obscure. However, it is accepted that the building blocks of the polysaccharidic part of the plant cell wall are nucleotide sugars. Thus to gain more insight into the cell wall biosynthesis, in the first part of this thesis, plant genes possibly involved in the nucleotide sugar interconversion pathway were identified using a bioinformatics approach and characterized in plants, mainly in Arabidopsis. For the computational identification profile hidden markov models were extracted from the Pfam and TIGR databases. Mainly with these, plant genes were identified facilitating the “hmmer” program. Several gene families were identified and three were further characterized, the UDP-rhamnose synthase (RHM), UDP-glucuronic acid epimerase (GAE) and the myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) families. For the three-membered RHM family relative ubiquitous expression was shown using variuos methods. For one of these genes, RHM2, T-DNA lines could be obtained. Moreover, the transcription of the whole family was downregulated facilitating an RNAi approach. In both cases a alteration of cell wall typic polysaccharides and developmental changes could be shown. In the case of the rhm2 mutant these were restricted to the seed or the seed mucilage, whereas the RNAi plants showed profound changes in the whole plant. In the case of the six-membered GAE family, the gene expressed to the highest level (GAE6) was cloned, expressed heterologously and its function was characterized. Thus, it could be shown that GAE6 encodes for an enzyme responsible for the conversion of UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-galacturonic acid. However, a change in transcript level of variuos GAE family members achieved by T-DNA insertions (gae2, gae5, gae6), overexpression (GAE6) or an RNAi approach, targeting the whole family, did not reveal any robust changes in the cell wall. Contrary to the other two families the MIOX gene family had to be identified using a BLAST based approach due to the lack of enough suitable candidate genes for building a hidden markov model. An initial bioinformatic characterization was performed which will lead to further insights into this pathway. In total it was possible to identify the two gene families which are involved in the synthesis of the two pectin backbone sugars galacturonic acid and rhamnose. Moreover with the identification of the MIOX genes a genefamily, important for the supply of nucleotide sugar precursors was identified. In a second part of this thesis publicly available microarray datasets were analyzed with respect to co-responsive behavior of transcripts on a global basis using nearly 10,000 genes. The data has been made available to the community in form of a database providing additional statistical and visualization tools (http://csbdb.mpimp-golm.mpg.de). Using the framework of the database to identify nucleotide sugar converting genes indicated that co-response might be used for identification of novel genes involved in cell wall synthesis based on already known genes.
New chain transfer agents based on dithiobenzoate and trithiocarbonate for free radical polymerization via Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) were synthesized. The new compounds bear permanently hydrophilic sulfonate moieties which provide solubility in water independent of the pH. One of them bears a fluorophore, enabling unsymmetrical double end group labelling as well as the preparation of fluorescent labeled polymers. Their stability against hydrolysis in water was studied, and compared with the most frequently employed water-soluble RAFT agent 4-cyano-4-thiobenzoylsulfanylpentanoic acid dithiobenzoate, using UV-Vis and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. An improved resistance to hydrolysis was found for the new RAFT agents, providing good stabilities in the pH range between 1 and 8, and up to temperatures of 70°C. Subsequently, a series of non-ionic, anionic and cationic water-soluble monomers were polymerized via RAFT in water. In these experiments, polymerizations were conducted either at 48°C or 55°C, that are lower than the conventionally employed temperatures (>60°C) for RAFT in organic solvents, in order to minimize hydrolysis of the active chain ends (e.g. dithioester and trithiocarbonate), and thus to obtain good control over the polymerization. Under these conditions, controlled polymerization in aqueous solution was possible with styrenic, acrylic and methacrylic monomers: molar masses increase with conversion, polydispersities are low, and the degree of end group functionalization is high. But polymerizations of methacrylamides were slow at temperatures below 60°C, and showed only moderate control. The RAFT process in water was also proved to be a powerful method to synthesize di- and triblock copolymers including the preparation of functional polymers with complex structure, such as amphiphilic and stimuli-sensitive block copolymers. These include polymers containing one or even two stimuli-sensitive hydrophilic blocks. The hydrophilic character of a single or of several blocks was switched by changing the pH, the temperature or the salt content, to demonstrate the variability of the molecular designs suited for stimuli-sensitive polymeric amphiphiles, and to exemplify the concept of multiple-sensitive systems. Furthermore, stable colloidal block ionomer complexes were prepared by mixing anionic surfactants in aqueous media with a double hydrophilic block copolymer synthesized via RAFT in water. The block copolymer is composed of a noncharged hydrophilic block based on polyethyleneglycol and a cationic block. The complexes prepared with perfluoro decanoate were found so stable that they even withstand dialysis; notably they do not denaturate proteins. So, they are potentially useful for biomedical applications in vivo.
Systems of elasticity theory
(2004)
This thesis analyses synchronization phenomena occurring in large ensembles of interacting oscillatory units. In particular, the effects of nonisochronicity (frequency dependence on the oscillator's amplitude) on the macroscopic transition to synchronization are studied in detail. The new phenomena found (Anomalous Synchronization) are investigated in populations of oscillators as well as between oscillator's ensembles.
This work deals with the connection between two basic phenomena in Nonlinear Dynamics: synchronization of chaotic systems and recurrences in phase space. Synchronization takes place when two or more systems adapt (synchronize) some characteristic of their respective motions, due to an interaction between the systems or to a common external forcing. The appearence of synchronized dynamics in chaotic systems is rather universal but not trivial. In some sense, the possibility that two chaotic systems synchronize is counterintuitive: chaotic systems are characterized by the sensitivity ti different initial conditions. Hence, two identical chaotic systems starting at two slightly different initial conditions evolve in a different manner, and after a certain time, they become uncorrelated. Therefore, at a first glance, it does not seem to be plausible that two chaotic systems are able to synchronize. But as we will see later, synchronization of chaotic systems has been demonstrated. On one hand it is important to investigate the conditions under which synchronization of chaotic systems occurs, and on the other hand, to develop tests for the detection of synchronization. In this work, I have concentrated on the second task for the cases of phase synchronization (PS) and generalized synchronization (GS). Several measures have been proposed so far for the detection of PS and GS. However, difficulties arise with the detection of synchronization in systems subjected to rather large amounts of noise and/or instationarities, which are common when analyzing experimental data. The new measures proposed in the course of this thesis are rather robust with respect to these effects. They hence allow to be applied to data, which have evaded synchronization analysis so far. The proposed tests for synchronization in this work are based on the fundamental property of recurrences in phase space.
Combining the magnetic properties of a given material with the tremendous advantages of colloids can exponentially increase the advantages of both systems. This thesis deals with the field of magnetic nanotechnology. Thus, the design and characterization of new magnetic colloids with fascinating properties compared with the bulk materials is presented. Ferrofluids are referred to either as water or organic stable dispersions of superparamagnetic nanoparticles which respond to the application of an external magnetic field but lose their magnetization in the absence of a magnetic field. In the first part of this thesis, a three-step synthesis for the fabrication of a novel water-based ferrofluid is presented. The encapsulation of high amounts of magnetite into polystyrene particles can efficiently be achieved by a new process including two miniemulsion processes. The ferrofluids consist of novel magnetite polystyrene nanoparticles dispersed in water which are obtained by three-step process including coprecipitation of magnetite, its hydrophobization and further surfactant coating to enable the redispersion in water and the posterior encapsulation into polystyrene by miniemulsion polymerization. It is a desire to take advantage of a potential thermodynamic control for the design of nanoparticles, and the concept of "nanoreactors" where the essential ingredients for the formation of the nanoparticles are already in the beginning. The formulation and application of polymer particles and hybrid particles composed of polymeric and magnetic material is of high interest for biomedical applications. Ferrofluids can for instance be used in medicine for cancer therapy and magnetic resonance imaging. Superparamagnetic or paramagnetic colloids containing iron or gadolinium are also used as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, for example as a important tool in the diagnosis of cancer, since they enhance the relaxation of the water of the neighbouring zones. New nanostructured composites by the thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl in the monomer phase and thereafter the formation of paramagnetic nanocomposites by miniemulsion polymerization are discussed in the second part of this thesis. In order to obtain the confined paramagnetic nanocomposites a two-step process was used. In the first step, the thermal decomposition of the iron pentacarbonyl was obtained in the monomer phase using oleic acid as stabilizer. In the second step, this iron-containing monomer dispersion was used for making a miniemulsion polymerization thereof. The addition of lanthanide complexes to ester-containing monomers such as butyl acrylate and subsequent polymerization leading to the spontaneous formation of highly organized layered nanocomposites is presented in the final part of this thesis. By an one-step miniemulsion process, the formation of a lamellar structure within the polymer nanoparticles is achieved. The magnetization and the NMR relaxation measurements have shown these new layered nanocomposites to be very apt for application as contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging.
In this work different approaches are undertaken to improve the understanding of the sucrose-to-starch pathway in developing potato tubers. At first an inducible gene expression system from fungal origin is optimised for the use of studying metabolism in the potato tuber. It is found that the alc system from Aspergillus nidulans responds more rapidly to acetaldehyde than ethanol, and that acetaldehyde has less side-effects on metabolism. The optimal induction conditions then are used to study the effects of temporally controlled cytosolic expression of a yeast invertase on metabolism of potato tubers. The observed differences between induced and constitutive expression of the invertase lead to the conclusion that glycolysis is induced after an ATP demand has been created by an increase in sucrose cycling. Furthermore, the data suggest that in the potato tuber maltose is a product of glucose condensation rather than starch degradation. In the second part of the work it is shown that the expression of a yeast invertase in the vacuole of potato tubers has similar effects on metabolism than the expression of the same enzyme in the apoplast. These observations give further evidence to the presence of a mechanism by which sucrose is taken up via endocytosis to the vacuole rather than via transporters directly to the cytosol. Finally, a kinetic in silico model of sucrose breakdown is presented that is able to simulate this part of potato tuber metabolism on a quantitative level. Furthermore, it can predict the metabolic effects of the introduction of a yeast invertase in the cytosol of potato tubers with an astonishing precision. In summary, these data prove that inducible gene expression and kinetic computer models of metabolic pathways are useful tools to greatly improve the understanding of plant metabolism.