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- Younger Dryas (8)
- Zooplankton (8)
- acceleration (8)
- acculturation (8)
- algae (8)
- alien species (8)
- astrophysics (8)
- atomic force microscopy (8)
- attitude (8)
- auxin (8)
- biofilm (8)
- biomaterial (8)
- biomineralization (8)
- block copolymer (8)
- carbon cycle (8)
- carbon dioxide (8)
- cardiovascular diseases (8)
- cells (8)
- charge transfer (8)
- chronic kidney disease (8)
- clefts (8)
- climate impacts (8)
- climate variability (8)
- community (8)
- consistency (8)
- convection (8)
- crisis (8)
- cytotoxicity (8)
- data integration (8)
- data profiling (8)
- density functional calculations (8)
- diet (8)
- digital health (8)
- dissociative electron attachment (8)
- ecosystems (8)
- efficiency (8)
- electron transfer (8)
- electrospinning (8)
- energy policy (8)
- executive functions (8)
- extreme events (8)
- films (8)
- flow (8)
- food web (8)
- force (8)
- forest management (8)
- fractional Brownian motion (8)
- frequency (8)
- galaxies (8)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (8)
- genetics (8)
- human physical conditioning (8)
- hybridization (8)
- hypertension (8)
- identity (8)
- imaging (8)
- inclusion (8)
- injury risk (8)
- instability (8)
- insurance (8)
- integration (8)
- intelligence (8)
- international organizations (8)
- isomerization (8)
- isometric muscle action (8)
- land use change (8)
- landscape of fear (8)
- light (8)
- major depressive disorder (8)
- mathematical modeling (8)
- mathematische Modellierung (8)
- mechanisms (8)
- mechanobiology (8)
- membrane (8)
- membranes (8)
- metabolic syndrome (8)
- microfluidics (8)
- microscopy (8)
- microstructure (8)
- mobility (8)
- morphological processing (8)
- motor control (8)
- nanocomposite (8)
- narcissism (8)
- natural products (8)
- neuroplasticity (8)
- noise (8)
- nuclear lamina (8)
- numerical relativity (8)
- numerical simulation (8)
- outflows (8)
- parliamentary government (8)
- perceptual span (8)
- persistence (8)
- phosphorylation (8)
- plankton (8)
- polarization (8)
- polyelectrolyte (8)
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (8)
- productivity (8)
- pronouns (8)
- public health (8)
- quantum dots (8)
- quasars: general (8)
- reanalysis (8)
- rehabilitation (8)
- representation (8)
- resources (8)
- restoration (8)
- risk perception (8)
- rotation (8)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (8)
- sexual scripts (8)
- signal transduction (8)
- site effects (8)
- snow (8)
- social inclusion (8)
- spatial frequencies (8)
- starch metabolism (8)
- stars: activity (8)
- stars: emission-line, Be (8)
- statistics (8)
- surface chemistry (8)
- surface modification (8)
- suspended sediment (8)
- sustainable development (8)
- time-series (8)
- trends (8)
- ultrafast (8)
- ventral striatum (8)
- vitamin A (8)
- water quality (8)
- 20. Jahrhundert (7)
- 20th century (7)
- ADHD (7)
- Anisotropy (7)
- Anpassung (7)
- Apoptosis (7)
- Aromaticity (7)
- C. elegans (7)
- COVID-19 pandemic (7)
- Capsella (7)
- Central Europe (7)
- Complex networks (7)
- Connectivity (7)
- Conversation Analysis (7)
- Crustal structure (7)
- Cytotoxicity (7)
- DNA damage (7)
- DNA radiation damage (7)
- Decision-making (7)
- Design Thinking (7)
- Dirac operator (7)
- East African Rift System (7)
- Eutrophication (7)
- Fokus (7)
- Geochemistry (7)
- Global change (7)
- Greenland (7)
- Hertzsprung-Russell and C-M diagrams (7)
- Higher education (7)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (7)
- Information Structure (7)
- Interoception (7)
- Japanese (7)
- K-theory (7)
- Kalman filter (7)
- Klimaänderung (7)
- Kohlenstoff (7)
- LCSM (7)
- Leguminosae (7)
- LiDAR (7)
- Longitudinal study (7)
- Mekong Delta (7)
- Molecular dynamics (7)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (7)
- Molybdenum cofactor (7)
- Monsoon (7)
- Monsun (7)
- Morphology (7)
- Movement (7)
- Muscle strength (7)
- NICS (7)
- Norway (7)
- Nutrition (7)
- PUFA (7)
- Palaeoclimate (7)
- Patterns (7)
- Perception (7)
- Phosphorus (7)
- Photosynthese (7)
- Phylogeography (7)
- Prevalence (7)
- Prevention (7)
- Prosodie (7)
- Protein (7)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7)
- RIXS (7)
- Remote sensing (7)
- Seasonality (7)
- Soil (7)
- Soil moisture (7)
- Solanaceae (7)
- Sprachverarbeitung (7)
- Starch metabolism (7)
- Survey (7)
- Switzerland (7)
- TAVI (7)
- Tectonics (7)
- Theory (7)
- Thermokarst (7)
- Tien Shan (7)
- Time series analysis (7)
- Tolkien (7)
- Uncertainty (7)
- Unsicherheit (7)
- Unsicherheiten (7)
- Vesikel (7)
- Visualisierung (7)
- Vulnerabilität (7)
- Walking (7)
- Water quality (7)
- X-rays: ISM (7)
- Youth (7)
- Zinc (7)
- acquisition (7)
- adolescent (7)
- aggregation (7)
- air pollution (7)
- allostatic load (7)
- amygdala (7)
- arctic (7)
- arithmetic (7)
- articulation (7)
- bicameralism (7)
- binaries: eclipsing (7)
- birth weight (7)
- bystander (7)
- cAMP (7)
- calibration (7)
- catalogs (7)
- cell adhesion (7)
- cellulose (7)
- charge generation (7)
- chemistry (7)
- chemotaxis (7)
- child (7)
- circadian clock (7)
- circulation (7)
- circumstellar matter (7)
- cities (7)
- climate-change mitigation (7)
- coastal erosion (7)
- coherence (7)
- community ecology (7)
- comparison (7)
- complex systems (7)
- complexes (7)
- control (7)
- coronary artery disease (7)
- cortisol (7)
- cyber aggression (7)
- defense (7)
- density (7)
- dietary patterns (7)
- discrepancy principle (7)
- distribution (7)
- duplicate detection (7)
- dust (7)
- ecological modelling (7)
- economy (7)
- ecosystem functioning (7)
- energy (7)
- ensemble Kalman filter (7)
- enzyme (7)
- enzyme catalysis (7)
- experiments (7)
- extinction (7)
- extraction (7)
- extreme rainfall (7)
- fatty acids (7)
- first passage time (7)
- flood (7)
- fluorescence microscopy (7)
- food webs (7)
- function (7)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (7)
- galaxies: dwarf (7)
- galaxies: starburst (7)
- gender differences (7)
- gene flow (7)
- geochemistry (7)
- geophysics (7)
- globalization (7)
- grain size (7)
- graphene (7)
- habitat (7)
- heart (7)
- heterogeneous catalysis (7)
- home range (7)
- human behaviour (7)
- human impact (7)
- imaging spectroscopy (7)
- immobilization (7)
- inference (7)
- infrared: stars (7)
- insect (7)
- insula (7)
- interoceptive awareness (7)
- isotopes (7)
- jumping (7)
- kinematics (7)
- land-use change (7)
- last glacial maximum (7)
- life history (7)
- lipid metabolism (7)
- low-energy electrons (7)
- malnutrition (7)
- manifolds with singularities (7)
- measurement (7)
- memory retrieval (7)
- metaanalysis (7)
- metabolic networks (7)
- metabolite profiling (7)
- methane (7)
- microbial ecology (7)
- minerals (7)
- mixed methods (7)
- modality (7)
- modern Jewish history (7)
- multilingualism (7)
- natural language processing (7)
- nonergodicity (7)
- nuclear envelope (7)
- numerical simulations (7)
- organic matter (7)
- organic photovoltaics (7)
- orthography (7)
- oscillations (7)
- oxygen (7)
- pH (7)
- pain (7)
- palaeoecology (7)
- paleoecology (7)
- parafoveal processing (7)
- parameter estimation (7)
- pathogens (7)
- phase transition (7)
- phase transitions (7)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (7)
- planetary nebulae: general (7)
- planets and satellites: rings (7)
- plant diversity (7)
- plasmonics (7)
- policy (7)
- pollution (7)
- porous materials (7)
- predator-prey dynamics (7)
- presidential government (7)
- production control (7)
- programming (7)
- pronoun resolution (7)
- propensity score matching (7)
- prosodic boundary cues (7)
- proteasome (7)
- pseudodifferential operators (7)
- public management (7)
- pulsars: general (7)
- quality (7)
- quantification (7)
- race (7)
- recombination (7)
- reflection (7)
- repair (7)
- reproducibility (7)
- residual stress (7)
- retinol (7)
- rheology (7)
- roughness (7)
- secular trend (7)
- seismic hazard (7)
- selenium (7)
- shape-memory effect (7)
- sharing economy (7)
- silicon (7)
- size (7)
- social rejection (7)
- solar cells (7)
- solar wind (7)
- sorption (7)
- stabile Isotope (7)
- standardization (7)
- stars: late-type (7)
- sunspots (7)
- surfactants (7)
- surveillance (7)
- tVNS (7)
- techniques: image processing (7)
- thermokarst (7)
- time series (7)
- tomography (7)
- topography (7)
- transfer (7)
- transition (7)
- treeline (7)
- trunk (7)
- uncertainty analysis (7)
- urbanization (7)
- variation (7)
- verification (7)
- visualization (7)
- weather (7)
- wh-in-situ (7)
- wh-questions (7)
- working memory capacity (7)
- yellow flags (7)
- youth sports (7)
- AFM (6)
- Adipositas (6)
- Ageing (6)
- Alaska (6)
- Alps (6)
- Anisotropy effect (6)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (6)
- Aphasie (6)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (6)
- Arsenolipids (6)
- Assessment (6)
- Atmosphäre (6)
- BMI (6)
- Bakterien (6)
- Balance (6)
- Bayesian data analysis (6)
- Bewegungsökologie (6)
- Bioelectrocatalysis (6)
- Biogenic amine (6)
- Biophysik (6)
- Blockcopolymere (6)
- C-reactive protein (6)
- CO2 (6)
- Caribbean (6)
- Chytridiomycota (6)
- Click chemistry (6)
- Colombia (6)
- Computational modelling (6)
- Coping (6)
- Copper (6)
- Data assimilation (6)
- Datenbank (6)
- Deep learning (6)
- Design (6)
- Dezentralisierung (6)
- Digitalisierung (6)
- Disturbance (6)
- Diversity (6)
- Dynamic NMR (6)
- EEG/ERP (6)
- Emotions (6)
- Energy (6)
- Europa (6)
- Flood (6)
- Flood risk (6)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (6)
- GIS (6)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (6)
- Gene-environment interaction (6)
- Genomics (6)
- Governance (6)
- Groundwater (6)
- H II regions (6)
- HIREC (6)
- Hodge theory (6)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- Immunoassay (6)
- Insurance (6)
- Interaction (6)
- Interest (6)
- Japan (6)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (6)
- Lake Van (6)
- Land use change (6)
- Language acquisition (6)
- Lasers (6)
- Levy flights (6)
- Local Group (6)
- Longitudinal (6)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (6)
- Magnetismus (6)
- Magnetohydrodynamik (6)
- Mandarin Chinese (6)
- Massenspektrometrie (6)
- Measurement (6)
- Mental arithmetic (6)
- Meta-analysis (6)
- Methane (6)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (6)
- Microtubules (6)
- Middle East (6)
- Mobility (6)
- Modell (6)
- Monitoring (6)
- Mortality (6)
- Movement ecology (6)
- NASH (6)
- NE81 (6)
- Nachhaltigkeit (6)
- Namibia (6)
- Nanostruktur (6)
- Neotektonik (6)
- Neumann problem (6)
- Neuroenhancement (6)
- Neurotoxicity (6)
- Nutrients (6)
- O-antigen (6)
- Oxygen heterocycles (6)
- PBPK (6)
- Paläoklimatologie (6)
- Perceptual span (6)
- Phenotypic plasticity (6)
- Phonons (6)
- Poecilia mexicana (6)
- Polyelektrolyte (6)
- Polymerchemie (6)
- Polymers (6)
- Population genetics (6)
- Predictors (6)
- Prenatal stress (6)
- Prozessmodellierung (6)
- Prunus avium L. (6)
- Pseudo-differential operators (6)
- Pyrenees (6)
- Quasare (6)
- R&D (6)
- Raman (6)
- Reinforcement learning (6)
- Reliability (6)
- Resistance training (6)
- Return to work (6)
- Rheologie (6)
- Rheology (6)
- Ring current effect (6)
- SDS-PAGE (6)
- SWIM (6)
- Schadensmodellierung (6)
- Seesedimente (6)
- Sentinel-1 (6)
- Sexual scripts (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Smalltalk (6)
- Soil erosion (6)
- Speech perception (6)
- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (6)
- Stable isotopes (6)
- Sternentwicklung (6)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (6)
- Subduction zone processes (6)
- Svalbard (6)
- Synthesis (6)
- TMS (6)
- TRMM (6)
- Taxonomy (6)
- Theoretical seismology (6)
- Thermochronologie (6)
- Time reference (6)
- Time series (6)
- Toeplitz operators (6)
- Topic (6)
- Topography (6)
- Toxicity (6)
- Transformation (6)
- United Nations (6)
- Unsicherheitsanalyse (6)
- Variability (6)
- Vegetation (6)
- Vietnam (6)
- Vietnamese (6)
- Water (6)
- West Bohemia (6)
- Westerlies (6)
- Wind erosion (6)
- acid ceramidase (6)
- administration (6)
- admixture (6)
- age of acquisition (6)
- alexithymia (6)
- algorithms (6)
- alignment (6)
- animal movement (6)
- anthropometry (6)
- antibody (6)
- antioxidants (6)
- attitudes (6)
- bias (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
- black holes (6)
- brain (6)
- bryophytes (6)
- business processes (6)
- cartel (6)
- change (6)
- change detection (6)
- chloroplast (6)
- co-limitation (6)
- collusion (6)
- colonialism (6)
- community effect (6)
- competence (6)
- complexity (6)
- constraints (6)
- contrast (6)
- corruption (6)
- costs (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- crystal-structure (6)
- cyber victimization (6)
- cyber-physical systems (6)
- cytoskeleton (6)
- data (6)
- depressive symptoms (6)
- diabetic nephropathy (6)
- dielectrophoresis (6)
- diffuse radiation (6)
- domestication (6)
- droughts (6)
- dust, extinction (6)
- dyslexia (6)
- early warning (6)
- eclogite (6)
- ecohydrology (6)
- effectiveness (6)
- efficient (6)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (6)
- electrons (6)
- electrostatic interactions (6)
- elementary particles (6)
- energy storage (6)
- engagement (6)
- english (6)
- entropy (6)
- environmental change (6)
- enzymes (6)
- exercise therapy (6)
- extension (6)
- eye movement (6)
- fNIRS (6)
- fabrication (6)
- facilitation (6)
- fertilization (6)
- first passage (6)
- first-passage time (6)
- floodplain (6)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (6)
- formal semantics (6)
- galaxies: abundances (6)
- galaxy evolution (6)
- gamma-ray astronomy (6)
- gamma-rays: general (6)
- gas (6)
- gelatin (6)
- general relativity (6)
- genes (6)
- geodynamics (6)
- geology (6)
- givenness (6)
- giving-up density (6)
- global warming (6)
- grammar (6)
- gravity (6)
- habituation (6)
- heat stress (6)
- heterocycles (6)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (6)
- holocene (6)
- hybridization capture (6)
- hydrolysis (6)
- immigration (6)
- impacts (6)
- infancy (6)
- infection (6)
- injury (6)
- institutions (6)
- interfaces (6)
- introgression (6)
- invasive species (6)
- kosmische Strahlung (6)
- leadership (6)
- lifespan (6)
- linagliptin (6)
- lithosphere (6)
- macrophytes (6)
- magnetic nanoparticles (6)
- magnetism (6)
- mapping (6)
- maximal isometric Adaptive Force (6)
- meaning (6)
- mechanism (6)
- media violence (6)
- melt inclusions (6)
- mental simulation (6)
- metabolites (6)
- methods: analytical (6)
- miRNA (6)
- micelles (6)
- microbial communities (6)
- microbial diversity (6)
- microtubules (6)
- mind wandering (6)
- molecular modeling (6)
- molecular motors (6)
- moment tensor (6)
- multicore architectures (6)
- muscle (6)
- muscle power (6)
- neotectonics (6)
- neurodegeneration (6)
- neutron diffraction (6)
- next generation sequencing (6)
- nucleus (6)
- numerical development (6)
- organization (6)
- overweight (6)
- p53 (6)
- palaeoclimate (6)
- parameters (6)
- participation (6)
- pattern formation (6)
- perovskite (6)
- perturbation (6)
- phenology (6)
- phonetics (6)
- phosphate (6)
- phylogenetic diversity (6)
- piezoelectricity (6)
- plant (6)
- plants (6)
- plyometric training (6)
- political equality (6)
- politics (6)
- polyelectrolytes (6)
- polystyrene (6)
- polyzwitterions (6)
- population density (6)
- porosity (6)
- porous carbon (6)
- postural stability (6)
- pregnancy (6)
- presupposition (6)
- probiotics (6)
- process mining (6)
- projections (6)
- protection (6)
- protein-protein interaction (6)
- racism (6)
- radical polymerization (6)
- radiocarbon (6)
- rainfall (6)
- rat (6)
- reciprocal class (6)
- reconstruction (6)
- reduction (6)
- relative index (6)
- religion (6)
- reproduction (6)
- research projects (6)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (6)
- risk factor (6)
- saccades (6)
- salinity gradient (6)
- salivary gland (6)
- scale development (6)
- scattering (6)
- scrambling (6)
- sedaDNA (6)
- sediment transport (6)
- self-concept (6)
- self-healing (6)
- self-regulation (6)
- sensor (6)
- silver nanoparticles (6)
- soccer (6)
- social comparison (6)
- socioeconomic status (6)
- sodium (6)
- software engineering (6)
- speciation (6)
- speed (6)
- star formation (6)
- stars: horizontal-branch (6)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- stars: magnetic fields (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- stochastic differential equations (6)
- stroke (6)
- sucrose (6)
- sulfite oxidase (6)
- support vector machine (6)
- surgery (6)
- teacher education (6)
- teaching (6)
- thaliana (6)
- therapist competence (6)
- thermoresponsive polymers (6)
- tomato (6)
- tools (6)
- tracking (6)
- trade-offs (6)
- training adaptation (6)
- traits (6)
- transcriptional memory (6)
- transcriptome (6)
- trust (6)
- ultrafast dynamics (6)
- unemployment (6)
- uplift (6)
- user experience (6)
- video analysis (6)
- violence (6)
- visions of democracy (6)
- walking (6)
- water management (6)
- weight loss (6)
- women (6)
- world literature (6)
- zebrafish (6)
- 19. Jahrhundert (5)
- 3D point clouds (5)
- 3D visualization (5)
- AC electrokinetics (5)
- ALAN (5)
- Absorption (5)
- Ackerschmalwand (5)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Afrika (5)
- Aftercare (5)
- Age of acquisition (5)
- Agency (5)
- Air pollution (5)
- Algeria (5)
- Alterung (5)
- Amygdala (5)
- Ancient DNA (5)
- Animal personality (5)
- Antwortmengenprogrammierung (5)
- Arctic lakes (5)
- Arrayseismologie (5)
- Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (5)
- Asian monsoon (5)
- Asteraceae (5)
- Atiyah-Patodi-Singer theory (5)
- Australien (5)
- Autocorrelation (5)
- Basketball (5)
- Bayesian inversion (5)
- Bayesian networks (5)
- Big Five (5)
- Bilingualism (5)
- Biodiversity Exploratories (5)
- Biodiversity exploratories (5)
- Biofilm (5)
- Bioinformatik (5)
- Biosensors (5)
- Black Sea (5)
- Block copolymers (5)
- Blockcopolymer (5)
- Blood (5)
- Bodenfeuchte (5)
- Body composition (5)
- Boric acid (5)
- Boron exposure (5)
- Bose-Einstein condensation (5)
- Boundary value problems (5)
- Brassicaceae (5)
- Cardiovascular diseases (5)
- Cattle (5)
- Cayley Graph (5)
- Cell polarity (5)
- Chemotaxis (5)
- Child (5)
- Chitooligosaccharides (5)
- Chloroplast (5)
- Cognitive control (5)
- Cold War (5)
- Community assembly (5)
- Complexity (5)
- Computer Science Education (5)
- Conservation (5)
- Cost-effectiveness (5)
- Cue-based retrieval (5)
- Cultural diversity (5)
- Cyanobakterien (5)
- Cystic fibrosis (5)
- DRD4 (5)
- Data profiling (5)
- Datenassimilation (5)
- Decision making (5)
- Dexamethasone (5)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (5)
- Duplikaterkennung (5)
- EPR (5)
- ERA5 (5)
- EU (5)
- Earthquake hazards (5)
- East Germany (5)
- Ecotoxicology (5)
- Electrical conductivity (5)
- Electropolymerization (5)
- Ellenberg indicator values (5)
- Elliptic complexes (5)
- Embodiment (5)
- Emulsion (5)
- Entwicklung (5)
- Environmental sciences (5)
- European hare (5)
- Extraction (5)
- Extreme events (5)
- Eye movement (5)
- Feature selection (5)
- Fetal programming (5)
- Fire-bellied toad (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Fluorescence imaging (5)
- Fokker-Planck equation (5)
- Food quality (5)
- Frailty (5)
- Free Group (5)
- Functional ankle instability (5)
- G-protein-coupled receptor (5)
- Galaxy: center (5)
- Geodynamik (5)
- Geomagnetic field (5)
- Geomagnetism (5)
- Geomorphology (5)
- Geophysik (5)
- Geostatistics (5)
- German colonialism (5)
- Glucose (5)
- Gold (5)
- Gold nanoparticles (5)
- Graph theory (5)
- Grassland (5)
- Ground reaction force (5)
- HVSR (5)
- Habitat fragmentation (5)
- Heart rate variability (5)
- Hebrew (5)
- Heterocycles (5)
- Holding isometric muscle action (5)
- Hypertension (5)
- IAT (5)
- IR-MALDI (5)
- ISM: jets and outflows (5)
- ISM: lines and bands (5)
- ISM: magnetic fields (5)
- Imaging (5)
- Immigration (5)
- Individual-based models (5)
- Induced seismicity (5)
- Information (5)
- Insect (5)
- Intervention (5)
- Ionosphere (5)
- Islam (5)
- Janus emulsions (5)
- Jugendliche (5)
- Jüdische Studien (5)
- Kant (5)
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- Reading strategies (4)
- Recovery (4)
- Recurrence plot (4)
- Refugees (4)
- Regeneration (4)
- Regulation (4)
- Relativsätze (4)
- Religion (4)
- Research School (4)
- Resistance (4)
- Retrieval (4)
- Rhizosphere (4)
- Risk reduction (4)
- Rodents (4)
- Russland (4)
- Röntgenspektroskopie (4)
- SDGs (4)
- SDS PAGE (4)
- SEM (4)
- Salivary gland (4)
- Salmonella (4)
- Salts (4)
- Scale development (4)
- Scrum (4)
- Secondary Education (4)
- Sediment connectivity (4)
- Sedimentology (4)
- Seismic attenuation (4)
- Seismic noise (4)
- Self-control (4)
- Self-efficacy (4)
- Self-employment (4)
- Self-esteem (4)
- Self-regulation (4)
- Semiarid (4)
- Senescence (4)
- Sensitivity analysis (4)
- Serotonin (4)
- Sexual victimization (4)
- Shrub encroachment (4)
- Sicherheit (4)
- Sick leave (4)
- Simulated patients (4)
- Simulationen (4)
- Software (4)
- Soil hydrology (4)
- Solidago gigantea (4)
- Species distribution modelling (4)
- Sport (4)
- Sprachverständnis (4)
- Standardized patients (4)
- Staphylococcus aureus (4)
- Start-Up Subsidies (4)
- Start-up subsidies (4)
- Statistical methods (4)
- Sterne (4)
- Sternentstehung (4)
- Stickstoff (4)
- Storytelling (4)
- Strategic foresight (4)
- Structural geology (4)
- Structure elucidation (4)
- Städte (4)
- Sun (4)
- Supervision (4)
- Surface roughness (4)
- Survival (4)
- Swedish (4)
- System (4)
- Systems biology (4)
- TEM (4)
- TSNMRS (4)
- Teacher motivation (4)
- Teacher self-efficacy (4)
- Team sports (4)
- Telerehabilitation (4)
- Temperatur (4)
- Tenside (4)
- Thermal effects (4)
- Thermochronology (4)
- Thermoresponsive (4)
- ToF-SIMS (4)
- Trace elements (4)
- Transfer function (4)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (4)
- Transkriptomik (4)
- Triassic (4)
- Tropical forest (4)
- Tso Moriri Lake (4)
- Turkish-German bilingualism (4)
- Type 2 diabetes (4)
- Türkisch (4)
- UAV (4)
- UNFCCC (4)
- Ukraine (4)
- Ultrasound (4)
- Uncertainties (4)
- Underspecification (4)
- VIIRS DNB (4)
- Van Allen Probes (4)
- Variabilität (4)
- Verification (4)
- Verwaltung (4)
- Verwaltungsreform (4)
- Virtuelle Maschinen (4)
- Virus (4)
- WA-PLS (4)
- Weathering (4)
- Weight (4)
- Weight bias internalization (4)
- West Africa (4)
- West Antarctica (4)
- Wissensmanagement (4)
- Work ability (4)
- X-ray emission spectroscopy (4)
- X-ray scattering (4)
- X-rays (4)
- XRF (4)
- Xanthomonas (4)
- Zaremba problem (4)
- accretion (4)
- accretion, accretion disks (4)
- accuracy (4)
- achilles tendinopathy (4)
- actin (4)
- action language (4)
- action processing (4)
- action words (4)
- actuation (4)
- adaptive force (4)
- additive particles (4)
- adherence (4)
- adipogenesis (4)
- adiponectin (4)
- adjectives (4)
- administrative reform (4)
- advanced dynamic flow (4)
- aerosol size distribution (4)
- affective (4)
- agent-based model (4)
- agility (4)
- agreement attraction (4)
- aldehyde oxidase (4)
- allelopathy (4)
- anaphors (4)
- antifouling (4)
- antilocality (4)
- app (4)
- aptamers (4)
- aquatic ecosystems (4)
- aqueous-solution (4)
- arabidopsis (4)
- arabidopsis-thaliana (4)
- architecture (4)
- argumentation (4)
- arsenolipids present (4)
- astronomy (4)
- astrophysical plasmas (4)
- athletes (4)
- attachment (4)
- augmented reality (4)
- automatic evaluation (4)
- automatic evaluations (4)
- automation (4)
- autonomy (4)
- autophagy (4)
- balance training (4)
- beliefs (4)
- biodiversity exploratories (4)
- bioelectrocatalysis (4)
- biogeochemistry (4)
- biological age (4)
- biological invasions (4)
- biomarkers (4)
- bis-MGD (4)
- black hole physics (4)
- body composition (4)
- body image (4)
- branching (4)
- brushes (4)
- brushite (4)
- buildings (4)
- bulk heterojunction (4)
- business (4)
- business model (4)
- capacity (4)
- capacity building (4)
- carbon isotopes (4)
- carbon nitrides (4)
- catchments (4)
- categories (4)
- cell cycle (4)
- cell wall (4)
- cell-free protein synthesis (4)
- change management (4)
- citizenship (4)
- civil war (4)
- cleft (4)
- climate change impacts (4)
- climate extremes (4)
- climate warming (4)
- clinical sample (4)
- clone (4)
- cluster analysis (4)
- co-occurrence analysis (4)
- cod-liver (4)
- codon usage (4)
- coefficient (4)
- coevolution (4)
- cognitive enhancement (4)
- cognitive modeling (4)
- collaborative consumption (4)
- collagen (4)
- colloids (4)
- colonization (4)
- color (4)
- combat sports (4)
- common vole (4)
- community structure (4)
- compliance (4)
- composites (4)
- computer games (4)
- computer science education (4)
- computer-based training (4)
- concepts (4)
- conceptualization (4)
- conduct problems (4)
- conductivity (4)
- confocal microscopy (4)
- conjugated polymers (4)
- content-addressable memory (4)
- contracts (4)
- conversational agents (4)
- convolutional neural network (4)
- coping strategies (4)
- copper(II) (4)
- core (4)
- coreference (4)
- coronary heart disease (4)
- corrosion (4)
- cosmic-ray neutron sensing (4)
- counting (4)
- covariance (4)
- creep (4)
- crop production (4)
- cross-cultural comparison (4)
- crosslinking (4)
- cyberbullying victimization (4)
- cyclic voltammetry (4)
- cylindrospermopsin (4)
- cystic fibrosis (4)
- cytochrome c (4)
- data mining (4)
- data preparation (4)
- data quality (4)
- decarbonization (4)
- deforestation (4)
- deformation (4)
- degenerative disc disease (4)
- demography (4)
- deposition (4)
- design (4)
- deutsch-jüdische Geschichte (4)
- diabetes mellitus (4)
- dictator game (4)
- differential operators (4)
- differentiation (4)
- digital (4)
- digital platforms (4)
- disability (4)
- discourse production (4)
- distributed systems (4)
- diversification (4)
- dog (4)
- dropout (4)
- drugs (4)
- dual-process (4)
- dyadic coping (4)
- dye removal (4)
- dynamic (4)
- dynamical models (4)
- dynamical systems (4)
- e-government (4)
- eating behavior (4)
- eco-evolutionary experience (4)
- edge effect (4)
- effect (4)
- elections (4)
- electron paramagnetic resonance (4)
- electron-transfer (4)
- electrostatics (4)
- elliptic operator (4)
- emissions (4)
- emotional expression (4)
- emulsion (4)
- endophytes (4)
- enhancement (4)
- entanglement (4)
- entrepreneurship education (4)
- environmental filtering (4)
- environmental policy (4)
- errata, addenda (4)
- ethnicity (4)
- evaluative study (4)
- evaporites (4)
- event-related brain potentials (4)
- evolutionary history (4)
- exercise intensity (4)
- experimental design (4)
- exploratory-behavior (4)
- eye-movement monitoring (4)
- face perception (4)
- family (4)
- fatty acid (4)
- fatty acid metabolism (4)
- fatty-acids (4)
- fault (4)
- feature selection (4)
- fence ecology (4)
- ferroelectric polymers (4)
- fiction (4)
- financial crisis (4)
- financial institutions (4)
- finger counting (4)
- fire (4)
- first language acquisition (4)
- first-passage (4)
- fixation durations (4)
- floral scent (4)
- flower development (4)
- fluctuating light (4)
- fluctuations (4)
- fluid inclusions (4)
- fluorescent dyes (4)
- formal verification (4)
- fractional dynamics (4)
- framework (4)
- friendship (4)
- frustration (4)
- functional response (4)
- fundamental frequency (4)
- fungi (4)
- galaxies: star formation (4)
- garden-path effect (4)
- gaze-contingent displays (4)
- gene regulation (4)
- gene regulatory networks (4)
- genealogy (4)
- genetic diversity (4)
- genome-wide association (4)
- geomorphometry (4)
- geothermal energy (4)
- geovisualization (4)
- global jets (4)
- global positioning system (4)
- global sensitivity analysis (4)
- glomerular filtration rate (4)
- glucose oxidation (4)
- glucosinolates (4)
- glutathione (4)
- graph theory (4)
- graph transformation (4)
- graph transformation systems (4)
- graphs (4)
- ground reaction force (4)
- group field theory (4)
- gut microbiota (4)
- handgrip strength (4)
- handwriting (4)
- hazard (4)
- health care (4)
- healthcare (4)
- heart failure (4)
- heat (4)
- helical magnetic fields (4)
- hemocompatibility (4)
- heritage language (4)
- heterostyly (4)
- heuristics (4)
- high-intensity interval training (4)
- historiography (4)
- holding capacity (4)
- holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) (4)
- honey bee (4)
- human capital (4)
- human rights (4)
- human-computer interaction (4)
- hybrid (4)
- hydrological models (4)
- hyporheic zone (4)
- immune system (4)
- immunology (4)
- implicit attitude (4)
- impulsivity (4)
- in vitro (4)
- individual (4)
- inertial measurement unit (4)
- insulin signaling (4)
- interactional linguistics (4)
- interception (4)
- interest (4)
- interface (4)
- intergovernmental relations (4)
- international organisations (4)
- intersectionality (4)
- intrusion detection (4)
- ionic conductivity (4)
- ionic strength (4)
- joint Simon effect (4)
- joint action (4)
- karst (4)
- kernel methods (4)
- kidney transplantation (4)
- knickpoint (4)
- knowledge (4)
- komplexe Netzwerke (4)
- künstliche Intelligenz (4)
- lactate (4)
- land-use intensity (4)
- language contact (4)
- large-scale structure of Universe (4)
- laser pulses (4)
- laterality (4)
- law (4)
- left periphery (4)
- lexical access (4)
- lexicon (4)
- lichens (4)
- life satisfaction (4)
- lifestyle (4)
- light variability (4)
- line: identification (4)
- linear hypersubstitution (4)
- lipopolysaccharide (4)
- loading rate (4)
- locomotion (4)
- locus coeruleus (4)
- locus of control (4)
- long-distance dispersal (4)
- long-term effects (4)
- low-back-pain (4)
- lower critical solution temperature (4)
- machine (4)
- macrocycles (4)
- macrophages (4)
- magnetostriction (4)
- magnetotellurics (4)
- mammals (4)
- manifold with singularities (4)
- mass (4)
- mathematics instruction (4)
- meadow (4)
- measurement invariance (4)
- mechanical properties (4)
- mechanical tendinous oscillations (4)
- media (4)
- memory effects (4)
- mesenchymal stem cells (4)
- mesoporous materials (4)
- metabolic engineering (4)
- metabolic regulation (4)
- metadata (4)
- metaphor (4)
- meteorological drought (4)
- methyl orange (4)
- methylene blue (4)
- methylmercury (4)
- micro-CT (4)
- microRNA (4)
- microgels (4)
- mid-temperature transition (4)
- mild cognitive impairment (4)
- mitochondrial DNA (4)
- mixtures (4)
- mobile links (4)
- model-driven engineering (4)
- modular production (4)
- molecular evolution (4)
- molecules (4)
- monoclonal antibody (4)
- morphogenesis (4)
- muscle oxygen saturation (4)
- museum specimens (4)
- music information retrieval (4)
- myocardial infarction (4)
- n-alkanes (4)
- nachhaltige Chemie (4)
- nanolenses (4)
- nanotriangles (4)
- narrative (4)
- nested graph conditions (4)
- network reconstruction (4)
- neurodegenerative diseases (4)
- neuroenhancement (4)
- neurotoxicity (4)
- neutrinos (4)
- new species (4)
- new technology (4)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (4)
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (4)
- non-linear dynamics (4)
- non-native speakers (4)
- non-photorealistic rendering (4)
- nonlinear operator (4)
- numerical (4)
- numerical model (4)
- ocean (4)
- ocean acidification (4)
- ocean color remote sensing (4)
- online (4)
- ontogeny (4)
- open data (4)
- operating systems (4)
- optimal foraging (4)
- optimal transport (4)
- optimism (4)
- optimization (4)
- organ size (4)
- organic carbon (4)
- organic chemistry (4)
- osmotic-pressure (4)
- osteoblast (4)
- other-race effect (4)
- outcomes (4)
- paleoaltimetry (4)
- paleoclimatology (4)
- paleogenomics (4)
- paleolimnology (4)
- palladium (4)
- parafoveal-on-foveal effect (4)
- parental mediation (4)
- part 1 (4)
- partial clone (4)
- partial least squares (4)
- particle acceleration (4)
- pathway (4)
- people (4)
- permafrost thaw (4)
- persulfide (4)
- phase (4)
- phase oscillators (4)
- phenols (4)
- phenotyping (4)
- photoelectron (4)
- photofragmentation (4)
- photogrammetry (4)
- photoisomerization (4)
- photon density wave spectroscopy (4)
- photooxygenation (4)
- phototaxis (4)
- photovoltaic devices (4)
- physical performance (4)
- physics education (4)
- physiological consequences (4)
- phytolith (4)
- picture naming (4)
- picture-word interference (4)
- planetary rings (4)
- planets and satellites: atmospheres (4)
- plant development (4)
- plant growth (4)
- plant population and community dynamics (4)
- plasma membrane (4)
- plasma-membrane (4)
- platelets (4)
- playa (4)
- plume (4)
- point process (4)
- policy-making (4)
- politeness (4)
- poly(ethylene glycol) (4)
- polyadenylation (4)
- polyelectrolyte adsorption (4)
- polymer chemistry (4)
- polypeptide (4)
- polypropylene (4)
- polysemy (4)
- population structure (4)
- populations (4)
- pornography (4)
- poröse Materialien (4)
- potato (4)
- pragmatics (4)
- pre-school (4)
- preactivation (4)
- precuneus (4)
- preference assessment (4)
- pressure (4)
- principal component analysis (4)
- proactive aggression (4)
- proactivity (4)
- probabilistic timed systems (4)
- problem-solving (4)
- process (4)
- process analytical technology (4)
- production (4)
- properties (4)
- protein engineering (4)
- protein modification (4)
- protein-protein interactions (4)
- proteinuria (4)
- proteome (4)
- psychological distress (4)
- psychosocial moderators (4)
- pubertal timing (4)
- public policy (4)
- qualitative Analyse (4)
- qualitative analysis (4)
- qualitative research (4)
- quality assurance (4)
- quantitative Analyse (4)
- quantum gravity (4)
- questionnaire (4)
- quorum sensing (4)
- radicals (4)
- rampage (4)
- random walk (4)
- random walks (4)
- randomized controlled trial (4)
- rape myth acceptance (4)
- rare earth elements (4)
- rate of perceived exertion (4)
- reactive aggression (4)
- recollection (4)
- recombinant inbred line (4)
- recurrence (4)
- recurrence plot (4)
- redox state (4)
- reference (4)
- reforms (4)
- regime shift (4)
- regression (4)
- regularity (4)
- reionization (4)
- relatedness (4)
- remagnetization (4)
- replication (4)
- representation learning (4)
- reproductive strategies (4)
- reproductive success (4)
- research (4)
- research school (4)
- resistin (4)
- resonance energy transfer (4)
- reward anticipation (4)
- risk perceptions (4)
- risk reduction (4)
- river incision (4)
- rivers (4)
- robustness (4)
- rolling averages (4)
- root traits (4)
- rotifer (4)
- run time analysis (4)
- runners (4)
- rural (4)
- salivary alpha-amylase (4)
- salt (4)
- salt pan (4)
- sanctions (4)
- scaffolding (4)
- scenario (4)
- scenario analysis (4)
- scenarios (4)
- school adjustment (4)
- school children (4)
- school mathematics (4)
- school shooting (4)
- screening (4)
- sea level (4)
- secondary school (4)
- sedimentology (4)
- self-control (4)
- self-evaluation (4)
- self-objectification (4)
- self-sovereign identity (4)
- selfing syndrome (4)
- sequence (4)
- sexual assault (4)
- sexual coercion (4)
- sexual selection (4)
- sexual victimization (4)
- sexualization (4)
- shape (4)
- shape memory (4)
- shape-memory polymers (4)
- shrub encroachment (4)
- signal propagation (4)
- similarity measures (4)
- single nucleotide polymorphism (4)
- skill (4)
- skin (4)
- small mammals (4)
- smart contracts (4)
- social acceptance (4)
- social capital (4)
- social status (4)
- software (4)
- software development (4)
- soils (4)
- space (4)
- space use (4)
- spatial (4)
- spatially explicit model (4)
- species distribution model (4)
- species distribution modelling (4)
- specific root length (4)
- spectral analysis (4)
- speech segmentation (4)
- spelling (4)
- sports (4)
- stakeholder participation (4)
- star product (4)
- stars: black holes (4)
- stars: formation (4)
- stars: low-mass (4)
- stars: oscillations (4)
- starspots (4)
- start-up subsidies (4)
- states (4)
- statistical seismology (4)
- stellar physics (4)
- sterols (4)
- stochastic process (4)
- storage (4)
- strain localization (4)
- stress response (4)
- stress tolerance (4)
- subdiffusion (4)
- subsidence (4)
- substance use (4)
- sucrose responsiveness (4)
- summer monsoon (4)
- supergene (4)
- supernova remnants (4)
- supervisor support (4)
- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (4)
- survey (4)
- sustainable chemistry (4)
- symbiosis (4)
- synchrotron radiation (4)
- synthetische Biologie (4)
- tandem solar cells (4)
- teacher (4)
- teacher beliefs (4)
- teacher learning (4)
- telemedicine (4)
- thermokarst lakes (4)
- thermoresponsiv (4)
- thiouracil (4)
- tocopherols (4)
- trade (4)
- trajectories (4)
- transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (4)
- transparency (4)
- treatment (4)
- trustworthiness (4)
- typology (4)
- ultrafast x-ray diffraction (4)
- ungulate (4)
- usability (4)
- value creation (4)
- vascular plants (4)
- verbs (4)
- vertical coupling (4)
- veterinary cordon fence (4)
- virus (4)
- virus infection (4)
- viscosity (4)
- visible-light (4)
- visual word recognition (4)
- vocabulary (4)
- voice (4)
- vowels (4)
- water fluxes (4)
- water security (4)
- water treatment (4)
- water-balance (4)
- water-soluble polymers (4)
- wave-particle interactions (4)
- wavelength (4)
- weak ergodicity breaking (4)
- web application (4)
- weight (4)
- weighted moving averages (4)
- wettability (4)
- wh-movement (4)
- willingness to intervene (4)
- working memory updating (4)
- workplace (4)
- xanthine dehydrogenase (4)
- yedoma (4)
- young adults (4)
- zebularine (4)
- 'eta' invariant (3)
- 1799-1804 (3)
- 2D (3)
- 2D perovskites (3)
- 2nd-language grammar (3)
- 3D (3)
- 3D Point Clouds (3)
- 3D city models (3)
- 3D geovisualization (3)
- 3D-Visualisierung (3)
- 4-nitrophenol (3)
- 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (3)
- A-bar-movement (3)
- ABCB7 (3)
- AGN (3)
- AHP (3)
- ASIC (3)
- AUD (3)
- Abandonment (3)
- Abbau (3)
- Acacia mellifera (3)
- Academic achievement (3)
- Academic self-concept (3)
- Acer pseudoplatanus (3)
- Achilles and patellar tendon (3)
- Achilles tendon (3)
- Acid sphingomyelinase (3)
- Acquisition (3)
- Action processing (3)
- Acute coronary syndrome (3)
- Adam Smith (3)
- Additive manufacturing (3)
- Adverbial Quantification (3)
- Aerosol (3)
- Aerosole (3)
- Aesthetics (3)
- Affective Computing (3)
- African indigenous vegetables (3)
- Agrammatic aphasia (3)
- Agricultural landscape (3)
- Alborz Mountains (3)
- Aldehyde oxidase (3)
- Aldehyde oxidoreductase (3)
- Aleatory variability (3)
- Algorithmen (3)
- Alkylpyridinium salts (3)
- Alpine Fault (3)
- Aluminum alloys (3)
- Alzheimer (3)
- Ambiguity (3)
- Amides (3)
- Amphibia (3)
- Amplicon sequencing (3)
- Ancient forest (3)
- Ankle injury (3)
- Anomalous diffusion (3)
- Anthropocene (3)
- Anti-doping guideline (3)
- Anti-doping program (3)
- Antibiotic resistance (3)
- Antibiotics (3)
- Antifouling (3)
- Aphis fabae (3)
- Approximate Bayesian Computation (3)
- Arabica coffee beans (3)
- Aral Sea (3)
- Arbeitslosigkeit (3)
- Arctic Ocean (3)
- Arctic haze (3)
- Arctic tundra (3)
- Array Seismology (3)
- Array seismology (3)
- Arsenic (3)
- Artificial intelligence (3)
- Asian American (3)
- Asparagales (3)
- Asplanchna brightwellii (3)
- Astrocytes (3)
- Astrophotonik (3)
- Astrophysics (3)
- Atiyah-Bott condition (3)
- Atiyah-Bott obstruction (3)
- Atlantic-Ocean (3)
- Atmosphere (3)
- Attitude (3)
- Auger electron spectroscopy (3)
- August 2002 flood (3)
- Auxin transport (3)
- Außenpolitik (3)
- Azobenzene (3)
- Azobenzene containing cationic surfactants (3)
- BIAT (3)
- BIM (3)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421 (3)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: PKS 2155-304 (3)
- Bacteriophage (3)
- Barents Sea (3)
- Base pairing (3)
- Baseline shift (3)
- Bayesian estimation (3)
- Bayesian inverse problems (3)
- Bayesian meta-analysis (3)
- Bayesian modeling (3)
- Bayesian statistics (3)
- Bayesianism (3)
- Be-10 (3)
- Behavior (3)
- Benchmarking (3)
- Benetzung (3)
- Benzene (3)
- Beringia (3)
- Bibliometric analysis (3)
- Bilophila wadsworthia (3)
- Bioavailability (3)
- Biochemie (3)
- Biogenic silica (3)
- Biomaterialien (3)
- Biomaterials (3)
- Biomechanics (3)
- Biomechanik (3)
- Biomimetic (3)
- Biomimetic sensors (3)
- Birch reduction (3)
- Birth weight (3)
- Blickbewegungsmessung (3)
- Blockchains (3)
- Bolboschoenus maritimus (3)
- Botulinum neurotoxin (3)
- Bourdieu (3)
- Brachionus (3)
- Brasilien (3)
- Bucerotidae (3)
- Business Process Management (3)
- Business process models (3)
- C-C coupling (3)
- CD spectroscopy (3)
- CDOM (3)
- CLSM (3)
- CO2 emissions (3)
- CPPS (3)
- Calliphora vicina (3)
- Calorimetry (3)
- Cambodia (3)
- Camelus dromedarius (3)
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- performance information (3)
- performance management (3)
- performance measurement (3)
- periphyton (3)
- permafrost ecosystems (3)
- personality traits (3)
- perspective taking (3)
- phagocytosis (3)
- phase behavior (3)
- phase dynamics (3)
- phenomenology (3)
- phonological development (3)
- phonology (3)
- phosphatidylserine (3)
- photocurrent generation (3)
- photoionization (3)
- photosensitive surfactants (3)
- photoswitches (3)
- photosynthetic rate (3)
- physical aggression (3)
- physical conditioning human (3)
- phytoplankton communities (3)
- piezoelectret (3)
- piezoelectrets (3)
- pigment composition (3)
- pitch angle (3)
- planets and satellites: individual (Saturn) (3)
- plant cell wall (3)
- plant invasion (3)
- plant science (3)
- plant volatiles (3)
- plant-plant interactions (3)
- plausibility (3)
- pluvial floods (3)
- plyometrics (3)
- pneumonia (3)
- point clouds (3)
- point-of-care (3)
- policy analysis (3)
- policy evaluation (3)
- political ideology (3)
- poly(A) polymerase (3)
- poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (3)
- poly(ether imide) (3)
- polyesters (3)
- polyglycerol (3)
- polymer solar cells (3)
- polymersomes (3)
- polymorphism (3)
- polysulfobetaine (3)
- population growth rate (3)
- possessives (3)
- post-natal (3)
- potassium channel (3)
- poverty (3)
- power spectral analysis (3)
- power spectrum (3)
- pp-wave solutions (3)
- pragmaticalisation (3)
- pre-activity (3)
- pre-natal (3)
- pre-service teachers (3)
- precaution (3)
- precision agriculture (3)
- predation risk (3)
- predator-prey (3)
- predator-prey model (3)
- prediction models (3)
- preference (3)
- prefixes (3)
- preprocessing (3)
- pressures (3)
- prevalence information (3)
- primary care (3)
- primary metabolism (3)
- primary school children (3)
- prior knowledge (3)
- privatization (3)
- proactive personality (3)
- probability (3)
- probability density function (3)
- probes (3)
- process modeling (3)
- production planning (3)
- proliferation (3)
- property rights (3)
- prosocial (3)
- prosody processing (3)
- protein binding (3)
- protein restriction (3)
- protein search (3)
- protein self-assembly (3)
- protein-phenol interactions (3)
- proteomic analysis (3)
- protonation (3)
- prototype-willingness-model (3)
- pseudo-differential boundary value problems (3)
- pseudo-differential operators (3)
- psycho-oncology (3)
- psychopathology (3)
- psychopower (3)
- puberty (3)
- public good (3)
- public service delivery (3)
- public transport (3)
- pulling isometric muscle action (PIMA) (3)
- pump-probe (3)
- punishment (3)
- quantitative research (3)
- quantum dynamics (3)
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- questions (3)
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- range dynamics (3)
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- rate of torque development (3)
- reactance (3)
- reaction mechanisms (3)
- reading comprehension (3)
- real options (3)
- real-time (3)
- rearrangement (3)
- reasoning (3)
- reception (3)
- reciprocal processes (3)
- recommendations (3)
- record linkage (3)
- recurrence analysis (3)
- recurrence quantification analysis (3)
- red meat (3)
- redox (3)
- redox chemistry (3)
- reference material (3)
- referential choice (3)
- refinement (3)
- refugee youth (3)
- regime shifts (3)
- regional development (3)
- regioselectivity (3)
- regression tree (3)
- relationship constellations (3)
- relationships (3)
- relative clause (3)
- relative rank (3)
- relaxation (3)
- relevance (3)
- religiosity (3)
- remission (3)
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- replacement (3)
- reproducing kernel Hilbert space (3)
- requirements (3)
- research design (3)
- research framework (3)
- reservoir (3)
- residue (3)
- resolution (3)
- resonance energy-transfer (3)
- resurrection plants (3)
- return to work (3)
- reveals (3)
- reward (3)
- rhizosphere (3)
- rifting (3)
- ring current (3)
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- risk attitudes (3)
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- river (3)
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- robbery (3)
- rock (3)
- rodent (3)
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- running mechanics (3)
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- sACC (3)
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- sample preparation (3)
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- scalability (3)
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- science (3)
- science mapping (3)
- seawater (3)
- second language acquisition (3)
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- sedentary (3)
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- seismisches Rauschen (3)
- selenoprotein P (3)
- self threat (3)
- self-assembled monolayers (3)
- self-organisation (3)
- self-regulated learning (3)
- self-similarity (3)
- semantic (3)
- semantic priming (3)
- semiconductors (3)
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- sensorimotor control (3)
- sensorimotor training (3)
- sentence parsing (3)
- separation (3)
- separation of powers (3)
- serine cycle (3)
- serum (3)
- sexual self-esteem (3)
- sexual violence (3)
- shallow structure hypothesis (3)
- shape-memory polymer (3)
- short-read mapping (3)
- sibilant (3)
- sick leave (3)
- sickness absence (3)
- signalling (3)
- silica (3)
- similarity (3)
- similarity-based interference (3)
- simulation model (3)
- simultaneous bilingualism (3)
- singularity (3)
- situated processes (3)
- size distribution (3)
- skeletal muscle (3)
- skeletal robustness (3)
- skew Brownian motion (3)
- slope aspect (3)
- smart materials (3)
- smartphone (3)
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- social environment (3)
- social network (3)
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- social reactivity (3)
- social valuation (3)
- sociality (3)
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- sociometric status (3)
- sodium hydroxide etching (3)
- soft actuators (3)
- soft robotics (3)
- soil aggregation (3)
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- sol-gel (3)
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- solubility (3)
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- source parameters (3)
- spatial scales (3)
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- specificity (3)
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- sphingomyelin (3)
- sphingosine (3)
- sphingosine kinase (3)
- spider silk (3)
- spin (3)
- starch granule initiation (3)
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- starch morphology (3)
- starch synthase (3)
- stars: (3)
- stars: coronae (3)
- stars: distances (3)
- stars: individual (WR 6) (3)
- stars: pre-main sequence (3)
- statins (3)
- statistical (3)
- statistical methods (3)
- stellar populations (3)
- stellar winds (3)
- stereoselectivity (3)
- stereotypes (3)
- stochastic bridge (3)
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- stratification (3)
- stress-gradient hypothesis (3)
- strike-slip fault (3)
- student achievement (3)
- students (3)
- study (3)
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- subcellular localization (3)
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- submarine (3)
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- surface functionalization (3)
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- surfaces (3)
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- synchronization transition (3)
- synchrotron X-ray diffraction (3)
- syrphids (3)
- tablet (3)
- tacit knowledge (3)
- talent (3)
- talent identification (3)
- talk-in-interaction (3)
- tandem reaction (3)
- tandem reactions (3)
- tannic acid (3)
- task (3)
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- teachers (3)
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- temperament (3)
- temperature dependence (3)
- temperature fluctuation (3)
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- temporal dynamics (3)
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- testing (3)
- tetrabromidocuprate(II) (3)
- text analysis (3)
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- texture (3)
- thaw (3)
- the Cauchy problem (3)
- theorem (3)
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- tunnel vision (3)
- type 2 (3)
- type-III effector (3)
- tyramine (3)
- ultrafast X-ray diffraction (3)
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- upper mantle (3)
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- variance (3)
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- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (2)
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- (Anti)aromaticity (2)
- (SEPE) factors (2)
- (dis)affiliation (2)
- (dis)agreement (2)
- (pronominal) resumption (2)
- ) (2)
- 0thers’ behavior (2)
- 1 (2)
- 1-aminodecylidene bis-phosphonic acid (2)
- 1.5 degrees C (2)
- 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (2)
- 1D (2)
- 2 Different Strains (2)
- 2-Azaspiro[4.5]deca-1-ones (2)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phoshphate aldolase (2)
- 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (2)
- 21st-Century (2)
- 24 h recall (2)
- 26D15 (2)
- 2D-LC-MS/MS (2)
- 2P cross section (2)
- 3-color fret (2)
- 3-mercaptopropionic acid (2)
- 31C20 (2)
- 35B09 (2)
- 35R02 (2)
- 39A12 (primary) (2)
- 3D geomechanical numerical model (2)
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- 3D thermal model (2)
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- 4-nitrobenzenethiol (2)
- 454 pyrosequencing (2)
- 454-pyrosequencing (2)
- 47A52 (2)
- 5-day waves (2)
- 58E35 (secondary) (2)
- 6.5-Day wave (2)
- 65R20 (2)
- 65R32 (2)
- 78A46 (2)
- A. tenuissima (2)
- ABA (2)
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- ACWR (2)
- ADMET (2)
- AG (2)
- AIP1 (2)
- ALOS World 3D (2)
- AMNET (2)
- AMSTAR 2 (2)
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- APC concentration gradient (2)
- APCI (2)
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- Actin (2)
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- Agricultural management (2)
- Agricultural soils (2)
- Agriculture (2)
- AgroScapeLabs (2)
- Airborne laser scanning (ALS) (2)
- Akkretion (2)
- Akt pathway (2)
- Aktivität (2)
- Aktuator (2)
- Albania (2)
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- Alborz range (2)
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- Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) (2)
- Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (2)
- Arava Fault (2)
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- BL Lacertae objects: individual (2)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (B2 1215+30, VER J1217+301) (2)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (Mrk 501) (2)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 501 (2)
- BMI change (2)
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- Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion (2)
- Bruchausbreitung (2)
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- Ground motion prediction equation (2)
- Ground-motion prediction equations (2)
- Growth selection (2)
- Grundschule (2)
- Gründungsförderung (2)
- Grüne Chemie (2)
- Gugging Swallowing Screen (2)
- Gulf of Mexico (2)
- Gynogenesis (2)
- Gyrochronologie (2)
- Gyttja (2)
- H-1 NMR (2)
- H. pubescens (2)
- H.E.S.S (2)
- H/V ratio (2)
- H2O2 (2)
- HAART (2)
- HDAC1 (2)
- HDL (2)
- HENSHIN (2)
- HI-RTE (2)
- HII regions (2)
- HK620 (2)
- HP/LT metamorphism (2)
- HPA (2)
- HPA axis (2)
- HPI Schul-Cloud (2)
- HPLC-MS/MS (2)
- HRMS (2)
- HSF (2)
- HSFA2 (2)
- HT/LP metamorphism (2)
- Habitat loss (2)
- Habitat preferences (2)
- Haemoproteus (2)
- Haiti (2)
- Halobacteria (2)
- Hamiltonella defensa (2)
- Hamiltonicity (2)
- Hamstring-quadriceps ratio (2)
- Handwriting production (2)
- Haplogroups (2)
- Hasidism (2)
- Hawaii (2)
- Hazard (2)
- Hazards (2)
- HeH-protein (2)
- Health (2)
- Health insurance (2)
- Healthy aging (2)
- Heart rate (2)
- Heat equation (2)
- Heavy metals (2)
- Hebräisch (2)
- Heck reaction (2)
- Helium (2)
- Hemodynamics (2)
- Hemoglobin (2)
- HepG2 (2)
- Herb layer (2)
- Herbicide risk assessment (2)
- Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk (2)
- Hertzsprung-Russell and colour-magnitude diagrams (2)
- Hess-Brezowsky Großwetterlagen classification (2)
- Heterogeneous catalysis (2)
- Heterosis (2)
- Hidden Markov models (2)
- High Asia (2)
- High-pressure metamorphism (2)
- Hilbert Scales (2)
- Hill numbers (2)
- Hip (2)
- Hippo signaling (2)
- Hirnentwicklung (2)
- Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung (2)
- Hofmeister (2)
- Holocaust (2)
- Holocene environmental history (2)
- Home (2)
- Homeostasis (2)
- Homogeneous catalysis (2)
- Honeybee (2)
- Hong-Ou-Mandel effect (2)
- Horse (2)
- Host-plant quality (2)
- Hughes-free (2)
- Human Capital Investment (2)
- Human behaviour (2)
- Human physical conditioning (2)
- Human sulfite oxidase (2)
- Human values (2)
- Human-immunodeficiency-virus (2)
- Human-robot interaction (2)
- Humanitarian aid (2)
- Humanitäre Hilfe (2)
- Humboldt Digital Library (2)
- Hungarian (2)
- Hungarian focus (2)
- Hybrid speciation (2)
- Hybridisation capture (2)
- Hybridoma (2)
- Hybridoma technology (2)
- Hydraulic models (2)
- Hydraulic networks (2)
- Hydrocarbons (2)
- Hydrogels (2)
- Hydrogen economy (2)
- Hydrogen peroxide (2)
- Hydrological drought (2)
- Hydrological modelling (2)
- Hydrolytic degradation (2)
- Hydrothermal carbonization (2)
- Hydrothermale Karbonisierung (2)
- Hydroxyapatit (2)
- Hydroxyapatite (2)
- Hydrus-2D (2)
- Hypermethylation (2)
- Hyperspektral (2)
- Hypoglycemia (2)
- Hypopomus-Occidentalis (2)
- Hypoxis (2)
- Hysterese (2)
- Hysteresis (2)
- IACT (2)
- IBM (2)
- IC (2)
- ICESat-2 (2)
- ICP-MS (2)
- IDP (2)
- IGF-1 (2)
- IL-6 (2)
- IL-8 transcription (2)
- IMF (2)
- IMPRESSIONS (2)
- INOPEX (2)
- IR spectroscopy (2)
- ISM (2)
- ISM: individual objects: G338.3-0.0 (2)
- ISOS-L-1I protocol (2)
- IT-Sicherheit (2)
- ITC (2)
- Iambic/Trochaic Law (2)
- Identität (2)
- Identitätsmanagement (2)
- Illumina amplicon sequencing (2)
- Illuminance (2)
- Imageability (2)
- Imitation (2)
- Implicit association test (IAT) (2)
- In vitro blood-brain barrier model (2)
- In vitro immunization (2)
- In vitro translation (2)
- In-situ Experimente (2)
- InP (2)
- InPZnS (2)
- Inclusion (2)
- Index theory (2)
- Indicator species (2)
- Indicators of socioeconomic status, Health inequality (2)
- Indigenous knowledges and ontologies (2)
- Indischer Monsun (2)
- Indischer Ozean (2)
- Individual-based modeling (2)
- Individualized therapy (2)
- Indonesien (2)
- Induced neutropenia (2)
- Indus (2)
- Industrie 4.0 (2)
- Infected patients (2)
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- Infinitival patterns (2)
- Inflammaging (2)
- Inflammatory bowel disease (2)
- Inflection (2)
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- Informatics Modelling (2)
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- Informatik (2)
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- Informationsextraktion (2)
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- Inklusionsabhängigkeit (2)
- Inklusionsabhängigkeiten (2)
- Inner Mongolia (2)
- Inner magnetosphere (2)
- Innovation Management (2)
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- Inoperability (2)
- Insects (2)
- Instabilität (2)
- Instagram (2)
- Institutionelle Komplexität (2)
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- Instruction (2)
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- Instrumentation and data management (2)
- Insulin secretion (2)
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- Integralfieldspektroskopie (2)
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- Integrative taxonomy (2)
- Integrierte Bewertung (2)
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- Interdigitated electrodes (2)
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- Interior (2)
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- International Financial Institutions (2)
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- Invasion ecology (2)
- Inverse Sturm-Liouville problem (2)
- Ion-Beam (FIB) (2)
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- June 2013 (2)
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- Kick (2)
- Kindergarten (2)
- Kinesin (2)
- Kinesthetic representations (2)
- Kinetically controlled nanocrystal growth (2)
- Kinetik (2)
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- Klimaveränderung (2)
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- Koexpression (2)
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- Kohlenstoffisotope (2)
- Kohlenstoffkreislauf (2)
- Kohlenstoffmaterialien (2)
- Kohlenstoffnitride (2)
- Kohärenz (2)
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- Kuilyu complex (2)
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- Kunststofflichtwellenleiter (2)
- Kupfer (2)
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- Kuramoto-Modell (2)
- Kwajalein (2)
- Küstenerosion (2)
- K−12 teachers (2)
- L-Asterisk (2)
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- L11 (2)
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- LANDSAT (2)
- LASSO (2)
- LC-MRM-MS (2)
- LC-MS (2)
- LC/HRMS (2)
- LC/MS (2)
- LDL (2)
- LDPE nanocomposites (2)
- LED (2)
- LEM-domain (2)
- LEM-domain protein (2)
- LGTBQI+ communities (2)
- LMA (2)
- LSTM (2)
- Labile zinc (2)
- Labor supply (2)
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- Labour market policies (2)
- Lacustrine sediment (2)
- Ladungstransport (2)
- Lafora disease (2)
- Lagerstätte (2)
- Lagrangian submanifolds (2)
- Lagrangian system (2)
- Lake Constance (2)
- Lake Malombe (2)
- Lake Mead (2)
- Lake Naivasha (2)
- Lake level (2)
- Lame system (2)
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- Land-cover change (2)
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- Landsat-8 (2)
- Landscape Response (2)
- Landscape of fear (2)
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- Landschaft der Angst (2)
- Landslide inventory (2)
- Landslide susceptibility (2)
- Landwehr (2)
- Langmuir-Schaefer method (2)
- Language Acquisition (2)
- Langzeitverhalten (2)
- Lanthanide (2)
- Lanthanides (2)
- Lanthanoide (2)
- Laplace equation (2)
- Laplace-Beltrami operator (2)
- Laplacian (2)
- Laptev Sea (2)
- Larger Foraminifera (2)
- Larger foraminifera (2)
- Larix larch (2)
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- Laser powder bed fusion (2)
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- Laser-SNMS (2)
- Laserstrahlschmelzen (2)
- Late Quaternary vegetation (2)
- Late positive potential (2)
- Lateinamerika (2)
- Lateinische Literatur (2)
- Latent Class Analysis (2)
- Latent profile analysis (2)
- Lateralization (2)
- Latin literature (2)
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- Latinx (2)
- Laufzeitanalyse (2)
- Law (2)
- Layer-by-layer (2)
- Leaf area index (2)
- Lebanon (2)
- Lecture Video Archive (2)
- Lefschetz fixed point formula (2)
- Left-ordered groups (2)
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- Legitimacy (2)
- Lehrer (2)
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- Line immunoassay (2)
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- Linear mixed models (2)
- Linear regression analysis (2)
- Lingual Coarticulation (2)
- Linguistic annotation (2)
- Link-Entdeckung (2)
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- Lipase (2)
- Lipases (2)
- Lipid (2)
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- Locality (2)
- Localization (2)
- Localized surface plasmon resonance (2)
- Locally structured correlation (2)
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- Losses (2)
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- Lower crust (2)
- Lower-Extremity Injury (2)
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- Lu/Hf dating of garnet (2)
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- Mandarin (2)
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- Markov model (2)
- Markovprozesse (2)
- Martian regolith analogs (2)
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- Marx (2)
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- Mediationsanalyse (2)
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- Mediterranean grass species (2)
- Mediterranean shrubland (2)
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- Meerfelder Maar (2)
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- Melampyrum pratense (2)
- Mellin symbols with values in the edge calculus (2)
- Melt inclusions (2)
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- Membranproteine (2)
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- Momententensoren (2)
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- Networked foresight (2)
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- Nitrogen-limitation hypothesis (2)
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- Norwegisch (2)
- Nostoc (2)
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- Nrf2 (2)
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- Numerical experiment (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Numerov's method (2)
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- Nyctereutes procyonoides (2)
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- OBIA (2)
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- OSL (2)
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- Organisationstheorie (2)
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- Orogen (2)
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- Orthologous Matrix (OMA) Project (2)
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- Oryctolagus cuniculus (2)
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- Oscillator ensembles (2)
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- PTCTL (2)
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- Peat (2)
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- Push-pull effect (2)
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- R (2)
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- RCT (2)
- RDF (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
- REVEALS (2)
- RGB-D cameras (2)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- ROK (2)
- ROMP (2)
- ROP (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RRR (2)
- RSI (2)
- RT models (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
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- Raman imaging (2)
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- Randelementmethode (2)
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- Randwertprobleme (2)
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- Rasa (2)
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- Raumzeitgeometrie (2)
- Rauschinduzierte Phänomene (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (2)
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- Real time (2)
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- Realistic Accuracy (2)
- Reanalysis (2)
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- Rearrangement (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Receiver functions (2)
- Rechenschaftspflicht (2)
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- Recollection (2)
- Recombinase polymerase amplification (2)
- Recombination (2)
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- Red Cross (2)
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- Redoxreaktion (2)
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- Regionalization (2)
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- Regulatory focus (2)
- Regulierung (2)
- Rehearsal (2)
- Reinforcement Learning (2)
- Rekonstruktionsmethoden (2)
- Rekurrenzplot (2)
- Relapse (2)
- Relation historique (2)
- Relative clause (2)
- Relative clauses (2)
- Relativized Minimality (2)
- Release (2)
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- Removable sets (2)
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- Renewable energy (2)
- Renewable resources (2)
- Reparaturen (2)
- Repeated sprint (2)
- Replication (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- Reproducible benchmarking (2)
- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- Republik Korea (2)
- ResNet (2)
- Reservoir Networks (2)
- Residual stresses (2)
- Resiliency (2)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
- Resonances (2)
- Resource Competition (2)
- Ressourcenoptimierung (2)
- Resurvey (2)
- Retention (2)
- Reticulocytes (2)
- Retina (2)
- Retinyl esters (2)
- Revenue Autonomy (2)
- Rheic Ocean (2)
- Rhine River (2)
- Ribosome (2)
- Ribosome profiling (2)
- Richard Schomburgk (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Riesz continuity (2)
- Ring tensiometry (2)
- Ring-opening polymerization (2)
- Rings (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risiko (2)
- Risk factor (2)
- River Incision Model (2)
- River restoration (2)
- River-Basin (2)
- Robustness (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Rohstoffe (2)
- Role-playing (2)
- Romania (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rossby waves (2)
- Rossby-normal modes (2)
- Rotifier (2)
- Rougon-Macquart (2)
- Royden boundary (2)
- RpoS (2)
- RuBisCO (2)
- Rubisco (2)
- Rumelian Turkic (2)
- Rumpf (2)
- Run time analysis (2)
- Runge-Kutta methods (2)
- Running (2)
- Runtime analysis (2)
- Rural health (2)
- Russisch (2)
- Räuber-Beute (2)
- Röntgenstrahlung (2)
- S-XRF (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SAUR (2)
- SCFA (2)
- SCP (2)
- SD3 (2)
- SDG interactions (2)
- SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- SEPE (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SFON (2)
- SHG (2)
- SIEM (2)
- SIMS techniques (2)
- SIO₂ (2)
- SLA (2)
- SLI (2)
- SMARC (2)
- SOA (2)
- SOEP (2)
- SOPARSE (2)
- SOV language (2)
- SPB (2)
- SPDEs (2)
- SRT (2)
- SSW (2)
- STG decomposition (2)
- STG-Dekomposition (2)
- SUB1A (2)
- SWL (2)
- Saccade (2)
- Sahel (2)
- Sailfin molly (2)
- Sakkadendetektion (2)
- Salt Range (2)
- Salt pan (2)
- Salz (2)
- Salzschmelze-Templating (2)
- Samara (2)
- Sampling rate (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Santa-Barbara system (2)
- Saprolegnia (2)
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- Sarcopenia (2)
- Satellite magnetics (2)
- Satellitenbilder (2)
- Satisfiability (2)
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- Sauerstoff (2)
- Savanna ecology (2)
- Savannas (2)
- Savanne (2)
- Scanning electron microscopy (2)
- Scattering theory (2)
- Scenario (2)
- Scenarios (2)
- Scene perception (2)
- Schaum (2)
- Schema-Entdeckung (2)
- Scher-Montroll transport (2)
- Schizophrenia (2)
- Schnee (2)
- Schnellkraft (2)
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- Schrodinger equation (2)
- Schrodinger operators (2)
- Schwarmbeben (2)
- Schwarzes Loch (2)
- Schwarzes Meer (2)
- Scientific discovery learning (2)
- Sclerochronology (2)
- Scotland (2)
- Scotophilus (2)
- Se (2)
- Sea of Marmara (2)
- Second Empire (2)
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- Secularism (2)
- Secure Configuration (2)
- Sediment Flux (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
- Sediment geochemistry (2)
- Sediment magnetism (2)
- Sediment reuse (2)
- Sedimentary basin (2)
- Sedimentation (2)
- Sediments (2)
- Sedimenttransport (2)
- Seed mass (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (2)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Seitenverschiebung (2)
- Selbstassemblierung (2)
- Selection (2)
- Selection vs. age-class forests (2)
- Selektion (2)
- Selektivität (2)
- Selen (2)
- Self (2)
- Self-assembly (2)
- Self-concept (2)
- Self-harm (2)
- Self-organization (2)
- Self-reflection (2)
- Semantic classification task (2)
- Semantic preview benefit (2)
- Semantic priming (2)
- Semantics (2)
- Sensitivitätsanalyse (2)
- Sensor (2)
- Sensor fusion (2)
- Sensory perception (2)
- Sentence-picture matching (2)
- Sentinel 2 (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
- Sequence analysis (2)
- Sequential instruction (2)
- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
- Serum (2)
- Service-Oriented Architecture (2)
- Service-Orientierte Architekturen (2)
- Service-oriented computing (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Sexual Selection (2)
- Sexual conflict (2)
- Sexual dimorphism (2)
- Sexualization (2)
- Shadowgraphy (2)
- Shale gas (2)
- Shallow processing (2)
- Shame (2)
- Shannon diversity (2)
- Shannon entropy (2)
- Shape memory (2)
- Shape-memory (2)
- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
- Shear Zone (2)
- Shigella flexneri (2)
- Shockley-Queisser model (2)
- Shocks (2)
- Shona (2)
- Short‐term effect (2)
- Shotgun sequencing (2)
- Shoulder (2)
- Shrews (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Siberian tree line (2)
- Sierra Leone (2)
- Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Signal detection theory (2)
- Signal transduction (2)
- Signalling (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Silizium (2)
- Simon effect (2)
- Simulation model (2)
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (2)
- Single/dual tasking (2)
- Sinkholes (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Site response (2)
- Situated cognition (2)
- Situations (2)
- Siwaliks (2)
- Skalierbarkeit (2)
- Skalierung (2)
- Skeletal joints (2)
- Skeletal muscle cells (2)
- Skin (2)
- Skin nanocarrier (2)
- Skin penetration (2)
- Slab break-off (2)
- Slip Distribution (2)
- Slope exposure (2)
- Slumming (2)
- Small (2)
- Small Aral Sea (2)
- Small for gestational age (2)
- Small mammals (2)
- Smart micro-grids (2)
- Smoking (2)
- Smpd1 (2)
- Snow Cover Extent (SCE) (2)
- Sobo-Sise Island (2)
- Social cognition (2)
- Social cues (2)
- Social functioning (2)
- Social housing innovation (2)
- Social learning (2)
- Social origin (2)
- Social-ecological systems (2)
- Socialism (2)
- Socioeconomic scenarios (2)
- Socioeconomic status (2)
- Sodium bicarbonate (2)
- Softwarevisualisierung (2)
- Soil fertility (2)
- Soil function (2)
- Soil heterogeneity (2)
- Soil texture (2)
- Sol-Gel (2)
- Solar corona (2)
- Solid Earth sciences (2)
- Solvent effects (2)
- Solvothermal synthesis (2)
- Somatic (2)
- Somatoform disorder (2)
- Sonne (2)
- Sorex araneus (2)
- Sorption (2)
- Sound (2)
- South American Monsoon System (2)
- South American monsoon system (2)
- South-Eastern Africa (2)
- Southern Apennines (2)
- Southern Italy (2)
- Southern Kyrgyzstan (2)
- Southern Levant (2)
- Soviet Union (2)
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- Sozialer Survey Österreich (2)
- Sozialkapital (2)
- Space geodetic surveys (2)
- Space weather (2)
- Spanish modal adverbs (2)
- Spanish verbs of cognitive attitude (2)
- Spatial analysis (2)
- Spatial autocorrelation (2)
- Spatial bias (2)
- Spatial cognition (2)
- Spatial distribution (2)
- Spatial-numerical associations (2)
- Species co-existence (2)
- Species complex (2)
- Species distribution models (2)
- Species loss (2)
- Species-Diversity (2)
- Specific entropy (2)
- Specific wood density (2)
- Spectral analysis (2)
- Spectrophotometry (2)
- Speech Motor Control (2)
- Speech Rhythm and Rhythmic Analysis (2)
- Speech production (2)
- Speleothems (2)
- Spin Geometry (2)
- Spin probes (2)
- Spitsbergen (2)
- Spitzbergen (2)
- Splicing (2)
- Sport medicine (2)
- Sport-specific performance (2)
- Sports injury (2)
- Sputum (2)
- Sri Lanka (2)
- Staatsbürgerschaft (2)
- Stable carbon isotope (2)
- Standard Indonesian (2)
- Standardization (2)
- Staphylococcus aureus (2)
- Starch (2)
- Starkregen (2)
- State Machine (2)
- State and trait measurement (2)
- Statistical Physics (2)
- Statistical inverse problem (2)
- Statistical techniques (2)
- Statistik (2)
- Steady-state balance (2)
- Stellar evolution (2)
- Stemflow (2)
- Stereochemistry (2)
- Steric effect (2)
- Sternatmosphären (2)
- Sternphysik (2)
- Sterols (2)
- Stochastik (2)
- Stochastische Resonanz (2)
- Stochastischer Prozess (2)
- Strain (2)
- Strain measurement (2)
- Strategic growth adjustment (2)
- Stress levels (2)
- Stress pattern (2)
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- Style modification (2)
- Störungen (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
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- Subjective well-being (2)
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- To learners in which of the following categories does your work apply (2)
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- auch (2)
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- business incubators (2)
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- carotenoids bioavailability (2)
- carrion ecology (2)
- carryover effects (2)
- cartography (2)
- cascade reactions (2)
- cascading effects (2)
- case (2)
- case-animacy (2)
- catalase (2)
- catalogues (2)
- catalyst (2)
- catastrophe climatique (2)
- catch-up growth (2)
- cathode (2)
- causal discovery (2)
- causal structure learning (2)
- cave fish (2)
- cavity quantum electrodynamics (2)
- celestial mechanics (2)
- cell culture (2)
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Sedimentary ancient DNA-based studies have been used to probe centuries of climate and environmental changes and how they affected cyanobacterial assemblages in temperate lakes. Due to cyanobacteria containing potential bloom-forming and toxin-producing taxa, their approximate reconstruction from sediments is crucial, especially in lakes lacking long-term monitoring data. To extend the resolution of sediment record interpretation, we used high-throughput sequencing, amplicon sequence variant (ASV) analysis, and quantitative PCR to compare pelagic cyanobacterial composition to that in sediment traps (collected monthly) and surface sediments in Lake Tiefer See. Cyanobacterial composition, species richness, and evenness was not significantly different among the pelagic depths, sediment traps and surface sediments (p > 0.05), indicating that the cyanobacteria in the sediments reflected the cyanobacterial assemblage in the water column. However, total cyanobacterial abundances (qPCR) decreased from the metalimnion down the water column. The aggregate-forming (Aphanizomenon) and colony-forming taxa (Snowella) showed pronounced sedimentation. In contrast, Planktothrix was only very poorly represented in sediment traps (meta- and hypolimnion) and surface sediments, despite its highest relative abundance at the thermocline (10 m water depth) during periods of lake stratification (May-October). We conclude that this skewed representation in taxonomic abundances reflects taphonomic processes, which should be considered in future DNA-based paleolimnological investigations.
Sulfated biomolecules are known to influence numerous biological processes in all living organisms. Particularly, they contribute to prevent and inhibit the hypercoagulation condition. The failure of polymeric implants and blood contacting devices is often related to hypercoagulation and microbial contamination. Here, bioactive sulfated biomacromolecules are mimicked by sulfation of poly(glycerol glycidyl ether) (polyGGE) films. Autoclaving, gamma-ray irradiation and ethylene oxide (EtO) gas sterilization techniques were applied to functionalized materials. The sulfate group density and hydrophilicity of sulfated polymers were decreased while chain mobility and thermal degradation were enhanced post autoclaving when compared to those after EtO sterilization. These results suggest that a quality control after sterilization is mandatory to ensure the amount and functionality of functionalized groups are retained.
A comprehensive study on seismic hazard and earthquake triggering is crucial for effective mitigation of earthquake risks. The destructive nature of earthquakes motivates researchers to work on forecasting despite the apparent randomness of the earthquake occurrences. Understanding their underlying mechanisms and patterns is vital, given their potential for widespread devastation and loss of life. This thesis combines methodologies, including Coulomb stress calculations and aftershock analysis, to shed light on earthquake complexities, ultimately enhancing seismic hazard assessment.
The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) criterion is widely used to predict the spatial distributions of aftershocks following large earthquakes. However, uncertainties associated with CFS calculations arise from non-unique slip inversions and unknown fault networks, particularly due to the choice of the assumed aftershocks (receiver) mechanisms. Recent studies have proposed alternative stress quantities and deep neural network approaches as superior to CFS with predefined receiver mechanisms. To challenge these propositions, I utilized 289 slip inversions from the SRCMOD database to calculate more realistic CFS values for a layered-half space and variable receiver mechanisms. The analysis also investigates the impact of magnitude cutoff, grid size variation, and aftershock duration on the ranking of stress metrics using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results reveal the performance of stress metrics significantly improves after accounting for receiver variability and for larger aftershocks and shorter time periods, without altering the relative ranking of the different stress metrics.
To corroborate Coulomb stress calculations with the findings of earthquake source studies in more detail, I studied the source properties of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and its aftershocks, aiming to unravel the seismotectonics of the NW Himalayan syntaxis. I simultaneously relocated the mainshock and its largest aftershocks using phase data, followed by a comprehensive analysis of Coulomb stress changes on the aftershock planes. By computing the Coulomb failure stress changes on the aftershock faults, I found that all large aftershocks lie in regions of positive stress change, indicating triggering by either co-seismic or post-seismic slip on the mainshock fault.
Finally, I investigated the relationship between mainshock-induced stress changes and associated seismicity parameters, in particular those of the frequency-magnitude (Gutenberg-Richter) distribution and the temporal aftershock decay (Omori-Utsu law). For that purpose, I used my global data set of 127 mainshock-aftershock sequences with the calculated Coulomb Stress (ΔCFS) and the alternative receiver-independent stress metrics in the vicinity of the mainshocks and analyzed the aftershocks properties depend on the stress values. Surprisingly, the results show a clear positive correlation between the Gutenberg-Richter b-value and induced stress, contrary to expectations from laboratory experiments. This observation highlights the significance of structural heterogeneity and strength variations in seismicity patterns. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that aftershock productivity increases nonlinearly with stress, while the Omori-Utsu parameters c and p systematically decrease with increasing stress changes. These partly unexpected findings have significant implications for future estimations of aftershock hazard.
The findings in this thesis provides valuable insights into earthquake triggering mechanisms by examining the relationship between stress changes and aftershock occurrence. The results contribute to improved understanding of earthquake behavior and can aid in the development of more accurate probabilistic-seismic hazard forecasts and risk reduction strategies.
We study the effect of energy and transport policies on pollution in two developing country cities. We use a quantitative equilibrium model with choice of housing, energy use, residential location, transport mode, and energy technology. Pollution comes from commuting and residential energy use. The model parameters are calibrated to replicate key variables for two developing country cities, Maputo, Mozambique, and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In the counterfactual simulations, we study how various transport and energy policies affect equilibrium pollution. Policies may be induce rebound effects from increasing residential energy use or switching to high emission modes or locations. In general, these rebound effects tend to be largest for subsidies to public transport or modern residential energy technology.
Megathrust earthquakes impose changes of differential stress and pore pressure in the lithosphere-asthenosphere system that are transiently relaxed during the postseismic period primarily due to afterslip, viscoelastic and poroelastic processes.
Especially during the early postseismic phase, however, the relative contribution of these processes to the observed surface deformation is unclear.
To investigate this, we use geodetic data collected in the first 48 days following the 2010 Maule earthquake and a poro-viscoelastic forward model combined with an afterslip inversion.
This model approach fits the geodetic data 14% better than a pure elastic model. Particularly near the region of maximum coseismic slip, the predicted surface poroelastic uplift pattern explains well the observations.
If poroelasticity is neglected, the spatial afterslip distribution is locally altered by up to +/- 40%.
Moreover, we find that shallow crustal aftershocks mostly occur in regions of increased postseismic pore-pressure changes, indicating that both processes might be mechanically coupled.
While the economic harm of cartels is caused by their price-increasing effect, sanctioning by courts rather targets at the underlying process of firms reaching a price-fixing agreement. This paper provides experimental evidence on the question whether such sanctioning meets the economic target, i.e., whether evidence of a collusive meeting of the firms and of the content of their communication reliably predicts subsequent prices. We find that already the mere mutual agreement to meet predicts a strong increase in prices. Conversely, express distancing from communication completely nullifies its otherwise price-increasing effect. Using machine learning, we show that communication only increases prices if it is very explicit about how the cartel plans to behave.
A mechanism known as Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) describes a phenomenon by which the values of environmental cues acquired through Pavlovian conditioning can motivate instrumental behavior. PIT may be one basic mechanism of action control that can characterize mental disorders on a dimensional level beyond current classification systems. Therefore, we review human PIT studies investigating subclinical and clinical mental syndromes. The literature prevails an inhomogeneous picture concerning PIT. While enhanced PIT effects seem to be present in non-substance-related disorders, overweight people, and most studies with AUD patients, no altered PIT effects were reported in tobacco use disorder and obesity. Regarding AUD and relapsing alcohol-dependent patients, there is mixed evidence of enhanced or no PIT effects.
Additionally, there is evidence for aberrant corticostriatal activation and genetic risk, e.g., in association with high-risk alcohol consumption and relapse after alcohol detoxification. In patients with anorexia nervosa, stronger PIT effects elicited by low caloric stimuli were associated with increased disease severity.
In patients with depression, enhanced aversive PIT effects and a loss of action-specificity associated with poorer treatment outcomes were reported. Schizophrenic patients showed disrupted specific but intact general PIT effects. Patients with chronic back pain showed reduced PIT effects.
We provide possible reasons to understand heterogeneity in PIT effects within and across mental disorders. Further, we strengthen the importance of reliable experimental tasks and provide test-retest data of a PIT task showing moderate to good reliability.
Finally, we point toward stress as a possible underlying factor that may explain stronger PIT effects in mental disorders, as there is some evidence that stress per se interacts with the impact of environmental cues on behavior by selectively increasing cue-triggered wanting.
To conclude, we discuss the results of the literature review in the light of Research Domain Criteria, suggesting future studies that comprehensively assess PIT across psychopathological dimensions.
On their way from inland to the ocean, flowing water bodies, their constituents and their biotic communities are ex-posed to complex transport and transformation processes. However, detailed process knowledge as revealed by La-grangian measurements adjusted to travel time is rare in large rivers, in particular at hydrological extremes. To fill this gap, we investigated autotrophic processes, heterotrophic carbon utilization, and micropollutant concentrations applying a Lagrangian sampling design in a 600 km section of the River Elbe (Germany) at historically low discharge. Under base flow conditions, we expect the maximum intensity of instream processes and of point source impacts. Phy-toplankton biomass and photosynthesis increased from upstream to downstream sites but maximum chlorophyll con-centration was lower than at mean discharge. Concentrations of dissolved macronutrients decreased to almost complete phosphate depletion and low nitrate values. The longitudinal increase of bacterial abundance and production was less pronounced than in wetter years and bacterial community composition changed downstream. Molecular analyses revealed a longitudinal increase of many DOM components due to microbial production, whereas saturated lipid-like DOM, unsaturated aromatics and polyphenols, and some CHOS surfactants declined. In decomposition exper-iments, DOM components with high O/C ratios and high masses decreased whereas those with low O/C ratios, low masses, and high nitrogen content increased at all sites. Radiocarbon age analyses showed that DOC was relatively old (890-1870 years B.P.), whereas the mineralized fraction was much younger suggesting predominant oxidation of algal lysis products and exudates particularly at downstream sites. Micropollutants determining toxicity for algae (terbuthylazine, terbutryn, isoproturon and lenacil), hexachlorocyclohexanes and DDTs showed higher concentrations from the middle towards the downstream part but calculated toxicity was not negatively correlated to phytoplankton. Overall, autotrophic and heterotrophic process rates and micropollutant concentrations increased from up-to down-stream reaches, but their magnitudes were not distinctly different to conditions at medium discharges.
This thesis presents a comprehensive exploration of the application of DNA origami nanofork antennas (DONAs) in the field of spectroscopy, with a particular focus on the structural analysis of Cytochrome C (CytC) at the single-molecule level. The research encapsulates the design, optimization, and application of DONAs in enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of Raman spectroscopy, thereby offering new insights into protein structures and interactions.
The initial phase of the study involved the meticulous optimization of DNA origami structures. This process was pivotal in developing nanoscale tools that could significantly enhance the capabilities of Raman spectroscopy. The optimized DNA origami nanoforks, in both dimer and aggregate forms, demonstrated an enhanced ability to detect and analyze molecular vibrations, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of protein dynamics.
A key aspect of this research was the comparative analysis between the dimer and aggregate forms of DONAs. This comparison revealed that while both configurations effectively identified oxidation and spin states of CytC, the aggregate form offered a broader range of detectable molecular states due to its prolonged signal emission and increased number of molecules. This extended duration of signal emission in the aggregates was attributed to the collective hotspot area, enhancing overall signal stability and sensitivity.
Furthermore, the study delved into the analysis of the Amide III band using the DONA system. Observations included a transient shift in the Amide III band's frequency, suggesting dynamic alterations in the secondary structure of CytC. These shifts, indicative of transitions between different protein structures, were crucial in understanding the protein’s functional mechanisms and interactions.
The research presented in this thesis not only contributes significantly to the field of spectroscopy but also illustrates the potential of interdisciplinary approaches in biosensing. The use of DNA origami-based systems in spectroscopy has opened new avenues for research, offering a detailed and comprehensive understanding of protein structures and interactions. The insights gained from this research are expected to have lasting implications in scientific fields ranging from drug development to the study of complex biochemical pathways. This thesis thus stands as a testament to the power of integrating nanotechnology, biochemistry, and spectroscopic techniques in addressing complex scientific questions.
This study on the Messianic Jewish movement and its relationship to the Torah explores the various aspects of the relationship to the Torah on the basis of 10 interviews with selected Yeshua-believing Jews in leadership positions. The selection of interviewees results in a range of different positions typical of the movement as a whole, which overlap in many respects but are often fundamentally different and sometimes contradictory. Particular attention is paid to the theologically based, divergent and contradictory positions in an attempt to make these understandable.
After a brief introduction to the Messianic Jewish movement, aspects of the Messianic Jewish dual identity are examined and their relevance for the relationship to the Torah is demonstrated. This is followed by an overview of the forums in which Yeshua-believing Jews discuss their relationship to the Torah. The extensive bibliography at the end of the work provides an insight into a lively discussion process within the movement that is still far from complete. A briefly annotated differentiation of terms serves as an overview of the most important meanings of Torah used in the Messianic Jewish movement. Following this preliminary work, the field study is presented. A description of the research field and methodological reflections precede the interviews. In the interviews, the associations with the term Torah are first recorded and the conceptual meaning and use clarified. This already reveals some serious differences. The theological positions and understandings of Torah are presented with the biographical context and main field of influence, and the most important formative influences are named. The points on which they all agree are noted first, as they serve as a common basis. All study the written Torah and consider it, as well as the rest of the Tanakh and the writings of the New Testament in their present form, to be divinely inspired and authoritative. All have found a positive approach to the Torah according to their own definition of the term. For all of them, the written Torah and the Tanakh point to Yeshua. All agree that Yeshua did not abrogate the Torah, but fulfilled it. And all feel a responsibility as a Jew to the Torah in some way. With regard to keeping commandments, all say that no one can earn their way to heaven by doing so. G-d's faithfulness to His promises to Israel is affirmed by all, but whether the new covenant in Yeshua superseded the old covenant of Mt. Sinai, or whether it is simply added to the already existing covenant of Sinai, whether ritual commandments are to continue to be kept after Yeshua's death and resurrection and the destruction of the Temple, whether the commandments aiming at separation from the nations should continue to be kept, whether and under what conditions rabbinic halacha should be followed and what individuals do and teach in their families and communities - all this is discussed interview by interview. It becomes clear how different ways of reading and weighting key scriptures produce different positions. Just as the diversity of positions in relation to the Torah already suggests, the interview partners are divided on the question of a Messianic Jewish Halacha. But here too, the term halacha is interpreted differently by the representatives. At the end of the field study, the attempts to produce Messianic Jewish Halacha and the problems and points of criticism expressed by other interviewees are explained. The work concludes with a theological framework able to contain all the different positions and relationships to the Torah and some starting points for a possible Messianic Jewish hermeneutic theology of the Torah.
Arctic and alpine aquatic ecosystems are changing rapidly under recent global warming, threatening water resources by diminishing trophic status and changing biotic composition. Macrophytes play a key role in the ecology of freshwaters and we need to improve our understanding of long-term macrophytes diversity and environmental change so far limited by the sporadic presence of macrofossils in sediments.
In our study, we applied metabarcoding using the trnL P6 loop marker to retrieve macrophyte richness and composition from 179 surface-sediment samples from arctic Siberian and alpine Chinese lakes and three representative lake cores.
The surface-sediment dataset suggests that macrophyte richness and composition are mostly affected by temperature and conductivity, with highest richness when mean July temperatures are higher than 12 degrees C and conductivity ranges between 40 and 400 mu S cm(-1). Compositional turnover during the Late Pleistocene/Holocene is minor in Siberian cores and characterized by a less rich, but stable emergent macrophyte community. Richness decreases during the Last Glacial Maximum and rises during wetter and warmer climate in the Late-glacial and Mid-Holocene.
In contrast, we detect a pronounced change from emergent to submerged taxa at 14 ka in the Tibetan alpine core, which can be explained by increasing temperature and conductivity due to glacial runoff and evaporation.
Our study provides evidence for the suitability of the trnL marker to recover modern and past macrophyte diversity and its applicability for the response of macrophyte diversity to lake-hydrochemical and climate variability predicting contrasting macrophyte changes in arctic and alpine lakes under intensified warming and human impact.
Land-use type temporarily affects active pond community structure but not gene expression patterns
(2022)
Changes in land use and agricultural intensification threaten biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of small water bodies. We studied 67 kettle holes (KH) in an agricultural landscape in northeastern Germany using landscape-scale metatranscriptomics to understand the responses of active bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic communities to land-use type. These KH are proxies of the millions of small standing water bodies of glacial origin spread across the northern hemisphere. Like other landscapes in Europe, the study area has been used for intensive agriculture since the 1950s. In contrast to a parallel environmental DNA study that suggests the homogenization of biodiversity across KH, conceivably resulting from long-lasting intensive agriculture, land-use type affected the structure of the active KH communities during spring crop fertilization, but not a month later. This effect was more pronounced for eukaryotes than for bacteria. In contrast, gene expression patterns did not differ between months or across land-use types, suggesting a high degree of functional redundancy across the KH communities. Variability in gene expression was best explained by active bacterial and eukaryotic community structures, suggesting that these changes in functioning are primarily driven by interactions between organisms. Our results indicate that influences of the surrounding landscape result in temporary changes in the activity of different community members. Thus, even in KH where biodiversity has been homogenized, communities continue to respond to land management. This potential needs to be considered when developing sustainable management options for restoration purposes and for successful mitigation of further biodiversity loss in agricultural landscapes.
A room full of ‘views’
(2023)
Quantitative research into the effectiveness of the UN human rights treaty bodies (UNTBs) in eliciting remedial responses from states is impeded by a lack of usable data on how states respond to their decisions. The new Treaty Body Views Dataset (TBVD) aims to fill this gap. It comprises details on all published decisions in individual complaints cases issued by the UNTBs between 1979 and 2019 and matches these with information on their state of compliance. The TBVD can be used for research on the activities of the treaty bodies, the nature of the decisions themselves, or state behavior following a decision. An empirical application illustrates how the TBVD can advance knowledge about the factors that correlate with compliance with adverse UNTB decisions. Results show that the likelihood of implementation hinges critically on decision-level characteristics, and reveal differences and similarities between compliance with UNTB decisions and regional human rights court judgments.
LegacyPollen 1.0
(2022)
Here we describe the LegacyPollen 1.0, a dataset of 2831 fossil pollen records with metadata, a harmonized taxonomy, and standardized chronologies.
A total of 1032 records originate from North America, 1075 from Europe, 488 from Asia, 150 from Latin America, 54 from Africa, and 32 from the Indo-Pacific.
The pollen data cover the late Quaternary (mostly the Holocene). The original 10 110 pollen taxa names (including variations in the notations) were harmonized to 1002 terrestrial taxa (including Cyperaceae), with woody taxa and major herbaceous taxa harmonized to genus level and other herbaceous taxa to family level.
The dataset is valuable for synthesis studies of, for example, taxa areal changes, vegetation dynamics, human impacts (e.g., deforestation), and climate change at global or continental scales.
The harmonized pollen and metadata as well as the harmonization table are available from PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.929773; Herzschuh et al., 2021). R code for the harmonization is provided at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5910972; Herzschuh et al., 2022) so that datasets at a customized harmonization level can be easily established.
Manganese (Mn) as well as iron (Fe) are essential trace elements (TE) important for the maintenance of physiological functions including fetal development. However, in the case of Mn, evidence suggests that excess levels of intrauterine Mn are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although Mn is known to cross the placenta, the fundamentals of Mn transfer kinetics and mechanisms are largely unknown. Moreover, exposure to combinations of TEs should be considered in mechanistic transfer studies, in particular for TEs expected to share similar transfer pathways. Here, we performed a mechanistic in vitro study on the placental transfer of Mn across a BeWo b30 trophoblast layer. Our data revealed distinct differences in the placental transfer of Mn and Fe. While placental permeability to Fe showed a clear inverse dose-dependency, Mn transfer was largely independent of the applied doses. Concurrent exposure of Mn and Fe revealed transfer interactions of Fe and Mn, indicating that they share common transfer mechanisms. In general, mRNA and protein expression of discussed transporters like DMT1, TfR, or FPN were only marginally altered in BeWo cells despite the different exposure scenarios highlighting that Mn transfer across the trophoblast layer likely involves a combination of active and passive transport processes.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease affecting neuromuscular transmission and causing skeletal muscle weakness. Additionally, systemic inflammation, cognitive deficits and autonomic dysfunction have been described.
However, little is known about myasthenia gravis-related reorganization of the brain. In this study, we thus investigated the structural and functional brain changes in myasthenia gravis patients.
Eleven myasthenia gravis patients (age: 70.64 +/- 9.27; 11 males) were compared to age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls (age: 70.18 +/- 8.98; 11 males). Most of the patients (n = 10, 0.91%) received cholinesterase inhibitors.
Structural brain changes were determined by applying voxel-based morphometry using high-resolution T-1-weighted sequences. Functional brain changes were assessed with a neuropsychological test battery (including attention, memory and executive functions), a spatial orientation task and brain-derived neurotrophic factor blood levels.
Myasthenia gravis patients showed significant grey matter volume reductions in the cingulate gyrus, in the inferior parietal lobe and in the fusiform gyrus. Furthermore, myasthenia gravis patients showed significantly lower performance in executive functions, working memory (Spatial Span, P = 0.034, d = 1.466), verbal episodic memory (P = 0.003, d = 1.468) and somatosensory-related spatial orientation (Triangle Completion Test, P = 0.003, d = 1.200).
Additionally, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were significantly higher in myasthenia gravis patients (P = 0.001, d = 2.040). Our results indicate that myasthenia gravis is associated with structural and functional brain alterations. Especially the grey matter volume changes in the cingulate gyrus and the inferior parietal lobe could be associated with cognitive deficits in memory and executive functions.
Furthermore, deficits in somatosensory-related spatial orientation could be associated with the lower volumes in the inferior parietal lobe. Future research is needed to replicate these findings independently in a larger sample and to investigate the underlying mechanisms in more detail.
Klaus et al. compared myasthenia gravis patients to matched healthy control subjects and identified functional alterations in memory functions as well as structural alterations in the cingulate gyrus, in the inferior parietal lobe and in the fusiform gyrus.
Large-scale groundwater models are required to estimate groundwater availability and to inform water management strategies on the national scale.
However, parameterization of large-scale groundwater models covering areas of major river basins and more is challenging due to the lack of observational data and the mismatch between the scales of modeling and measurements.
In this work, we propose to bridge the scale gap and derive regional hydraulic parameters by spectral analysis of groundwater level fluctuations.
We hypothesize that specific locations in aquifers can reveal regional parameters of the hydraulic system.
We first generate ensembles of synthetic but realistic aquifers which systematically differ in complexity. Applying Liang and Zhang's (2013), , semi-analytical solution for the spectrum of hydraulic head time series, we identify for each ensemble member and at different locations representative aquifer parameters.
Next, we extend our study to investigate the use of spectral analysis in more complex numerical models and in real settings.
Our analyses indicate that the variance of inferred effective transmissivity and storativity values for stochastic aquifer ensembles is small for observation points which are far away from the Dirichlet boundary.
Moreover, the head time series has to cover a period which is roughly 10 times as long as the characteristic time of the aquifer. In deterministic aquifer models we infer equivalent, regionally valid parameters. A sensitivity analysis further reveals that as long as the aquifer length and the position of the groundwater measurement location is roughly known, the parameters can be robustly estimated.
Worldwide, companies are increasingly making claims about their current climate efforts and their future mitigation commitments. These claims tend to be underpinned by carbon credits issued in voluntary carbon markets to offset emissions. Corporate climate claims are largely unregulated which means that they are often (perceived to be) misleading and deceptive. As such, corporate climate claims risk undermining, rather than contributing to, global climate mitigation. This paper takes as its point of departure the proposition that a better understanding of corporate climate claims is needed to govern such claims in a manner that adequately addresses potential greenwashing risks. To that end, the paper reviews the nascent literature on corporate climate claims relying on the use of voluntary carbon credits. Drawing on the reviewed literature, three key dimensions of corporate climate claims as related to carbon credits are discussed: 1) the intended use of carbon credits: offsetting versus non-offsetting claims; 2) the framing and meaning of headline terms: net-zero versus carbon neutral claims; and 3) the status of the claim: future aspirational commitments versus stated achievements. The paper thereby offers a preliminary categorization of corporate climate claims and discusses risks associated with and governance implications for each of these categories.
The 2022 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) and Paris Agreement (PA) are highly complementary agreements where each depends on the other’s success to be effective. The GBF offers a very specific framework of interim goals and targets that break down the objective of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) into a decade-spanning work plan. Comprised of 10 sections – including a 2050 vision and a 2030 mission, four overarching goals and 23 specific targets – the GBF is expected to guide biodiversity policy around the world in the coming years to decades. A similar set of global interim climate policy targets could translate the global temperature goal into concrete policy milestones that would provide policy makers and civil society with reference points for policy making and efforts to hold governments accountable. Beyond inspiring climate policy experts to convert temperature goals into policy milestones, GBF has the potential to strengthen the implementation of the PA at the nexus of biodiversity and climate (adaptation and mitigation) action. For example, the GBF can help to ensure that nature-based climate solutions are implemented with full consideration of biodiversity concerns, of the rights and interests of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, and with fair and transparent benefit sharing arrangements. In sum, the GBF should be mandatory reading for all climate policy makers.
From laggards to leaders
(2021)
The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change embraces the participation of non-state actors in a separate governance track – the ‘Non-state actor zone for global action’ (nazca) – that runs alongside the formal track of unfccc negotiations and the implementation of the Paris Agreement by State Parties through ‘nationally determined contributions’. unfccc Secretariat is entrusted with orchestrating non-state global and transnational initiatives, partnerships and networks. The involvement of non-state actors in the implementation of the Paris Agreement helps to address an action gap by countries that are unable or unwilling to implement ambitious ndcs.
However, the increased prominence of initiatives driven by non-state actors also increases their direct and indirect influence on processes and rules which raises a number of questions with regards to the legitimacy of action and the democratic deficit of the global climate regime. Balancing legitimacy with effectiveness requires non-state initiatives to ensure transparent and inclusive governance, and accountability towards progress against their goals and pledges.
Despite its encouragement towards private initiatives, the Paris Agreement creates surprisingly little regulatory space for non-state actors to gain hold. Neither are there measures that would link ndcs to nazca initiatives, nor are functional requirements such as transparency or reporting extended to non-state initiatives. While the Paris Agreement marks an important step towards harnessing private sector ability and ambition for climate action, more remains to be done to create a truly enabling framework for private action to strive and complement public efforts to address climate change.
We argue for a perspective on bilingual heritage speakers as native speakers of both their languages and present results from a large-scale, cross-linguistic study that took such a perspective and approached bilinguals and monolinguals on equal grounds.
We targeted comparable language use in bilingual and monolingual speakers, crucially covering broader repertoires than just formal language. A main database was the open-access RUEG corpus, which covers comparable informal vs. formal and spoken vs. written productions by adolescent and adult bilinguals with heritage-Greek, -Russian, and -Turkish in Germany and the United States and with heritage-German in the United States, and matching data from monolinguals in Germany, the United States, Greece, Russia, and Turkey. Our main results lie in three areas.
(1) We found non-canonical patterns not only in bilingual, but also in monolingual speakers, including patterns that have so far been considered absent from native grammars, in domains of morphology, syntax, intonation, and pragmatics.
(2) We found a degree of lexical and morphosyntactic inter-speaker variability in monolinguals that was sometimes higher than that of bilinguals, further challenging the model of the streamlined native speaker.
(3) In majority language use, non-canonical patterns were dominant in spoken and/or informal registers, and this was true for monolinguals and bilinguals. In some cases, bilingual speakers were leading quantitatively. In heritage settings where the language was not part of formal schooling, we found tendencies of register leveling, presumably due to the fact that speakers had limited access to formal registers of the heritage language.
Our findings thus indicate possible quantitative differences and different register distributions rather than distinct grammatical patterns in bilingual and monolingual speakers. This supports the integration of heritage speakers into the native-speaker continuum. Approaching heritage speakers from this perspective helps us to better understand the empirical data and can shed light on language variation and change in native grammars.
Furthermore, our findings for monolinguals lead us to reconsider the state-of-the art on majority languages, given recurring evidence for non-canonical patterns that deviate from what has been assumed in the literature so far, and might have been attributed to bilingualism had we not included informal and spoken registers in monolinguals and bilinguals alike.
The present study proposes and tests pathways by which racial discrimination might be positively related to bullying victimization among Black and White adolescents. Data were derived from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health, a national survey that provides data on children's physical and mental health and their families. Data were collected from households with one or more children between June 2016 to February 2017.
A letter was sent to randomly selected households, who were invited to participate in the survey. The caregivers consisted of 66.9% females and 33.1% males for the White sample, whose mean age was 47.51 (SD = 7.26), and 76.8% females and 23.2% males for the Black sample, whose mean age was 47.61 (SD = 9.71).
In terms of the adolescents, 49.0% were females among the White sample, whose mean age was 14.73 (SD = 1.69). For Black adolescents, 47.9% were females and the mean age was 14.67(SD = 1.66).
Measures for the study included bullying perpetration, racial discrimination, academic disengagement, and socio-demographic variables of the parent and child.
Analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and structural path analyses.
For adolescents in both racial groups, racial discrimination appears to be positively associated with depression, which was positively associated with bullying perpetration. For White adolescents, racial discrimination was positively associated with academic disengagement, which was also positively associated with bullying perpetration. For Black adolescents, although racial discrimination was not significantly associated with academic disengagement, academic disengagement was positively associated with bullying perpetration.
The holocaust in the USSR
(2021)
This paper sketches the current status of international scholarship on the subject of the Holocaust in the USSR and its place in the wider military conflict of the Second World War. Research on this topic over the last 20 to 30 years has been truly international and the findings of this research cannot be sketched here without pointing to the contributions made by German, American, Russian, Israeli, British and Australian historians. Historians from these countries have made important contributions to our understanding of key questions relating to this subject. These questions address, among other things, pre-invasion orders issued to German units; the radicalisation of German policy, culminating in the root-and-branch extermination of Soviet Jewry; the network of ghettos set up on Soviet territory; the nature of the killing and the methods used to murder these victims; the total death toll of the Holocaust in the USSR; and the relationship between war and extermination, in which genocide can be regarded as an actual strategy of warfare pursued by the German Reich.
High annotation costs are a substantial bottleneck in applying deep learning architectures to clinically relevant use cases, substantiating the need for algorithms to learn from unlabeled data.
In this work, we propose employing self-supervised methods. To that end, we trained with three self-supervised algorithms on a large corpus of unlabeled dental images, which contained 38K bitewing radiographs (BWRs). We then applied the learned neural network representations on tooth-level dental caries classification, for which we utilized labels extracted from electronic health records (EHRs). Finally, a holdout test-set was established, which consisted of 343 BWRs and was annotated by three dental professionals and approved by a senior dentist.
This test-set was used to evaluate the fine-tuned caries classification models. Our experimental results demonstrate the obtained gains by pretraining models using self-supervised algorithms. These include improved caries classification performance (6 p.p. increase in sensitivity) and, most importantly, improved label-efficiency.
In other words, the resulting models can be fine-tuned using few labels (annotations).
Our results show that using as few as 18 annotations can produce >= 45% sensitivity, which is comparable to human-level diagnostic performance.
This study shows that self-supervision can provide gains in medical image analysis, particularly when obtaining labels is costly and expensive.
Boreal forests cover over half of the global permafrost area and protect underlying permafrost. Boreal forest development, therefore, has an impact on permafrost evolution, especially under a warming climate.
Forest disturbances and changing climate conditions cause vegetation shifts and potentially destabilize the carbon stored within the vegetation and permafrost. Disturbed permafrost-forest ecosystems can develop into a dry or swampy bush- or grasslands, shift toward broadleaf- or evergreen needleleaf-dominated forests, or recover to the pre-disturbance state.
An increase in the number and intensity of fires, as well as intensified logging activities, could lead to a partial or complete ecosystem and permafrost degradation. We study the impact of forest disturbances (logging, surface, and canopy fires) on the thermal and hydrological permafrost conditions and ecosystem resilience.
We use a dynamic multilayer canopy-permafrost model to simulate different scenarios at a study site in eastern Siberia. We implement expected mortality, defoliation, and ground surface changes and analyze the interplay between forest recovery and permafrost. We find that forest loss induces soil drying of up to 44%, leading to lower active layer thicknesses and abrupt or steady decline of a larch forest, depending on disturbance intensity.
Only after surface fires, the most common disturbances, inducing low mortality rates, forests can recover and overpass pre-disturbance leaf area index values. We find that the trajectory of larch forests after surface fires is dependent on the precipitation conditions in the years after the disturbance. Dryer years can drastically change the direction of the larch forest development within the studied period.
We demonstrate a recycling system for synthetic nicotinamide cofactor analogues using a soluble hydrogenase with turnover number of >1000 for reduction of the cofactor analogues by H-2.
Coupling this system to an ene reductase, we show quantitative conversion of N-ethylmaleimide to N-ethylsuccinimide.
The biocatalyst system retained >50% activity after 7 h.
Land-based climate mitigation measures have gained significant attention and importance in public and private sector climate policies. Building on previous studies, we refine and update the mitigation potentials for 20 land-based measures in >200 countries and five regions, comparing “bottom-up” sectoral estimates with integrated assessment models (IAMs). We also assess implementation feasibility at the country level. Cost-effective (available up to $100/tCO2eq) land-based mitigation is 8–13.8 GtCO2eq yr−1 between 2020 and 2050, with the bottom end of this range representing the IAM median and the upper end representing the sectoral estimate. The cost-effective sectoral estimate is about 40% of available technical potential and is in line with achieving a 1.5°C pathway in 2050. Compared to technical potentials, cost-effective estimates represent a more realistic and actionable target for policy. The cost-effective potential is approximately 50% from forests and other ecosystems, 35% from agriculture, and 15% from demand-side measures. The potential varies sixfold across the five regions assessed (0.75–4.8 GtCO2eq yr−1) and the top 15 countries account for about 60% of the global potential. Protection of forests and other ecosystems and demand-side measures present particularly high mitigation efficiency, high provision of co-benefits, and relatively lower costs. The feasibility assessment suggests that governance, economic investment, and socio-cultural conditions influence the likelihood that land-based mitigation potentials are realized. A substantial portion of potential (80%) is in developing countries and LDCs, where feasibility barriers are of greatest concern. Assisting countries to overcome barriers may result in significant quantities of near-term, low-cost mitigation while locally achieving important climate adaptation and development benefits. Opportunities among countries vary widely depending on types of land-based measures available, their potential co-benefits and risks, and their feasibility. Enhanced investments and country-specific plans that accommodate this complexity are urgently needed to realize the large global potential from improved land stewardship.
Honey traceability is an important topic, especially for honeydew honeys, due to the increased incidence of adulteration. This study aimed to establish specific markers to quantify proteins in honey. A proteomics strategy to identify marker peptides from bracatinga honeydew honey was therefore developed. The proteomics approach was based on initial untargeted identification of honey proteins and peptides by LC-ESI-Triple-TOF-MS/MS, which identified the major royal jelly proteins (MRJP) presence. Afterwards, the peptides were selected by the in silico digestion. The marker peptides were quantified by the developed targeted LC-QqQ-MS/MS method, which provided good linearity and specificity, besides recoveries between 92 and 100% to quantify peptides from bracatinga honeydew honey. The uniqueness and high response in mass spectrometry were backed by further complementary protein analysis (SDS-PAGE). The selected marker peptides EALPHVPIFDR (MRJP 1), ILGANVK (MRJP 2), TFVTIER (MRJP 3), QNIDVVAR (MRJP 4), FINNDYNFNEVNFR (MRJP 5) and LLQPYPDWSWTK (MRJP 7), quantified by LC-QqQ-MS/MS, highlighted that the content of QNIDVVAR from MRJP 4 could be used to differentiate bracatinga honeydew honey from floral honeys (p < 0.05) as a potential marker for its authentication. Finally, principal components analysis highlighted the QNIDVVAR content as a good descriptor of the analyzed bracatinga honeydew honey samples.
Measuring the variability of incoming neutrons locally would be usefull for the cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) method. As the measurement of high energy neutrons is not so easy, alternative particles can be considered for such purpose. Among them, muons are particles created from the same cascade of primary cosmic-ray fluxes that generate neutrons at the ground. In addition, they can be easily detected by small and relatively inexpensive detectors. For these reasons they could provide a suitable local alternative to incoming corrections based on remote neutron monitor data. The reported measurements demonstrated that muon detection system can detect incoming cosmic-ray variations locally. Furthermore the precision of this measurement technique is considered adequate for many CRNS applications.
A large landslide (frozen debris avalanche) occurred at Assapaat on the south coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula in Central West Greenland on June 13, 2021, at 04:04 local time. We present a compilation of available data from field observations, photos, remote sensing, and seismic monitoring to describe the event. Analysis of these data in combination with an analysis of pre- and post-failure digital elevation models results in the first description of this type of landslide. The frozen debris avalanche initiated as a 6.9 * 10(6) m(3) failure of permafrozen talus slope and underlying colluvium and till at 600-880 m elevation. It entrained a large volume of permafrozen colluvium along its 2.4 km path in two subsequent entrainment phases accumulating a total volume between 18.3 * 10(6) and 25.9 * 10(6) m(3). About 3.9 * 10(6) m(3) is estimated to have entered the Vaigat strait; however, no tsunami was reported, or is evident in the field. This is probably because the second stage of entrainment along with a flattening of slope angle reduced the mobility of the frozen debris avalanche. We hypothesise that the initial talus slope failure is dynamically conditioned by warming of the ice matrix that binds the permafrozen talus slope. When the slope ice temperature rises to a critical level, its shear resistance is reduced, resulting in an unstable talus slope prone to failure. Likewise, we attribute the large-scale entrainment to increasing slope temperature and take the frozen debris avalanche as a strong sign that the permafrost in this region is increasingly at a critical state. Global warming is enhanced in the Arctic and frequent landslide events in the past decade in Western Greenland let us hypothesise that continued warming will lead to an increase in the frequency and magnitude of these types of landslides. Essential data for critical arctic slopes such as precipitation, snowmelt, and ground and surface temperature are still missing to further test this hypothesis. It is thus strongly required that research funds are made available to better predict the change of landslide threat in the Arctic.
A novel idea for an optimal time delay state space reconstruction from uni- and multivariate time series is presented. The entire embedding process is considered as a game, in which each move corresponds to an embedding cycle and is subject to an evaluation through an objective function. This way the embedding procedure can be modeled as a tree, in which each leaf holds a specific value of the objective function. By using a Monte Carlo ansatz, the proposed algorithm populates the tree with many leafs by computing different possible embedding paths and the final embedding is chosen as that particular path, which ends at the leaf with the lowest achieved value of the objective function. The method aims to prevent getting stuck in a local minimum of the objective function and can be used in a modular way, enabling practitioners to choose a statistic for possible delays in each embedding cycle as well as a suitable objective function themselves. The proposed method guarantees the optimization of the chosen objective function over the parameter space of the delay embedding as long as the tree is sampled sufficiently. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over the classical time delay embedding methods using a variety of application examples. We compare recurrence plot-based statistics inferred from reconstructions of a Lorenz-96 system and highlight an improved forecast accuracy for map-like model data as well as for palaeoclimate isotope time series. Finally, we utilize state space reconstruction for the detection of causality and its strength between observables of a gas turbine type thermoacoustic combustor.
The politics of fear
(2022)
Deforestation is currently a widespread phenomenon and a growing environmental concern in the era of rapid climate change.
In temperate regions, it is challenging to quantify the impacts of deforestation on the catchment dynamics and downstream aquatic ecosystems such as reservoirs and disentangle these from direct climate change impacts, let alone project future changes to inform management.
Here, we tackled this issue by investigating a unique catchment-reservoir system with two reservoirs in distinct trophic states (meso- and eutrophic), both of which drain into the largest drinking water reservoir in Germany.
Due to the prolonged droughts in 2015-2018, the catchment of the mesotrophic reservoir lost an unprecedented area of forest (exponential increase since 2015 and ca. 17.1% loss in 2020 alone).
We coupled catchment nutrient exports (HYPE) and reservoir ecosystem dynamics (GOTM-WET) models using a process-based modeling approach. The coupled model was validated with datasets spanning periods of rapid deforestation, which makes our future projections highly robust.
Results show that in a short-term time scale (by 2035), increasing nutrient flux from the catchment due to vast deforestation (80% loss) can turn the mesotrophic reservoir into a eutrophic state as its counterpart.
Our results emphasize the more prominent impacts of deforestation than the direct impact of climate warming in impairment of water quality and ecological services to downstream aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, we propose to evaluate the impact of climate change on temperate reservoirs by incorporating a time scale-dependent context, highlighting the indirect impact of deforestation in the short-term scale. In the long-term scale (e.g. to 2100), a guiding hypothesis for future research may be that indirect effects (e.g., as mediated by catchment dynamics) are as important as the direct effects of climate warming on aquatic ecosystems.
Knowledge about causal structures is crucial for decision support in various domains. For example, in discrete manufacturing, identifying the root causes of failures and quality deviations that interrupt the highly automated production process requires causal structural knowledge. However, in practice, root cause analysis is usually built upon individual expert knowledge about associative relationships. But, "correlation does not imply causation", and misinterpreting associations often leads to incorrect conclusions. Recent developments in methods for causal discovery from observational data have opened the opportunity for a data-driven examination. Despite its potential for data-driven decision support, omnipresent challenges impede causal discovery in real-world scenarios. In this thesis, we make a threefold contribution to improving causal discovery in practice.
(1) The growing interest in causal discovery has led to a broad spectrum of methods with specific assumptions on the data and various implementations. Hence, application in practice requires careful consideration of existing methods, which becomes laborious when dealing with various parameters, assumptions, and implementations in different programming languages. Additionally, evaluation is challenging due to the lack of ground truth in practice and limited benchmark data that reflect real-world data characteristics.
To address these issues, we present a platform-independent modular pipeline for causal discovery and a ground truth framework for synthetic data generation that provides comprehensive evaluation opportunities, e.g., to examine the accuracy of causal discovery methods in case of inappropriate assumptions.
(2) Applying constraint-based methods for causal discovery requires selecting a conditional independence (CI) test, which is particularly challenging in mixed discrete-continuous data omnipresent in many real-world scenarios. In this context, inappropriate assumptions on the data or the commonly applied discretization of continuous variables reduce the accuracy of CI decisions, leading to incorrect causal structures.
Therefore, we contribute a non-parametric CI test leveraging k-nearest neighbors methods and prove its statistical validity and power in mixed discrete-continuous data, as well as the asymptotic consistency when used in constraint-based causal discovery. An extensive evaluation of synthetic and real-world data shows that the proposed CI test outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in the accuracy of CI testing and causal discovery, particularly in settings with low sample sizes.
(3) To show the applicability and opportunities of causal discovery in practice, we examine our contributions in real-world discrete manufacturing use cases. For example, we showcase how causal structural knowledge helps to understand unforeseen production downtimes or adds decision support in case of failures and quality deviations in automotive body shop assembly lines.
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have progressed rapidly in recent years through the development of novel organic photoactive materials, especially non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). Consequently, OSCs based on state-of-the-art NFAs have reached significant milestones, such as similar to 19% power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and small energy losses (less than 0.5 eV). Despite these significant advances, understanding of the interplay between molecular structure and optoelectronic properties lags significantly behind. For example, despite the theoretical framework for describing the energetic disorder being well developed for the case of inorganic semiconductors, the question of the applicability of classical semiconductor theories in analyzing organic semiconductors is still under debate. A general observation in the inorganic field is that inorganic photovoltaic materials possessing a polycrystalline microstructure exhibit suppressed disorder properties and better charge carrier transport compared to their amorphous analogs. Accordingly, this principle extends to the organic semiconductor field as many organic photovoltaic materials are synthesized to pursue polycrystalline-like features. Yet, there appears to be sporadic examples that exhibit an opposite trend. However, full studies decoupling energetic disorder from aggregation effects have largely been left out. Hence, the potential role of the energetic disorder in OSCs has received little attention. Interestingly, recently reported state-of-the-art NFA-based devices could achieve a small energetic disorder and high PCE at the same time; and interest in this investigation related to the disorder properties in OSCs was revived. In this contribution, progress in terms of the correlation between molecular design and energetic disorder is reviewed together with their effects on the optoelectronic mechanism and photovoltaic performance. Finally, the specific challenges and possible solutions in reducing the energetic disorder of OSCs from the viewpoint of materials and devices are proposed.
In organic solar cells, the resulting device efficiency depends strongly on the local morphology and intermolecular interactions of the blend film. Optical spectroscopy was used to identify the spectral signatures of interacting chromophores in blend films of the donor polymer PM6 with two state-of-the-art nonfullerene acceptors, Y6 and N4, which differ merely in the branching point of the side chain. From temperature-dependent absorption and luminescence spectroscopy in solution, it is inferred that both acceptor materials form two types of aggregates that differ in their interaction energy. Y6 forms an aggregate with a predominant J-type character in solution, while for N4 molecules the interaction is predominantly in a H-like manner in solution and freshly spin-cast film, yet the molecules reorient with respect to each other with time or thermal annealing to adopt a more J-type interaction. The different aggregation behavior of the acceptor materials is also reflected in the blend films and accounts for the different solar cell efficiencies reported with the two blends.
From victims to activists
(2022)
The question if a given partial solution to a problem can be extended reasonably occurs in many algorithmic approaches for optimization problems.
For instance, when enumerating minimal vertex covers of a graph G = (V, E), one usually arrives at the problem to decide for a vertex set U subset of V (pre-solution), if there exists a minimal vertex cover S (i.e., a vertex cover S subset of V such that no proper subset of S is a vertex cover) with U subset of S (minimal extension of U).
We propose a general, partial-order based formulation of such extension problems which allows to model parameterization and approximation aspects of extension, and also highlights relationships between extension tasks for different specific problems.
As examples, we study a number of specific problems which can be expressed and related in this framework. In particular, we discuss extension variants of the problems dominating set and feedback vertex/edge set.
All these problems are shown to be NP-complete even when restricted to bipartite graphs of bounded degree, with the exception of our extension version of feedback edge set on undirected graphs which is shown to be solvable in polynomial time.
For the extension variants of dominating and feedback vertex set, we also show NP-completeness for the restriction to planar graphs of bounded degree.
As non-graph problem, we also study an extension version of the bin packing problem. We further consider the parameterized complexity of all these extension variants, where the parameter is a measure of the pre-solution as defined by our framework.
Classical linguistic theory assumes that formal aspects, like sound, are not internally related to the meaning of words. However, recent research suggests language might code affective meaning such as threat and alert sublexically. Positing affective phonological iconicity as a systematic organization principle of the German lexicon, we calculated sublexical affective values for sub-syllabic phonological word segments from a large-scale affective lexical German database by averaging valence and arousal ratings of all words any phonological segment appears in. We tested word stimuli with either consistent or inconsistent mappings between lexical affective meaning and sublexical affective values (negative-valence/high-arousal vs. neutral-valence/lowarousal) in an EEG visual-lexical-decision task. A mismatch between sublexical and lexical affective values elicited an increased N400 response. These results reveal that systematic affective phonological iconicity - extracted from the lexicon - impacts the extraction of lexical word meaning during reading.
Stimulus data and experimental design for a self-paced reading study on emoji-word substitutions
(2022)
This data paper presents the experimental design and stimuli from an online self-paced reading study on the processing of emojis substituting lexically ambiguous nouns. We recorded reading times for the target ambiguous nouns and for emojis depicting either the intended target referent or a contextually inappropriate homophonous noun. Furthermore, we recorded comprehension accuracy, demographics and a self-assessment of the participants' emoji usage frequency. The data includes all stimuli used, the raw data, the full JavaScript code for the online experiment, as well as Python and R code for the data analysis. We believe that our dataset may give important insights related to the comprehension mechanisms involved in the cognitive processing of emojis. For interpretation and discussion of the experiment, please see the original article entitled "The processing of emoji-word substitutions: A self-paced-reading study".
Large-Scale interseismic strain mapping of the NE Tibetan Plateau from Sentinel-1 Interferometry
(2022)
The launches of the Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar satellites in 2014 and 2016 started a new era of high-resolution velocity and strain rate mapping for the continents. However, multiple challenges exist in tying independently processed velocity data sets to a common reference frame and producing high-resolution strain rate fields. We analyze Sentinel-1 data acquired between 2014 and 2019 over the northeast Tibetan Plateau, and develop new methods to derive east and vertical velocities with similar to 100 m resolution and similar to 1 mm/yr accuracy across an area of 440,000 km(2). By implementing a new method of combining horizontal gradients of filtered east and interpolated north velocities, we derive the first similar to 1 km resolution strain rate field for this tectonically active region. The strain rate fields show concentrated shear strain along the Haiyuan and East Kunlun Faults, and local contractional strain on fault junctions, within the Qilianshan thrusts, and around the Longyangxia Reservoir. The Laohushan-Jingtai creeping section of the Haiyuan Fault is highlighted in our data set by extremely rapid strain rates. Strain across unknown portions of the Haiyuan Fault system, including shear on the eastern extension of the Dabanshan Fault and contraction at the western flank of the Quwushan, highlight unmapped tectonic structures. In addition to the uplift across most of the lowlands, the vertical velocities also contain climatic, hydrological or anthropogenic-related deformation signals. We demonstrate the enhanced view of large-scale active tectonic processes provided by high-resolution velocities and strain rates derived from Sentinel-1 data and highlight associated wide-ranging research applications.
The EU and its member countries have been laggards in using forest carbon to reduce EU emissions. The European Green Deal aims to change this. As part of its long-term emissions reductions, the EU aims to offset this by creating land-based carbon sinks, especially forest carbon sinks as well as carbon capture and storage. This chapter focuses on the role of forest carbon as part of the EU's climate policies towards achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. It furthermore examines the European Commission's proposed forest strategy and its proposal for a revised LULUCF Regulation. The chapter shows that the logic of appropriateness dominates the European Commission's forest policies. Finally, the chapter makes policy recommendations on how the EU could credibly use long-term carbon sinks to achieve climate neutrality.
Long-term environmental policy remains a vexing puzzle of environmental policy. Following its definition, the author reviews the methods suitable for the study of long-term environmental policy and develops a typology of policy instruments to cope with these challenges. The concluding section offers five central research challenges to advance the study of long-term environmental policy.
Manganese (Mn), although important for multiple cellular processes, has posed environmental health concerns due to its neurotoxic effects. In recent years, there have been extensive studies on the mechanism of Mn-induced neuropathology, as well as the sex-dependent vulnerability to its neurotoxic effects. Nonetheless, cellular mechanisms influenced by sex differences in susceptibility to Mn have yet to be adequately characterized. Since oxidative stress is a key mechanism of Mn neurotoxicity, here, we have probed Hsp70 and Nrf2 proteins to investigate the sex-dependent changes following exposure to Mn. Male and female rats were administered intraperitoneal injections of MnCl2 (10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg) 48 hourly for a total of eight injections (15 days). We evaluated changes in body weight, as well as Mn accumulation, Nrf2 and Hsp70 expression across four brain regions; striatum, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum in both sexes. Our results showed sex-specific changes in body-weight, specifically in males but not in females. Additionally, we noted sex-dependent accumulation of Mn in the brain, as well as in expression levels of Nrf2 and Hsp70 proteins. These findings revealed sex-dependent susceptibility to Mn-induced neurotoxicity corresponding to differential Mn accumulation, and expression of Hsp70 and Nrf2 across several brain regions.
The mobile-immobile model (MIM) has been established in geoscience in the context of contaminant transport in groundwater. Here the tracer particles effectively immobilise, e.g., due to diffusion into dead-end pores or sorption. The main idea of the MIM is to split the total particle density into a mobile and an immobile density. Individual tracers switch between the mobile and immobile state following a two-state telegraph process, i.e., the residence times in each state are distributed exponentially. In geoscience the focus lies on the breakthrough curve (BTC), which is the concentration at a fixed location over time. We apply the MIM to biological experiments with a special focus on anomalous scaling regimes of the mean squared displacement (MSD) and non-Gaussian displacement distributions. As an exemplary system, we have analysed the motion of tau proteins, that diffuse freely inside axons of neurons. Their free diffusion thereby corresponds to the mobile state of the MIM. Tau proteins stochastically bind to microtubules, which effectively immobilises the tau proteins until they unbind and continue diffusing. Long immobilisation durations compared to the mobile durations give rise to distinct non-Gaussian Laplace shaped distributions. It is accompanied by a plateau in the MSD for initially mobile tracer particles at relevant intermediate timescales. An equilibrium fraction of initially mobile tracers gives rise to non-Gaussian displacements at intermediate timescales, while the MSD remains linear at all times. In another setting bio molecules diffuse in a biosensor and transiently bind to specific receptors, where advection becomes relevant in the mobile state. The plateau in the MSD observed for the advection-free setting and long immobilisation durations persists also for the case with advection. We find a new clear regime of anomalous diffusion with non-Gaussian distributions and a cubic scaling of the MSD. This regime emerges for initially mobile and for initially immobile tracers. For an equilibrium fraction of initially mobile tracers we observe an intermittent ballistic scaling of the MSD. The long-time effective diffusion coefficient is enhanced by advection, which we physically explain with the variance of mobile durations. Finally, we generalize the MIM to incorporate arbitrary immobilisation time distributions and focus on a Mittag-Leffler immobilisation time distribution with power-law tail ~ t^(-1-mu) with 0<mu<1 and diverging mean immobilisation durations. A fit of our model to the BTC of experimental data from tracer particles in aquifers matches the BTC including the power-law tail. We use the fit parameters for plotting the displacement distributions and the MSD. We find Gaussian normal diffusion at short times and long-time power-law decay of mobile mass accompanied by anomalous diffusion at long times. The long-time diffusion is subdiffusive in the advection-free setting, while it is either subdiffusive for 0<mu<1/2 or superdiffusive for 1/2<mu<1 when advection is present. In the long-time limit we show equivalence of our model to a bi-fractional diffusion equation.
Numerous phosphorus-rich metal phosphides containing both P-P bonds and metal-P bonds are known from the solid-state chemistry literature. A method to grow these materials in thin-film form would be desirable, as thin films are required in many applications and they are an ideal platform for high-throughput studies. In addition, the high density and smooth surfaces achievable in thin films are a significant advantage for characterization of transport and optical properties. Despite these benefits, there is hardly any published work on even the simplest binary phosphorus-rich phosphide films. Here, we demonstrate growth of single-phase CuP2 films by a two-step process involving reactive sputtering of amorphous CuP2+x and rapid annealing in an inert atmosphere. At the crystallization temperature, CuP2 is thermodynamically unstable with respect to Cu3P and P-4. However, CuP2 can be stabilized if the amorphous precursors are mixed on the atomic scale and are sufficiently close to the desired composition (neither too P poor nor too P rich). Fast formation of polycrystalline CuP2, combined with a short annealing time, makes it possible to bypass the diffusion processes responsible for decomposition. We find that thin-film CuP2 is a 1.5 eV band gap semiconductor with interesting properties, such as a high optical absorption coefficient (above 10(5) cm(-1)), low thermal conductivity (1.1 W/(K m)), and composition-insensitive electrical conductivity (around 1 S/cm). We anticipate that our processing route can be extended to other phosphorus-rich phosphides that are still awaiting thin-film synthesis and will lead to a more complete understanding of these materials and of their potential applications.
We investigate a class of diffusion-controlled reactions that are initiated at the time instance when a prescribed number K among N particles independently diffusing in a solvent are simultaneously bound to a target region.
In the irreversible target-binding setting, the particles that bind to the target stay there forever, and the reaction time is the Kth fastest first-passage time to the target, whose distribution is well-known. In turn, reversible binding, which is common for most applications, renders theoretical analysis much more challenging and drastically changes the distribution of reaction times.
We develop a renewal-based approach to derive an approximate solution for the probability density of the reaction time.
This approximation turns out to be remarkably accurate for a broad range of parameters.
We also analyze the dependence of the mean reaction time or, equivalently, the inverse reaction rate, on the main parameters such as K, N, and binding/unbinding constants. Some biophysical applications and further perspectives are briefly discussed.
Effectiveness
(2021)
The James Ross archipelago houses numerous lakes and ponds. In this region, a vast diatom and cyanobacterial variety has been reported; however, the prokaryotic diversity in microbial mats from these lakes remains poorly explored.
Here, a high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene in microbial mats from Lake Bart-Roja in James Ross Island and lakes Pan Negro and North Pan Negro located in Vega Island was performed. Combined with mineralogical and environmental characteristics, we analyzed the diversity and structure of the microbial communities. Sequences assigned to Archaea were extremely low, while Bacteria domain prevailed with the abundance of Proteobacteria (mostly Betaproteobacteriales) followed by Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria.
Local environmental conditions, such as conductivity and Eh, provided differential microbial assemblages that might have implications in the oligotrophic status of the lakes. Consequently, a clear segregation at the family level was observed.
In this sense, the assigned diversity was related to taxa recognized as denitrifiers and sulfur oxidizers. Particularly, in Lake Pan Negro sulfur-reducing and methanogenic representatives were also found and positively correlate with alkalinity and water depth.
Moreover, Deinococcus-Thermus was observed in Lake Bart-Roja, while Melainabacteria (Cyanobacteria)-poorly reported in Antarctic mats-was detected in Lake Pan Negro. Epsilonbacteraeota was exclusively found in this lake, suggesting new potential phylotypes. This study contributes to the understanding of the diversity, composition, and structure of Antarctic benthic microbial ecosystems and provides highly valuable information, which can be used as a proxy to evaluate environmental changes affecting Antarctic microbiota.
Landslides in deglaciated and deglaciating mountains represent a major hazard, but their distribution at the spatial scale of entire mountain belts has rarely been studied. Traditional models of landslide distribution assume that landslides are concentrated in the steepest, wettest, and most tectonically active parts of the orogens, where glaciers reached their greatest thickness.
However, based on mapping large landslides (>0.9 km(2)) over an unprecedentedly large area of Southern Patagonia (similar to 305,000 km(2)), we show that the distribution of landslides can have the opposite trend.
We show that the largest landslides within the limits of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet (PIS) cluster along its eastern margins occupying lower, tectonically less active, and arid part of the Patagonian Andes. In contrast to the heavily glaciated, highest elevations of the mountain range, the peripheral regions have been glaciated only episodically, leaving a larger volume of unstable sedimentary and volcanic rocks that are subject to ongoing slope instability.
Long-term bacteria-fungi-plant associations in permafrost soils inferred from palaeometagenomics
(2024)
The arctic is warming 2 – 4 times faster than the global average, resulting in a strong feedback on northern ecosystems such as boreal forests, which cover a vast area of the high northern latitudes. With ongoing global warming, the treeline subsequently migrates northwards into tundra areas. The consequences of turning ecosystems are complex: on the one hand, boreal forests are storing large amounts of global terrestrial carbon and act as a carbon sink, dragging carbon dioxide out of the global carbon cycle, suggesting an enhanced carbon uptake with increased tree cover. On the other hand, with the establishment of trees, the albedo effect of tundra decreases, leading to enhanced soil warming. Meanwhile, permafrost thaws, releasing large amounts of previously stored carbon into the atmosphere. So far, mainly vegetation dynamics have been assessed when studying the impact of warming onto ecosystems. Most land plants are living in close symbiosis with bacterial and fungal communities, sustaining their growth in nutrient poor habitats. However, the impact of climate change on these subsoil communities alongside changing vegetation cover remains poorly understood. Therefore, a better understanding of soil community dynamics on multi millennial timescales is inevitable when addressing the development of entire ecosystems. Unravelling long-term cross-kingdom dependencies between plant, fungi, and bacteria is not only a milestone for the assessment of warming on boreal ecosystems. On top, it also is the basis for agriculture strategies to sustain society with sufficient food in a future warming world.
The first objective of this thesis was to assess ancient DNA as a proxy for reconstructing the soil microbiome (Manuscripts I, II, III, IV). Research findings across these projects enable a comprehensive new insight into the relationships of soil microorganisms to the surrounding vegetation. First, this was achieved by establishing (Manuscript I) and applying (Manuscript II) a primer pair for the selective amplification of ancient fungal DNA from lake sediment samples with the metabarcoding approach. To assess fungal and plant co-variation, the selected primer combination (ITS67, 5.8S) amplifying the ITS1 region was applied on samples from five boreal and arctic lakes. The obtained data showed that the establishment of fungal communities is impacted by warming as the functional ecological groups are shifting. Yeast and saprotroph dominance during the Late Glacial declined with warming, while the abundance of mycorrhizae and parasites increased with warming. The overall species richness was also alternating. The results were compared to shotgun sequencing data reconstructing fungi and bacteria (Manuscripts III, IV), yielding overall comparable results to the metabarcoding approach. Nonetheless, the comparison also pointed out a bias in the metabarcoding, potentially due to varying ITS lengths or copy numbers per genome.
The second objective was to trace fungus-plant interaction changes over time (Manuscripts II, III). To address this, metabarcoding targeting the ITS1 region for fungi and the chloroplast P6 loop for plants for the selective DNA amplification was applied (Manuscript II). Further, shotgun sequencing data was compared to the metabarcoding results (Manuscript III). Overall, the results between the metabarcoding and the shotgun approaches were comparable, though a bias in the metabarcoding was assumed. We demonstrated that fungal shifts were coinciding with changes in the vegetation. Yeast and lichen were mainly dominant during the Late Glacial with tundra vegetation, while warming in the Holocene lead to the expansion of boreal forests with increasing mycorrhizae and parasite abundance. Aside, we highlighted that Pinaceae establishment is dependent on mycorrhizal fungi such as Suillineae, Inocybaceae, or Hyaloscypha species also on long-term scales.
The third objective of the thesis was to assess soil community development on a temporal gradient (Manuscripts III, IV). Shotgun sequencing was applied on sediment samples from the northern Siberian lake Lama and the soil microbial community dynamics compared to ecosystem turnover. Alongside, podzolization processes from basaltic bedrock were recovered (Manuscript III). Additionally, the recovered soil microbiome was compared to shotgun data from granite and sandstone catchments (Manuscript IV, Appendix). We assessed if the establishment of the soil microbiome is dependent on the plant taxon and as such comparable between multiple geographic locations or if the community establishment is driven by abiotic soil properties and as such the bedrock area. We showed that the development of soil communities is to a great extent driven by the vegetation changes and temperature variation, while time only plays a minor role. The analyses showed general ecological similarities especially between the granite and basalt locations, while the microbiome on species-level was rather site-specific. A greater number of correlated soil taxa was detected for deep-rooting boreal taxa in comparison to grasses with shallower roots. Additionally, differences between herbaceous taxa of the late Glacial compared to taxa of the Holocene were revealed.
With this thesis, I demonstrate the necessity to investigate subsoil community dynamics on millennial time scales as it enables further understanding of long-term ecosystem as well as soil development processes and such plant establishment. Further, I trace long-term processes leading to podzolization which supports the development of applied carbon capture strategies under future global warming.
Incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with bioorthogonal reactive groups by amber suppression allows the generation of synthetic proteins with desired novel properties. Such modified molecules are in high demand for basic research and therapeutic applications such as cancer treatment and in vivo imaging. The positioning of the ncAA-responsive codon within the protein's coding sequence is critical in order to maintain protein function, achieve high yields of ncAA-containing protein, and allow effective conjugation. Cell-free ncAA incorporation is of particular interest due to the open nature of cell-free systems and their concurrent ease of manipulation. In this study, we report a straightforward workflow to inquire ncAA positions in regard to incorporation efficiency and protein functionality in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-free system. As a model, the well-established orthogonal translation components Escherichia coli tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) and tRNATyr(CUA) were used to site-specifically incorporate the ncAA p-azido-l-phenylalanine (AzF) in response to UAG codons. A total of seven ncAA sites within an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) single-chain variable fragment (scFv) N-terminally fused to the red fluorescent protein mRFP1 and C-terminally fused to the green fluorescent protein sfGFP were investigated for ncAA incorporation efficiency and impact on antigen binding. The characterized cell-free dual fluorescence reporter system allows screening for ncAA incorporation sites with high incorporation efficiency that maintain protein activity. It is parallelizable, scalable, and easy to operate. We propose that the established CHO-based cell-free dual fluorescence reporter system can be of particular interest for the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
Law smells
(2022)
Building on the computer science concept of code smells, we initiate the study of law smells, i.e., patterns in legal texts that pose threats to the comprehensibility and maintainability of the law. With five intuitive law smells as running examples-namely, duplicated phrase, long element, large reference tree, ambiguous syntax, and natural language obsession-, we develop a comprehensive law smell taxonomy. This taxonomy classifies law smells by when they can be detected, which aspects of law they relate to, and how they can be discovered. We introduce text-based and graph-based methods to identify instances of law smells, confirming their utility in practice using the United States Code as a test case. Our work demonstrates how ideas from software engineering can be leveraged to assess and improve the quality of legal code, thus drawing attention to an understudied area in the intersection of law and computer science and highlighting the potential of computational legal drafting.
Deep lipidomics in human plasma: cardiometabolic disease risk and effect of dietary fat modulation
(2022)
Background: In blood and tissues, dietary and endogenously generated fatty acids (FAs) occur in free form or as part of complex lipid molecules that collectively represent the lipidome of the respective tissue. We assessed associations of plasma lipids derived from high-resolution lipidomics with incident cardiometabolic diseases and subsequently tested if the identified risk-associated lipids were sensitive to dietary fat modification. Methods: The EPIC Potsdam cohort study (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) comprises 27 548 participants recruited within an age range of 35 to 65 years from the general population around Potsdam, Germany. We generated 2 disease-specific case cohorts on the basis of a fixed random subsample (n=1262) and all respective cohort-wide identified incident primary cardiovascular disease (composite of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke; n=551) and type 2 diabetes (n=775) cases. We estimated the associations of baseline plasma concentrations of 282 class-specific FA abundances (calculated from 940 distinct molecular species across 15 lipid classes) with the outcomes in multivariable-adjusted Cox models. We tested the effect of an isoenergetic dietary fat modification on risk-associated lipids in the DIVAS randomized controlled trial (Dietary Intervention and Vascular Function; n=113). Participants consumed either a diet rich in saturated FAs (control), monounsaturated FAs, or a mixture of monounsaturated and n-6 polyunsaturated FAs for 16 weeks. Results: Sixty-nine lipids associated (false discovery rate<0.05) with at least 1 outcome (both, 8; only cardiovascular disease, 49; only type 2 diabetes, 12). In brief, several monoacylglycerols and FA16:0 and FA18:0 in diacylglycerols were associated with both outcomes; cholesteryl esters, free fatty acids, and sphingolipids were largely cardiovascular disease specific; and several (glycero)phospholipids were type 2 diabetes specific. In addition, 19 risk-associated lipids were affected (false discovery rate<0.05) by the diets rich in unsaturated dietary FAs compared with the saturated fat diet (17 in a direction consistent with a potential beneficial effect on long-term cardiometabolic risk). For example, the monounsaturated FA-rich diet decreased diacylglycerol(FA16:0) by 0.4 (95% CI, 0.5-0.3) SD units and increased triacylglycerol(FA22:1) by 0.5 (95% CI, 0.4-0.7) SD units. Conclusions: We identified several lipids associated with cardiometabolic disease risk. A subset was beneficially altered by a dietary fat intervention that supports the substitution of dietary saturated FAs with unsaturated FAs as a potential tool for primary disease prevention.
In seismic risk assessment, the sources of uncertainty associated with building exposure modelling have not received as much attention as other components related to hazard and vulnerability. Conventional practices such as assuming absolute portfolio compositions (i.e., proportions per building class) from expert-based assumptions over aggregated data crudely disregard the contribution of uncertainty of the exposure upon earthquake loss models. In this work, we introduce the concept that the degree of knowledge of a building stock can be described within a Bayesian probabilistic approach that integrates both expert-based prior distributions and data collection on individual buildings. We investigate the impact of the epistemic uncertainty in the portfolio composition on scenario-based earthquake loss models through an exposure-oriented logic tree arrangement based on synthetic building portfolios. For illustrative purposes, we consider the residential building stock of Valparaiso (Chile) subjected to seismic ground-shaking from one subduction earthquake. We have found that building class reconnaissance, either from prior assumptions by desktop studies with aggregated data (top-down approach), or from building-by-building data collection (bottom-up approach), plays a fundamental role in the statistical modelling of exposure. To model the vulnerability of such a heterogeneous building stock, we require that their associated set of structural fragility functions handle multiple spectral periods. Thereby, we also discuss the relevance and specific uncertainty upon generating either uncorrelated or spatially cross-correlated ground motion fields within this framework. We successively show how various epistemic uncertainties embedded within these probabilistic exposure models are differently propagated throughout the computed direct financial losses. This work calls for further efforts to redesign desktop exposure studies, while also highlighting the importance of exposure data collection with standardized and iterative approaches.
Hot, compact, hydrogen-deficient pre-white dwarfs (pre-WDs) with effective temperatures of Teff > 70 000 K and a surface gravity of 5.0 < logg < 7.0 are rather rare objects despite recent and ongoing surveys. It is believed that they are the outcome of either single star evolution (late helium-shell flash or late helium-core flash) or binary star evolution (double WD merger). Their study is interesting because the surface elemental abundances reflect the physics of thermonuclear flashes and merger events. Spectroscopically they are divided in three different classes, namely PG1159, O(He), or He-sdO. We present a spectroscopic analysis of five such stars that turned out to have atmospheric parameters in the range Teff = 70 000-80 000 K and logg = 5.2-6.3. The three investigated He-sdOs have a relatively high hydrogen mass fraction (10%) that is unexplained by both single (He core flash) and binary evolution (He-WD merger) scenarios. The O(He) star JL 9 is probably a binary helium-WD merger, but its hydrogen content (6%) is also at odds with merger models. We found that RL 104 is the 'coolest' (Teff = 80 000 K) member of the PG1159 class in a pre-WD stage. Its optical spectrum is remarkable because it exhibits C※ IV lines involving Rydberg states with principal quantum numbers up to n = 22. Its rather low mass (0.48-0.02+0.03 M·) is difficult to reconcile with the common evolutionary scenario for PG1159 stars due to it being the outcome of a (very) late He-shell flash. The same mass-problem faces a merger model of a close He-sdO plus CO WD binary that predicts PG1159-like abundances. Perhaps RL 104 originates from a very late He-shell flash in a CO/He WD formed by a merger of two low-mass He-WDs.
The benefits of counting butterflies: recommendations for a successful citizen science project
(2022)
Citizen science (CS) projects, being popular across many fields of science, have recently also become a popular tool to collect biodiversity data. Although the benefits of such projects for science and policy making are well understood, relatively little is known about the benefits participants get from these projects as well as their personal backgrounds and motivations. Furthermore, very little is known about their expectations. We here examine these aspects, with the citizen science project "German Butterfly Monitoring" as an example. A questionnaire was sent to all participants of the project and the responses to the questionnaire indicated the following: center dot Most transect walkers do not have a professional background in this field, though they do have a high educational level, and are close to retirement, with a high number of females; center dot An important motivation to join the project is to preserve the natural environment and to contribute to scientific knowledge; center dot Participants benefit by enhancing their knowledge about butterflies and especially their ability to identify different species (taxonomic knowledge); center dot Participants do not have specific expectations regarding the project beyond proper management and coordination, but have an intrinsic sense of working for a greater good. The willingness to join a project is higher if the project contributes to the solution of a problem discussed in the media (here, insect decline). Based on our findings from the analysis of the questionnaire we can derive a set of recommendations for establishing a successful CS project. These include the importance of good communication, e.g., by explaining what the (scientific) purpose of the project is and what problems are to be solved with the help of the data collected in the project. The motivation to join a CS project is mostly intrinsic and CS is a good tool to engage people during difficult times such as the COVID-19 pandemic, giving participants the feeling of doing something useful.
In this paper, we employ an experimental paradigm using insights from the psychology of reasoning to investigate the question whether certain modals generate and draw attention to alternatives. The article extends and builds on the methodology and findings of Mascarenhas & Picat (2019). Based on experimental results, they argue that the English epistemic modal might raises alternatives. We apply the same methodology to the English modal allowed to to test different hypotheses regarding the involvement of alternatives in deontic modality. We find commonalities and differences between the two modals we tested. We discuss theoretical consequences for existing semantic analyses of these modals, and argue that reasoning tasks can serve as a diagnostic tool to discover which natural language expressions involve alternatives.
So far, various studies have aimed at decomposing the integrated terrestrial water storage variations observed by satellite gravimetry (GRACE, GRACE-FO) with the help of large-scale hydrological models. While the results of the storage decomposition depend on model structure, little attention has been given to the impact of the way that vegetation is represented in these models. Although vegetation structure and activity represent the crucial link between water, carbon, and energy cycles, their representation in large-scale hydrological models remains a major source of uncertainty. At the same time, the increasing availability and quality of Earth-observation-based vegetation data provide valuable information with good prospects for improving model simulations and gaining better insights into the role of vegetation within the global water cycle. In this study, we use observation-based vegetation information such as vegetation indices and rooting depths for spatializing the parameters of a simple global hydrological model to define infiltration, root water uptake, and transpiration processes. The parameters are further constrained by considering observations of terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWS), soil moisture, evapotranspiration (ET) and gridded runoff ( Q) estimates in a multi-criteria calibration approach. We assess the implications of including varying vegetation characteristics on the simulation results, with a particular focus on the partitioning between water storage components. To isolate the effect of vegetation, we compare a model experiment in which vegetation parameters vary in space and time to a baseline experiment in which all parameters are calibrated as static, globally uniform values. Both experiments show good overall performance, but explicitly including varying vegetation data leads to even better performance and more physically plausible parameter values. The largest improvements regarding TWS and ET are seen in supply-limited (semi-arid) regions and in the tropics, whereas Q simulations improve mainly in northern latitudes. While the total fluxes and storages are similar, accounting for vegetation substantially changes the contributions of different soil water storage components to the TWS variations. This suggests an important role of the representation of vegetation in hydrological models for interpreting TWS variations. Our simulations further indicate a major effect of deeper moisture storages and groundwater-soil moisture-vegetation interactions as a key to understanding TWS variations. We highlight the need for further observations to identify the adequate model structure rather than only model parameters for a reasonable representation and interpretation of vegetation-water interactions.
Guidance of postinfarct myocardial remodeling processes by an epicardial patch system may alleviate the consequences of ischemic heart disease. As macrophages are highly relevant in balancing immune response and regenerative processes their suitable instruction would ensure therapeutic success. A polymeric mesh capable of attracting and instructing monocytes by purely physical cues and accelerating implant degradation at the cell/implant interface is designed. In a murine model for myocardial infarction the meshes are compared to those either coated with extracellular matrix or loaded with induced cardiomyocyte progenitor cells. All implants promote macrophage infiltration and polarization in the epicardium, which is verified by in vitro experiments. 6 weeks post-MI, especially the implantation of the mesh attenuates left ventricular adverse remodeling processes as shown by reduced infarct size (14.7% vs 28-32%) and increased wall thickness (854 mu m vs 400-600 mu m), enhanced angiogenesis/arteriogenesis (more than 50% increase compared to controls and other groups), and improved heart function (ejection fraction = 36.8% compared to 12.7-31.3%). Upscaling as well as process controls is comprehensively considered in the presented mesh fabrication scheme to warrant further progression from bench to bedside.
In the picture-word interference paradigm, participants name pictures while ignoring a written or spoken distractor word. Naming times to the pictures are slowed down by the presence of the distractor word. The present study investigates in detail the impact of distractor and target word properties on picture naming times, building on the seminal study by Miozzo and Caramazza. We report the results of several Bayesian meta-analyses based on 26 datasets. These analyses provide estimates of effect sizes and their precision for several variables and their interactions. They show the reliability of the distractor frequency effect on picture naming latencies (latencies decrease as the frequency of the distractor increases) and demonstrate for the first time the impact of distractor length, with longer naming latencies for trials with longer distractors. Moreover, distractor frequency interacts with target word frequency to predict picture naming latencies. The methodological and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the moderating effect of technology use for friendship maintenance in the associations between self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic and friendship quality, measured 6 months later (Time 2). Participants were 1,567 seventh and eighth graders (51% female; 51% white; M-age = 13.47) from the United States. They completed questionnaires on friendship quality at Time 1, and self-isolation during COVID-19 and technology use for friendship maintenance and friendship quality at Time 2. The findings revealed that self-isolation during COVID-19 was related positively to technology use for friendship maintenance and negatively to Time 2 friendship quality. Higher technology use for friendship maintenance buffered against the negative impacts on friendship quality associated with self-isolation during COVID-19, while lower technology use had the opposite effects on Time 2 friendship quality.
In this article we prove upper bounds for the Laplace eigenvalues lambda(k) below the essential spectrum for strictly negatively curved Cartan-Hadamard manifolds. Our bound is given in terms of k(2) and specific geometric data of the manifold. This applies also to the particular case of non-compact manifolds whose sectional curvature tends to -infinity, where no essential spectrum is present due to a theorem of Donnelly/Li. The result stands in clear contrast to Laplacians on graphs where such a bound fails to be true in general.
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are highly sensitive to extrinsic physical and biochemical signals from their extracellular microenvironments. In this study, we analyzed the effect of cyclic temperature changes on hiPSCs behaviors, especially by means of scanning force microscopy (BIO-AFM). The alternation in cellular mechanics, as well as the secretion and pattern of deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein in hiPSCs were evaluated. The arrangement of the actin cytoskeleton changed with the variation of the temperature. The rearranged cytoskeleton architecture led to the subsequent changes in cell mechanics (Young's modulus of hiPSCs). With the exposure to the cyclic cold stimuli, an increase in the average surface roughness (Ra) and roughness mean square (RMS) was detected. This observation might be at least in part due to the upregulated secretion of Laminin alpha 5 during repeated temporary cooling. The expression of pluripotent markers, NANOG and SOX2, was not impaired in hiPSCs, when exposed to the cyclic cold stimuli for 24 h. Our findings provide an insight into the effect of temperature on the hiPSC behaviors, which may contribute to a better understanding of the application of locally controlled therapeutic hypothermia.
We consider an array of nonlocally coupled oscillators on a ring, which for equally spaced units possesses a Kuramoto-Battogtokh chimera regime and a synchronous state. We demonstrate that disorder in oscillators positions leads to a transition from the synchronous to the chimera state. For a static (quenched) disorder we find that the probability of synchrony survival depends on the number of particles, from nearly zero at small populations to one in the thermodynamic limit. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the synchrony gets destroyed for randomly (ballistically or diffusively) moving oscillators. We show that, depending on the number of oscillators, there are different scalings of the transition time with this number and the velocity of the units.
Binary III-V nitrides such as AlN, GaN and InN in the wurtzite-type structure have long been considered as potent semiconducting materials because of their optoelectronic properties, amongst others. With rising concerns over the utilization of scarce elements, a replacement of the trivalent cations by others in ternary and multinary nitrides has led to the development of different variants of nitrides and oxide nitrides crystallizing in lower-symmetry variants of wurtzite. This work presents the symmetry relationships between these structural types specific to nitrides and oxide nitrides and updates some prior work on this matter. The non-existence of compounds crystallizing in Pmc2(1), formally the highest subgroup of the wurtzite type fulfilling Pauling's rules for 1:1:2 stoichiometries, has been puzzling scientists for a while; a rationalization is given, from a crystallographic basis, of why this space group is unlikely to be adopted.
1. Microplastics in soils have become an important threat for terrestrial systems as they may potentially alter the geochemical/biophysical soil environment and can interact with drought. As microplastics may affect soil water content, this could exacerbate the well-known negative effects of drought on ecosystem functionality. Thus, functions including litter decomposition, soil aggregation or those related with nutrient cycling can be altered. Despite this potential interaction, we know relatively little about how microplastics, under different soil water conditions, affect ecosystem functions and multifunctionality.
2. To address this gap, we performed an experiment using grassland plant communities growing in microcosms. Microplastic fibres (absent, present) and soil water conditions (well-watered, drought) were applied in a fully factorial design. At harvest, we measured soil ecosystem functions related to nutrient cycling (beta-glucosaminidase, beta-D-cellobiosidase, phosphatase, beta-glucosidase enzymes), respiration, nutrient retention, pH, litter decomposition and soil aggregation (water stable aggregates). As terrestrial systems provide these functions simultaneously, we also assessed ecosystem multifunctionality, an index that encompasses the array of ecosystem functions measured here.
3. We found that the interaction between microplastic fibres and drought affected ecosystem functions and multifunctionality. Drought had negatively affected nutrient cycling by decreasing enzymatic activities by up to similar to 39%, while microplastics increased soil aggregation by similar to 18%, soil pH by similar to 4% and nutrient retention by up to similar to 70% by diminishing nutrient leaching. Microplastic fibres also impacted soil enzymes, respiration and ecosystem multifunctionality, but importantly, the direction of these effects depended on soil water status. That is, under well-watered conditions, these functions decreased with microplastic fibres by up to similar to 34% while under drought they had similar values irrespective of the microplastic presence, or tended to increase with microplastics. Litter decomposition had a contrary pattern increasing with microplastics by similar to 6% under well-watered conditions while decreasing to a similar percentage under drought.
4. Synthesis and applications. Single ecosystem functions can be positively or negatively affected by microplastics fibres depending on soil water status. However, our results suggest that microplastic fibres may cause negative effects on ecosystem soil multifunctionality of a similar magnitude as drought. Thus, strategies to counteract this new global change factor are necessary.
Challenges, triggers and initiators of climate policies and implications for policy formulation
(2020)
Satellite-measured tidal magnetic signals are of growing importance. These fields are mainly used to infer Earth's mantle conductivity, but also to derive changes in the oceanic heat content. We present a new Kalman filter-based method to derive tidal magnetic fields from satellite magnetometers: KALMAG. The method's advantage is that it allows to study a precisely estimated posterior error covariance matrix. We present the results of a simultaneous estimation of the magnetic signals of 8 major tides from 17 years of Swarm and CHAMP data. For the first time, robustly derived posterior error distributions are reported along with the reported tidal magnetic fields. The results are compared to other estimates that are either based on numerical forward models or on satellite inversions of the same data. For all comparisons, maximal differences and the corresponding globally averaged RMSE are reported. We found that the inter-product differences are comparable with the KALMAG-based errors only in a global mean sense. Here, all approaches give values of the same order, e.g., 0.09 nT-0.14 nT for M2. Locally, the KALMAG posterior errors are up to one order smaller than the inter-product differences, e.g., 0.12 nT vs. 0.96 nT for M2.
Planned decommissioning of coal-fired plants in Europe requires innovative technical and economic strategies to support coal regions on their path towards a climate-resilient future. The repurposing of open pit mines into hybrid pumped hydro power storage (HPHS) of excess energy from the electric grid, and renewable sources will contribute to the EU Green Deal, increase the economic value, stabilize the regional job market and contribute to the EU energy supply security. This study aims to present a preliminary phase of a geospatial workflow used to evaluate land suitability by implementing a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique with an advanced geographic information system (GIS) in the context of an interdisciplinary feasibility study on HPHS in the Kardia lignite open pit mine (Western Macedonia, Greece). The introduced geospatial analysis is based on the utilization of the constraints and ranking criteria within the boundaries of the abandoned mine regarding specific topographic and proximity criteria. The applied criteria were selected from the literature, while for their weights, the experts' judgement was introduced by implementing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), in the framework of the ATLANTIS research program. According to the results, seven regions were recognized as suitable, with a potential energy storage capacity from 1.09 to 5.16 GWh. Particularly, the present study's results reveal that 9.27% (212,884 m(2)) of the area had a very low suitability, 15.83% (363,599 m(2)) had a low suitability, 23.99% (550,998 m(2)) had a moderate suitability, 24.99% (573,813 m(2)) had a high suitability, and 25.92% (595,125 m(2)) had a very high suitability for the construction of the upper reservoir. The proposed semi-automatic geospatial workflow introduces an innovative tool that can be applied to open pit mines globally to identify the optimum design for an HPHS system depending on the existing lower reservoir.
Infection is a common and often deadly complication after burn injury. A major underlying factor is burn-induced immune dysfunction, particularly with respect to neutrophils as the primary responders to infection. Temporally after murine scald injury, we demonstrate impaired bone marrow neutrophil chemotaxis toward CXCL1 ex vivo. Additionally, we observed a reduced recruitment of neutrophils to the peritoneal after elicitation 7 days after injury. We demonstrate that neutrophil ceramide levels increase after burn injury, and this is associated with decreased expression of CXCR2 and blunted chemotaxis. A major signaling event upon CXCR2 activation is Akt phosphorylation and this was reduced when ceramide was elevated. In contrast, PTEN levels were elevated and PTEN-inhibition elevated phospho-Akt levels and mitigated the burn-induced neutrophil chemotaxis defect. Altogether, this study identifies a newly described pathway of ceramide-mediated suppression of neutrophil chemotaxis after burn injury and introduces potential targets to mitigate this defect and reduce infection-related morbidity and mortality after burn.
Full-length transcriptome
(2021)
Fish is considered as a supreme model for clarifying the evolution and regulatory mechanism of vertebrate immunity. However, the knowledge of distinct immune cell populations in fish is still limited, and further development of techniques advancing the identification of fish immune cell populations and their functions are required. Single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) has provided a new approach for effective in-depth identification and characterization of cell subpopulations. Current approaches for scRNA-seq data analysis usually rely on comparison with a reference genome and hence are not suited for samples without any reference genome, which is currently very common in fish research. Here, we present an alternative, i.e. scRNA-seq data analysis with a full-length transcriptome as a reference, and evaluate this approach on samples from Epinephelus coioides-a teleost without any published genome. We show that it reconstructs well most of the present transcripts in the scRNA-seq data achieving a sensitivity equivalent to approaches relying on genome alignments of related species. Based on cell heterogeneity and known markers, we characterized four cell types: T cells, B cells, monocytes/macrophages (Mo/M phi) and NCC (non-specific cytotoxic cells). Further analysis indicated the presence of two subsets of Mo/M phi including M1 and M2 type, as well as four subsets in B cells, i.e. mature B cells, immature B cells, pre B cells and early-pre B cells. Our research will provide new clues for understanding biological characteristics, development and function of immune cell populations of teleost. Furthermore, our approach provides a reliable alternative for scRNA-seq data analysis in teleost for which no reference genome is currently available.
Neutrons on rails
(2021)
Large-scale measurements of the spatial distribution of water content in soils and snow are challenging for state-of-the-art hydrogeophysical methods. Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a noninvasive technology that has the potential to bridge the scale gap between conventional in situ sensors and remote sensing products in both, horizontal and vertical domains. In this study, we explore the feasibility and potential of estimating water content in soils and snow with neutron detectors in moving trains. Theoretical considerations quantify the stochastic measurement uncertainty as a function of water content, altitude, resolution, and detector efficiency. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the sensitivity of measured water content is almost unperturbed by train materials. Finally, three distinct real-world experiments provide a proof of concept on short and long-range tracks. With our results a transregional observational soil moisture product becomes a realistic vision within the next years.
Teaching quality is a key factor in student academic success, but few studies have investigated how teaching quality changes at the beginning of secondary education and how such changes are predicted by dimensions of teacher motivation. This study investigated the changes in class-level student perceptions of teaching quality over one school year at the beginning of secondary school and examined how teachers? self-efficacy and enthusiasm predicted such changes. Data from 1996 students (53.8% male; mean age: 11.09 years, SD = 0.55) and their homeroom teachers (N = 105), who were surveyed at the beginning of Grades 5 and 6, were analyzed. Results showed a significant decline in class-level student-perceived emotional support, classroom management, and instructional clarity. Teacher-reported self-efficacy was not significantly related to changes in teaching quality. Teacher-reported enthusiasm buffered the decline in students? class-level classroom management.
Objective
Problem-drinking among university students is common and poses serious health-related risks. Therefore, identifying and addressing associated factors is important.
Participants and methods
A large cross-sectional online-survey with 12,914 university students from Berlin was conducted from November 2016 to August 2017. Relative-risk- and correlation-analysis was used to identify factors associated with problem-drinking and regular heavy-drinking. Independent t-tests compared impulsivity and personality traits, chi-square-tests compared drinking motives between risk- and non-risk-drinkers.
Results
Male gender, tobacco-smoking, illegal substance use, impulsivity and various sociodemographic and psychosocial variables were significantly related to problem/heavy-drinking. Extraversion was a risk, conscientiousness and agreeableness were protective factors. Drinking-motives did not differ significantly between risk- and non-risk-drinkers. Generally, the main drinking-motives were to feel elated, relax and social purposes.
Conclusion
The identified markers and related problem behaviors may serve as a tool to enhance the identification of student subgroups at risk for problem/heavy-drinking, and hence improve targeted health-intervention-programs.
Objectives To compare image quality of deep learning reconstruction (AiCE) for radiomics feature extraction with filtered back projection (FBP), hybrid iterative reconstruction (AIDR 3D), and model-based iterative reconstruction (FIRST). Methods Effects of image reconstruction on radiomics features were investigated using a phantom that realistically mimicked a 65-year-old patient's abdomen with hepatic metastases. The phantom was scanned at 18 doses from 0.2 to 4 mGy, with 20 repeated scans per dose. Images were reconstructed with FBP, AIDR 3D, FIRST, and AiCE. Ninety-three radiomics features were extracted from 24 regions of interest, which were evenly distributed across three tissue classes: normal liver, metastatic core, and metastatic rim. Features were analyzed in terms of their consistent characterization of tissues within the same image (intraclass correlation coefficient >= 0.75), discriminative power (Kruskal-Wallis test p value < 0.05), and repeatability (overall concordance correlation coefficient >= 0.75). Results The median fraction of consistent features across all doses was 6%, 8%, 6%, and 22% with FBP, AIDR 3D, FIRST, and AiCE, respectively. Adequate discriminative power was achieved by 48%, 82%, 84%, and 92% of features, and 52%, 20%, 17%, and 39% of features were repeatable, respectively. Only 5% of features combined consistency, discriminative power, and repeatability with FBP, AIDR 3D, and FIRST versus 13% with AiCE at doses above 1 mGy and 17% at doses >= 3 mGy. AiCE was the only reconstruction technique that enabled extraction of higher-order features. Conclusions AiCE more than doubled the yield of radiomics features at doses typically used clinically. Inconsistent tissue characterization within CT images contributes significantly to the poor stability of radiomics features.
Applications of advanced cathode materials with well-designed chemical components and/or optimized nanostructures promoting the sulfur redox kinetics and suppressing the shuttle effect of polysulfides are highly valued. However, in the case of actual lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries under practical working conditions, one long-term obstacle still exists, which is mainly due to the difficulties in massive synthesis of such nanomaterials with low cost and ease of control on the nanostructure. Herein, we develop a facile synthesis of carbon coated Ti4O7 hollow nanoparticles (Ti4O7) using spherical polymer electrolyte brush as soft template, which is scalable via utilizing a minipilot reactor. The C Ti4O7 hollow nanoparticles provide strong chemical adsorption to polysulfides through the large polar surface and additional physical confinement by rich micro- & mesopores and have successfully been employed as an efficient sulfur host for multilayer pouch cells. Besides, the sluggish kinetics of the sulfur and lithium sulfide redox mechanism can be improved by the highly conductive Ti4O7 via catalyzation of the conversion of polysulfides. Consequently, the C-Ti4O7 based pouch cell endows a high discharge capacity of 1003 mAhg(-1) at 0.05 C, a high-capacity retention of 83.7% after 100 cycles at 0.1 C, and a high Coulombic efficiency of 97.5% at the 100th cycle. This work proposes an effective approach to transfer the synthesis of hollow Ti4O7 nanoparticles from lab- to large-scale production, paving the way to explore a wide range of advanced nanomaterials for multilayer Li-S pouch cells.
Immense uncertainty and the need for drastic interventions cause politicians to rely heavily on scientific advice for underpinning or legitimating their COVID-19 decision-making. This paper explores the role of scientific advice in this policy field in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK. It shows that scientific advice is based on the disciplinary, mainly medical, backgrounds of advisors but is also influenced by social and economic values, which are core to what politicians find important. During the pandemic a growing gap between scientific advice and political decisions is observed.
Werner Krause and Christina Gahn argue that we need to pay more attention to how the media communicates the results of opinion polls to the public. Reporting methodological details, such as margins of error, can alter citizens’ vote choices on election day. This has important implications for elections around the world
We report generation of ultra-broadband longitudinal acoustic coherent phonon wavepackets in SrTiO3 (STO) with frequency components extending throughout the first Brillouin zone. The wavepackets are efficiently generated in STO using femtosecond infrared laser excitation of an atomically flat 1.6 nm-thick epitaxial SrRuO3 film. We use femtosecond x-ray diffraction at the European X-Ray Free Electron Laser Facility to study the dispersion and damping of phonon wavepackets. The experimentally determined damping constants for multi-THz frequency phonons compare favorably to the extrapolation of a simple ultrasound damping model over several orders of magnitude.
The impact of civilian harm on strategic outcomes in war has been the subject of persistent debate. However, the literature has primarily focused on civilian casualties, thereby overlooking the targeting of civilian infrastructure, which is a recurrent phenomenon during war. This study fills this gap by examining the targeting of healthcare, one of the most indispensable infrastructures during war and peace time. We contend that attacks on medical facilities are distinct from direct violence against civilians. Because they are typically unrelated to military dynamics, the targeting of hospitals is a highly visible form and powerful signal of civilian victimization. To assess its effects, we analyze newly collected data on such attacks by pro-government forces and event data on combat activities in Northwest Syria (2017-2020). Applying a new approach for panel data analysis that combines matching methods with a difference-in-differences estimation, we examine the causal effect of counterinsurgent bombings on subsequent violent events. Distinguishing between regime-initiated and insurgent-initiated combat activities and their associated fatalities, we find that the targeting of hospitals increases insurgent violence. We supplement the quantitative analysis with unique qualitative evidence derived from interviews, which demonstrates that hospital bombings induce rebels to resist more fiercely through two mechanisms: intrinsic motivations and civilian pressure. The results have important implications for the effects of state-led violence and the strength of legal norms that protect noncombatants.
We address the effect of stochastic resetting on diffusion and subdiffusion process. For diffusion we find that mean square displacement relaxes to a constant only when the distribution of reset times possess finite mean and variance. In this case, the leading order contribution to the probability density function (PDF) of a Gaussian propagator under resetting exhibits a cusp independent of the specific details of the reset time distribution. For subdiffusion we derive the PDF in Laplace space for arbitrary resetting protocol. Resetting at constant rate allows evaluation of the PDF in terms of H function. We analyze the steady state and derive the rate function governing the relaxation behavior. For a subdiffusive process the steady state could exist even if the distribution of reset times possesses only finite mean.
There has been little research attention given to how Gay-Straight Alliances might mitigate mental health consequences associated with experiencing homophobic cyberbullying. To address this gap in knowledge, the purpose of this one-year longitudinal study was to investigate the moderating effect of perceived social support from Gay-Straight Alliances in the relationships among homophobic cyberbullying victimization and bystanding and depressive and anxiety symptoms among 466 LGBTQIA adolescents (M-age = 15.76; 52% female). The findings revealed that perceived social support was related negatively to homophobic cyberbullying involvement and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Homophobic cyberbullying involvement was related positively to depressive and anxiety symptoms. High perceived social support buffered against the depressive and anxiety symptoms resulting from homophobic victimization and bystanding among LGBTQIA adolescents but low levels and average levels did not moderate these associations. These findings highlight the importance of expanding Gay-Straight Alliances in schools.
The stabilizing properties of mineral-organic carbon (OC) interactions have been studied in many soil environments (temperate soils, podzol lateritic soils, and paddy soils). Recently, interest in their role in permafrost regions is increasing as permafrost was identified as a hotspot of change. In thawing ice-rich permafrost regions, such as the Yedoma domain, 327-466 Gt of frozen OC is buried in deep sediments. Interactions between minerals and OC are important because OC is located very near the mineral matrix. Mineral surfaces and elements could mitigate recent and future greenhouse gas emissions through physical and/or physicochemical protection of OC. The dynamic changes in redox and pH conditions associated with thermokarst lake formation and drainage trigger metal-oxide dissolution and precipitation, likely influencing OC stabilization and microbial mineralization. However, the influence of thermokarst processes on mineral-OC interactions remains poorly constrained. In this study, we aim to characterize Fe, Mn, Al, and Ca minerals and their potential protective role for OC. Total and selective extractions were used to assess the crystalline and amorphous oxides or complexed metal pools as well as the organic acids found within these pools. We analyzed four sediment cores from an ice-rich permafrost area in Central Yakutia, which were drilled (i) in undisturbed Yedoma uplands, (ii) beneath a recent lake formed within Yedoma deposits, (iii) in a drained thermokarst lake basin, and (iv) beneath a mature thermokarst lake from the early Holocene period. We find a decrease in the amount of reactive Fe, Mn, Al, and Ca in the deposits on lake formation (promoting reduction reactions), and this was largely balanced by an increase in the amount of reactive metals in the deposits on lake drainage (promoting oxidation reactions). We demonstrate an increase in the metal to C molar ratio on thermokarst process, which may indicate an increase in metal-C bindings and could provide a higher protective role against microbial mineralization of organic matter. Finally, we find that an increase in mineral-OC interactions corresponded to a decrease in CO2 and CH4 gas emissions on thermokarst process. Mineral-OC interactions could mitigate greenhouse gas production from permafrost thaw as soon as lake drainage occurs.
We study the first-arrival (first-hitting) dynamics and efficiency of a one-dimensional random search model performing asymmetric Levy flights by leveraging the Fokker-Planck equation with a delta-sink and an asymmetric space-fractional derivative operator with stable index alpha and asymmetry (skewness) parameter beta.
We find exact analytical results for the probability density of first-arrival times and the search efficiency, and we analyse their behaviour within the limits of short and long times.
We find that when the starting point of the searcher is to the right of the target, random search by Brownian motion is more efficient than Levy flights with beta <= 0 (with a rightward bias) for short initial distances, while for beta>0 (with a leftward bias) Levy flights with alpha -> 1 are more efficient.
When increasing the initial distance of the searcher to the target, Levy flight search (except for alpha=1 with beta=0) is more efficient than the Brownian search. Moreover, the asymmetry in jumps leads to essentially higher efficiency of the Levy search compared to symmetric Levy flights at both short and long distances, and the effect is more pronounced for stable indices alpha close to unity.
Rainfall-intense summer monsoon seasons on the Indian subcontinent that are exceeding long-term averages cause widespread floods and landslides.
Here we show that the latest generation of coupled climate models robustly project an intensification of very rainfall-intense seasons (June-September).
Under the shared socioeconomic pathway SSP5-8.5, very wet monsoon seasons as observed in only 5 years in the period 1965-2015 are projected to occur 8 times more often in 2050-2100 in the multi-model average.
Under SSP2-4.5, these seasons become only a factor of 6 times more frequent, showing that even modest efforts to mitigate climate change can have a strong impact on the frequency of very strong rainfall seasons.
Besides, we find that the increasing risk of extreme seasonal rainfall is accompanied by a shift from days with light rainfall to days with moderate or heavy rainfall. Additionally, the number of wet days is projected to increase.
Species community structures of Afrotropical butterflies differ depending on the monitoring method
(2022)
Standardised biodiversity assessment is crucial to understand community structures and population dynamics of animals.
There exist various methods to monitor biodiversity. Approaches differ depending on the target species group and the aim of study, and show advantages and disadvantages.
The obtained data and results are influenced by local environmental conditions and seasonal variability.
In a comparative approach, we studied butterfly diversity and community structure in the dryland savannah biome of south-eastern Kenya with two different methods, transect counts and bait trapping.
We repeatedly collected data throughout the dry and rainy seasons, in both near natural and anthropogenically influenced landscapes. Significantly more species and individuals were recorded by transect counts than by bait trapping, though the larger and more mobile Nymphalid species (and in particular representatives of the genus Charaxes) were comparatively overrepresented in traps.
The transect data revealed much more pronounced effects of land-use and seasonality than the trap data. These results show that the choice of data collection methods must depend on the general research question, habitat conditions and season. To study the relative variation of species diversity and abundance, the collection of a fraction of the total species diversity might be sufficient.
However, if the focus is on a largely complete recording of species diversity, the use of various collection methods is essential. More specifically, our data clearly demonstrate that transect counts represent a reasonable method for assessing butterfly diversity for the African dryland savannah region, but fails to fully capture occurrences of all species. Bait trapping can be used only as a supplementary method for assessing some few highly mobile low-density species.
Electrochemical reduction stands as an alternative to revalorize CO2. Among the different alternatives, Ni single atoms supported on carbonaceous materials are an appealing catalytic solution due to the low cost and versatility of the support and the optimal usage of Ni and its predicted selectivity and efficiency (ca. 100% towards CO). Herein, we have used noble carbonaceous support derived from cytosine to load Ni subnanometric sites. The large heteroatom content of the support allows the stabilization of up to 11 wt% of Ni without the formation of nanoparticles through a simple impregnation plus calcination approach, where nickel promotes the stabilization of C3NOx frameworks and the oxidative support promotes a high oxidation state of nickel. EXAFS analysis points at nickel single atoms or subnanometric clusters coordinated by oxygen in the material surface. Unlike the wellknown N-coordinated Ni single sites selectivity towards CO2 reduction, O-coordinated-Ni single sites (ca. 7 wt% of Ni) reduced CO2 to CO, but subnanometric clusters (11 wt% of Ni) foster the unprecedented formation of HCOOH with 27% Faradaic efficiency at - 1.4 V. Larger Ni amounts ended up on the formation of NiO nanoparticles and almost 100% selectivity towards hydrogen evolution.
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a method that can provide detailed information about the near subsurface in sedimentary and carbonate environments.
The classical interpretation of GPR data (e.g., based on manual feature selection) often is labor-intensive and limited by the experience of the intercally used for seismic interpretation, can provide faster, more repeatable, and less biased interpretations. We have recorded a 3D GPD data set collected across a paleokarst breccia pipe in the Billefjorden area on Spitsbergen, Svalbard. After performing advanced processing, we compare the results of a classical GPR interpretation to the results of an attribute-based classification.
Our attribute classification incorporates a selection of dip and textural attributes as the input for a k-means clustering approach. Similar to the results of the classical interpretation, the resulting classes differentiate between undisturbed strata and breccias or fault zones.
The classes also reveal details inside the breccia pipe that are not discerned in the classical fer that the intrapipe GPR facies result from subtle differences, such as breccia lithology, clast size, or pore-space filling.
Shallow earthquakes frequently disturb the hydrological and mechanical state of the subsurface, with consequences for hazard and water management. Transient post-seismic hydrological behavior has been widely reported, suggesting that the recovery of material properties (relaxation) following ground shaking may impact groundwater fluctuations. However, the monitoring of seismic velocity variations associated with earthquake damage and hydrological variations are often done assuming that both effects are independent. In a field site prone to highly variable hydrological conditions, we disentangle the different forcing of the relative seismic velocity variations delta v retrieved from a small dense seismic array in Nepal in the aftermath of the 2015 M-w 7.8 Gorkha earthquake. We successfully model transient damage effects by introducing a universal relaxation function that contains a unique maximum relaxation timescale for the main shock and the aftershocks, independent of the ground shaking levels. Next, we remove the modeled velocity from the raw data and test whether the corresponding residuals agree with a background hydrological behavior we inferred from a previously calibrated groundwater model. The fitting of the delta v data with this model is improved when we introduce transient hydrological properties in the phase immediately following the main shock. This transient behavior, interpreted as an enhanced permeability in the shallow subsurface, lasts for similar to 6 months and is shorter than the damage relaxation (similar to 1 yr). Thus, we demonstrate the capability of seismic interferometry to deconvolve transient hydrological properties after earthquakes from non-linear mechanical recovery.
Soil bacteria play a fundamental role in pedogenesis. However, knowledge about both the impact of climate and slope aspects on microbial communities and the consequences of these items in pedogenesis is lacking. Therefore, soil-bacterial communities from four sites and two different aspects along the climate gradient of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera were investigated. Using a combination of microbiological and physicochemical methods, soils that developed in arid, semi-arid, mediterranean, and humid climates were analyzed. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, and Planctomycetes were found to increase in abundance from arid to humid climates, while Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes decreased along the transect. Bacterial-community structure varied with climate and aspect and was influenced by pH, bulk density, plant-available phosphorus, clay, and total organic-matter content. Higher bacterial specialization was found in arid and humid climates and on the south-facing slope and was likely promoted by stable microclimatic conditions. The presence of specialists was associated with ecosystem-functional traits, which shifted from pioneers that accumulated organic matter in arid climates to organic decomposers in humid climates. These findings provide new perspectives on how climate and slope aspects influence the composition and functional capabilities of bacteria, with most of these capabilities being involved in pedogenetic processes.
Aim
There is little evidence of the impact of diabetes risk scores on individual diabetes risk factors, motivation for behaviour changes and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of applying a noninvasive diabetes risk score in primary care as component of routine health checks on physical activity and secondary outcomes.
Methods
Cluster randomised trial, in which primary care physicians (PCPs), randomised (1:1) by minimisation, enrolled participants with statutory health insurance without known diabetes, >= 35 years of age with a body mass index >= 27.0 kg/m(2). The German Diabetes Risk Score was applied as add-on to the standard routine health check, conducted in the controls. Primary outcome was the difference in participants' physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) after 12 months. Secondary outcomes included body mass index, perceived health, anxiety, depression, and motivation for lifestyle change. Analysis was by intention-to-treat principle using mixed models.
Results
36 PCPs were randomised; remaining 30 PCPs (intervention: n = 16; control: n = 14) recruited 315 participants (intervention: n = 153; controls: n = 162). A slight increase in physical activity was observed in the intervention group with an adjusted mean change of 388 (95% confidence interval: - 235; 1011) metabolic equivalents minutes per week. There were no relevant changes in secondary outcomes.
Conclusions
The application of a noninvasive diabetes risk score alone is not effective in promoting physical activity in primary care. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03234322, registration date: July 31, 2017).