Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (163)
- Postprint (60)
- Conference Proceeding (5)
- Preprint (2)
- Review (2)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (1)
Language
- English (233) (remove)
Keywords
- reading (12)
- eye movements (11)
- Chinese (9)
- Eye movements (9)
- Reading (8)
- preview benefit (6)
- perceptual span (5)
- Eye movement (4)
- Linear mixed model (4)
- individual differences (4)
- parafoveal-on-foveal effect (4)
- Parafoveal processing (3)
- eye-voice span (3)
- synchronization (3)
- working memory capacity (3)
- working memory updating (3)
- Chinese reading (2)
- DLT (2)
- EEG (2)
- Perceptual span (2)
- Semantic (2)
- Semantic preview benefit (2)
- Spanish (2)
- activation (2)
- age differences (2)
- antilocality (2)
- compensation strategies (2)
- expectation (2)
- fixation durations (2)
- interference model (2)
- linear mixed model (2)
- locality (2)
- object-based attention (2)
- parafoveal processing (2)
- psychologinguistics (2)
- semantic (2)
- sentence reading (2)
- spatial attention (2)
- visual attention (2)
- 46 (3) 2009 (1)
- Academic achievement (1)
- Active vision (1)
- Additive and interactive effects (1)
- Additive mixed models (1)
- Adolescence (1)
- Aggression (1)
- Aging (1)
- Ambiguity (1)
- Balance (1)
- Bayesian brain (1)
- Boundary paradigm (1)
- Boundary technique (1)
- Brain potentials (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- Child language (1)
- Cloze probability (1)
- Color (1)
- Color vision Aging (1)
- Computational modeling (1)
- Computational modelling (1)
- Corpus (1)
- Data transformation (1)
- Depression (1)
- Display change (1)
- Distributed processing (1)
- Dual tasks (1)
- Dyslexia (1)
- Dyslexic children (1)
- ERPs (1)
- Effects of trial history (1)
- Ensemble Kalman (1)
- Error-correction (1)
- Event-related potentials (ERPs) (1)
- Eye movements in reading (1)
- Eye tracking (1)
- Eye-fixation-related potentials (EFRP) (1)
- Falls (1)
- Fixation location (1)
- Fixational eye movements (1)
- Fixational selectivity (1)
- Font size (1)
- Frequency (1)
- Frontopolar (1)
- Gait (1)
- Historical trend (1)
- Hypothesis Test (1)
- Initial fixation location (1)
- Interaction effects (1)
- Interactive activation model (1)
- International collaboration (1)
- Korean (1)
- Landing position (1)
- Lexical database (1)
- Lexical decision (1)
- Linear mixed models (1)
- Macular pigment (1)
- Memory-guided saccades (1)
- Microsaccade (1)
- Microsaccades (1)
- Microsaccadic Inhibition (1)
- Mixed models (1)
- Model linkage (1)
- Morphological complexity (1)
- Morphological structure (1)
- N+2-boundary paradigm (1)
- N400 (1)
- Non-parametric curve estimation (1)
- Orbitofrontal (1)
- P300Psychophysiology (1)
- Parafoveal (1)
- Parafoveal vision (1)
- Parafoveal-on-foveal effects (1)
- Parsing difficulty (1)
- Part of speech (1)
- Person-centered approach (1)
- Phase Synchronization (1)
- Phonological (1)
- Predictability (1)
- Predictive coding (1)
- Preview (1)
- Preview benefit (1)
- Preview effects (1)
- Psychological publications (1)
- Rapid automatized naming (1)
- Reading development (1)
- Reading strategy (1)
- Regression splines (1)
- Russian (1)
- S. 635-644 (1)
- Saccade (1)
- Saccade-target selection (1)
- Saccadic error (1)
- Secondary saccade (1)
- Sentence comprehension (1)
- Sentence reading (1)
- Sequential data assimilation (1)
- Spatial attention (1)
- Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) (1)
- Stochastic epidemic model (1)
- Surprisal (1)
- Surrogate Data (1)
- Target eccentricity (1)
- Text orientation (1)
- Top-down influences (1)
- Uighur (1)
- Visual Oddball Paradigm (1)
- Visually-guided saccades (1)
- Word form area (1)
- Word recognition (1)
- Word segmentation (1)
- Working memory (1)
- a priori (1)
- additive and interactive effects (1)
- ambiguity (1)
- artifact correction (1)
- binocular combination (1)
- capacity (1)
- children (1)
- competencies (1)
- confirmation bias (1)
- contextual constraint (1)
- contrasts (1)
- development (1)
- display change awareness (1)
- display-change awareness (1)
- dyslexia (1)
- effects of trial history (1)
- event-related potentials (ERP) (1)
- eye movement (1)
- eye tracking (1)
- eye-movements (1)
- feedback (1)
- filter (1)
- fixation duration (1)
- fixation location (1)
- fixation-related potentials (1)
- gaze (1)
- general learning difficulty (1)
- generalizability (1)
- hypotheses (1)
- incoming word predictability effect (1)
- inhibition (1)
- interference (1)
- lexical decision (1)
- linear mixed models (1)
- linear models (1)
- major depression (1)
- mathematical model (1)
- mislocated fixations (1)
- monocular deprivation (1)
- n+2-boundary paradigm (1)
- natural viewing (1)
- non-linear mixed effects (1)
- null hypothesis significance testing (1)
- oculomotor control (1)
- old adults and young adults (1)
- outcome (1)
- parafoveal (1)
- parafoveal preview (1)
- parafoveal preview benefit (1)
- parafoveal-on-foveal effects (1)
- path analysis (1)
- proverbs (1)
- psycholinguistics (1)
- publication bias (1)
- rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) (1)
- replicability (1)
- research transparency (1)
- semantic preview benefit (1)
- semantic priming (1)
- sensory balance (1)
- stimulus-onset delay (1)
- therapeutic (1)
- therapeutic alliance (1)
- word process (1)
- word recognition (1)
- word segmentation (1)
- working memory (1)
- working-memory capacity (1)
- Æ Recurrence Plots (1)
Institute
- Department Psychologie (233) (remove)
Objective:
Therapist competence is considered essential for the success of psychotherapy. Feedback is an intervention which has the potential to improve therapist competence. The present study investigated whether competence feedback leads to an improvement of therapist competence and patient outcome.
Method:
Sixty-seven master-level clinical trainees were randomly assigned to either a competence feedback group (CFG) or a control group (CG). Patients with a diagnosis of major depression (N = 114) were randomly assigned to CFG or CG. Treatment included 20 individual sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In CFG, therapists received, parallel to the treatment, five competence feedbacks, based on videotaped therapy sessions. Independent raters assessed therapist competence with the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS) and provided the competence feedback. Patient outcome was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and therapeutic alliance (Helping Alliance Questionnaire [HAQ]) from both therapist's (HAQ-T) and patient's (HAQ-P) perspective were evaluated after each of the 20 sessions.
Results:
(a) Therapist competence (CTS) increased significantly more for CFG than CG. (b) Depression (BDI-II) decreased significantly across sessions for both groups, but without evidence for a group-differential benefit for the CFG. (c) Therapeutic alliance (HAQ-T/P) increased significantly across sessions for both groups from both perspectives, but without group differences. (d) There is a positive effect of BDI-II on CTS at the beginning and a negative effect of CTS on BDI-II at the end of therapy.
Conclusion:
Competence feedback improves therapists' independently rated competence, but there is no evidence that competence feedback in CBT leads to better outcome.
What is the public health significance of this article? This study suggests the substantial value of systematic competence feedback for improving therapist competence in the psychotherapy of depression. No significant effect of competence feedback on the reduction of reported depressive symptoms was found.
Previous studies (Hyona, Yan, & Vainio, 2018; Yan et al., 2014) have demonstrated that in morphologically rich languages a word's morphological status is processed parafoveally to be used in modulating saccadic programming in reading. In the present parafoveal preview study conducted in Finnish, we examined the exact nature of this effect by comparing reading of morphologically complex words (a stem + two suffixes) to that of monomorphemic words. In the preview-change condition, the final 3-4 letters were replaced with other letters making the target word a pseudoword; for suffixed words, the word stem remained intact but the suffix information was unavailable; for monomorphemic words, only part of the stem was parafoveally available. Three alternative predictions were put forth. According to the first alternative, the morphological effect in initial fixation location is due to parafoveally perceiving the suffix as a highly frequent letter cluster and then adjusting the saccade program to land closer to the word beginning for suffixed than monomorphemic words. The second alternative, the processing difficulty hypothesis, assumes a morphological complexity effect: suffixed words are more complex than monomorphemic words. Therefore, the attentional window is narrower and the saccade is shorter. The third alternative posits that the effect reflects parafoveal access to the word's stem. The results for the initial fixation location and fixation durations were consistent with the parafoveal stem-access view.
Sequential data assimilation of the stochastic SEIR epidemic model for regional COVID-19 dynamics
(2021)
Newly emerging pandemics like COVID-19 call for predictive models to implement precisely tuned responses to limit their deep impact on society. Standard epidemic models provide a theoretically well-founded dynamical description of disease incidence. For COVID-19 with infectiousness peaking before and at symptom onset, the SEIR model explains the hidden build-up of exposed individuals which creates challenges for containment strategies. However, spatial heterogeneity raises questions about the adequacy of modeling epidemic outbreaks on the level of a whole country. Here, we show that by applying sequential data assimilation to the stochastic SEIR epidemic model, we can capture the dynamic behavior of outbreaks on a regional level. Regional modeling, with relatively low numbers of infected and demographic noise, accounts for both spatial heterogeneity and stochasticity. Based on adapted models, short-term predictions can be achieved. Thus, with the help of these sequential data assimilation methods, more realistic epidemic models are within reach.
Factorial experiments in research on memory, language, and in other areas are often analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). However, for effects with more than one numerator degrees of freedom, e.g., for experimental factors with more than two levels, the ANOVA omnibus F-test is not informative about the source of a main effect or interaction. Because researchers typically have specific hypotheses about which condition means differ from each other, a priori contrasts (i.e., comparisons planned before the sample means are known) between specific conditions or combinations of conditions are the appropriate way to represent such hypotheses in the statistical model. Many researchers have pointed out that contrasts should be "tested instead of, rather than as a supplement to, the ordinary 'omnibus' F test" (Hays, 1973, p. 601). In this tutorial, we explain the mathematics underlying different kinds of contrasts (i.e., treatment, sum, repeated, polynomial, custom, nested, interaction contrasts), discuss their properties, and demonstrate how they are applied in the R System for Statistical Computing (R Core Team, 2018). In this context, we explain the generalized inverse which is needed to compute the coefficients for contrasts that test hypotheses that are not covered by the default set of contrasts. A detailed understanding of contrast coding is crucial for successful and correct specification in linear models (including linear mixed models). Contrasts defined a priori yield far more useful confirmatory tests of experimental hypotheses than standard omnibus F-tests. Reproducible code is available from https://osf.io/7ukf6/.
Word recognition in sentence reading is influenced by information from both preview and context. Recently, semantic preview effect (SPE) was observed being modulated by the constraint of context, indicating that context might accelerate the processing of semantically related preview words. Besides, SPE was found to depend on preview time, which suggests that SPE may change with different processing stages of preview words. Therefore, it raises the question of whether preview time-dependent SPE would be modulated by contextual constraint. In this study, we not only investigated the impact of contextual constraint on SPE in Chinese reading but also examined its dependency on preview time. The preview word and the target word were identical, semantically related or unrelated to the target word. The results showed a significant three-way interaction: The SPE depended on contextual constraint and preview time. In separate analyses for low and high contextual constraint of target words, the SPE significantly decreased with an increase in preview duration when the target word was of low constraint in the sentence. The effect was numerically in the same direction but weaker and statistically nonsignificant when the target word was highly constrained in the sentence. The results indicate that word processing in sentences is a dynamic process of integrating information from both preview (bottom-up) and context (top-down).
During sentence reading, low spatial frequency information afforded by spaces between words is the primary factor for eye guidance in spaced writing systems, whereas saccade generation for unspaced writing systems is less clear and under debate. In the present study, we investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) influences saccade-target selection in Chinese. In Experiment 1, as compared to a baseline (i.e., uniform color) condition, word segmentation with alternating color shifted fixation location towards the center of words. In contrast, incorrect word segmentation shifted fixation location towards the beginning of words. In Experiment 2, we used a gaze-contingent paradigm to restrict the color manipulation only to the upcoming parafoveal words and replicated the results, including fixation location effects, as observed in Experiment 1. These results indicate that Chinese readers are capable of making use of parafoveal word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, even if such information is unfamiliar to them. The present study provides novel support for the hypothesis that word segmentation is involved in the decision about where to fixate next during Chinese reading.
On the ambiguity of interaction and nonlinear main effects in a regime of dependent covariates
(2017)
The analysis of large experimental datasets frequently reveals significant interactions that are difficult to interpret within the theoretical framework guiding the research. Some of these interactions actually arise from the presence of unspecified nonlinear main effects and statistically dependent covariates in the statistical model. Importantly, such nonlinear main effects may be compatible (or, at least, not incompatible) with the current theoretical framework. In the present literature, this issue has only been studied in terms of correlated (linearly dependent) covariates. Here we generalize to nonlinear main effects (i.e., main effects of arbitrary shape) and dependent covariates. We propose a novel nonparametric method to test for ambiguous interactions where present parametric methods fail. We illustrate the method with a set of simulations and with reanalyses (a) of effects of parental education on their children’s educational expectations and (b) of effects of word properties on fixation locations during reading of natural sentences, specifically of effects of length and morphological complexity of the word to be fixated next. The resolution of such ambiguities facilitates theoretical progress.
Background: Dynamic balance keeps the vertical projection of the center of mass within the base of support while walking. Dynamic balance tests are used to predict the risks of falls and eventual falls. The psychometric properties of most dynamic balance tests are unsatisfactory and do not comprise an actual loss of balance while walking. Objectives: Using beam walking distance as a measure of dynamic balance, the BEAM consortium will determine the psychometric properties, lifespan and patient reference values, the relationship with selected “dynamic balance tests,” and the accuracy of beam walking distance to predict falls. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study will examine healthy adults in 7 decades (n = 432) at 4 centers. Center 5 will examine patients (n = 100) diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and balance disorders. In test 1, all participants will be measured for demographics, medical history, muscle strength, gait, static balance, dynamic balance using beam walking under single (beam walking only) and dual task conditions (beam walking while concurrently performing an arithmetic task), and several cognitive functions. Patients and healthy participants age 50 years or older will be additionally measured for fear of falling, history of falls, miniBESTest, functional reach on a force platform, timed up and go, and reactive balance. All participants age 50 years or older will be recalled to report fear of falling and fall history 6 and 12 months after test 1. In test 2, seven to ten days after test 1, healthy young adults and age 50 years or older (n = 40) will be retested for reliability of beam walking performance. Conclusion: We expect to find that beam walking performance vis-à-vis the traditionally used balance outcomes predicts more accurately fall risks and falls. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03532984.
This longitudinal study investigated patterns of developmental problems across depression, aggression, and academic achievement during adolescence, using two measurement points two years apart (N = 1665; age T1: M = 13.14; female = 49.6%). Latent Profile Analyses and Latent Transition Analyses yielded four main findings: A three-type solution provided the best fit to the data: an asymptomatic type (i.e., low problem scores in all three domains), a depressed type (i.e., high scores in depression), an aggressive type (i.e., high scores in aggression). Profile types were invariant over the two data waves but differed between girls and boys, revealing gender specific patterns of comorbidity. Stabilities over time were high for the asymptomatic type and for types that represented problems in one domain, but moderate for comorbid types. Differences in demographic variables (i.e., age, socio-economic status) and individual characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive capabilities) predicted profile type memberships and longitudinal transitions between types.
This article introduces a new corpus of eye movements in silent readingthe Russian Sentence Corpus (RSC). Russian uses the Cyrillic script, which has not yet been investigated in cross-linguistic eye movement research. As in every language studied so far, we confirmed the expected effects of low-level parameters, such as word length, frequency, and predictability, on the eye movements of skilled Russian readers. These findings allow us to add Slavic languages using Cyrillic script (exemplified by Russian) to the growing number of languages with different orthographies, ranging from the Roman-based European languages to logographic Asian ones, whose basic eye movement benchmarks conform to the universal comparative science of reading (Share, 2008). We additionally report basic descriptive corpus statistics and three exploratory investigations of the effects of Russian morphology on the basic eye movement measures, which illustrate the kinds of questions that researchers can answer using the RSC. The annotated corpus is freely available from its project page at the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/x5q2r/.