Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (262) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (262) (remove)
Language
- English (262) (remove)
Keywords
- Klimawandel (13)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (12)
- climate change (12)
- Arabidopsis (9)
- Ökologie (9)
- Evolution (8)
- Modellierung (8)
- Systembiologie (7)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (7)
- ecology (7)
- Biodiversität (6)
- Biosensor (6)
- Stoffwechsel (6)
- biodiversity (6)
- metabolism (6)
- transcription factors (6)
- Bewegungsökologie (5)
- Cyanobakterien (5)
- biosensor (5)
- ecological modelling (5)
- evolution (5)
- metabolomics (5)
- modelling (5)
- systems biology (5)
- Ackerschmalwand (4)
- Bioinformatik (4)
- Dielektrophorese (4)
- Koexistenz (4)
- Pflanzen (4)
- Photosynthese (4)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (4)
- dielectrophoresis (4)
- diversity (4)
- mathematische Modellierung (4)
- metabolic networks (4)
- methanogenic archaea (4)
- microplastics (4)
- movement ecology (4)
- transcription factor (4)
- transcriptomics (4)
- ökologische Modellierung (4)
- Arctic (3)
- Arktis (3)
- Ausbreitung (3)
- Biochemie (3)
- Chlamydomonas (3)
- Datenbank (3)
- Diversität (3)
- Entwicklung (3)
- Genomik (3)
- Influenza (3)
- Metabolit (3)
- Mikrofluidik (3)
- Mikroplastik (3)
- Naturstoffe (3)
- Populationsdynamik (3)
- Protein (3)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3)
- Sekundärmetabolite (3)
- Transkriptomik (3)
- Zellwand (3)
- adaptation (3)
- biofilm (3)
- bioinformatics (3)
- coexistence (3)
- cyanobacteria (3)
- dispersal (3)
- enzyme (3)
- functional traits (3)
- global change (3)
- lokale Anpassung (3)
- mathematical modeling (3)
- mathematical modelling (3)
- metabolite profiling (3)
- next generation sequencing (3)
- population dynamics (3)
- protein (3)
- synthetic biology (3)
- synthetische Biologie (3)
- Agentenbasierte Modelle (2)
- Agrarökologie (2)
- Anpassung (2)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (2)
- Bakterien (2)
- Bewegung (2)
- Biofilm (2)
- Biomaterialien (2)
- Cyanobacteria (2)
- DNA (2)
- DNA assembly (2)
- Dictyostelium (2)
- ENTH domain proteins (2)
- Ecology (2)
- Einzelmolekülkraftspektroskopie (2)
- Enzym (2)
- Enzyme (2)
- Epigenetik (2)
- European hare (2)
- Eutrophierung (2)
- Evolutionsbiologie (2)
- Feldhase (2)
- Fragmentierung (2)
- GC-MS (2)
- GPS (2)
- Gelatine (2)
- Gewässerökologie (2)
- Heterosis (2)
- Hydrogele (2)
- Immunoassay (2)
- Interaktion (2)
- Kartoffel (2)
- Koexpression (2)
- Korrelationsanalyse (2)
- Landschaft der Angst (2)
- Lipide (2)
- MHC (2)
- Mars (2)
- Membranproteine (2)
- Metabolism (2)
- Metabolismus (2)
- Metabolite (2)
- Metabolomik (2)
- Microcystin (2)
- Mikrobiologie (2)
- Mikrosatelliten (2)
- Mikrotubuli (2)
- Nahrungsnetz (2)
- Nahrungsnetze (2)
- Nostoc punctiforme (2)
- PBPK (2)
- Paläoökologie (2)
- Parasit (2)
- Permafrost (2)
- Pflanzengemeinschaften (2)
- Pflanzenwachstum (2)
- Phosphat (2)
- Photosynthesis (2)
- Phylogenie (2)
- Phylogeographie (2)
- Phytoplankton (2)
- Polyadenylierung (2)
- Polyelektrolyt-Multischichten (2)
- Polysaccharide (2)
- Protein-Engineering (2)
- Proteinaggregation (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Räuber-Beute (2)
- Schwefel (2)
- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Siberia (2)
- Sibirien (2)
- Solanum tuberosum (2)
- Stärke (2)
- Transkriptom (2)
- Virus (2)
- Weißstorch (2)
- Zooplankton (2)
- Zytoskelett (2)
- arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (2)
- autophagy (2)
- auxin (2)
- biochemistry (2)
- biogeography (2)
- cell wall (2)
- chlamydomonas (2)
- chloroplast (2)
- coiled coil (2)
- cytoskeleton (2)
- database (2)
- deep biosphere (2)
- degradation (2)
- drug release (2)
- epigenetics (2)
- evolutionary biology (2)
- functional diversity (2)
- genetic screen (2)
- genetischer Screen (2)
- genomics (2)
- grassland (2)
- hydrogels (2)
- immunoassay (2)
- individual-based model (2)
- influenza (2)
- interaction (2)
- landscape of fear (2)
- leaf (2)
- local adaptation (2)
- metabolische Netzwerke (2)
- metabolite (2)
- metabolites (2)
- methane (2)
- miRNA (2)
- microbiology (2)
- microcystin (2)
- microfluidics (2)
- movement (2)
- nachhaltige Landnutzung (2)
- natural products (2)
- networks (2)
- organisches Material (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- pathway engineering (2)
- peptide (2)
- phloem (2)
- phloem proteins (2)
- phosphate (2)
- phosphorylation (2)
- photosynthesis (2)
- phylogeny (2)
- plankton (2)
- plant (2)
- plant community (2)
- plant science (2)
- plants (2)
- polyadenylation (2)
- potato (2)
- predator-prey (2)
- protein engineering (2)
- redox (2)
- regulation (2)
- reproduction (2)
- reptiles (2)
- single-molecule force spectroscopy (2)
- species coexistence (2)
- species richness (2)
- starch (2)
- sucrose (2)
- sulfite oxidase (2)
- symbiosis (2)
- trait variation (2)
- "Omik"-Technologien (1)
- "Optimal annual routine"-Modell (1)
- 10-Formyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 2-oxoglutarat / FeII- abhängige Dioxygenases (1)
- 2-oxoglutarate /FeII-dependant dioxygenases (1)
- 26S-Proteasom-System-Abbau (1)
- 3-Phosphoglycerinsäure (1)
- 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5-Methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-Thiouridin (1)
- 5-Methylaminomethyl-2-Thiouridin (1)
- 5-Methyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (1)
- 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (1)
- 60S maturation (1)
- 60S-Reifung (1)
- 7-Methylheptadecan (1)
- 7-methylheptadecane (1)
- ABA (1)
- AC Elektrokinetik (1)
- AC Elektroosmosis (1)
- AC electrokinetics (1)
- AC electroosmosis (1)
- ACD6 (1)
- ADP-Glukosepyrophosphorylase (1)
- AFLP (1)
- AMT (1)
- ARMS (1)
- ATP (1)
- ATPS (1)
- Abbau (1)
- Abszisinsäure (1)
- Acetobacteraceae (1)
- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (1)
- Acinonyx jubatus (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Agent-based models (1)
- Agrarlandschaft (1)
- Agroecology (1)
- Aktin (1)
- Aktionsraum (1)
- Aldehydoxidase (1)
- Allometrie (1)
- Altersabhängigkeit (1)
- Altitude (1)
- Alzheimer (1)
- Amaranthus retroflexus (1)
- Amblystegiaceae (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Ammoniumassimilation (1)
- Ammoniumtransporter (1)
- Amperometrie (1)
- Amsinckia (1)
- Amyloid beta (1)
- Angiogenese (1)
- Anoxie (1)
- Anreicherungsmethoden (1)
- Antibiotic alternatives (1)
- Antibiotic resistance (1)
- Antibiotika (1)
- Antibiotikaersatz (1)
- Antikörper (1)
- Apodemus (1)
- Aptamer (1)
- Aptamers (1)
- Apyrase (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana cell size S-morph (1)
- Arealverschiebungen (1)
- Argininbiosynthese (1)
- Artengemeinschaft (1)
- Artenreichtum (1)
- Artenzahl (1)
- Artverbreitungsmodelle (1)
- Ascomycota (1)
- Ascorbat-Oxidase (1)
- AtAMT1.1 (1)
- AtAMT1.2 (1)
- AtAMT1.3 (1)
- AtAMT1.4 (1)
- AtAMT1.5 (1)
- AtDGK gene (1)
- AtDGK genes (1)
- Atrophin-1 (1)
- Aufnahme (1)
- Ausbreitungsverhalten (1)
- Auskreuzungsrate (1)
- Ausrichtung (1)
- Aussterbeschuld (1)
- Austausch zwischen zwei Spezies (1)
- Australia (1)
- Australien (1)
- Autophagie (1)
- Autotrophie (1)
- Auxine (1)
- Auxotrophie (1)
- BMI (1)
- BROAD LEAF1 (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bakterien Sensor (1)
- Bakteriophagen (1)
- Barley (1)
- Baumgrenze (1)
- Baumgrenzen-Dynamik (1)
- Bayes'sche Inferenz (1)
- Bayesian inference (1)
- Benzaldehyd (1)
- Beschleunigungsmessungen (1)
- Bestandsparameter (1)
- Beta-Diversität (1)
- Bildanalyse (1)
- Bioelektrokatalytisches Recycling (1)
- Biofilme (1)
- Biogeographie (1)
- Biokatalyse (1)
- Biokatalytisches Recyc (1)
- Biomasse (1)
- Biomaterial (1)
- Biomolekülinteraktionen (1)
- Biosensoren (1)
- Biosignaturen (1)
- Biosynthese (1)
- Biotechnologie (1)
- Bistabilität (1)
- Bisulfit Sequenzierung (1)
- Blatt (1)
- Blattalterung (1)
- Blattbreite (1)
- Blattmorphologie (1)
- Blaulichtsensoren (1)
- Blue-light sensors (1)
- Blühzeit (1)
- Blütenduft (1)
- Botanik (1)
- Boten-RNA (mRNA) (1)
- Brassinosteroide (1)
- Braunmoose (1)
- Breitengrad (1)
- Brownification (1)
- Bryophyten (1)
- Budozone (1)
- C4 (1)
- CED (1)
- CESA Komplex (1)
- CHO-THF, CH-THF, CH2-THF und CH3-THF (1)
- CHO-THF, CH-THF, CH2-THF, and CH3-THF (1)
- CNL1 (1)
- CO2 degassing (1)
- CO2-Entgasung (1)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (1)
- CaM4 (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calorimetry (1)
- Campylomormyrus (1)
- Canopy parameters (1)
- Capsella (1)
- Carbon Cycling (1)
- Carbon concentrating mechanism (1)
- Carbon cycling (1)
- Carboxysomen (1)
- Carry-over-Effekte (1)
- Cell cycle (1)
- Central America (1)
- Central Europe (1)
- Centromere (1)
- Centromeres (1)
- Centrosom (1)
- Centrosome (1)
- Chelonia mydas (1)
- Chemotaxis (1)
- Chenopodium album (1)
- Chicken Repeat (1)
- Chiroptera (1)
- Chloroplast (1)
- Chloroplast gene expression (1)
- Chloroplast transformation (1)
- Chloroplasten (1)
- Chloroplasten-Genexpression (1)
- Chloroplastentransformation (1)
- Chromatin-Immunopräzipitation (1)
- Chukotka vegetation (1)
- Ciliaten (1)
- Clathrin-bedeckte Vesikel (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Co-Evolution (1)
- Co-Transfektion (1)
- Codierungssequenz (1)
- Coexpression (1)
- Coiled Coil (1)
- Coiled coils (1)
- Cold acclimation (1)
- Columella (1)
- Composite (1)
- Constraint-basierte Modellierung (1)
- Corynephorus canescens (1)
- Covalent imprinting (1)
- Cre Rekombinase (1)
- Cre recombinase (1)
- Cyanobakterien-Biomarker (1)
- Cytochrom c (1)
- Cytosin-Methylierung (1)
- Cytosolische Translation in Pflanzen (1)
- DNA Ejektion (1)
- DNA ejection (1)
- DNA-Aptamer (1)
- DNS (1)
- DNS Assemblierung (1)
- DNS-Chip (1)
- DOC (1)
- DOF Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- DOF transcription factors (1)
- DRB Evolution (1)
- DRB evolution (1)
- DRYM (1)
- Datenanalyse und Statistik (1)
- Datenintegration (1)
- Datura stramonium (1)
- De novo Assemblierung (1)
- Degradom (1)
- Delomys (1)
- Derivatisierung (1)
- Dermochelys coriacea (1)
- Detektionssystem (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Development (1)
- Diacylglycerol (1)
- Diacylglycerol-Kinasen (1)
- Dialel (1)
- Dichteabhängigkeit (1)
- Differenzielle Genexpression (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Disproportionating Enzyme (1)
- Disproportionierungsenzym (1)
- Dissertation (1)
- Disturbance (1)
- Dreischluchten-Stausee (1)
- Drought tolerance (1)
- Dynamik (1)
- E-cadherin (1)
- E. coli (1)
- E3-Ubiquitin Ligasen (1)
- E3-ubiquitin ligases (1)
- ENTH-Domänen Proteine (1)
- ENTH-Domänenproteine (1)
- Early Starvation 1 (1)
- Early starvation protein (1)
- East Africa (1)
- Ecotoxicology (1)
- Effekt (1)
- Ein Kohlenstoff (1)
- Einschätzung der Diffusion (1)
- Einwanderungskredit (1)
- Einzelmolekül-Kraftspektroskopie (1)
- Einzelzellbewegung (1)
- Einzelzellen (1)
- Eisen (1)
- Eisen-Schwefel-Cluster (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (1)
- El Niño/Southern Oscillation-Phänomen (1)
- El`gygytgyn Kratersee (1)
- Elektrische Entladung (1)
- Elektrische Fische (1)
- Elektrochemie (1)
- El’gygytgyn Crater Lake (1)
- Emulsionen (1)
- Endophyten (1)
- Energetik (1)
- Energiebudget (1)
- Enzymadsorption (1)
- Enzyme adsorption (1)
- Enzyme kinetics (1)
- Enzymelektrode ; Monophenolmonooxygenase (1)
- Enzymkinetik (1)
- Ephrin (1)
- Epidemic (1)
- Epidemics (1)
- Epidemie (1)
- Epidemien (1)
- Epigenom Editierung (1)
- Epiphyten (1)
- Erbe (1)
- Erdbeben (1)
- Erigeron annuus (1)
- Erigeron canadensis (1)
- Ernte (1)
- Ernte von Wildebeständen (1)
- Erythropoese (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- Essentialität (1)
- Essigsäurebakterien (1)
- Etablierung (1)
- Eukaryoten (1)
- Evolutionsgenetik (1)
- Evolutionsrunde (1)
- Expansions-Mikroskopie (1)
- Extinktionsrisko (1)
- Extravasation-rate limited Gewebemodelle (1)
- FRAP (1)
- Feature Engineering (1)
- Feldmaus (1)
- Festkörper NMR Spektroskopie (1)
- Feuer (1)
- Filamente (1)
- Fis (1)
- Fitness (1)
- Flachseen (1)
- Flagella (1)
- Flagellen (1)
- Flavonoid-Metabolismus (1)
- Fledermäuse (1)
- Florigen (1)
- Fluoreszenzfluktuationsspektroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzkorrelationspektroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Food Web (1)
- Foraging (1)
- Formaldehyd-Assimilierung (1)
- Fortbewegung (1)
- Fortpflanzung (1)
- Fotoschalter (1)
- Fragmentation (1)
- Frucht (1)
- Fruchtknoten (1)
- Fructose (1)
- Fructosyl valine (1)
- FtsZ (1)
- FtsZ ring assemby (1)
- FtsZ-Ringbildung (1)
- Fungal endophyte (1)
- Funktionelle Diversität (1)
- Futtersuchverhalten (1)
- Förster Resonanz Energie Transfer (FRET) (1)
- Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) (1)
- GPCR (1)
- GPI (1)
- GUV (1)
- GUVs (1)
- GWAS (1)
- Galacturonsäure (1)
- Gelatin (1)
- Gemeinschaftsgarten-Experiment (1)
- Gen (1)
- Gen-Koexpression (1)
- Gencluster-Aktivierung (1)
- Gene co-expression (1)
- Gene expression profiling (1)
- Genetic transformation (1)
- Genexpression (1)
- Genfamilie (1)
- Genom-Scan (1)
- Genomic Mining (1)
- Genomics (1)
- Genotypisierung (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Gentechnik (1)
- Germany (1)
- Gerste (1)
- Gerüste aus Fasergeflecht (1)
- Geschwindigkeit (1)
- Gewässer (1)
- Giant Vesicles (1)
- Giant unilamellar vesicles (1)
- Glasfaser (1)
- Globaler Wandel (1)
- Globalwandel (1)
- Glucan water dikinase (1)
- Glucan-Wasser-Dikinase (1)
- Glucosedehydrogenase (1)
- Glycated hemoglobin (1)
- Glycin-Decarboxylase-Komplex (=GCV) (1)
- Glycin-Spaltsystem (1)
- Glycin-Synthase-Komplex (Umkehrung von GCV) (1)
- Glykogen (1)
- Graphtheorie (1)
- Grasland (1)
- Growth (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Grünland (1)
- Gute-Gene (1)
- H2S biosynthesis (1)
- H2S-Biosynthese (1)
- H3K4me (1)
- HIV (1)
- HIV Erkrankung (1)
- HMA (1)
- HSF (1)
- HUVEC (1)
- Hantaviren (1)
- Hantavirus (1)
- Haupthistokompatibilitätskomplex (1)
- HbA1c (1)
- HepG2 hepatocytes (1)
- HepG2-Zellen (1)
- Herzentwicklung (1)
- Herzklappe (1)
- High Power LED Array (1)
- Histidin-Metall Koordination (1)
- Histon Methylierung (1)
- Hitzeschock-Transkriptionsfaktor (1)
- Hitzestress (1)
- Hitzestress-Gedächtnis (1)
- Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung (1)
- Hochleistungs-LED-Array (1)
- Holozän (1)
- Hordeum vulgare (1)
- Huftiere (1)
- Huntington (1)
- Hybridzerfall (1)
- Hydrogel (1)
- Hydroxyapatit (1)
- Hydroxyapatite (1)
- Hyena (1)
- Hyperakkumulation (1)
- Hyäne (1)
- Hämatopoetische Stammzellen (1)
- Hämatopoiese (1)
- Höhe (1)
- Hülsenfrüchtler (1)
- IAV particles (1)
- IAV-Partikel (1)
- IBD (1)
- IC (1)
- INCURVATA11 (1)
- INDETERMINATE DOMAIN protein (1)
- INDETERMINATE DOMAIN-Protein (1)
- IR laser (1)
- Immobilisierung (1)
- Immunoassay; GDH-biosensor; Phenolische Substanzen; Vor-Ort-Analytik; FIA; ß-Galactosidase; Abwasseranalytik (1)
- Immunologie (1)
- Immunsystem (1)
- In vitro transcription technology (1)
- In-vitro-Transkriptionstechnologie (1)
- Individuen-basierende Modelle (1)
- Influenza A Viren (1)
- Influenza A Virus (1)
- Influenza A virus (1)
- Influenza-A-Virus (1)
- Inosite (1)
- Integrative Analyse (1)
- Integrative analysis (1)
- Interaktions Netzwerk (1)
- Intraspezifische Variation (1)
- Introgression (1)
- Introgression Lines (1)
- Invertase (1)
- Inverted emulsion-based method (1)
- JUB1 (1)
- Jaguar (1)
- Kalzit (1)
- Kanalisierung (1)
- Kaskadeneffekte (1)
- Kernhülle (1)
- Kinesin (1)
- Klassifikation der Landbedeckung (1)
- Kleinsäuger (1)
- Klima (1)
- Koexistenz Mechanismen (1)
- Koexistenz unter wechselnden Bedingungen (1)
- Koexistenz von Arten (1)
- Kohlenhydrat Erkennung (1)
- Kohlenhydrat-Protein Interaction (1)
- Kohlenhydrate (1)
- Kohlenstoff (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Konzentrationsmechanismus (1)
- Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Kohlenstoffmetabolismus (1)
- Kolonialität (1)
- Kombinationstherapie (1)
- Kompartiment-Modelle (1)
- Komposite (1)
- Konnektivität (1)
- Konsequenzen von Fang und Besenderung (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Krankheitserreger (1)
- Krankheitsökologie (1)
- Krebs (1)
- Krebsbiomarker (1)
- Krebserkennung (1)
- Krebstherapie (1)
- Kälteakklimatisierung (1)
- Körperbautyp (1)
- Körperfett (1)
- L-morph (1)
- LASSO (1)
- LAVESI (1)
- LHCII (1)
- LOC (1)
- Lactuca serriola (1)
- Lafora disease (1)
- Lake TaiHu (1)
- Lamin (1)
- Land Reform (1)
- Landnutzung (1)
- Landnutzungshistorie (1)
- Langzeitaustrocknung (1)
- Langzeitveränderung (1)
- Larix (1)
- Larix cajanderi (1)
- Leaf senescence (1)
- Leaf trichomes (1)
- Lebensmittelanalytik (1)
- Lebensraumnutzung (1)
- Lebenszyklustheorie (1)
- Leghämoglobin (1)
- Legionella (1)
- Legionellen (1)
- Licht (1)
- Licht-induzierte (1)
- Lichtanpassung (1)
- Like-Early Starvation 1 (1)
- Like-Early starvation protein (1)
- Lipid Synthese (1)
- Lipid synthesis (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Lipophagie (1)
- Litoral (1)
- Local adaptation (1)
- Lotus japonicus (1)
- Lysosom (1)
- Lärche (1)
- M1-Lipide (1)
- M1-M1 interaction (1)
- M1-M1-Interaktion (1)
- M1-lipids (1)
- MHC Klasse II (1)
- MHC polymorphism (1)
- MIP sensor (1)
- MSAP (1)
- Mais (1)
- Maize (1)
- Makrophagen-Aktivierung (1)
- Makrophyten (1)
- Maltodextrin (1)
- Marsanaloge Regolithe (1)
- Martian regolith analogs (1)
- Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Maßstabsabhängigkeit (1)
- Mechanistic models (1)
- Mechanistische Modelle (1)
- Mechanobiologie (1)
- Mechanosensation (1)
- Medicago (1)
- Medicago truncatula (1)
- Membran (1)
- Membranbindung (1)
- Membrandeformation (1)
- Membrane deformation (1)
- Membrane protein (1)
- Membranfluidität (1)
- Merkmalsvariation (1)
- Merkmalsvielfalt (1)
- Mesophyll (1)
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) (1)
- Metabolische Netzwerke (1)
- Metaboliten (1)
- Metabolitprofil (1)
- Metabolom (1)
- Metabolome (1)
- Metabolomics (1)
- Metacommunity (1)
- Metagemeinschaften (1)
- Methan (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methanogene (1)
- Methanogene Archaeen (1)
- Methanotrophe (1)
- Methylotrophie (1)
- Microarrays (1)
- Microbial communities (1)
- Microcystis (1)
- Microsatellite (1)
- Microscale Thermophoresis (MST) (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microtubules (1)
- Microtus (1)
- Microtus arvalis (1)
- Microviridin (1)
- Mikroalgen (1)
- Mikrobielle Gemeinschaften (1)
- Mikrogel (1)
- Mikroorganismen (1)
- Mikroplastikpartikel (1)
- Mikroskop (1)
- Mikroviskosität (1)
- Mining lakes (1)
- Mitochondrien (1)
- Mittelamerika (1)
- Mitteleuropa (1)
- Moco biosynthesis (1)
- Moco-Biosynthese (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modell (1)
- Molecular modeling (1)
- Molecular profile data (1)
- Molekular-dynamik (1)
- Molekularbiologie (1)
- Molekulardynamik-Simulation (1)
- Molekulare Modellierung (1)
- Molekulare Profildaten (1)
- Molekülmodelle (1)
- Molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic (1)
- Moorsukzession (1)
- Moos-Mikroben-Interaktion (1)
- Moos-assoziierte Methanoxidation (1)
- Moos-assoziierte Methanproduktion (1)
- Morphologie <Biologie> (1)
- Mortalität (1)
- Multivalenz (1)
- Mycorrhizal symbiosis (1)
- Mykorrhizasymbiose (1)
- Mykotoxine (1)
- Myodus glareolus (1)
- NE81 (1)
- NGS (1)
- NMR (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nahrungssuche (1)
- Nanoelektroden (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nanostruktur (1)
- Natural Products (1)
- Nekrose (1)
- Nettoproduktion (1)
- Netzwerke (1)
- Neu-Delhi Metallo-Beta-Laktamase 1 (NDM-1) (1)
- New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) (1)
- Next generation sequencing (1)
- Nicht-Zielorganismen (1)
- Nilhechte <Familie> (1)
- Nischen-Aufteilung (1)
- Nitrat (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Noctilio albiventris (1)
- Nodulin (1)
- Nukleosidase (1)
- Nullmodell (1)
- Nützlinge (1)
- Oberflächenplasmonenresonanzspektroskopie (SPR-Spektroskopie) (1)
- OmpG (1)
- One-carbon (1)
- Ontogenie (1)
- Open Access (1)
- Open Source (1)
- Operon (1)
- Optimality (1)
- Optimalität (1)
- Optimierung von Biosynthesewegen (1)
- Optogenetik (1)
- Ordnung der Partikel auf der Oberfläche (1)
- Organgröße (1)
- Oryza sativa (1)
- Ostafrika (1)
- Osteogenese (1)
- Ozeanversauerung (1)
- P-Typ ATPase (1)
- PEEU (1)
- PNIPAM (1)
- POC (1)
- PVA (population viability analysis) (1)
- Paarungssystem (1)
- PacBio IsoSeq (1)
- Pace-of-Life Syndrom (1)
- Palmitat (1)
- Paläovegetation (1)
- Panthera Pardus (1)
- Panthera pardus (1)
- Pantoea stewartii (1)
- Paramutation (1)
- Parasite (1)
- Parasitierung (1)
- Passeriformes (1)
- Pathogen (1)
- Pathogenantwort (1)
- Pathway Abbildung (1)
- Pathwaysuche (1)
- Pektin (1)
- Pektinase (1)
- Pektine (1)
- Pektinsäure (1)
- Peptid (1)
- Peptide (1)
- Performance (1)
- Periphyton (1)
- Permafrostdegradation (1)
- Pestizide (1)
- Pflanze (1)
- Pflanze-Pilz-Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzen-Mikroben-Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzenanpassung (1)
- Pflanzendiversitaet (1)
- Pflanzenentwicklung (1)
- Pflanzenernährung (1)
- Pflanzenforschung (1)
- Pflanzengemeinschaft (1)
- Pflanzenhormon (1)
- Pflanzenwissenschaften (1)
- Pflanzenökologie (1)
- Phage lysins (1)
- Phagen Infektion (1)
- Phagenlysine (1)
- Pharmakodynamik (1)
- Pharmakokinetik (1)
- Phenol (1)
- Phenotype (1)
- Phenotyping (1)
- Phloem (1)
- Phloemproteine (1)
- Phosphatidsäure (1)
- Phosphoglucan water dikinase (1)
- Phosphoglucan-Wasser-Dikinase (1)
- Phosphorylation process (1)
- Phosphorylierung (1)
- Phosphorylierungsprozess (1)
- Photoelektrchemischer Sensor (1)
- Photokatalyse (1)
- Photosäure (1)
- Phylogenese (1)
- Physical Network (1)
- Physikalische Quervernetzung (1)
- Phytoplankton und Zooplankton (1)
- Phänologie (1)
- Phänotyp (1)
- Phänotypisierung (1)
- Pilz-Endophyten (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Plankton (1)
- Planktonnahrungsnetz (1)
- Plant cytosolic translation (1)
- Plant development (1)
- Plant growth (1)
- Plant hormones (1)
- Plantago major (1)
- Plants (1)
- Plasma membrane (1)
- Plasmamembran (1)
- Plastid (1)
- Plastizität (1)
- Pleistozän (1)
- Poly(A)-Polymerasen (1)
- Polyandrie (1)
- Polyethylen (1)
- Polymer-Netzwerke (1)
- Polyneuropathie (1)
- Polysaccharides (1)
- Populationsbiologie (1)
- Populationsgefährdungsanalyse (1)
- Populationskonnektivität (1)
- Populationspersistenz (1)
- Populationsstruktur (1)
- Populationsökologie (1)
- Predation (1)
- Primärproduktion (1)
- Primärproduzenten (1)
- Profilmessung (1)
- Profilmethode (1)
- Promotoren (1)
- Proteaceae (1)
- Proteaceen (1)
- Protease-Inhibitoren (1)
- Protein Spektroelektrochemie (1)
- Protein complex assembly (1)
- Protein spectroelectrochemistry (1)
- Protein synthesis (1)
- Protein-Aptamer Interaktion (1)
- Protein-Metall-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Proteinbindung (1)
- Proteindegradierung (1)
- Proteindomänen (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteinfaltungstest (1)
- Proteinhandel (1)
- Proteinkomplexassemblierung (1)
- Proteinmissfaltung (1)
- Proteinmultimerisierung (1)
- Proteinphosphorylation (1)
- Proteinrekonstitution (1)
- Proteinspiegel regulieren (1)
- Proteinstruktur (1)
- Proteinsynthese (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Prädation (1)
- Punicalagin (1)
- QSP (1)
- QTL Analyse (1)
- QTL mapping (1)
- Quantum Dots (1)
- RING/U-box E3 (1)
- RNA (1)
- RNA-seq (1)
- ROS (1)
- Radiokarbon (1)
- Rahmenübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Klimaänderungen (1)
- Raman Spektroskopie (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Randomisierung (1)
- Real Time PCR (1)
- Recyclingsystem (1)
- Redox (1)
- Redoxine (1)
- Redoxsystem (1)
- Regeneratin (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Regulationsweg (1)
- Regulatorische Gene (1)
- Regulierung der Genexpression (1)
- Reproduktion (1)
- Reproduktionserfolg (1)
- Reproduktivität (1)
- Reptilien (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Resilienz (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Respiratorisches Synzytial-Virus (1)
- Retrotransposon (1)
- Rhamnose (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Rhizobium (1)
- Rhizophagus irregularis (1)
- RiPP (1)
- Ribosom (1)
- Ribosomal protein heterogeneity (1)
- Ribosomal protein substoichiometry (1)
- Ribosomale Protein Substöchiometrie (1)
- Ribosomale Proteinheterogenität (1)
- Ribosome biogenesis (1)
- Ribosome profiling (1)
- Ribosome specialization (1)
- Ribosomen-Biogenese (1)
- Ribosomen-Spezialisierung (1)
- Ribulose-Monophosphat-Weg (1)
- Risikoabbildung (1)
- Risikoabschätzung (1)
- Rotatorien (1)
- RpoS (1)
- RuBisCO (1)
- RubisCO (1)
- Ruhezentrum (1)
- Russia (1)
- Russland (1)
- Räuber-Beute Beziehungen (1)
- Räuber-Beute Dynamiken (1)
- Rötelmaus (1)
- S-morph (1)
- Saccharose (1)
- Saccharose Synthase (1)
- Salmonella (1)
- Samenausbreitung (1)
- Sandwich-Assay auf Basis von Aptameren (1)
- Saure Seen (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Savanna ecology (1)
- Savanna resilience (1)
- Savanne (1)
- Savannen Resilienz (1)
- Schmalwand <Arabidopsis> (1)
- Schutz von Raubtieren (1)
- Schädlinge (1)
- Seasonality (1)
- Secondary Metabolites (1)
- Sedimentation (1)
- Seen (1)
- Seesediment (1)
- Selbstungssyndrom (1)
- Selection-Linked Integration (1)
- Senecio vulgaris (1)
- Seneszenz (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Sequenzierung (1)
- Sequenzierungstechnologien der nächsten Generation (1)
- Serin-Biosensor (1)
- Serin-Hydroxymethyltransferase (1)
- Serin-Zyklus (1)
- Shotgun Sequenzierung (1)
- Shrub encroachment (1)
- Siberian permafrost (1)
- Signalstoffe (1)
- Signaltransduktionsprozesse (1)
- Signalübertragung (1)
- Signifikanz (1)
- Silene vulgaris (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Simulationsexperimente (1)
- Simulationsframework (1)
- Simulationsmodell (1)
- Single cell level (1)
- Single-cell motility (1)
- Skalierung (1)
- Skeletal robustness (1)
- Skelettrobustizität (1)
- Social-ecological systems (1)
- Solanum nigrum (1)
- Solidago canadensis (1)
- Solidago gigantea (1)
- Sonchus oleraceus (1)
- Southeast Asia (1)
- Sozialökologische Systeme (1)
- Species number (1)
- Sphagnum (1)
- Starch metabolism (1)
- Starch synthesis (1)
- Statistical Physics (1)
- Statistische Physik (1)
- Staubblätter (1)
- Stauhaltungen (1)
- Steifheit (1)
- Stethophyma grossum (1)
- Stickstoff (1)
- Stimuli (1)
- Stimulierung von Zellen (1)
- Stoffwechselmodellierung (1)
- Stoffwechselnetze (1)
- Stoffwechselregulation (1)
- Stress (1)
- Struktur (1)
- Strukturproteomics (1)
- Stärke Synthese (1)
- Stärkestoffwechsel (1)
- Störungen (1)
- Submarine permafrost (1)
- Submariner Permafrost (1)
- Subsea permafrost (1)
- Sukzession (1)
- Sulfit-Oxidase (1)
- Sulfitoxidase (1)
- Sumpfschrecke (1)
- Superoxid (1)
- Support-Vektor-Maschine (1)
- Supramolecular Interaction (1)
- Supramolekularen Wechselwirkung (1)
- Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Symbiose (1)
- Systems Biology (1)
- Systems biology (1)
- Systemsbiologie (1)
- Säugetiere (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- T cell activation (1)
- T-Zell Aktivierung (1)
- TACC (1)
- TRPV1 (1)
- Tagebaurestseen (1)
- TaiHu (1)
- Tailspike (1)
- Talsperre (1)
- Telemetrie (1)
- Theoretische Ökologie (1)
- Thermistor (1)
- Thermodynamische Stabilität (1)
- Thermoregulationsverhalten (1)
- Thioester (1)
- Thioredoxine (1)
- Three Gorges reservoir (1)
- Tiefe Biosphäre (1)
- Tiefer See (1)
- Tierortung (1)
- Tierpersönlichkeit (1)
- Tierökologie (1)
- Tomate (1)
- Tomaten (Solanum lycopersicum) (1)
- Tomato (1)
- Tonoplast (1)
- Torfmoose (1)
- Trade-offs zwischen funktionellen Eigenschaften (1)
- Transaktivierungs-Experimente (1)
- Transcription facotrs (1)
- Transcription factors (1)
- Transcriptome (1)
- Transcriptomics (1)
- Transinformation (1)
- Transkiptionsfaktor (1)
- Transkript (1)
- Transkriptionfaktorgenen (1)
- Transkriptionsnetzwerke (1)
- Transkriptom Sequenzierung (1)
- Transkriptomanalyse (1)
- Translation (1)
- Translation feedback regulation (1)
- Translational regulation (1)
- Translationseffizienz (1)
- Translationsfeedbackregulation (1)
- Translationsregulation (1)
- Transponierbare Elemente (1)
- Transport (1)
- Trehalose-6-Phosphat (1)
- Treibhausgase (1)
- Trichome initial cells (1)
- Tripleurospermum inodorum (1)
- Trockenstress (1)
- Trockentoleranz (1)
- Tundra-Taiga (1)
- TusA (1)
- Tyrosinase (1)
- Tyrosinaseinhibitoren (1)
- Ubiquitin-Proteasom-System (1)
- Ubiquitin-proteasome-system (1)
- Ubiquitinierung (1)
- Umweltfilterung (1)
- Umweltrauschen (1)
- Untereinheitenimpfstoff (1)
- Urokinase-Typ Plasminogen Aktivator (uPA) (1)
- Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) (1)
- VMP1 (1)
- Variation (1)
- Variation in funktionellen Eigenschaften (1)
- Vegetation von Tschukotka (1)
- Vegetationsmodellierung (1)
- Vegetationsveränderungen (1)
- Vegetationsveränderungen in der Subarktis (1)
- Vegetationsvielfalt (1)
- Verbreitungsdynamik von Arten (1)
- Verbuschung (1)
- Vereinigungs-Mapping (1)
- Verhaltens-Timing (1)
- Verhaltensökologie (1)
- Vernetzer (1)
- Veronica persica (1)
- Verteidigung (1)
- Verteilungsmuster (1)
- Vesicle (1)
- Vesikel (1)
- Videoanalyse (1)
- Vielfalt (1)
- Viral assembly (1)
- Virion (1)
- Virionenbildung (1)
- Virus-Wirt-Interaktion (1)
- Virusassemblierung, Virion (1)
- Vitamin C (1)
- Vogelzug (1)
- Vorhersagemodelle (1)
- Wachstum (1)
- Wachstumsraten (1)
- Waldausdehnung (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Wasser-in-Wasser (1)
- Wassererosion (1)
- Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Weglänge (1)
- White stork (1)
- Wiederholungsstudie (1)
- Winterfischsterben (1)
- Wirkstoff-Freisetzun (1)
- Wirkstoffinteraktionen (1)
- Wirtsspezifität (1)
- Wissensextraktion (1)
- Wurzel (1)
- Wurzelbesiedlung (1)
- Wurzelhaarbildung (1)
- Wühlmaus (1)
- Wüste (1)
- Xanthindehydrogenase (1)
- ZENK (1)
- Zeatin (1)
- Zebrafisch (1)
- Zebularin (1)
- Zeitpunkt von Störungen (1)
- Zell-Matrix-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Zellbiologie (1)
- Zelle (1)
- Zellgröße (1)
- Zellmotilität (1)
- Zellproliferation (1)
- Zellsignalisierung (1)
- Zellsortierung (1)
- Zellteilung (1)
- Zellteilungsdefekt (1)
- Zelltyp-spezifisch (1)
- Zielkonflikte (1)
- Zink (1)
- Zuckertransporter (1)
- Zugvögel (1)
- Züchtung (1)
- abiotic stress (1)
- abiotischer Stress (1)
- above-ground biomass (1)
- accelerometry (1)
- accessions (1)
- acid phosphatase (1)
- acidic lakes (1)
- actin (1)
- adaptive Differenzierung (1)
- adaptive Laborentwicklung (1)
- adaptive differentiation (1)
- adaptive laboratory evolution (1)
- age-dependent (1)
- agent-based model (1)
- aggregation (1)
- agricultural landscapes (1)
- agroecology (1)
- aldehyde (1)
- alignment (1)
- allochthoner Eintrag (1)
- allochthonous matter (1)
- allometry (1)
- alte DNA (1)
- alte sedimentäre DNA (1)
- altered shoot branching (1)
- ammonium (1)
- ammoniumtransporter (1)
- amperometry (1)
- amyloid beta (1)
- ancient DNA (1)
- ancient sedimentary DNA (1)
- angeborene Immunantwort (1)
- angiogenesis (1)
- animal personality (1)
- anoxia (1)
- anthers (1)
- anthropogene Einwirkung (1)
- anthropogenic impact (1)
- antibiotic combinations (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antibody (1)
- aptamer-based sandwich assay (1)
- apyrase (1)
- aquatic ecosystem (1)
- aquatische Ökosysteme (1)
- arabidopsis (1)
- arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza-Symbiose (1)
- arbuskuläre Mykorrhizasymbiose (1)
- arginine biosynthesis (1)
- arid (1)
- artificial transcription factor (1)
- artifizielle Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- ascorbate oxidase (1)
- assessment of the diffusion (1)
- association mapping (1)
- asymmetric competition (1)
- asymmetrische Konkurrenz (1)
- atrophin-1 (1)
- autonom replizierende Sequenz (1)
- autotrophy (1)
- auxotrophy (1)
- bacteria (1)
- bacterial population growth (1)
- bacterial sensor (1)
- behavioural ecology (1)
- behavioural timing (1)
- belowground herbivory (1)
- benthic food web (1)
- benthic primary producers (1)
- benthische Nahrungskette (1)
- benthische Primärproduzenten (1)
- benzaldehyde (1)
- beta diversity (1)
- biocatalysis (1)
- biocatalytic recycling (1)
- bioelectrocatalytic recycling (1)
- biofilms (1)
- biofouling (1)
- biomass (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- biomolecule interactions (1)
- biosensors (1)
- biosignatures (1)
- biosynthesis (1)
- biotechnology (1)
- bird migration (1)
- bistability (1)
- bisulfite sequencing (1)
- branched chain amino acids (1)
- breeding (1)
- breeding ability (1)
- brown mosses (1)
- brownification (1)
- bryophytes (1)
- cDNA array (1)
- calcite (1)
- calcium (1)
- calmodulin (1)
- canalization (1)
- cancer (1)
- cancer biomarker (1)
- cancer detection (1)
- cancer therapy (1)
- canonical correlation analysis (1)
- carbohydrate recognition (1)
- carbohydrate-protein interaction (1)
- carbohydrates (1)
- carbon (1)
- carbon flow (1)
- carbon isotopes (1)
- carbon metabolism (1)
- cardiac valves (1)
- carry-over effects (1)
- cascading effects (1)
- cell (1)
- cell cycle (1)
- cell division (1)
- cell motility (1)
- cell proliferation (1)
- cell signaling (1)
- cell size (1)
- cell sorting (1)
- cell type-specific (1)
- cell-ECM interactions (1)
- cellular bioenergetics (1)
- cellular forces (1)
- cesa complex (1)
- chemically induced dislocation (1)
- chemisch-induzierte Dislokation (1)
- chicken repeat 1 (1)
- chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1)
- chloroplasts (1)
- chromatin immunoprecipitation (1)
- chronic pain (1)
- chronischer Schmerz (1)
- ciliates (1)
- classical compartment model (1)
- clathrin-coated vesicles (1)
- close packing (1)
- co-delivery of multiple genes (1)
- co-expression (1)
- co-response (1)
- co-transfection (1)
- coarse grained Molekulardynamiken (1)
- coarse grained molecular dynamics (1)
- coarse-graining (1)
- coexistence mechanisms (1)
- coiled coils (1)
- coloniality (1)
- colonization credit (1)
- columella (1)
- combinatorial optimization (1)
- combined heat and drought stress (1)
- common-garden experiment (1)
- community (1)
- comparative (1)
- complex model (1)
- computational biology (1)
- connectivity (1)
- conservation targets (1)
- constraint-based modeling (1)
- correlation (1)
- correlation networks (1)
- crops (1)
- crosslinker (1)
- cucurbits (1)
- cyanobacteria biomarker (1)
- cytochrome c (1)
- cytokinesis (1)
- cytosine methylation (1)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (1)
- data analysis and statistics (1)
- data integration (1)
- de novo assembly (1)
- de novo ncRNA Vorhersage (1)
- de novo ncRNA prediction (1)
- deep lake (1)
- defense (1)
- defense priming (1)
- degradome (1)
- dendritic cell (1)
- dendritische Zelle (1)
- density-dependent (1)
- desert (1)
- detection system (1)
- development (1)
- diacylglycerol (1)
- diallel (1)
- dichteste Packung (1)
- differential gene expression (1)
- diffusion (1)
- disease (1)
- disease ecology (1)
- dispersal behavior (1)
- distance measure (1)
- distribution pattern (1)
- disturbance timing (1)
- doctoral thesis (1)
- drought stress (1)
- drug drug interactions (1)
- dynamics (1)
- early warning signals (1)
- earthquake (1)
- eco-hydrological modelling (1)
- ecosystem functioning (1)
- ecosystem reconstruction (1)
- ectoparasites (1)
- effect (1)
- effective daylength (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- electrokinetics (1)
- elektrokinetische Effekte (1)
- emulsion (1)
- endophytes (1)
- energetics (1)
- energy budget (1)
- enrichments methods (1)
- environment filtering (1)
- enzymes (1)
- ephrin (1)
- epigenome editing (1)
- epiphytes (1)
- erhöhte Nachttemperaturen (1)
- erworbene Immunantwort (1)
- erythropoiesis (1)
- erzeugte Kraft (1)
- essentiality (1)
- establishment (1)
- eukaryotes (1)
- eutrophication (1)
- evolutionary history (1)
- exopolysaccharide (1)
- expansion microscopy (1)
- expression Quantitative Trait Loci (1)
- extinction debt (1)
- extinction risk (1)
- extracellular matrix (ECM) (1)
- extravasation-rate limited tissue model (1)
- extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- feature engineering (1)
- felid conservation (1)
- fiber mesh scaffolds (1)
- filaments (1)
- fire (1)
- flavonoid biosynthesis (1)
- floral scent (1)
- flowering (1)
- fluctuating light (1)
- fluktuierendes Licht (1)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (1)
- fluorescence microscopy (1)
- fluorescent proteins (1)
- fluoreszierende Proteine (1)
- food analysis (1)
- food web (1)
- food webs (1)
- foraging behaviour (1)
- formaldehyde assimilation (1)
- fragmentation (1)
- freshwater (1)
- freshwater ecology (1)
- freshwater ecosystems (1)
- fruit (1)
- full annual cycle (1)
- functional ecology (1)
- fungi (1)
- funktionale Merkmale (1)
- funktionelle Diversität (1)
- funktionelle Eigenschaften (1)
- funktionelle Ökologie (1)
- gelatin (1)
- gelöster organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- gene (1)
- gene cluster activation (1)
- gene expression (1)
- gene expression control (1)
- gene family (1)
- gene regulation (1)
- generated force (1)
- genetic circuits (1)
- genetic diversity (1)
- genetic engineering (1)
- genetische Manipulation (1)
- genetische Netzwerke (1)
- genetische Vielfalt (1)
- genome scan (1)
- genotyping (1)
- geographische Großstudie (1)
- giant unilamellar vesicles (1)
- giant vesicles (1)
- giving-up density (1)
- glacial refugia (1)
- glass fiber (1)
- glaziale Refugien (1)
- globaler Wandel (1)
- glucose dehydrogenase (1)
- glycine cleavage system (1)
- glycine decarboxylase complex (=GCV) (1)
- glycine synthase complex (reversal of GCV) (1)
- glycogen (1)
- good-genes-model (1)
- graph theory (1)
- green house gases (1)
- grobkörnig (1)
- groundwater (1)
- growth defect (1)
- growthrates (1)
- hADSC (1)
- habitat use (1)
- haematopoiesis (1)
- hairy root Transformation (1)
- harvesting (1)
- heart development (1)
- heat stress (1)
- heat stress memory (1)
- hematopoetic stem cells (1)
- heterosis (1)
- heterotrophic bacteria (1)
- high light (1)
- high night temperature (1)
- high resolution (1)
- high resolution mass spectrometry (1)
- high throughput sequencing (1)
- histidine-metal coordination (1)
- histone methylation (1)
- hochauflösende Massenspektrometrie (1)
- hohe Auflösung (1)
- hoher Durchsatz Sequenzierung (1)
- holocene (1)
- home range (1)
- horizontal gene transfer (1)
- horizontaler Gentransfer (1)
- host-specificity (1)
- human (1)
- human aldehyde oxidase (1)
- hybrid breakdown (1)
- hybrid incompatibility (1)
- hybride Inkompatibilität (1)
- hybridization capture (1)
- hyperaccumulation (1)
- image analysis (1)
- immobilization (1)
- immune system (1)
- immunoassay; GDH-biosensor; phenolic compounds; on-site-analysis; FIA;ß-galactosidase; wastewater analysis (1)
- immunology (1)
- individual based modeling (1)
- individual-based modelling (1)
- individuelle Modellierung (1)
- individuen-basierte Modellierung (1)
- inducible gene expression (1)
- induzierbare Genexpression (1)
- influenza A virus (1)
- influenza A viruses (1)
- ingestion (1)
- inheritance (1)
- innate immune response (1)
- integrative omics analysis (1)
- interaction network (1)
- interactions (1)
- interactomics (1)
- interspecies interchange (1)
- interspecific interactions (1)
- interspezifische Wechselwirkungen (1)
- intraspecific trait variation (1)
- intraspecific variation (1)
- intraspezifische Merkmalsvariation (1)
- invasiv (1)
- invasive (1)
- invertase (1)
- iron (1)
- iron sulfur clusters (1)
- jaguar (1)
- kinesin (1)
- kinetic modeling (1)
- kinetische Modellierung (1)
- kombinatorische Optimierung (1)
- kombinierter Hitze- und Trockenstress (1)
- kontrollierte Freisetzung von Biomolekülen (1)
- körperliche Bewegung (1)
- lab on a chip (1)
- lab-on-chip (1)
- lake food web (1)
- lake sediment (1)
- lakes (1)
- lamin (1)
- land reform (1)
- land use (1)
- land use history (1)
- land-cover classification (1)
- larch (1)
- large marsh grasshopper (1)
- large scale national conservation plan (1)
- large scale vegetation diversity (1)
- large-scale study (1)
- latitudinal clines (1)
- leaf width (1)
- lebende Materialien (1)
- leghemoglobin (1)
- legume (1)
- licht-schaltbare Proteine (1)
- life history (1)
- life-history theory (1)
- light (1)
- light-triggered (1)
- lipids (1)
- lipophagy (1)
- littoral eutrophication (1)
- living materials (1)
- long-term change (1)
- long-term desiccation (1)
- lysosome (1)
- mAb Disposition (1)
- mAb disposition (1)
- mRNA Degradierung (1)
- mRNA chemistry (1)
- mRNA degradation (1)
- mRNA-Chemie (1)
- machine learning (1)
- machinelles Lernen (1)
- macrophage activation (1)
- macrophytes (1)
- magnetite Ketter (1)
- magnetotactic bacteria (1)
- magnetotaktische Bakterien (1)
- major hhistocompatibility complex (1)
- maltodextrin (1)
- mammals (1)
- martini (1)
- mathematical simulation models (1)
- mathematische Modelierung (1)
- mathematische Simulationsmodelle (1)
- mathematisches Modellierung (1)
- mechanics (1)
- mechanische Stabilität (1)
- mechanistic model (1)
- mechanistisches Modell (1)
- mechanobiology (1)
- mechanosensation (1)
- membrane (1)
- membrane binding (1)
- membrane fluidity (1)
- membrane protein (1)
- mesophyll (1)
- metabolic (1)
- metabolic Quantitative Trait Loci (1)
- metabolic costs (1)
- metabolic engineering (1)
- metabolic genomics (1)
- metabolic modelling (1)
- metabolic regulation (1)
- metabolisch (1)
- metabolische Kosten (1)
- metabolisches Engineering (1)
- metabolite breeding (1)
- metabolome (1)
- metabolomic analysis (1)
- methanogene Archaea (1)
- methanogene Archaeen (1)
- methanogens (1)
- methanotrophic bacteria (1)
- methanotrophs (1)
- methanoxidierende Bakterien (1)
- methanproduzierende Archaeen (1)
- methylotrophy (1)
- miRNA Regulation (1)
- miRNA regulation (1)
- microRNA399 (1)
- microalgae (1)
- microarrays (1)
- microbial activity (1)
- microbial carbon turnover (1)
- microbial community (1)
- microbial decomposition (1)
- microbial diversity (1)
- microbial ecology (1)
- microbial interactions (1)
- microbial soil communities (1)
- microcystis (1)
- microgel (1)
- microorganisms (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microtubules (1)
- microviridin (1)
- microviscosity (1)
- migratory birds (1)
- mikroRNA399 (1)
- mikrobielle Aktivität (1)
- mikrobielle Bodengemeinschaften (1)
- mikrobielle Gemeinschaft (1)
- mikrobielle Interaktionen (1)
- mikrobielle Moor-Kerngemeinschaft (1)
- mikrobielle Vielfalt (1)
- mikrobielle Ökologie (1)
- mikrobieller Abbau (1)
- mikrobieller Kohlenstoffkreislauf (1)
- misfolding (1)
- mitochondria (1)
- molecular biology (1)
- molecular dynamics (1)
- molecular dynamics simulation (1)
- molecular force sensors (1)
- molecular modeling (1)
- molekulare Kraftsensoren (1)
- monoclonal antibodies (1)
- monoklonale Antikörper (1)
- morphological changes (1)
- morphologischen Veränderungen (1)
- morphology (1)
- moss-associated archaea (1)
- moss-associated bacteria (1)
- moss-associated methanogenesis (1)
- moss-associated methanotrophy (1)
- moss-microbe-interactions (1)
- movemen ecology (1)
- mulifractional diffusion (1)
- multi-fraktionelle Diffusion (1)
- multilayer films (1)
- multivalency (1)
- multivariate statistische Technik (1)
- mutual information (1)
- mycotoxins (1)
- nacheiszeitliche Wiederbesiedlung (1)
- nanoelectrodes (1)
- nanoparticles (1)
- nanoparticles assembly (1)
- nanostructure (1)
- nanostructured materials (1)
- nanostrukturierte Materialien (1)
- national biodiversity hotspots (1)
- nationalen Naturschutzplanung (1)
- nationaler Biodiversitäts-Hotspots (1)
- natural enemies (1)
- natural genetic variation (1)
- naturnahe Habitate (1)
- natürliche genetische Variation (1)
- necrosis (1)
- net production (1)
- neurodegenerative (1)
- neurodegenerative Erkrankung (1)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (1)
- niche partitioning (1)
- nicht additiv (1)
- nicht-Mendelsche Vererbung (1)
- nicht-einheimisch (1)
- nitrogen fixation (1)
- nodulin (1)
- non-Mendelian inheritance (1)
- non-equilibrium coexistence (1)
- non-native (1)
- non-target organisms (1)
- nonadditive (1)
- northern peatlands (1)
- nuclear envelope (1)
- nuclear lamina (1)
- nucleosidase (1)
- nukleäre Lamina (1)
- null model (1)
- nördliche Moore (1)
- oberirdische Biomasse (1)
- ocean acidification (1)
- optimal annual routine model (1)
- optogenetics (1)
- ordering of particles on the surface (1)
- organ size (1)
- organic carbon (1)
- organic matter (1)
- organic matter quality (1)
- organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- osteogenesis (1)
- outcrossing rate (1)
- overgrazing (1)
- oxidase (1)
- oxidative Proteinmodifikationen (1)
- oxidative protein modifications (1)
- oxygen transport (1)
- p-proteins (1)
- p-type ATPase (1)
- pH (1)
- pPhytoplankton photoacclimation (1)
- pace-of-life syndrome (1)
- paleovegetation (1)
- palmitate (1)
- paper-based (1)
- papier-basiert (1)
- parameter estimation (1)
- paramutation (1)
- parasitism (1)
- particulate organic matter (1)
- pathogen response (1)
- pathogens (1)
- pathway mapping (1)
- pathway search (1)
- pattern-oriented modelling (1)
- peatland core microbiome (1)
- peatland development (1)
- pectin (1)
- pectinase (1)
- pelagische Nahrungskette (1)
- peptides (1)
- percentage of body fat (1)
- performance (1)
- periphyton (1)
- permafrost (1)
- permafrost degradation (1)
- pest (1)
- pesticide (1)
- pflanzliche Zellwände (1)
- phage infection (1)
- phages (1)
- pharmacodynamics (1)
- pharmacokinetics (1)
- phenol (1)
- phenology (1)
- phenotypic variation (1)
- phloem architecture (1)
- phosphatidic acid (1)
- photo-induced (1)
- photoacid (1)
- photoactive proteins (1)
- photoactive yellow protein (PYP) (1)
- photocatalysis (1)
- photoelectrochemical sensor (1)
- photoinduziert (1)
- photoswitches (1)
- phylogeography (1)
- physical activity (1)
- phytoplankton (1)
- phytoplankton and zooplankton (1)
- phänotypische Variation (1)
- plankton food web (1)
- plant adaptation (1)
- plant cell wall biosynthesis (1)
- plant cell walls (1)
- plant communities (1)
- plant diversity (1)
- plant ecology (1)
- plant functional types (1)
- plant growth (1)
- plant research (1)
- plant-fungal interactions (1)
- plant-microbe interactions (1)
- plasticity (1)
- pleistocene (1)
- point-of-care (1)
- polyQ (1)
- polyandry (1)
- polyelectrolyte multilayers (1)
- polyethylene (1)
- polymer networks (1)
- polyneuropathy (1)
- polysaccharides (1)
- population connectivity (1)
- population ecology (1)
- population persistence (1)
- population structure (1)
- porous scaffolds (1)
- poröse Gerüste (1)
- post-translational modifications (1)
- postglacial recolonization (1)
- posttranslationale Modifikationen (1)
- predator-prey dynamics (1)
- predator-prey relationships (1)
- predictive modelling (1)
- primary human macrophages (1)
- primary producer (1)
- primary production (1)
- primäre humane Makrophagen (1)
- protease inhibitor (1)
- proteasomal degradation (1)
- protein aggregation (1)
- protein binding (1)
- protein degradation (1)
- protein domains (1)
- protein folding screen (1)
- protein multimerization (1)
- protein reconstitution (1)
- protein structure (1)
- protein trafficking (1)
- protein-aptamer interaction (1)
- protein-level regulation (1)
- protein-metal interaction (1)
- proteins (1)
- proteomics (1)
- punicalagin (1)
- qPCR (1)
- qRT-PCR (1)
- qualitative pathway interpretation (1)
- quantitativen Schutzzielen (1)
- quantum dots (1)
- quiescent center (1)
- radiocarbon (1)
- randomization (1)
- range shifts (1)
- reactive oxygen species (1)
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) (1)
- reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) (1)
- reciprocal transplant experiment (1)
- recycling system (1)
- red noise (1)
- redox metabolism (1)
- reductive acetyl-CoA pathway (1)
- reductive glycine pathway (1)
- reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg (1)
- reduktiver Glycinweg (1)
- regenerative Medizin (1)
- regenerative medicine (1)
- regression methods (1)
- regulatory genes (1)
- regulatory pathway (1)
- reproduction success (1)
- reservoirs (1)
- respiration (1)
- respiratory syncytial virus (1)
- resurvey (1)
- retrotransposon (1)
- reziprokes Transplantationsexperiment (1)
- rheology (1)
- ribosomal dynamics (1)
- ribosome (1)
- ribosome profiling (1)
- ribulose monophosphate pathway (1)
- riesen unilamellare Vesikel (1)
- riesige unilamellare Vesikel (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk mapping (1)
- root (1)
- root colonization (1)
- root hair formation (1)
- rotifer (1)
- ruderal (1)
- run length (1)
- räumlich explizites Modell (1)
- räumlich und zeitlich kontrollierte Wirkstoff-Freisetzung (1)
- räumliche Autokorrelation (1)
- saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- salmonella (1)
- saure Phosphatase (1)
- scale dependence (1)
- scaling (1)
- schwach elektrischer Fisch (1)
- secondary metabolism (1)
- secondary metabolites (1)
- sedaDNA (1)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (1)
- sedimentation (1)
- seed dispersal (1)
- seismic activity (1)
- seismische Aktivität (1)
- selbstheilende Materialien (1)
- selection (1)
- selection-linked integration (1)
- self-healing materials (1)
- selfing syndrome (1)
- semi-natural habitat (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensor (1)
- sequencing (1)
- serine biosensor (1)
- serine cycle (1)
- serine hydroxymethyltransferase (1)
- shotgun sequencing (1)
- shrubification (1)
- sibirischen Permafrost (1)
- signal compounds (1)
- signaling (1)
- signalling (1)
- significance (1)
- simulation (1)
- simulation experiments (1)
- simulation framework (1)
- simulation model (1)
- simultane Einbringung multipler Gene (1)
- single cell imaging (1)
- single molecule force spectroscopy (1)
- single-cell (1)
- small mammals (1)
- solid-state MAS NMR (1)
- somatotype (1)
- spatial autocorrelation (1)
- spatially and temporally controlled drug release (1)
- spatially explicit model (1)
- specialized metabolites (1)
- species distribution modelling (1)
- species distribution models (1)
- stabile Isotope Tracer (1)
- stable isotope tracer (1)
- stable isotope tracing (1)
- stewartan (1)
- stiffness (1)
- stimulation of cells (1)
- stimuli (1)
- stochastic dynamic programming (1)
- stochastic modeling (1)
- stochastisch-dynamische Optimierung (1)
- stochastische Modellierung (1)
- stoichiometric modeling (1)
- stress (1)
- structural genomics (1)
- structure (1)
- style (1)
- stöchiometrische Modellierung (1)
- subarctic vegetation change (1)
- submarin (1)
- submarine (1)
- subunit vaccine (1)
- succession (1)
- sucrose synthase (1)
- sugar transporter (1)
- sulfur (1)
- sulphur (1)
- superoxide (1)
- support vector machine (1)
- survival rate (1)
- sustainable land use (1)
- sustainable management (1)
- symbiose-relevante mikroRNA-Targets (1)
- symbiosis-relevant microRNA targets (1)
- symplastic loading (1)
- synthetic formatotrphy (1)
- systemsbiology (1)
- tRNA Thiomodifikation (1)
- tRNA thiomodifications (1)
- tailspike (1)
- target enrichment (1)
- tbr mutant (1)
- telemetry (1)
- terrestrial (1)
- terrestrisch (1)
- theoretical ecology (1)
- theoretische Ökologie (1)
- thermodynamic stability (1)
- thermoregulatory behaviour (1)
- thioester (1)
- thioredoxin (1)
- tiefe Biosphäre (1)
- time-kill curves (1)
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (1)
- tracking (1)
- tracking impacts (1)
- trade-offs between functional traits (1)
- tradeoff (1)
- trait diversity (1)
- trans-Golgi Netzwerk (1)
- trans-Golgi network (1)
- transactivation assay (1)
- transcript (1)
- transcription factor genes (1)
- transcriptome analysis (1)
- transcriptome sequencing (1)
- transition metals (1)
- translation (1)
- translation efficiency (1)
- transport (1)
- transposable elements (1)
- tree infilling (1)
- treeline (1)
- treeline dynamics (1)
- trophic transfer efficiency (1)
- trophische Transfereffizienz (1)
- tropical freshwater fish (1)
- tropische Süßwasserfische (1)
- tundra-taiga (1)
- tyrosinase (1)
- tyrosinase inhibitors (1)
- ubiquitination (1)
- udp-galacturonic acid (1)
- udp-rhamnose (1)
- ungulates (1)
- unterirdische Pflanzenfresser (1)
- urban soil erosion (1)
- urbane Bodenerosion (1)
- variation (1)
- vegetation change (1)
- vegetation modeling (1)
- velocity (1)
- vergleichend (1)
- verzweigtkettige Aminosäuren (1)
- veränderte Triebverzweigung (1)
- vesicle transport (1)
- video analysis (1)
- viral fitness (1)
- virus (1)
- virus assembly (1)
- virus-host interaction (1)
- vollständiger Jahreszyklus (1)
- water (1)
- water erosion (1)
- water reservoir (1)
- water-in-water (1)
- weakly electric fish (1)
- wechselseitige Information (1)
- western Eger Rift (1)
- westlichen Eger-Graben (1)
- white stork (1)
- winter fish kill (1)
- woody encroachment (1)
- xanthine dehydrogenase (1)
- yield (1)
- zeatin (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zebularine (1)
- zelluläre Bioenergetik (1)
- zelluläre Kräfte (1)
- zinc (1)
- zooplankton (1)
- zytosolische tRNA-Thiolierung (1)
- ÁtAMT2 (1)
- Ähnlichkeitsmaß (1)
- Öko-Ethologie (1)
- Ökokline (1)
- Ökologische Modelle (1)
- Ökosystem (1)
- Ökosystem-Rekonstruktion (1)
- Ökosystemfunktion (1)
- Ökotoxikologie (1)
- Ökotypen (1)
- Übergangsmetalle (1)
- ökohydrologische Modellierung (1)
Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (262) (remove)
Research on novel and advanced biomaterials is an indispensable step towards their applications in desirable fields such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, cell culture, or biotechnology. The work presented here focuses on such a promising material: polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) composed of hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly(L-lysine) (PLL). This gel-like polymer surface coating is able to accumulate (bio-)molecules such as proteins or drugs and release them in a controlled manner. It serves as a mimic of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in composition and intrinsic properties. These qualities make the HA/PLL multilayers a promising candidate for multiple bio-applications such as those mentioned above. The work presented aims at the development of a straightforward approach for assessment of multi-fractional diffusion in multilayers (first part) and at control of local molecular transport into or from the multilayers by laser light trigger (second part).
The mechanism of the loading and release is governed by the interaction of bioactives with the multilayer constituents and by the diffusion phenomenon overall. The diffusion of a molecule in HA/PLL multilayers shows multiple fractions of different diffusion rate. Approaches, that are able to assess the mobility of molecules in such a complex system, are limited. This shortcoming motivated the design of a novel evaluation tool presented here.
The tool employs a simulation-based approach for evaluation of the data acquired by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) method. In this approach, possible fluorescence recovery scenarios are primarily simulated and afterwards compared with the data acquired while optimizing parameters of a model until a sufficient match is achieved. Fluorescent latex particles of different sizes and fluorescein in an aqueous medium are utilized as test samples validating the analysis results. The diffusion of protein cytochrome c in HA/PLL multilayers is evaluated as well.
This tool significantly broadens the possibilities of analysis of spatiotemporal FRAP data, which originate from multi-fractional diffusion, while striving to be widely applicable. This tool has the potential to elucidate the mechanisms of molecular transport and empower rational engineering of the drug release systems.
The second part of the work focuses on the fabrication of such a spatiotemporarily-controlled drug release system employing the HA/PLL multilayer. This release system comprises different layers of various functionalities that together form a sandwich structure. The bottom layer, which serves as a reservoir, is formed by HA/PLL PEM deposited on a planar glass substrate. On top of the PEM, a layer of so-called hybrids is deposited. The hybrids consist of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) -based hydrogel microparticles with surface-attached gold nanorods. The layer of hybrids is intended to serve as a gate that controls the local molecular transport through the PEM–solution-interface. The possibility of stimulating the molecular transport by near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation is being explored.
From several tested approaches for the deposition of hybrids onto the PEM surface, the drying-based approach was identified as optimal. Experiments, that examine the functionality of the fabricated sandwich at elevated temperature, document the reversible volume phase transition of the PEM-attached hybrids while sustaining the sandwich stability. Further, the gold nanorods were shown to effectively absorb light radiation in the tissue- and cell-friendly NIR spectral region while transducing the energy of light into heat. The rapid and reversible shrinkage of the PEM-attached hybrids was thereby achieved. Finally, dextran was employed as a model transport molecule. It loads into the PEM reservoir in a few seconds with the partition constant of 2.4, while it spontaneously releases in a slower, sustained manner. The local laser irradiation of the sandwich, which contains the fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged dextran, leads to a gradual reduction of fluorescence intensity in the irradiated region.
The release system fabricated employs renowned photoresponsivity of the hybrids in an innovative setting. The results of the research are a step towards a spatially-controlled on-demand drug release system that paves the way to spatiotemporally controlled drug release.
The approaches developed in this work have the potential to elucidate the molecular dynamics in ECM and to foster engineering of multilayers with properties tuned to mimic the ECM. The work aims at spatiotemporal control over the diffusion of bioactives and their presentation to the cells.
Biofilms are complex living materials that form as bacteria get embedded in a matrix of self-produced protein and polysaccharide fibres. The formation of a network of extracellular biopolymer fibres contributes to the cohesion of the biofilm by promoting cell-cell attachment and by mediating biofilm-substrate interactions. This sessile mode of bacteria growth has been well studied by microbiologists to prevent the detrimental effects of biofilms in medical and industrial settings. Indeed, biofilms are associated with increased antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections, and they can also cause clogging of pipelines or promote bio-corrosion. However, biofilms also gained interest from biophysics due to their ability to form complex morphological patterns during growth. Recently, the emerging field of engineered living materials investigates biofilm mechanical properties at multiple length scales and leverages the tools of synthetic biology to tune the functions of their constitutive biopolymers.
This doctoral thesis aims at clarifying how the morphogenesis of Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilms is influenced by their growth dynamics and mechanical properties. To address this question, I used methods from cell mechanics and materials science. I first studied how biological activity in biofilms gives rise to non-uniform growth patterns. In a second study, I investigated how E. coli biofilm morphogenesis and its mechanical properties adapt to an environmental stimulus, namely the water content of their substrate. Finally, I estimated how the mechanical properties of E. coli biofilms are altered when the bacteria express different extracellular biopolymers.
On nutritive hydrogels, micron-sized E. coli cells can build centimetre-large biofilms. During this process, bacterial proliferation and matrix production introduce mechanical stresses in the biofilm, which release through the formation of macroscopic wrinkles and delaminated buckles. To relate these biological and mechanical phenomena, I used time-lapse fluorescence imaging to track cell and matrix surface densities through the early and late stages of E. coli biofilm growth. Colocalization of high cell and matrix densities at the periphery precede the onset of mechanical instabilities at this annular region. Early growth is detected at this outer annulus, which was analysed by adding fluorescent microspheres to the bacterial inoculum. But only when high rates of matrix production are present in the biofilm centre, does overall biofilm spreading initiate along the solid-air interface. By tracking larger fluorescent particles for a long time, I could distinguish several kinematic stages of E. coli biofilm expansion and observed a transition from non-linear to linear velocity profiles, which precedes the emergence of wrinkles at the biofilm periphery. Decomposing particle velocities to their radial and circumferential components revealed a last kinematic stage, where biofilm movement is mostly directed towards the radial delaminated buckles, which verticalize. The resulting compressive strains computed in these regions were observed to substantially deform the underlying agar substrates. The co-localization of higher cell and matrix densities towards an annular region and the succession of several kinematic stages are thus expected to promote the emergence of mechanical instabilities at the biofilm periphery. These experimental findings are predicted to advance future modelling approaches of biofilm morphogenesis.
E. coli biofilm morphogenesis is further anticipated to depend on external stimuli from the environment. To clarify how the water could be used to tune biofilm material properties, we quantified E. coli biofilm growth, wrinkling dynamics and rigidity as a function of the water content of the nutritive substrates. Time-lapse microscopy and computational image analysis revealed that substrates with high water content promote biofilm spreading kinetics, while substrates with low water content promote biofilm wrinkling. The wrinkles observed on biofilm cross-sections appeared more bent on substrates with high water content, while they tended to be more vertical on substrates with low water content. Both wet and dry biomass, accumulated over 4 days of culture, were larger in biofilms cultured on substrates with high water content, despite extra porosity within the matrix layer. Finally, the micro-indentation analysis revealed that substrates with low water content supported the formation of stiffer biofilms. This study shows that E. coli biofilms respond to the water content of their substrate, which might be used for tuning their material properties in view of further applications.
Biofilm material properties further depend on the composition and structure of the matrix of extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. In particular, E. coli biofilms were suggested to present tissue-like elasticity due to a dense fibre network consisting of amyloid curli and phosphoethanolamine-modified cellulose. To understand the contribution of these components to the emergent mechanical properties of E. coli biofilms, we performed micro-indentation on biofilms grown from bacteria of several strains. Besides showing higher dry masses, larger spreading diameters and slightly reduced water contents, biofilms expressing both main matrix components also presented high rigidities in the range of several hundred kPa, similar to biofilms containing only curli fibres. In contrast, a lack of amyloid curli fibres provides much higher adhesive energies and more viscoelastic fluid-like material behaviour. Therefore, the combination of amyloid curli and phosphoethanolamine-modified cellulose fibres implies the formation of a composite material whereby the amyloid curli fibres provide rigidity to E. coli biofilms, whereas the phosphoethanolamine-modified cellulose rather acts as a glue. These findings motivate further studies involving purified versions of these protein and polysaccharide components to better understand how their interactions benefit biofilm functions.
All three studies depict different aspects of biofilm morphogenesis, which are interrelated. The first work reveals the correlation between non-uniform biological activities and the emergence of mechanical instabilities in the biofilm. The second work acknowledges the adaptive nature of E. coli biofilm morphogenesis and its mechanical properties to an environmental stimulus, namely water. Finally, the last study reveals the complementary role of the individual matrix components in the formation of a stable biofilm material, which not only forms complex morphologies but also functions as a protective shield for the bacteria it contains. Our experimental findings on E. coli biofilm morphogenesis and their mechanical properties can have further implications for fundamental and applied biofilm research fields.
Completely water-based systems are of interest for the development of novel material for various reasons: On one hand, they provide benign environment for biological systems and on the other hand they facilitate effective molecular transport in a membrane-free environment. In order to investigate the general potential of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) for biomaterials and compartmentalized systems, various solid particles were applied to stabilize all-aqueous emulsion droplets. The target ATPS to be investigated should be prepared via mixing of two aqueous solutions of water-soluble polymers, which turn biphasic when exceeding a critical polymer concentration. Hydrophilic polymers with a wide range of molar mass such as dextran/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) can therefore be applied. Solid particles adsorbed at the interfaces can be exceptionally efficient stabilizers forming so-called Pickering emulsions, and nanoparticles can bridge the correlation length of polymer solutions and are thereby the best option for water-in-water emulsions.
The first approach towards the investigation of ATPS was conducted with all aqueous dextran-PEG emulsions in the presence of poly(dopamine) particles (PDP) in Chapter 4. The water-in-water emulsions were formed with a PEG/dextran system via utilizing PDP as stabilizers. Studies of the formed emulsions were performed via laser scanning confocal microscope (CLSM), optical microscope (OM), cryo-scanning electron microscope (SEM) and tensiometry. The stable emulsions (at least 16 weeks) were demulsified easily via dilution or surfactant addition. Furthermore, the solid PDP at the water-water interface were crosslinked in order to inhibit demulsification of the Pickering emulsion. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to visualize the morphology of PDP before and after crosslinking. PDP stabilized water-in-water emulsions were utilized in the following Chapter 5 to form supramolecular compartmentalized hydrogels. Here, hydrogels were prepared in pre-formed water-in-water emulsions and gelled via α-cyclodextrin-PEG (α-CD-PEG) inclusion complex formation. Studies of the formed complexes were performed via X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and the mechanical properties of the hydrogels were measured with oscillatory shear rheology. In order to verify the compartmentalized state and its triggered decomposition, hydrogels and emulsions were assessed via OM, SEM and CLSM. The last chapter broadens the investigations from the previous two systems by utilizing various carbon nitrides (CN) as different stabilizers in ATPS. CN introduces another way to trigger demulsification, namely irradiation with visible light. Therefore, emulsification and demulsification with various triggers were probed. The investigated all aqueous multi-phase systems will act as model for future fabrication of biocompatible materials, cell micropatterning as well as separation of compartmentalized systems.
This thesis aimed to investigate several fundamental and perplexing questions relating to the phloem loading and transport mechanisms of Cucurbita maxima, by combining metabolomic analysis with cell biological techniques. This putative symplastic loading species has long been used for experiments on phloem anatomy, phloem biochemistry, phloem transport physiology and phloem signalling. Symplastic loading species have been proposed to use a polymer trapping mechanism to accumulate RFO (raffinose family oligosaccharides) sugars to build up high osmotic pressure in minor veins which sustains a concentration gradient that drives mass flow. However, extensive evidence indicating a low sugar concentration in their phloem exudates is a long-known problem that conflicts with this hypothesis. Previous metabolomic analysis shows the concentration of many small molecules in phloem exudates is higher than that of leaf tissues, which indicates an active apoplastic loading step. Therefore, in the view of the phloem metabolome, a symplastic loading mechanism cannot explain how small molecules other than RFO sugars are loaded into phloem. Most studies of phloem physiology using cucurbits have neglected the possible functions of vascular architecture in phloem transport. It is well known that there are two phloem systems in cucurbits with distinctly different anatomical features: central phloem and extrafascicular phloem. However, mistaken conclusions on sources of cucurbit phloem exudation from previous reports have hindered consideration of the idea that there may be important differences between these two phloem systems. The major results are summarized as below: 1) O-linked glycans in C.maxima were structurally identified as beta-1,3 linked glucose polymers, and the composition of glycans in cucurbits was found to be species-specific. Inter-species grafting experiments proved that these glycans are phloem mobile and transported uni-directionally from scion to stock. 2) As indicated by stable isotopic labelling experiments, a considerable amount of carbon is incorporated into small metabolites in phloem exudates. However, the incorporation of carbon into RFO sugars is much faster than for other metabolites. 3) Both CO2 labelling experiments and comparative metabolomic analysis of phloem exudates and leaf tissues indicated that metabolic processes other than RFO sugar metabolism play an important role in cucurbit phloem physiology. 4) The underlying assumption that the central phloem of cucurbits continuously releases exudates after physical incision was proved wrong by rigorous experiments including direct observation by normal microscopy and combined multiple-microscopic methods. Errors in previous experimental confirmation of phloem exudation in cucurbits are critically discussed. 5) Extrafascicular phloem was proved to be functional, as indicated by phloem-mobile carboxyfluorescein tracer studies. Commissural sieve tubes interconnect phloem bundles into a complete super-symplastic network. 6) Extrafascicular phloem represents the main source of exudates following physical incision. The major transported metabolites by these extrafacicular phloem are non-sugar compounds including amino acids, O-glycans, amines. 7) Central phloem contains almost exclusively RFO sugars, the estimated amount of which is up to 1 to 2 molar. The major RFO sugar present in central phloem is stachyose. 8) Cucurbits utilize two structurally different phloem systems for transporting different group of metabolites (RFO sugars and non-RFO sugar compounds). This implies that cucurbits may use spatially separated loading mechanisms (apoplastic loading for extrafascicular phloem and symplastic loading for central phloem) for supply of nutrients to sinks. 9) Along the transport systems, RFO sugars were mainly distributed within central phloem tissues. There were only small amounts of RFO sugars present in xylem tissues (millimolar range) and trace amounts of RFO sugars in cortex and pith. The composition of small molecules in external central phloem is very different from that in internal central phloem. 10) Aggregated P-proteins were manually dissected from central phloem and analysed by both SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Partial sequences of peptides were obtained by QTOF de novo sequencing from trypsin digests of three SDS-PAGE bands. None of these partial sequences shows significant homology to known cucurbit phloem proteins or other plant proteins. This proves that these central phloem proteins are a completely new group of proteins different from those in extrafascicular phloem. The extensively analysed P-proteins reported in literature to date are therefore now shown to arise from extrafascicular phloem and not central phloem, and therefore do not appear to be involved in the occlusion processes in central phloem.
This work describes the realization of physically crosslinked networks based on gelatin by the introduction of functional groups enabling specific supramolecular interactions. Molecular models were developed in order to predict the material properties and permit to establish a knowledge-based approach to material design. The effect of additional supramolecular interactions with hydroxyapaptite was then studied in composite materials. The calculated properties are compared to experimental results to validate the models. The models are then further used for the study of physically crosslinked networks. Gelatin was functionalized with desaminotyrosine (DAT) and desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine (DATT) side groups, derived from the natural amino acid tyrosine. These group can potentially undergo to π-π and hydrogen bonding interactions also under physiological conditions. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on models with 0.8 wt.-% or 25 wt.-% water content, using the second generation forcefield CFF91. The validation of the models was obtained by the comparison with specific experimental data such as, density, peptide conformational angles and X-ray scattering spectra. The models were then used to predict the supramolecular organization of the polymer chain, analyze the formation of physical netpoints and calculate the mechanical properties. An important finding of simulation was that with the increase of aromatic groups also the number of observed physical netpoints increased. The number of relatively stable physical netpoints, on average zero 0 for natural gelatin, increased to 1 and 6 for DAT and DATT functionalized gelatins respectively. A comparison with the Flory-Rehner model suggested reduced equilibrium swelling by factor 6 of the DATT-functionalized materials in water. The functionalized gelatins could be synthesized by chemoselective coupling of the free carboxylic acid groups of DAT and DATT to the free amino groups of gelatin. At 25 wt.-% water content, the simulated and experimentally determined elastic mechanical properties (e.g. Young Modulus) were both in the order of GPa and were not influenced by the degree of aromatic modification. The experimental equilibrium degree of swelling in water decreased with increasing the number of inserted aromatic functions (from 2800 vol.-% for pure gelatin to 300 vol.-% for the DATT modified gelatin), at the same time, Young’s modulus, elongation at break, and maximum tensile strength increased. It could be show that the functionalization with DAT and DATT influences the chain organization of gelatin based materials together with a controlled drying condition. Functionalization with DAT and DATT lead to a drastic reduction of helical renaturation, that could be more finely controlled by the applied drying conditions. The properties of the materials could then be influenced by application of two independent methods. Composite materials of DAT and DATT functionalized gelatins with hydroxyapatite (HAp) show a drastic reduction of swelling degree. In tensile tests and rheological measurements, the composites equilibrated in water had increased Young’s moduli (from 200 kPa up to 2 MPa) and tensile strength (from 57 kPa up to 1.1 MPa) compared to the natural polymer matrix without affecting the elongation at break. Furthermore, an increased thermal stability from 40 °C to 85 °C of the networks could be demonstrated. The differences of the behaviour of the functionalized gelatins to pure gelatin as matrix suggested an additional stabilizing bond between the incorporated aromatic groups to the hydroxyapatite.
In this work, the role of the TusA protein was investigated for the cell functionality and FtsZ ring assembly in Escherichia coli. TusA is the tRNA-2-thiouridine synthase that acts as a sulfur transferase in tRNA thiolation for the formation of 2-thiouridine at the position 34 (wobble base) of tRNALys, tRNAGlu and tRNAGln. It binds the persulfide form of sulfur and transfers it to further proteins during mnm5s2U tRNA modification at wobble position and for Moco biosynthesis. With this thiomodification of tRNA, the ribosome binding is more efficient and frameshifting is averted during the protein translation. Previous studies have revealed an essential role of TusA in bacterial cell physiology since deletion of the tusA gene resulted in retarded growth and filamentous cells during the exponential growth phase in a rich medium which suddenly disappeared during the stationary phase. This indicates a problem in the cell division process. Therefore the focus of this work was to investigate the role of TusA for cell functionality and FtsZ ring formation and thus the cell separation.
The reason behind the filamentous growth of the tusA mutant strain was investigated by growth and morphological analyses. ΔtusA cells showed a retarded growth during the exponential phase compared to the WT strain. Also, morphological analysis of ΔtusA cells confirmed the filamentous cell shape. The growth and cell division defects in ΔtusA indicated a defect in FtsZ protein as a key player of cell division. The microscopic investigation revealed that filamentous ΔtusA cells possessed multiple DNA parts arranged next to each other. This suggested that although the DNA replication occurred correctly, there was a defect in the step where FtsZ should act; probably FtsZ is unable to assemble to the ring structure or the assembled ring is not able to constrict. All tested mutant strains (ΔtusD, ΔtusE and ΔmnmA) involved in the mnm5s2U34 tRNA modification pathway shared the similar retarded growth and filamentous cell shape like ΔtusA strain. Thus, the cell division defect arises from a defect in mnm5s2U34 tRNA thiolation.
Since the FtsZ ring formation was supposed to be defective in filaments, a possible intracellular interaction of TusA and FtsZ was examined by fluorescent (EGFP and mCherry) fusion proteins expression and FRET. FtsZ expressing tusA mutant (DE3) cells showed a red mCherry signal at the cell poles, indicating that FtsZ is still in the assembling phase. Interestingly, the cellular region of EGFP-TusA fusion protein expressed in ΔtusA (DE3) was conspicuous; the EGFP signal was spread throughout the whole cell and, in addition, a slight accumulation of the EGFP-TusA fluorescence was detectable at the cell poles, the same part of the cell as for mCherry-FtsZ. Thus, this strongly suggested an interaction of TusA and FtsZ.
Furthermore, the cellular FtsZ and Fis concentrations, and their change during different growth phases were determined via immunoblotting. All tested deletion strains of mnm5s2U34 tRNA modification show high cellular FtsZ and Fis levels in the exponential phase, shifting to the later growth phases. This shift reflects the retarded growth, whereby the deletion strains reach later the exponential phase. Conclusively, the growth and cell division defect, and thus the formation of filaments, is most likely caused by changes in the cellular FtsZ and Fis concentrations.
Finally, the translation efficiencies of certain proteins (RpoS, Fur, Fis and mFis) in tusA mutant and in additional gene deletion strains were studied whether they were affected by using unmodified U34 tRNAs of Lys, Glu and Gln. The translation efficiency is decreased in mnm5s2U34 tRNA modification-impaired strains in addition to their existing growth and cell division defect due to the elimination of these three amino acids. Finally, these results confirm and reinforce the importance of Lys, Glu and Gln and the mnm5s2U34 tRNA thiolation for efficient protein translation. Thus, these findings verify that the translation of fur, fis and rpoS is regulated by mnm5s2U34 tRNA modifications, which is growth phase-dependent.
In total, this work showed the importance of the role of TusA for bacterial cell functionality and physiology. The deletion of the tusA gene disrupted a complex regulatory network within the cell, that most influenced by the decreased translation of Fis and RpoS, caused by the absence of mnm5s2U34 tRNA modifications. The disruption of RpoS and Fis cellular network influences in turn the cellular FtsZ level in the early exponential phase. Finally, the reduced FtsZ concentration leads to elongated, filamentous E. coli cells, which are unable to divide.
The transcriptional regulation of the cellular mechanisms involves many different components and different levels of control which together contribute to fine tune the response of cells to different environmental stimuli. In some responses, diverse signaling pathways can be controlled simultaneously. One of the most important cellular processes that seem to possess multiple levels of regulation is photosynthesis. A model organism for studying photosynthesis-related processes is the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, due to advantages related to culturing, genetic manipulation and availability of genome sequence. In the present study, we were interested in understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying photosynthesis-related processes. To achieve this goal different molecular approaches were followed. In order to indentify protein transcriptional regulators we optimized a method for isolation of nuclei and performed nuclear proteome analysis using shotgun proteomics. This analysis permitted us to improve the genome annotation previously published and to discover conserved and enriched protein motifs among the nuclear proteins. In another approach, a quantitative RT-PCR platform was established for the analysis of gene expression of predicted transcription factor (TF) and other transcriptional regulator (TR) coding genes by transcript profiling. The gene expression profiles for more than one hundred genes were monitored in time series experiments under conditions of changes in light intensity (200 µE m-2 s-1 to 700 µE m-2 s-1), and changes in concentration of carbon dioxide (5% CO2 to 0.04% CO2). The results indicate that many TF and TR genes are regulated in both environmental conditions and groups of co-regulated genes were found. Our findings also suggest that some genes can be common intermediates of light and carbon responsive regulatory pathways. These approaches together gave us new insights about the regulation of photosynthesis and revealed new candidate regulatory genes, helping to decipher the gene regulatory networks in Chlamydomonas. Further experimental studies are necessary to clarify the function of the candidate regulatory genes and to elucidate how cells coordinately regulate the assimilation of carbon and light responses.
There is already strong evidence that temperate lakes have been highly vulnerable to human induced climate warming during the last century. Hitherto climate impact studies have mainly focussed on the impacts of the recent long-term warming in winter and spring and little is known on the influence of climate warming on temperate lakes in summer. In the present thesis, I studied some aspects, which may have been strongly involved in determining the response of a lake to climate warming in summer. Thereby I have focussed on climate induced impacts on the thermal characteristics and the phenology and abundance of summer plankton in a shallow polymictic lake (Müggelsee, Germany). First, the influence of climate warming on the phenology and abundance of the lake plankton was investigated across seasons. Fast-growing spring phytoplankton and zooplankton (Daphnia) advanced largely synchronously, whereas long-term changes in the phenology of slow-growing summer zooplankton were clearly species-specific and not synchronised. The phenology and/or abundance of several summer copepod species changed according to their individual thermal requirements at decisive developmental stages such as emergence from diapause in spring. The study emphasises that not only the degree of warming, but also its timing within the annual cycle is of great ecological importance. To analyse the impact of climate change on the thermal characteristics of the lake, I examined the long-term development of the daily epilimnetic temperature extrema during summer. The study demonstrated for the first time for lakes that the daily epilimnetic minima (during nighttime) have increased more rapidly than the daily epilimnetic maxima (during daytime), resulting in a distinct decrease in the daily epilimnetic temperature range. This day-night asymmetry in epilimnetic temperature was likely caused by an increased nighttime emission of long-wave radiation from the atmosphere. This underlines that not only increases in air temperature, but also changes in other meteorological variables such as wind speed, relative humidity and cloud cover may play an important role in determining the lake temperature with respect to further climate change. Furthermore, a short-term analysis on the mixing regime of the polymictic lake was conducted to examine the frequency and duration of stratification events and their impacts on dissolved oxygen, dissolved nutrients and summer phytoplankton. Even during the longest stratification events (heatwaves in 2003 and 2006) the thermal characteristics of the lake differed from those typically found in shallow dimictic lakes, which exhibit a continuous stratification during summer. Particularly, hypolimnetic temperatures were higher, favouring the depletion of oxygen and the accumulation of dissolved nutrient in the hypolimnion. Thermal stratification will be very likely amplified in the future, thus, I conclude that polymictic lakes will be very vulnerable to alterations in the thermal regime with respect to projections of further climate change during summer. Finally, a long-term case study on the long and short-term changes in the development of the planktonic larvae of the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha was performed to analyse the impacts of simultaneous changes in the thermal and in the trophic regime of the lake. Both the climate warming and the decrease in external nutrient load were important in determining the abundance of the pelagic larvae by affecting different features of the life-history of this species throughout the warm season. The long-term increase in the abundance and length of larvae was related to the decrease in external nutrient loading and the change in phytoplankton composition. However, the recent heatwaves in 2003 and 2006 have offset this positive effect on larval abundance, due to unfavourable low oxygen concentrations that had resulted from extremely long stratification events, mimicking the effects of nutrient enrichment. Climate warming may thus induce counteracting effects in productive shallow lakes that underwent lake restoration through a decrease in external nutrient loading. I conclude that not only the nature of climate change and thus the timing of climate warming throughout the seasons and the occurrence of climatic extremes as heatwaves, but also site-specific lake conditions as the thermal mixing regime and the trophic state are crucial factors governing the impacts of climate warming on internal lake processes during summer. Consequently, further climate impact research on lake functioning should focus on how the different lake types respond to the complex environmental forcing in summer, to allow for a comprehensive understanding of human induced environmental changes in lakes.
Plant metabolism is the main process of converting assimilated carbon to different crucial compounds for plant growth and therefore crop yield, which makes it an important research topic. Although major advances in understanding genetic principles contributing to metabolism and yield have been made, little is known about the genetics responsible for trait variation or canalization although the concepts have been known for a long time. In light of a growing global population and progressing climate change, understanding canalization of metabolism and yield seems ever-more important to ensure food security. Our group has recently found canalization metabolite quantitative trait loci (cmQTL) for tomato fruit metabolism, showing that the concept of canalization applies on metabolism. In this work two approaches to investigate plant metabolic canalization and one approach to investigate yield canalization are presented.
In the first project, primary and secondary metabolic data from Arabidopsis thaliana and Phaseolus vulgaris leaf material, obtained from plants grown under different conditions was used to calculate cross-environment coefficient of variations or fold-changes of metabolite levels per genotype and used as input for genome wide association studies. While primary metabolites have lower CV across conditions and show few and mostly weak associations to genomic regions, secondary metabolites have higher CV and show more, strong metabolite to genome associations. As candidate genes, both potential regulatory genes as well as metabolic genes, can be found, albeit most metabolic genes are rarely directly related to the target metabolites, suggesting a role for both potential regulatory mechanisms as well as metabolic network structure for canalization of metabolism.
In the second project, candidate genes of the Solanum lycopersicum cmQTL mapping are selected and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene-edited tomato lines are created, to validate the genes role in canalization of metabolism. Obtained mutants appeared to either have strong aberrant developmental phenotypes or appear wild type-like. One phenotypically inconspicuous mutant of a pantothenate kinase, selected as candidate for malic acid canalization shows a significant increase of CV across different watering conditions. Another such mutant of a protein putatively involved in amino acid transport, selected as candidate for phenylalanine canalization shows a similar tendency to increased CV without statistical significance. This potential role of two genes involved in metabolism supports the hypothesis of structural relevance of metabolism for its own stability.
In the third project, a mutant for a putative disulfide isomerase, important for thylakoid biogenesis, is characterized by a multi-omics approach. The mutant was characterized previously in a yield stability screening and showed a variegated leaf phenotype, ranging from green leaves with wild type levels of chlorophyll over differently patterned variegated to completely white leaves almost completely devoid of photosynthetic pigments. White mutant leaves show wild type transcript levels of photosystem assembly factors, with the exception of ELIP and DEG orthologs indicating a stagnation at an etioplast to chloroplast transition state. Green mutant leaves show an upregulation of these assembly factors, possibly acting as overcompensation for partially defective disulfide isomerase, which seems sufficient for proper chloroplast development as confirmed by a wild type-like proteome. Likely as a result of this phenotype, a general stress response, a shift to a sink-like tissue and abnormal thylakoid membranes, strongly alter the metabolic profile of white mutant leaves. As the severity and pattern of variegation varies from plant to plant and may be effected by external factors, the effect on yield instability, may be a cause of a decanalized ability to fully exploit the whole leaf surface area for photosynthetic activity.
Electron transfer (ET) reactions play a crucial role in the metabolic pathways of all organisms. In biotechnological approaches, the redox properties of the protein cytochrome c (cyt c), which acts as an electron shuttle in the respiratory chain, was utilized to engineer ET chains on electrode surfaces. With the help of the biopolymer DNA, the redox protein assembles into electro active multilayer (ML) systems, providing a biocompatible matrix for the entrapment of proteins.
In this study the characteristics of the cyt c and DNA interaction were defined on the molecular level for the first time and the binding sites of DNA on cyt c were identified. Persistent cyt c/DNA complexes were formed in solution under the assembly conditions of ML architectures, i.e. pH 5.0 and low ionic strength. At pH 7.0, no agglomerates were formed, permitting the characterization of the NMR spectroscopy. Using transverse relaxation-optimized spectroscopy (TROSY)-heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) experiments, DNAs’ binding sites on the protein were identified. In particular, negatively charged AA residues, which are known interaction sites in cyt c/protein binding were identified as the main contact points of cyt c and DNA.
Moreover, the sophisticated task of arranging proteins on electrode surfaces to create functional ET chains was addressed. Therefore, two different enzyme types, the flavin dependent fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) and the pyrroloquinoline quinone dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH), were tested as reaction partners of freely diffusing cyt c and cyt c immobilized on electrodes in mono- and MLs. The characterisation of the ET processes was performed by means of electrochemistry and the protein deposition was monitored by microgravimetric measurements. FDH and PQQ-GDH were found to be generally suitable for combination with the cyt c/DNA ML system, since both enzymes interact with cyt c in solution and in the immobilized state. The immobilization of FDH and cyt c was achieved with the enzyme on top of a cyt c monolayer electrode without the help of a polyelectrolyte. Combining FDH with the cyt c/DNA ML system did not succeed, yet. However, the basic conditions for this protein-protein interaction were defined. PQQ-GDH was successfully coupled with the ML system, demonstrating that that the cyt c/DNA ML system provides a suitable interface for enzymes and that the creation of signal chains, based on the idea of co-immobilized proteins is feasible.
Future work may be directed to the investigation of cyt c/DNA interaction under the precise conditions of ML assembly. Therefore, solid state NMR or X-ray crystallography may be required. Based on the results of this study, the combination of FDH with the ML system should be addressed. Moreover, alternative types of enzymes may be tested as catalytic component of the ML assembly, aiming on the development of innovative biosensor applications.