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Institut
Twenty two species of ectoparasites (Family Nycteribiidae: Nycteribia (Listropoda) schmidlii schmidlii, Nycteribia (Nycteribia) latreillii, Nycteribia (Nycteribia) pedicularia, Penicillidia (Penicillidia) dufourii, and Phthiridium biarticulatum; Family Streblidae: Brachytarsina (Brachytarsina) flavipennis and Raymondia huberi; Order Siphonaptera: Rhinolophopsylla unipectinata arabs, Nycteridopsylla longiceps, Araeopsylla gestroi, Ischnopsyllus intermedius, and Ischnopsyllus octactenus; Order Heteroptera: Cimex pipistrelli, Cimex lectularius, and Cacodmus vicinus; Class Arachnida: Order Mesostigmata: Spinturnix myoti and Eyndhovenia euryalis; Order Ixodida: Family Argasidae: Argas transgariepinus and Argas vespertilionis; Family Ixodidae: Hyalomma dromedarii, Ixodes ricinus, and Ixodes vespertilionis) were recovered from 19 bat species in Algeria. New host records for bats are recorded for the first time: N. schmidlii from Rh. clivosus and R. cystops; N. latreillii from Rh. blasii and P. gaisleri; R. huberi from Rh. clivosus; C. pipistrelli from E. isabellinus and H. savii; C. vicinus from E. isabellinus; S. myoti from P. gaisleri; E. euryalis from P. gaisleri and Rh. blasii; A. vespertilionis from P. gaisleri; I. ricinus from T. teniotis and Rh. hipposideros and H. dromedarii from P. kuhlii. Raymondia huberi is recorded for the first time from Algeria.
Off-grid
(2018)
1. Advances in LED technology combined with solar, storable energy bring light to places remote from electricity grids. Worldwide more than 1.3 billion of people are living off-grid, often in developing regions of high insect biodiversity. In developed countries, dark refuges for wildlife are threatened by ornamental garden lights. Solar powered LEDs (SPLEDs) are cheaply available, dim, and often used to illuminate foot paths, but little is known on their effects on ground living (epigeal) arthropods.
2. We used off-the-shelf garden lamps with a single ‘white’ LED (colour temperature 7250 K) to experimentally investigate effects on attraction and nocturnal activity of ground beetles (Carabidae).
3. We found two disparate and species-specific effects of SPLEDs. (i) Some nocturnal, phototactic species were not reducing activity under illumination and were strongly attracted to lamps (>20-fold increase in captures compared to dark controls). Such species aggregate in lit areas and SPLEDs may become ecological traps, while the species is drawn from nearby, unlit assemblages. (ii) Other nocturnal species were reducing mobility and activity under illumination without being attracted to light, which may cause fitness reduction in lit areas.
4. Both reactions offer mechanistic explanations on how outdoor illumination can change population densities of specific predatory arthropods, which may have cascading effects on epigeal arthropod assemblages. The technology may thus increase the area of artificial light at night (ALAN) impacting insect biodiversity.
5. Measures are needed to mitigate effects, such as adjustment of light colour temperature and automated switch-offs.
Zur Ektoparasitenfauna der Fledermäuse in Sachsen Anhalt : Ectoparasites of bats in Saxony-Anhalt
(2011)
During the summer 2010 several mist nettings for the monitoring of bat species were performed in Saxony-Anhalt. Captured individuals were tested for ectoparasitic infestation. The aim was to update the fauna of ectoparasites of this state and to collect data on the distribution of individual species. Regarding this, results of previous surveys are summarised. In the present study nine out of thirteen bat species were found to be infested with a total of one flea species, one species of bat flies and eight species of mites. The infestation with fleas was below the expectations. Six spinturnicid mite species out of those occurring in Germany could be ascertained for Saxony-Anhalt. These are Spinturnix acuminatus (Koch, 1836), S. andegavinus (Kolenati, 1857), S. helvetiae Deunff, Keller & Aellen, 1986, S. mystacinus (Kolenati, 1857), S. plecotinus (Koch, 1839) and S. puncata (Sundevall, 1833). Details about the infestation with parasites (abundances) of the respective bat species are presented. Further information on the biology of spinturnicid mites are given and infestation characteristics are compared with those of other surveys. Keywords: ectoparasites, bats, Chiroptera, gamasine mite, Acari, Spinturnix, Ischnopsyllidae, Nycteribiidae, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
Active host-searching in bat ectoparasites. As a pilot study, this paper discribes the mobility of ectoparasites after removing from their hosts. Spinturnix acuminatus (Koch, 1836)(Acari, Spinturnicidae) a permanent stationary bat mite normally survives the removing only a few hours. This species moves easily on the patagium or on human skin. In contrast, on other surfaces the movements of this species seems to be less orientated and it is unlikely that the mite can reach a host in some distance. Nycteribia kolenatii Theodor & Moscona, 1954 (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) a bat fly, shows excellent movements in the fur of its host. The specimens survive the removing from the host several days. The ability to clamber up a wall was tested with a rough clay brick. The bat fly achieves only 9,6 cm on average. This result does not support good abilities for host searching in this species. Bat fleas (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae): Ischnopsyllus elongatus (Curtis, 1832), I. hexactenus (Kolenati, 1856), I. simplex (Rothschild, 1906)and other species survive the removing from their hosts several days. In case of a vertical barrier they showed a stereotype upside climbing, followed by a horizontal appetitive behavior. The fleas were climbing a distance in the upside of 6,45 m on average(1,2-21,68 m). As excellent climbers bat fleas are able to overcome edges and slopes and to crawl on the ceiling. Therefore, it seems to be no problem for a flea to parasite any bat in a resting room. Additionally, some bugs (Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758) were examinated. They run with a speed of 63 cm per minute and were able to climb easily on the brick. On average their stretch of way achieved 2,85 m in ten minutes.
In einer Wochenstubengesellschaft der Rauhhautfledermaus (Pipistrellus nathusii), in der Schorfheide im Norden Brandenburgs, wurde ein starkes Vorkommen der Roten Waldameise (Formica rufa) festgestellt. Die Fledermäuse waren offensichtlich durch die Anwesenheit der Ameisen nicht beunruhigt. Der ungewöhnlich enge Kontakt zwischen Ameisen und Fledermäusen führte zur Überlegung, dass es regelmässige Interaktionen zwischen Ameisen und Fledermäusen geben könnte, die beiden Seiten Vorteile bieten. Vergleichbare Beziehungen wurden bisher hauptsächlich bei Vögeln als anting beschrieben. Interaktionen zum gegenseitigen Vorteil sind zwischen Fledermäusen und Ameisen bisher kaum beachtet worden, so dass weitere Untersuchungen notwendig sind.
Bei der Untersuchung von Ektoparasiten in verschiedenen Winterqartieren von Fledermäusen im Nordosten Brandenburgs wurde das Artenspektrum an Flöhen, Lausfliegen und Milben erfasst. Die häufigsten Parasiten waren die sogenannten "Winterflöhe", die mit drei Arten (Nycteridopsylla eusarca, N. longiceps und N. pentactena) präsent waren. Bei der Anzahl dieser Flöhe in den Winterquartieren wurden extreme Unterschiede festgestellt. In einzelnen Quartieren kann es zu einem relativ hohen Besatz an Flöhen kommen. Solche Populationszentren könnten für das regionale Überleben der seltenen Ektoparasitenarten eine große Rolle spielen. In diesen Quartieren werden neben den Hauptwirten auch andere überwinternde Fledermausarten als Blutspender genutzt. An den Wasserfledermäusen gab es regelmäßig Funde der Fledermausfliege Nycteribia kolenatii. Im Gegensatz zu den Flöhen und dieser Fledermausfliegenart traten die meisten anderen Parasiten nur sporadisch auf. Bei der Untersuchung wurden drei für Brandenburg neue Ektoparasitenarten festgestellt. Es handelt sich dabei um eine Fledermausfliege: Basilia nana sowie um zwei kleine Milbenarten der Familie Macronyssidae: Macronyssus cyclaspis und Macronyssus ellipticus.
Der Artikel liefert eine Zusammenstellung der aktuellen Ektoparasitenfauna der Fledermäuse (Flöhe, Fledermausfliegen, Wanzen, Zecken und Milben). Die Beziehung zwischen den Fledermäusen und ihren Ektoparasiten eignet sich in besonderem Maße als Modell ökologischer und evolutionärer Prozesse, wie das Überleben seltener Arten, die Kövolution zwischen Wirten und Parasiten, die Übertragung von Parasiten, die Wirtswahl und die Verbreitung von Krankheiten. Der gegenwärtige Stand der ökologischen Forschung auf diesen Gebieten wird zusammengefaßt und die Notwendigkeit und die Ziele weiterer Forschung werden angegeben.
Ischnopsyllus variabilis (WAGNER, 1898), a model of survival strategy of rare insects? The present paper reports a collection of Ischnopsyllus variabilis in the Schorfheide, a region in the north of Brandenburg (Germany). This bat flea is very rare and the specimens are seldom encountered. The collection of 5 males and 21 females of I. variabilis from summer roosts of the Nathusius`pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii) is a remarkable documentation, since it represents the largest known population of the flea in Europe. Moreover, the data reported here emphasizes for the first time that the Nathusius` pipistrelle is the main host of I. variabilis. The development of the larvae take place in maternity colonies of this bat species. The occurrence of a local concentration of rare specimens may be a vital necessity for the long range survival. Hence, I. variabilis may represent an appropriate model for the understanding of ecology of rare insects, since a local population could be the origin for a scattered distribution over larger areas. The spread of the flea is promoted by the expansive seasonal migrations of the Nathusius`pipistrelle. The exact mechanisms and parameters underlying such an accumulation of specimens in a special maternity colony are still unknown and require further investigations.
Die in der Umgebung von potsdam untersuchten Nester der Mehlschwalbe (Delichon urbica) enthielten drei spezifische Ektoparasitenarten in unterschiedlicher Dichte. Pro nest fanden sich von der Mehlschwalbenlausfliege (Stenepteryx hirundinis) 0-12 Eier, von der Mehlschwalbenwanze (Oeciacus hirundinis)195-1104 Larven und Imagines und vom Mehlschwalbenfloh (Ceratophyllus hirundinis)9-135 Imagines. Zwischen 1. Oktober und dem 9.-16. mai des folgenden Jahres gab es im Durchschnitt nur einen geringfuegigen Rueckgang der Anzahl der Wanzen, waehrend die Abundanz adulter Floehe deutlich zunahm. Die Parasitendichte schwankte zwischen verschiedenen Fundorten und selbst innerhalb einer Nestreihe erheblich. In den am staerksten mit Parasiten belasteten Nestern ist eine erfolgreiche Aufzucht der Jungtiere durch die Mehlschwalben unwahrscheinlich. Die Hoehe der Parasitenlast koennte die Wahl der Schwalbenzwischen der Nutzung vorjaehriger Nester oder dem Ausbau aelterer nester wesentlich beeinflussen.