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Judging the animacy of words
(2017)
The age at which members of a semantic category are learned (age of acquisition), the typicality they demonstrate within their corresponding category, and the semantic domain to which they belong (living, non-living) are known to influence the speed and accuracy of lexical/semantic processing. So far, only a few studies have looked at the origin of age of acquisition and its interdependence with typicality and semantic domain within the same experimental design. Twenty adult participants performed an animacy decision task in which nouns were classified according to their semantic domain as being living or non-living. Response times were influenced by the independent main effects of each parameter: typicality, age of acquisition, semantic domain, and frequency. However, there were no interactions. The results are discussed with respect to recent models concerning the origin of age of acquisition effects.
Age of acquisition (AOA) has frequently been shown to influence response times and accuracy rates in word processing and constitutes a meaningful variable in aphasic language processing, while its origin in the language processing system is still under debate. To find out where AOA originates and whether and how it is related to another important psycholinguistic variable, namely semantic typicality (TYP), we studied healthy, elderly controls and semantically impaired individuals using semantic priming. For this purpose, we collected reaction times and accuracy rates as well as event-related potential data in an auditory category-member-verification task. The present results confirm a semantic origin of TYP, but question the same for AOA while favouring its origin at the phonology-semantics interface. The data are further interpreted in consideration of recent theories of ageing. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The presence or absence of generalization after treatment can provide important insights into the functional relationship between cognitive processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the cognitive processes that underlie sentence comprehension and production in aphasia. Using data from seven participants who took part in a case-series intervention study that focused on noncanonical sentence production [Stadie et al. (2008). Unambiguous generalization effects after treatment of noncanonical sentence production in German agrammatism. Brain and Language, 104, 211-229], we identified patterns of impairments and generalization effects for the two modalities. Results showed (a) dissociations between sentence structures and modalities before treatment, (b) an absence of cross-modal generalization from production to comprehension after treatment, and (c), a co-occurrence of spared comprehension before treatment and generalization across sentence structures within production after treatment. These findings are in line with the assumption of modality-specific, but interacting, cognitive processes in sentence comprehension and production. More specifically, this interaction is assumed to be unidirectional, allowing treatment-induced improvements in production to be supported by preserved comprehension.
Various behavioural studies show that semantic typicality (TYP) and age of acquisition (AOA) of a specific word influence processing time and accuracy during the performance of lexical-semantic tasks. This study examines the influence of TYP and AOA on semantic processing at behavioural (response times and accuracy data) and electrophysiological levels using an auditory category-member-verification task. Reaction time data reveal independent TYP and AOA effects, while in the accuracy data and the event-related potentials predominantly effects of TYP can be found. The present study thus confirms previous findings and extends evidence found in the visual modality to the auditory modality. A modality-independent influence on semantic word processing is manifested. However, with regard to the influence of AOA, the diverging results raise questions on the origin of AOA effects as well as on the interpretation of offline and online data. Hence, results will be discussed against the background of recent theories on N400 correlates in semantic processing. In addition, an argument in favour of a complementary use of research techniques will be made. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Lesefehler eines 10jährigen Jungen (OL) mit Entwicklungsdyslexie, der bei seinen Leseversuchen ausschließlich eine buchstabierende Lesestrategie anwendete. OL zeigte eine starke Beeinträchtigung in der Entwicklung sowohl der lexikalischen und als auch der nichtlexikalischen Leseroute. Im Rahmen einer detaillierten Fehlerklassifikation wurden die Fehler beim nichtlexikalischen Lesen auf einzelne Subkomponenten der nichtlexikalischen Leseroute, des Parsers, Translators und Blenders (Temple, 1985) übertragen. Die Mehrheit der Lesefehler von OL tauchte auf der Ebene des Blenders auf. Auslassungen vorher bereits benannter Grapheme stellten den häufigsten Fehlertyp dar. Die Beeinträchtigung in der Entwicklung der Blendingfähigkeiten wird daher als hauptsächliche Ursache für OLs Unfähigkeit, eine nichtlexikalische Verarbeitungsstrategie aufzubauen, angesehen.
In der neurolinguistischen Forschung gewinnt das Erwerbsalter als einflußnehmende Variable auf die lexikalische Verarbeitung zunehmend an Bedeutung. Ein normiertes Datenkorpus liegt für das Deutsche jedoch noch nicht vor. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht drei unterschiedliche Formen des Erwerbsalters für konkrete Nomina des Deutschen: produktives Erwerbsalter, Benennalter und geschätztes Erwerbsalter. Das geschätzte Erwerbsalter wurde für ein Korpus von 255 Objektbezeichnungen (Snodgrass & Vanderwart, 1980), erhoben. Geschätztes Erwerbsalter, Benennalter und produktives Erwerbsalter wurden für ein Subset von 33 Stimuli miteinander verglichen. Es zeigten sich hochsignifikante Korrelationen zwischen allen drei Formen des Erwerbsalters. Allerdings erwies sich das produktive Erwerbsalter als signifikant niedriger als das geschätzte Erwerbsalter und das Benennalter, während sich letztere Messungen nicht voneinander unterscheiden. Das geschätzte Erwerbsalter scheint daher am ehesten dem Benennalter zu entsprechen. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß das Benennalter eine geeignete Messung zur Validierung von geschätzten Erwerbsdaten darstellt.