Refine
Year of publication
- 2024 (7)
- 2023 (22)
- 2022 (23)
- 2021 (25)
- 2020 (22)
- 2019 (25)
- 2018 (37)
- 2017 (35)
- 2016 (33)
- 2015 (17)
- 2014 (13)
- 2013 (33)
- 2012 (44)
- 2011 (37)
- 2010 (24)
- 2009 (24)
- 2008 (33)
- 2007 (18)
- 2006 (18)
- 2005 (20)
- 2004 (19)
- 2003 (18)
- 2002 (14)
- 2001 (18)
- 2000 (18)
- 1999 (14)
- 1998 (22)
- 1997 (15)
- 1996 (13)
- 1995 (6)
- 1994 (1)
- 1993 (3)
- 1992 (3)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (679) (remove)
Keywords
- Nanopartikel (23)
- nanoparticles (13)
- self-assembly (12)
- Selbstorganisation (11)
- thermoresponsive (11)
- RAFT (10)
- Polymer (9)
- polymer (9)
- DNA origami (7)
- Polymerchemie (7)
- Synthese (7)
- ionic liquids (7)
- polymerization (7)
- thermoresponsiv (7)
- block copolymer (6)
- organic chemistry (6)
- porous materials (6)
- synthesis (6)
- ATRP (5)
- Blockcopolymer (5)
- Blockcopolymere (5)
- FRET (5)
- Photochemie (5)
- Polyelektrolyte (5)
- Polymere (5)
- Polymerisation (5)
- block copolymers (5)
- hydrogel (5)
- ionische Flüssigkeiten (5)
- polymer chemistry (5)
- Biomasse (4)
- Bioraffinerie (4)
- Calciumphosphat (4)
- DNA Origami (4)
- Elektrokatalyse (4)
- Energiespeicher (4)
- Hydrogel (4)
- Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie (4)
- Kohlenstoff (4)
- Kolloid (4)
- Korrosion (4)
- NCA (4)
- Photokatalyse (4)
- Quantenpunkte (4)
- RAFT-Polymerisation (4)
- Spektroskopie (4)
- Tenside (4)
- Vesikel (4)
- azobenzene (4)
- carbon (4)
- carbon nitride (4)
- corrosion (4)
- crystallization (4)
- energy storage (4)
- fluorescence (4)
- green chemistry (4)
- hydrogels (4)
- ion mobility spectrometry (4)
- nachhaltige Chemie (4)
- nanoparticle (4)
- organische Chemie (4)
- peptide (4)
- photocatalysis (4)
- polymers (4)
- poröse Materialien (4)
- silica (4)
- surface modification (4)
- surfactants (4)
- theoretische Chemie (4)
- Adsorption (3)
- Antifouling (3)
- Chemometrie (3)
- Chitooligosaccharide (3)
- Chitooligosaccharides (3)
- DFT (3)
- Elektrolumineszenz (3)
- Emulsion (3)
- Emulsionspolymerisation (3)
- Fluoreszenz (3)
- Funktionalisierung (3)
- Förster resonance energy transfer (3)
- Gold (3)
- Katalyse (3)
- Kohlenhydrate (3)
- Kohlenstoffnitride (3)
- Kohlenstoffnitriden (3)
- Kolloidchemie (3)
- Komposite (3)
- Kristallisation (3)
- Lipide (3)
- Lumineszenz (3)
- Massenspektrometrie (3)
- Mikroemulsion (3)
- Mineralisation (3)
- Miniemulsion (3)
- N-carboxyanhydride (3)
- Nanoparticles (3)
- PCA (3)
- PLSR (3)
- Peptid (3)
- Peptide (3)
- Photoionisation (3)
- Polyelektrolyt (3)
- SAXS (3)
- SERS (3)
- air-water interface (3)
- biomass (3)
- biorefinery (3)
- calcium phosphate (3)
- carbon nitrides (3)
- catalysis (3)
- controlled radical polymerization (3)
- functionalization (3)
- gold (3)
- heterogene Katalyse (3)
- heterogene Photokatalyse (3)
- heterogeneous catalysis (3)
- heterogeneous photocatalysis (3)
- iron (3)
- magnetic nanoparticles (3)
- magnetic resonance imaging (3)
- micelles (3)
- microfluidics (3)
- mineralization (3)
- miniemulsion (3)
- nucleation (3)
- perovskite solar cells (3)
- photochemistry (3)
- polyelectrolyte (3)
- polyelectrolytes (3)
- polypeptide (3)
- protein (3)
- sol-gel (3)
- spectroscopy (3)
- supercapacitors (3)
- sustainable chemistry (3)
- theoretical chemistry (3)
- water (3)
- Abbau (2)
- Aktuator (2)
- Ammoniak (2)
- Anisotrope Kolloide (2)
- Azobenzen (2)
- Azobenzene (2)
- Azobenzol (2)
- Beschichtungen (2)
- Bindung (2)
- Birke (2)
- Boden (2)
- Calcium (2)
- Calciumcarbonat (2)
- Carbide (2)
- Carbon (2)
- Cellulose (2)
- Ceroxid (2)
- Chemie (2)
- Colloid Chemistry (2)
- Cumarin (2)
- DBD (2)
- DNA (2)
- DNS (2)
- Eisen (2)
- Eisenoxidnanopartikel (2)
- Electrocatalysis (2)
- Elektrochemie (2)
- Farbstoff (2)
- Fettsäuren (2)
- Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe (2)
- Formgedächtnis (2)
- Funktionalisierung <Chemie> (2)
- Förster-Resonanzenergietransfer (2)
- Gasadsorption (2)
- Glycosylation (2)
- Glykopolymere (2)
- Grenzflächen (2)
- Grüne Chemie (2)
- HPLC (2)
- Hydrogele (2)
- ICP-OES (2)
- Ionische Flüssigkeiten (2)
- Katalysatoren (2)
- Klick-Chemie (2)
- Kohlenstoffmaterialien (2)
- Kolloide (2)
- LCST (2)
- LIBS (2)
- Ladungstransport (2)
- Lanthanides (2)
- Lanthanoide (2)
- Lignin (2)
- Magnetic Particle Imaging (2)
- Magnetresonanztomograpgie (2)
- Membran (2)
- Mesokristalle (2)
- Metallnitride (2)
- Mikrofluidik (2)
- Mikrogele (2)
- Mizellen (2)
- Molekulardynamik (2)
- Monoschicht (2)
- N-carboxyanhydrid (2)
- Nanokomposite (2)
- Nanoparticle (2)
- Nanotechnologie (2)
- Nitride (2)
- Nukleierung (2)
- Nährelemente (2)
- OLED (2)
- Oberflächen (2)
- Oberflächenchemie (2)
- Palladium (2)
- Peptides (2)
- Perowskit-Solarzellen (2)
- Photopolymerization (2)
- Plasmonik (2)
- Poly(2-oxazoline) (2)
- Polymer chemistry (2)
- Polymers (2)
- Polypeptid (2)
- Polyzwitterion (2)
- Porous carbon (2)
- Protein-Polymer-Konjugat (2)
- Quantum Dots (2)
- RAFT polymerization (2)
- RFA (2)
- Raman (2)
- Rinde (2)
- Salz (2)
- Salzschmelze-Templating (2)
- Schimmelpilze (2)
- Schwefel (2)
- Selbstassemblierung (2)
- Selektivität (2)
- Singulettsauerstoff (2)
- Sol-Gel (2)
- Solarzellen (2)
- Struktur (2)
- Strukturbildung (2)
- Stärke (2)
- Superkondensatoren (2)
- Synthesis (2)
- Teilchenbildung (2)
- Totalsynthese (2)
- Transmembranprotein (2)
- Ultrazentrifuge (2)
- Wasser (2)
- XRF (2)
- Zwitterionen (2)
- adsorption (2)
- amphiphile Blockcopolymere (2)
- amphiphilic block copolymer (2)
- assembly (2)
- bark (2)
- binding (2)
- biomaterials (2)
- birch (2)
- calcium (2)
- calcium carbonate (2)
- carbon materials (2)
- cerium oxide (2)
- charge transport (2)
- chelates (2)
- chemistry (2)
- click chemistry (2)
- coating (2)
- colloid (2)
- colloids (2)
- composites (2)
- copolymers (2)
- coumarine (2)
- detector development (2)
- dye (2)
- electrocatalysis (2)
- electrochemistry (2)
- emulsion (2)
- emulsion polymerization (2)
- flow chemistry (2)
- fluorescent dyes (2)
- free radical polymerization (2)
- freie radikalische Polymerisation (2)
- gas adsorption (2)
- gas sorption (2)
- glucose oxidation (2)
- glycopolymers (2)
- grüne Chemie (2)
- heteroatom-doped carbons (2)
- hierarchical porosity (2)
- hierarchische Porosität (2)
- hydrothermal (2)
- ionic liquid (2)
- ionische Flüssigkeit (2)
- ionothermal synthesis (2)
- kontrollierte radikalische Polymerisationen (2)
- laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (2)
- lipids (2)
- lower critical solution temperature (2)
- luminescence (2)
- magnetische Nanopartikel (2)
- mass spectrometry (2)
- mesocrystals (2)
- mesoporous (2)
- mesoporös (2)
- metal nitrides (2)
- metal oxides (2)
- microwave synthesis (2)
- molecular switches (2)
- molekulare Schalter (2)
- nachwachsende Rohstoffe (2)
- nano (2)
- nanocomposite (2)
- nonaqueous synthesis (2)
- organic synthesis (2)
- organische Synthese (2)
- organosilica (2)
- oxygen reduction reaction (2)
- palladium (2)
- particle formation (2)
- patchy particles (2)
- perovskite (2)
- photoionization (2)
- plasmonics (2)
- poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (2)
- polyesters (2)
- polyzwitterion (2)
- porous (2)
- porös (2)
- precursor (2)
- protein-polymer conjugate (2)
- quantum dots (2)
- quantum dynamics (2)
- ring-opening polymerization (2)
- ringöffnende Polymerisation (2)
- salt (2)
- salt melt templating (2)
- selectivity (2)
- solar cells (2)
- starch (2)
- structure (2)
- sulfur (2)
- surfaces (2)
- synthetic biology (2)
- thermoresponsive Polymere (2)
- thermoresponsive polymer (2)
- total synthesis (2)
- transmembrane protein (2)
- upconversion (2)
- vesicle (2)
- vesicles (2)
- wrinkles (2)
- "Reactive Flux" Ratenkonstanten (1)
- "Spacer"-Gruppe (1)
- 1,6,7,12-Tetraazaperylen (1)
- 1-Arylnaphthalen-Lignane (1)
- 1-arylnaphthalene lignanes (1)
- 2-Thiodisaccharide (1)
- 2-Thiodisaccharides (1)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phoshphate aldolase (1)
- 22-Hydroxydocosansäure (1)
- 22-hydroxydocosanoic acid (1)
- 2D material (1)
- 2D-Material (1)
- 2P-FRET (1)
- 2Z,4E-Diencarbonsäureester (1)
- 5'-neolignane (1)
- 8 (1)
- 9,10-Epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecansäure (1)
- 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (1)
- ABC triblock copolymer (1)
- AC -Impedance (1)
- AC Impedanz (1)
- ACC (1)
- ADMET (1)
- AM1 (1)
- AM1/FOMO (1)
- AM1/FOMO-CI (1)
- Abstandsverteilungen (1)
- Acetylacetonat (1)
- Actuator (1)
- Additive (1)
- Adhäsion (1)
- Adsorbatschwingungen (1)
- Adsorptionsaktivität (1)
- Aerogele (1)
- Aerogels (1)
- African medicinal plants (1)
- Afrikanische Heilpflanzen (1)
- AgCo (1)
- Aggregate (1)
- Aggregation (1)
- Aktivierungsentropie (1)
- Alkin (1)
- Alkyd resin (1)
- Alkydharze (1)
- Alkylpyridinium salts (1)
- Alkylpyridinium-Salze (1)
- All-Carbon-Kompositen (1)
- Aluminiumlegierung (1)
- Aluminiumoberfläche (1)
- Amin (1)
- Amine (1)
- Aminolyse (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Ammonia (1)
- Amorphe Polymere (1)
- Amphiphile (1)
- Amphiphile Polymere (1)
- Amphiphilic diblock copolymers (1)
- Amyloid peptide (1)
- Analytische Ultrazentrifugation (1)
- Anisotropie (1)
- Anode (1)
- Anomale Diffusion (1)
- Anregungsspektren (1)
- Anthrazen (1)
- Antikörper-Färbung (1)
- Aptamere (1)
- Aromaten (1)
- Arrhenius (1)
- Arylnaphthalen-Lignane (1)
- Arylnaphthalene lignans (1)
- Assemblierung (1)
- Assoziative Verdicker (1)
- Assoziatives Anisotropiemodell (1)
- Atemgas (1)
- Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (1)
- Aufarbeitung von Fruktose (1)
- Aufkonversion (1)
- Azid (1)
- B3LYP (1)
- BAPTA (1)
- BLUF (1)
- Bariumtitanat (1)
- Batterien (1)
- Baumrinde (1)
- Benetzung (1)
- Benzoboroxol (1)
- Berny-Algorithmus (1)
- Beschallung (1)
- Beschichtung (1)
- Beschichtungsanwendung (1)
- Beta-Lactoglobulin (1)
- Betula pendula (1)
- Betulin (1)
- Biaryle (1)
- Biaryles (1)
- Biobased Polymers (1)
- Biobasierte Polymere (1)
- Bioconjugation (1)
- Biohybrid-Membran (1)
- Bioinspiration (1)
- Biokompatibilität (1)
- Biokonjugation (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomass (1)
- Biomasseverwertung (1)
- Biomaterial (1)
- Biomaterialien (1)
- Biomimetic (1)
- Biomimetics (1)
- Biomimetik (1)
- Biomineralisation (1)
- Biomineralisation; Bruschit; Statische Lichtstreuung; Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Biomineralisierung (1)
- Biomodification (1)
- Biopolymere (1)
- Biorefinery (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Biosensoren (1)
- Biosilifizierung (1)
- Biotin-Streptavidin (1)
- Biphenol (1)
- Birch-Reduction (1)
- Birch-Reduktion (1)
- Birkenrinde (1)
- Block Copolymer (1)
- Block-Copolymere (1)
- Block-copolymer (1)
- Blockcopolymere ; Polyaminosäuren ; Hydrophile Verbindungen ; Chemische Synthese ; Ringöffnungspolymerisation | Calciumcarbonat ; Biomineralisation (1)
- Blockcopolymervesikel (1)
- Bodenanalytik (1)
- Bombyx mori Seide (1)
- Bombyx mori silk (1)
- Boronsäure (1)
- Breitband (1)
- Brewsterwinkel-Mikroskopie (1)
- Brownian motion (1)
- Bulkgele (1)
- C-Arlyglykosid (1)
- C-C Bindungsknüpfung (1)
- C-C bond formation (1)
- C-reaktives Protein (1)
- C1N1 (1)
- CBM (1)
- CN (1)
- CN materials (1)
- CN-Materialien (1)
- CO2 capture (1)
- CO2-Abscheidung (1)
- Ca (1)
- Calcium Bindungsstelle (1)
- Calcium binding site (1)
- Calcium phosphate (1)
- Carbides (1)
- Carbohydrate (1)
- Carbohydrates (1)
- Carbon materials (1)
- Carbonfaserprecursor (1)
- Carbonitrides (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Cavity Ring-Down (1)
- Cellulose-Bindung (1)
- Cer Ammonium Nitrat (CAN) (1)
- Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) (1)
- Chalkogenide (1)
- Chalkon (1)
- Characterisation (1)
- Charakterisierung (1)
- Chelate (1)
- Chemical Synthesis (1)
- Chemische Synthese (1)
- Chemometrics (1)
- Chiralität <Chemie> (1)
- Chitin (1)
- Chitinase (1)
- Chitinasen (1)
- Chitolectins (1)
- Chitolektine (1)
- Chitosan (1)
- Chitosan / Präparative Chemie / Verpackungsmaterial / Mikrobielle Abbaubarkeit / Chitosan / Proteine (1)
- Cholesterin (1)
- Chromanon (1)
- Chromatographie (1)
- Chromon (1)
- Circularpolarisation (1)
- Citrazinsäure (1)
- Click Chemistry (1)
- Click chemistry (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Co-Nonsolvency (1)
- Coating Applications (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Cobalt Nanopartikeln (1)
- Collagen (1)
- Collagenase (1)
- Collision cross-section (1)
- Colloid (1)
- Composites (1)
- Confinement (1)
- Copolymere (1)
- Copolymerisation (1)
- Copolymerisationsdiagramme (1)
- Cork oak (1)
- Coumarin (1)
- CsPbI3 (1)
- Cu doped InP (1)
- Cu-dotiertes InP (1)
- Curriculare Innovation (1)
- Cyaninfarbstoffe (1)
- Cyclohexadien (1)
- Cyclohexadienderivate ; Chemische Synthese ; Birch-Reduktion ; Decarbonylierung | Cyclohexadienderivate ; Photooxidation ; Stereoselektive Reaktion ; (1)
- Cyclovoltammetrie (1)
- Cylcohexadiene (1)
- Cytochrome C (1)
- D3 (1)
- DBD-Farbstoffe (1)
- DBD-dyes (1)
- DFTB3 (1)
- DNA Nanostrukturen (1)
- DNA Schädigung (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA nanostructures (1)
- DNA origami nanoantennas (DONA) (1)
- DNA-Origami (1)
- Debus-Radziszewski polymerization (1)
- Decarbonylation (1)
- Decarbonylierung (1)
- Decorin (1)
- Defektchemie (1)
- Defekte (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Density functional theory (1)
- Deoxyfructosazin (1)
- Design (1)
- Designed Biointerfaces (1)
- Designte Biointerface (1)
- Detektor (1)
- Detektor-Entwicklung (1)
- Detektorentwicklung (1)
- Diamondoide (1)
- Diarylheptanoide (1)
- Dichtefunktionaltheorie (1)
- Dichtematrixtheorie offener Systeme (1)
- Dielectric elastomer actuators (1)
- Dielektrische Elastomer Aktuatoren (1)
- Differential mobility analysis (DMA) (1)
- Differentielle Mobilitätsanalyse (DMA) (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Diffusionsbarriere (1)
- Dihydrobenzofurane (1)
- Dihydroxyaceton (1)
- Dilatations-Viskoelastizität (1)
- Dimensionsstabilität (1)
- Dispersionskorrektur (1)
- Dissertation (1)
- Dissoziation (1)
- Dissoziative Elektronenanlagerung (1)
- Disulfide (1)
- Dizotransfer (1)
- Doppelpuls (1)
- Doppelschichtstruktur (1)
- Doppelstrangbruch (1)
- Doppelt hydrophile Blockcopolymere (1)
- Doppelthydrophile Blockcopolymere (1)
- Dotierung (1)
- Double hydrophilic block copolymers (1)
- Druckfarben (1)
- Drug Delivery (1)
- Durchflusschemie (1)
- Dynamik der Adsorption (1)
- Düngeempfehlung (1)
- E-Z Isomerisierung (1)
- EDX (1)
- EELS (1)
- Einkapselung (1)
- Einkristalle (1)
- Einzelatomkatalyse (1)
- Einzelmoleküldetektion (1)
- Einzelstrangbruch (1)
- Eisen-Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen-Katalysatoren (1)
- Elektroaktive Polymere (1)
- Elektrolumineszenz-Folie (1)
- Elektrolytempfindlichkeit (1)
- Elektronendynamik (1)
- Elektronenkorrelation (1)
- Elektronenstrukturrechnung (1)
- Elektronentomographie (1)
- Elektrospinnen (1)
- Elektrosprayionisation (1)
- Ellipsometrie (1)
- Emulsion Polymerization (1)
- Emulsionen (1)
- Endoperoxide (1)
- Enegieanwendungen (1)
- Energiespeichermechanismus (1)
- Energieumwandlung (1)
- Energy Applications (1)
- Enzym (1)
- Epoxide (1)
- Epoxides (1)
- Equisetum hyemale (1)
- Erneuerbare Ressourcen (1)
- Ethen (1)
- Extracellular Matrix (1)
- Extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- Eyring (1)
- Falten (1)
- Faltenstrukturen (1)
- Faser (1)
- Faser-Bragg-Gitter (1)
- Fasern (1)
- Faserätzen (1)
- Feldflussfraktionierung (1)
- Ferrofluid (1)
- Fest-Flüssig-Extraktion (1)
- Festelektrolyten (1)
- Festphasensynthese (1)
- Fettsäure (1)
- FhuA (1)
- Field Flow Fractionation (1)
- Film (1)
- Filmbildner (1)
- Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (1)
- Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese (1)
- Fluoereszenzsonden (1)
- Fluorchemie (1)
- Fluorescent Dyes (1)
- Fluoreszens (1)
- Fluoreszenz-Korrelations-Spektroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzanisotropie (1)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzsensor (1)
- Fluorierte Blockcopolymere (1)
- Fluoroionophore (1)
- Fluorophore (1)
- Fluorophores (1)
- Fluorpolymere (1)
- Flüssig-/flüssig-Grenzflächen (1)
- Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion (1)
- Flüssigkeitszerstäubung (1)
- Flüssigkristalline Polymere (1)
- Flüssigphasenkatalyse (1)
- Flüssigphasensynthese (1)
- Formationsfluid (1)
- Formgedächtnispolymer (1)
- Formgedächtnispolymere (1)
- Formose (1)
- Freistehende Membranen (1)
- Frequenzaufkonversion (1)
- Frequenzverdopplung (1)
- Fulgimide (1)
- Functionalization (1)
- Funktionalisierte Ölsäuremethylester (1)
- Funktionalisierung von Katalysatoren (1)
- Fällungsreaktion (1)
- Förster-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (1)
- GAUSSIAN (1)
- GIXD (1)
- GOD (1)
- Gadolinium (1)
- Gas Sorption (1)
- Gas selective membranes (1)
- Gaspermeation (1)
- Gasselektive Membranen (1)
- Gassensorik (1)
- Gassorption (1)
- Gastrennung (1)
- Gefrierschutzadditiv (1)
- Gelatin (1)
- Gelatine (1)
- Gele (1)
- Gelieren (1)
- Gentherapie (1)
- Gentransfer (1)
- Geometrieoptimierung (1)
- Gießfolien (1)
- Glass transition temperatures (1)
- Glasübergangstemperaturen (1)
- Gleichgewicht der Adsorption (1)
- Glucose (1)
- Glukose Oxidation (1)
- Glukoseoxidation (1)
- Glycopeptoid (1)
- Glycoproteins (1)
- Glycosylierung (1)
- Glykan-Protein-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Glykochemie (1)
- Glykogele (1)
- Glykokonjugat (1)
- Glykokonjugate (1)
- Glykolipide (1)
- Glykomonomer (1)
- Glykopeptid (1)
- Glykopolymer (1)
- Glykopolymer-Elektrolyt (1)
- Glykoproteine (1)
- Glykosylierung (1)
- Gold Cluster (1)
- Gold-Kohlenstoff-Katalysatoren (1)
- Goldnanopartikel (1)
- Graphen (1)
- Graphitic carbon nitride (1)
- Green Chemistry (1)
- Grenzfläche (1)
- Grenzfläche Lösung/Tetradecan (1)
- Grenzflächenaktivität (1)
- Grenzflächenchemie (1)
- Grenzflächenpolarierung (1)
- Group Transfer polymerisation (1)
- Groß Schönebeck (1)
- HER (1)
- Haftvermittler (1)
- Halogenid-Perowskite (1)
- Harnstoff (1)
- Harnstoff-Glas-Route (1)
- Hartree Fock (1)
- Helicen (1)
- Hepcidin (1)
- Heptazine (1)
- Herkunft (1)
- Herstellung (1)
- Heteroatom Doping (1)
- Heteroatom-Dotierung (1)
- Heteroatom-Modifikation (1)
- Heteroatom-dotierte Kohlenstoffe (1)
- Heterophase Polymerization (1)
- Heterophasenpolymerisation (1)
- Himbeerketon (1)
- Hofmeister (1)
- Hohlkugeln (1)
- Hollow Spheres (1)
- Holzmodifikation (1)
- Hyaluronic acid (1)
- Hyaluronsäure (1)
- Hybrid materials synthesis (1)
- Hybridmaterialien (1)
- Hydroborierung (1)
- Hydrogelen (1)
- Hydrogenolyse (1)
- Hydrolyse (1)
- Hydrophobizität (1)
- Hydrothermal Carbonization (1)
- Hydrothermal carbonisation (1)
- Hydrothermale Karbonisierung (1)
- Hydrothermalkohle (1)
- Hydrotrope (1)
- Hydroxyapatit (1)
- Hydroxyl (1)
- Hydroxymethylfurfural (1)
- Hyperpolarisierbarkeit (1)
- IR excitation (1)
- IR-Anregung (1)
- IR-MALDI (1)
- IRRAS (1)
- ISA (1)
- Imidazolium (1)
- Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (IR-MALDI) (1)
- Integrin (1)
- Inverse Micelle (1)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (1)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) (1)
- Ionen (1)
- Ionenaustauscher (1)
- Ionenmigration (1)
- Ionenmobilitäts-Berechnungen (1)
- Ionenmobilitätspektrometrie (1)
- Ionenmobilitätsspektrometry (IMS) (1)
- Ionenverteilung (1)
- Ionic Liquid (1)
- Ionic liquid monomers (1)
- Ionic liquids (1)
- Ionisationspotential (1)
- Ionische Flüssigkeit (1)
- Ionisierungsenergie (1)
- Ionogel (1)
- Isoflavonoide (1)
- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (1)
- Isotherme Titrationskalorimetrie (1)
- Isothermen (1)
- Janus (1)
- Kalium- und Natrium-Ionen (1)
- Kapseln (1)
- Karbonnitrid Ionothermalsynthese (1)
- Kartierung (1)
- Katalysator (1)
- Kathode (1)
- Keramik (1)
- Kern-Hülle (1)
- Kern-Schale Aufkonvertierende Nanopartikel (1)
- Kerndynamik (1)
- Kinetics (1)
- Kinetik (1)
- Klassiche Simulationen (1)
- Kleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Klick (1)
- Klick Chemie (1)
- Klickchemie (1)
- Koaleszenz (1)
- Kobaltcarbonyl (1)
- Kohlenmaterialien (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Nanopunkte (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Punkte (1)
- Kohlenstofffilme (1)
- Kohlenstoffmaterial (1)
- Kohlenstoffnitrid (CN) (1)
- Kohlenstoffpartikel (1)
- Kohlenstoffsynthese (1)
- Kohlenstoffträger (1)
- Kohn Sham (1)
- Kollagen (1)
- Kollagenase (1)
- Komplexe (1)
- Kompositmaterial (1)
- Kompositpolymer (1)
- Konformationsänderungen (1)
- Kontaktdruck (1)
- Kooperativität (1)
- Koordinationskomplexe (1)
- Koordinationspolymere (1)
- Korkeiche (1)
- Korrelationsfunktion (1)
- Kraft lignin hydrogenolysis (1)
- Kraftlignin (1)
- Kraftsensoren (1)
- Kristallisation von Dünnschichten (1)
- Kryo-Elektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- LB-Multilayer (1)
- LB-multilayer (1)
- LCST and UCST (1)
- LCST und UCST (1)
- Ladung Transport (1)
- Langmuir Monoschicht (1)
- Langmuir monolayers (1)
- Langmuir-Schaefer method (1)
- Langmuir-Schäfer-Methode (1)
- Lanthanide (1)
- Lanthano (1)
- Lanthanoidkomplexe (1)
- Laser induzierte Breakdown Spektroskopie (1)
- Laserablation-ICP-MS (1)
- Laserinduzierte Inkandeszenz (LII) (1)
- Laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie (LIBS) (1)
- Laserpulse (1)
- Layer-by-Layer (1)
- Layer-by-Layer Glykopolymerbeschichtung (1)
- Legierungen (1)
- Leitruss (1)
- Lektin (1)
- Lektine (1)
- Lerneinheit (1)
- Levoglucosenol (1)
- Levy walk (1)
- Levy-Bewegung (1)
- Lewatit TP 207 (1)
- Li-Batterien (1)
- Li-Ionen-Akkus (1)
- Li-Ionen-Kondensator (1)
- Li-S batteries (1)
- Li-S-Batterien (1)
- Li-batteries (1)
- Li-ion batteries (1)
- Li-ion capacitor (1)
- LiFePO4 (1)
- Lichtinduzierter Effekt (1)
- Lichtstreuung (1)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (1)
- Ligandendesign (1)
- Ligation (1)
- Lignane (1)
- Linear polarisierte Bestrahlung (1)
- Linienspannung (1)
- Liquid dispersion (1)
- Lithiophilizität (1)
- Lithium ion battery (1)
- Lithium-Ionen-Batterie (1)
- Lithium-Ionen-Kondensatoren (1)
- Lithium-Schwefel-Batterien (1)
- Luminescence (1)
- Lävulinsäure (1)
- Löschung (1)
- Lösungsmittel (1)
- Lösungsmittel-thermisches Tempern (1)
- Lösungsmitteleffekte (1)
- Lösungsprozess (1)
- Lösungszustand (1)
- MEO2MA (1)
- MP2 (1)
- Magnetic (1)
- Magnetisch (1)
- Magnetische Kernresonanz (1)
- Magnetismus (1)
- Magnetite (1)
- Magnetotactic bacteria (1)
- Magnetresonanztomographie (1)
- Makroinitiator (1)
- Makrozyklen (1)
- Mannuronsäure (1)
- Marangoni flow (1)
- Marangoni-Fluss (1)
- Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Materialwissenschaft (1)
- Matrix-unterstützte Laser-Desorption/Ionisation (IR-MALDI) (1)
- Matsuda-Heck reaction (1)
- Matsuda-Heck-Reaktion (1)
- Maxwell-Wagner (1)
- Mechanism (1)
- Mechanotransduktion (1)
- Membranforschung bzw. Membranwissenschaften (1)
- Mesokristall (1)
- Mesoporosity (1)
- Mesoporosität (1)
- Mesoporöse Materialien (1)
- Mesoskalentransformation (1)
- Metal Chalcogenides (1)
- Metal-organic framework (1)
- Metall (1)
- Metallchalkogenide (1)
- Metallnitrid-Kohlenstoff Komposite (1)
- Metallorganischen (1)
- Metalloxide (1)
- Methacrylat (1)
- Methacrylate (1)
- Methacrylates (1)
- Micr (1)
- Microalgae (1)
- Microemulsion (1)
- Mikroalgen (1)
- Mikroemulsionen (1)
- Mikrogel-Array (1)
- Mikrogelketten (1)
- Mikrogelstränge (1)
- Mikrokapseln (1)
- Mikrokontaktdruck (1)
- Mikromanipulation (1)
- Mikrostruktur (1)
- Mikrotomographie (1)
- Mikrowelle (1)
- Mikrowellensynthese (1)
- Mixed-Matrix-Membran (1)
- Mizellbildung (1)
- Mizelle (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modifizierung von Polymeren (1)
- Molar masses (1)
- Molecular dynamics (1)
- Moleküle in äußeren Feldern (1)
- Molmassen (1)
- Monolith (1)
- Monomersequenz (1)
- Morphologie (1)
- Morphologie von Kapseln (1)
- Multi-Wellenlängen (1)
- Multiblock Copolymer (1)
- Multiblock copolymer (1)
- Multikompartiment-Mizellen (1)
- Muschelnachahmend (1)
- Mykotoxine (1)
- N-Acetyl-chitooligosaccharide (1)
- N-Alkylglycin (1)
- N-Carboxyanhydrid (1)
- N-Vinylcaprolactam (1)
- N-Vinylpyrrolidon (1)
- N-acetyl-chitooligosaccharides (1)
- N-alkyl-glycine (1)
- N-doped carbon (1)
- N-dotierter Kohlenstoff (1)
- N-vinylcaprolactame (1)
- N-vinylpyrrolidone (1)
- N2 fixation (1)
- N2-Fixierung (1)
- NEXAFS (1)
- NHC (1)
- NMR (1)
- NTF (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nahinfrarot (NIR) (1)
- Nano (1)
- Nanofluidik (1)
- Nanokapseln (1)
- Nanokomposit (1)
- Nanolinsen (1)
- Nanomaterialien (1)
- Nanoparticles, Adhesion, Interfaces, Bubble, Imaging (1)
- Nanopartikel Substrat Interaktionen (1)
- Nanopartikeln (1)
- Nanopartikeln-Anordnung (1)
- Nanoplastik (1)
- Nanoplättchen (1)
- Nanospindeln (1)
- Nanostructure (1)
- Nanostruktur (1)
- Nanostrukturen (1)
- Nanostäbchen (1)
- Nanotechnology (1)
- Naphthalenophane (1)
- Naphthalenophanes (1)
- Naphthalimid (1)
- Nassfestigkeit (1)
- Natrium-Ionen-Akkumulator (1)
- Natrium-Ionen-Batterie (1)
- Naturstoff (1)
- Negative Poisson’s ratio (1)
- Negatives Poisson-Verhältnis (1)
- Neurotransmitter (1)
- Neutronen Diffraktion (1)
- Neutronen Reflektometrie (1)
- Nichtlineare Spektroskopie (1)
- Nichtwässrige Synthese (1)
- Nickel-Kohlenstoff-Katalysatoren (1)
- Nitrides (1)
- Nitrobenzyl (1)
- Nitrogen Physisorption (1)
- Normalmodenanalyse (1)
- Nukleation (1)
- Nutrients (1)
- OEGMA (1)
- OER (1)
- OFET (1)
- ORR (1)
- OSK (1)
- OSTK (1)
- Oberflächenbeschichtung (1)
- Oberflächenkräfte (1)
- Oberflächenmodifikation (1)
- Oberflächenmodifizierung (1)
- Oberflächenplasmonenlasmonen (1)
- Oberflächenpotential (1)
- Oberflächentopografie (1)
- Oberfächen (1)
- Olefin Metathese (1)
- Olefin metathesis (1)
- Oligomere (1)
- Oligospiroketal (1)
- On-demand Freisetzung (1)
- On-demand release (1)
- On.Line Monitoring (1)
- Open Source (1)
- Optimale Kontrolltheorie (1)
- Organic photovoltaic Cell (1)
- Organische Chemie (1)
- Organische Photovoltaikzelle (1)
- Organo-Silikate (1)
- Organogel (1)
- Organosilica (1)
- Orientierungsbewegung (1)
- Origo-Spiro-Thio-Ketal-Stäbe (1)
- Oscillating Bubble (1)
- Oxalat-Fällung (1)
- Oxidkeramik (1)
- Oxinitride (1)
- Oxo-Kohlenstoff (1)
- Oxynitrides (1)
- PAN Emulsionspolymerisation (1)
- PARAFAC (1)
- PEG brushes (1)
- PEG-Funktionalisierung (1)
- PEI (1)
- PFG-NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- PMS activation (1)
- POD (1)
- POF; Reliabilität; Abbau; Chemilumineszenz (1)
- POF; reliability; degradation; chemiluminescence (1)
- PZT (1)
- Pachkungsdichte (1)
- Patchy Partikel (1)
- Paxillin (1)
- PdCo (1)
- Peptid-Polymer-Konjugate (1)
- Peptiden (1)
- Perlmutt (1)
- Perovskite (1)
- Perovskites (1)
- Perowskit (1)
- Perowskit Solarzellen (1)
- Perowskit Vorläuferstadien (1)
- Perowskite (1)
- Perylen (1)
- Pfropfcopolymere (1)
- Phase transitions (1)
- Phasenmodulationsspektroskopie (1)
- Phasenübergang (1)
- Phasenübergänge (1)
- Phenol (1)
- Phospholipid (1)
- Photo-Dehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (1)
- Photo-Dehydro-Diels-Alder-Reaktion (1)
- Photoanregung (1)
- Photochemische Reaktionen (1)
- Photodesorption (1)
- Photoelektronenspektroskopie (1)
- Photoexcitation (1)
- Photoinduzierte Polymerisation (1)
- Photoinitiierte Polymerisationen (1)
- Photon density waves (1)
- Photonendichtewellen (1)
- Photoorientierung (1)
- Photooxygenation (1)
- Photooxygenierung (1)
- Photopolymer (1)
- Photopolymerisation (1)
- Photopolymers (1)
- Physical Crosslinking (1)
- Physikalische Vernetzung (1)
- Pickering Emulsion (1)
- Poly(2-oxazolin)-Blockcopolymer (1)
- Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamid) (1)
- Poly(N-Isopropylmethacrylamid) (1)
- Poly(N-Vinylisobutyramid) (1)
- Poly(amidoamine) (1)
- Poly(ionische Flüssigkeit) (1)
- Poly(lactic acid) (1)
- Poly(methyl methacrylate (1)
- Poly(ε-caprolacton) (1)
- Polyacetylene (1)
- Polydisulfide (1)
- Polyeste r (1)
- Polyester (1)
- Polyether (1)
- Polyethylenglykole (1)
- Polyethylenimin (1)
- Polyfluoren (1)
- Polyglycin (1)
- Polykation (1)
- Polykondensation (1)
- Polylactid (1)
- Polymer Modification (1)
- Polymer films (1)
- Polymer physics (1)
- Polymerfilme (1)
- Polymerionogel (1)
- Polymerisierbare ionische Flüssigkeiten (1)
- Polymerkristallisation (1)
- Polymernetzwerk (1)
- Polymerphysik (1)
- Polymersynthese (1)
- Polymertenside (1)
- Polymethylmethacrylat (1)
- Polymilchsäure (1)
- Polyolefin (1)
- Polyoxazolin (1)
- Polypeptide (1)
- Polypeptoide (1)
- Polysulfobetaine (1)
- Polysulfon (1)
- Polyurethane (1)
- Populationsanalyse (1)
- Poröse Materialien (1)
- Poröser Kohlenstoff (1)
- Poröser Stoff (1)
- Porösität (1)
- Post-Modifikationen (1)
- Precision Agriculture (1)
- Protein (1)
- Protein Microcapsules (1)
- Protein-NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Protein-Polymer Konjugaten (1)
- Proteinadsorption (1)
- Proteincharakterisierung (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteinmikrokapseln (1)
- Protonenleitfähigkeit (1)
- Präkursor (1)
- PtCo (1)
- Punkt-für-Punkt-Einschreibemethode (1)
- Pyrolyse (1)
- QD device (1)
- QD stability (1)
- QD-Gerät (1)
- QD-Stabilität (1)
- QM/MM (1)
- QM/MM Molekulardynamik (1)
- QM/MM stochastic dynamics (1)
- Quadratsäure (1)
- Quantenausbeute (1)
- Quantenchemie (1)
- Quantendynamik (1)
- Quantendynamische Simulationen (1)
- Quantum dynamics (1)
- Quantumdots (1)
- Quercus suber (1)
- Química de Coloides (1)
- RAFT polymerisation (1)
- RAFT, Polymerisation (1)
- RAFT-Polymerization (1)
- RAFT/MADIX Polymerisation (1)
- RAFT/MADIX polymerization (1)
- ROMP (1)
- ROP (1)
- Radikalreaktionen (1)
- Radikalrekombination (1)
- Radiosensibilisator (1)
- Rasterkraftmikroskopie (1)
- Reaktion (1)
- Reaktionsmechanismen (1)
- Reaktionsmechanismus (1)
- Redoxchemie (1)
- Renewable Resources (1)
- Rerenzmaterial (1)
- Resonante Energie Transfer (1)
- Resonanz-Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Retrosynthese (1)
- Rhenium (1)
- Rhenium(V) (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Rhodamin B (1)
- Riboflavin (1)
- Ringschlussmetathese (1)
- Ringspannung (1)
- Ringöffnungspolymerisation (1)
- Rohrreaktor (1)
- Rotationsbarriere (1)
- Rotliegend (1)
- Ruthenium (1)
- Röntgenbeugung (1)
- Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung (1)
- Röntgenstrahlung (1)
- SAM (1)
- SEC-MALS (1)
- SFG (1)
- SHG (1)
- SLS (1)
- STM (1)
- Saccharide Recognition (1)
- Salts (1)
- Salze (1)
- Salzschmelze (1)
- Sauerstoff Reduktion (1)
- Sauerstoff-Reduktionsreaktion (1)
- Sauerstofflöschung (1)
- Sauerstoffsensorik (1)
- Schaum (1)
- Schaumfilme (1)
- Schmelz (1)
- Schwefel-Ligand (1)
- Schwefelwirt (1)
- Schwermetalle (1)
- Schwermetallentfernung (1)
- Schwingungsanregung (1)
- Schwingungsaufgelöste UV/VIS-Spektroskopie (1)
- Schwingungsspektroskopie (1)
- Sekundärstruktur (1)
- Selbstdiffusion (1)
- Selbstheilende Beschichtungen (1)
- Seltene Erdelemente (1)
- Sensorik (1)
- Shadowgraphie (1)
- Shadowgraphy (1)
- Shape-memory (1)
- Silbernanopartikel (1)
- Silica (1)
- Silicate (1)
- Siliciumdioxid (1)
- Silika (1)
- Silika Partikel (1)
- Silikonelastomere (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Singletoxygen (1)
- Sintern von Nanopartikeln (1)
- Skalierungsmethode von Champagne (1)
- Soft-Templaten (1)
- Soil (1)
- Solar cells (1)
- Solid phase synthesis (1)
- Solubilisierung (1)
- Solution phase synthesis (1)
- Solvatochromie (1)
- Solvothermalsynthese (1)
- Sonication (1)
- Spannungskonzentrationen (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Spermidin (1)
- Spezies (1)
- Sprengstoffe (1)
- Spritzgießen (1)
- Sprungwahrscheinlichkeit (1)
- Stab (1)
- Stabilität von Emulsionen (1)
- Stabilität von Schäumen (1)
- Stereocomplex (1)
- Stereokomplex (1)
- Stereokomplexierung (1)
- Sternpolymere (1)
- Stickstoff Physisorption (1)
- Stickstoffdotiert (1)
- Stickstoff‑ und Kohlenstoffhaltige Materialien (1)
- Stilben (1)
- Stimuli-Sensitivität (1)
- Stoßquerschnitt (1)
- Stress concentration (1)
- Stressrelaxation (1)
- Stressrelaxierung (1)
- Structure elucidation (1)
- Strukturaufklärung (1)
- Strömungschemie (1)
- Styrol (1)
- Stäbchen-Knäul; amphiphile Blockcopolymere; ; Polypeptide; Festphasen; Struktur; Morphologie; Kolloide; Selbstorganisation; Vesikel; schaltbare Aggr (1)
- Substrat (1)
- Sulfation (1)
- Superkondensator (1)
- Supramolecular Interactions (1)
- Supramolekular (1)
- Supramolekularen Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Surface Hopping Dynamik (1)
- Surfactant (1)
- Surfactants (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Syngas Hydrogenation (1)
- Syngashydrierung (1)
- Synthesemethoden (1)
- Synthetic methods (1)
- Synthetische Biologie (1)
- T3 (1)
- TDDFT (1)
- TEM (1)
- TRANES (1)
- TRES (1)
- Tandemmassenspektrometrie (1)
- Tannine (1)
- Temperaturänderungen (1)
- Templat (1)
- Templatgesteuerte Assemblierung (1)
- Templatierung (1)
- Templating (1)
- Templatphase (1)
- Tensid (1)
- Tensiddynamik (1)
- Tensor (1)
- Thermodynamische Eigenschaft (1)
- Thermoplastic elastomer (1)
- Thermoresponsiv (1)
- Thiazol-Salze (1)
- Thio-Click Modifizierung (1)
- Thio-click modification (1)
- Thioacetale (1)
- Thioacetals (1)
- Thioglycoside (1)
- Thiol-En (1)
- Thiole (1)
- Thiophen und Benzodithiophen Copolymere (1)
- Thiophene and Benzodithiophene copolymers (1)
- TiO2 (1)
- Time-resolved Immunoassay (1)
- Titandioxid (1)
- Trajektorien (1)
- Transfektion (1)
- Transient (1)
- Transition metal complexes (1)
- Transitionmetals (1)
- Triazin (1)
- Triblock Copolymers (1)
- Triblock-Copolymere (1)
- Trichloracetimidate (1)
- Trichloroacetimidates (1)
- Triiodthyronin (1)
- Tropfen (1)
- Tropfenoszillationen (1)
- Tropfenprofil-Analysen-Tensiometrie (1)
- Tully-Algorithmus (1)
- Two-Photon-Absorption (1)
- UV (1)
- UV/VIS (1)
- Ultradünne Filme (1)
- Umweltreaktion (1)
- Upgrade of Fructose (1)
- Uranyl (1)
- Urea-Glas-Route (1)
- Uronsäuren (1)
- Valerolacton (1)
- Vanadium(IV) (1)
- Vektor (1)
- Verbindungen auf Eisenbasis (1)
- Verdunstung (1)
- Vernetzung (1)
- Vesikel Forschung/Vesikel Studien (1)
- Vibronik (1)
- Vinylsulfonylverbindungen (1)
- Viskoelastizität (1)
- Vorstufe (1)
- WANG-Linker (1)
- WANG-linker (1)
- WAXS (1)
- Wasser auf Aluminiumoxid (1)
- Wasser-Luft-Grenzfläche (1)
- Wasser-in-Öl-Mikroemulsion (1)
- Wasser/Luft Grenzflächen (1)
- Wasser/Öl-Grenzfläche (1)
- Wassergehalt (1)
- Wasseroberfläche (1)
- Wasserspaltung (1)
- Wasserstoff (1)
- Water treatment (1)
- Weitwinkelröntgenstreuung (1)
- Winterschachtelhalm (1)
- Wirkung des Ionenstärken (1)
- Wirkung des pH-Werten (1)
- Wissenschaftskommunikation (1)
- Wissenschaftskommunikationstypen (1)
- Wärmetransformationsanwendungen (1)
- X-ray (1)
- XMCD (1)
- XPS (1)
- Z-E Isomerisierung (1)
- Zeitabhängige Dichtefunktionaltheorie (1)
- Zeitaufgelöste Lumineszenz (1)
- Zeitaufgelöster Immunoassay (1)
- Zell-Umwelt-Interaktionen (1)
- Zellgewebe (1)
- Zellmarkierung (1)
- Zellmigration (1)
- Zellulose (1)
- Zeolites (1)
- Zeolithe (1)
- Zimtsäureester (1)
- Zinc (1)
- Zuckererkennung (1)
- Zweikernkomplexe (1)
- Zweiphotonenanregung (1)
- [2+2]-Cycloaddition (1)
- [2+2]-cycloaddition (1)
- a (1)
- ab-initio Dynamik (1)
- ab-initio dynamics (1)
- abbaubares Polymer (1)
- acoustically levitated droplets (1)
- activated urethane (1)
- activation entropy (1)
- active polymers (1)
- actuator (1)
- additive Fertigung (1)
- additive manufacturing (1)
- additives (1)
- adhesion (1)
- adhesive (1)
- adsorbate vibrations (1)
- aerogel (1)
- aggregate (1)
- aggregation (1)
- aktive Polymere (1)
- aktiviertes Urethan (1)
- akustisch schwebende Tropfen (1)
- alkine (1)
- all-carbon composites (1)
- alumina (1)
- aluminum alloy (1)
- amine (1)
- amino acids (1)
- aminolysis (1)
- ammonia (1)
- amorph (1)
- amorphes Calciumcarbonat (1)
- amphiphilic block copolymers (1)
- amphiphilic polymers (1)
- analytical ultracentrifugation (1)
- anisotrop (1)
- anisotropic (1)
- anisotropic colloids (1)
- anisotropic microgels (1)
- anisotropy (1)
- anode (1)
- anorganisch-organische Hybrid-Nanopartikel (1)
- anthracene (1)
- anti-fouling (1)
- antibody staining (1)
- antifouling (1)
- antifreeze additive (1)
- antimicrobial (1)
- aptamers (1)
- aqueous systems (1)
- aromats (1)
- articulated (1)
- artificial cells (1)
- aryl C-glycoside (1)
- associated anisotropy (1)
- associative thickeners (1)
- assoziative Photodesorption (1)
- asymmetric (1)
- asymmetric synthesis (1)
- asymmetrisch (1)
- asymmetrische Synthese (1)
- atomic force microscopy (1)
- azide (1)
- barrier of rotation energy (1)
- battery (1)
- begrenzte Polymerisation (1)
- benzoboroxole (1)
- beta-lactoglobulin (1)
- bilayer system (1)
- bio-based methacrylates (1)
- bio-based monomers (1)
- bio-modification (1)
- bioactive (1)
- bioaktiv (1)
- biobasierte Methacrylate (1)
- biobasierte Monomere (1)
- biocompatibility (1)
- biohybrid membrane materials (1)
- biohybrid molecules (1)
- bioinspiration (1)
- bioinspired composite (1)
- bioinspirierte Komposite (1)
- biological membranes (1)
- biologische Membranen (1)
- biomarker (1)
- biomass valorization (1)
- biomaterial (1)
- biomimetics and semiconducting polymers (1)
- biomineralization (1)
- biopolymers (1)
- biorelevant (1)
- biosensor (1)
- biosensors (1)
- biosilicification (1)
- biotin streptavidin (1)
- biphenol (1)
- bipolar blockcopolymers (1)
- bipolare Blockcopolymere (1)
- birch bark (1)
- bleifreie Perowskit-Solarzellen (1)
- block copolymer vesicles (1)
- blockcopolymer (1)
- blockcopolymere (1)
- boronic acid (1)
- broadband (1)
- bubble-bubble interaction (1)
- bulk gels (1)
- bulk-mediated surface diffusion (1)
- c-reactive protein (1)
- caged Verbindungen (1)
- caged compounds (1)
- capillary pressure tensiometry (1)
- capsule morphology (1)
- carbides (1)
- carbohydrates (1)
- carbon dots (1)
- carbon fibre (1)
- carbon films (1)
- carbon material (1)
- carbon nanodots (1)
- carbon particle (1)
- carbon supports (1)
- carbon synthesis (1)
- casted-films (1)
- casting (1)
- catalyst (1)
- catalyst functionalization (1)
- catalysts (1)
- catalytic application (1)
- cathode (1)
- cavity ring-down (1)
- cell labeling probe (1)
- cell migration (1)
- cell-environment interactions (1)
- cellular tissue (1)
- cellulose-binding (1)
- ceramics (1)
- chalcogenide (1)
- chalcon (1)
- charge transfer (1)
- chelating cation exchanger (1)
- chemometrics (1)
- chiral sensing (1)
- chiral separation (1)
- chirale Trennung (1)
- chitin (1)
- chitinase (1)
- chromanone (1)
- chromatography (1)
- chromone (1)
- cinnamic ester (1)
- cis-trans Isomerisierung (1)
- citrazinic acid (1)
- classical dynamics (1)
- click (1)
- clusters (1)
- co-nonsolvency (1)
- coalescence (1)
- cobalt (1)
- cobalt dicarbonyl (1)
- cobalt nanoparticles (1)
- colloid chemistry (1)
- colloidal chemistry (1)
- colloidal lithography (1)
- colloidal quantum dot (1)
- complex emulsion (1)
- complexes (1)
- composite (1)
- composite materials (1)
- condensed phase systems (1)
- conducting soot (1)
- confined polymerization (1)
- confinement (1)
- conjugated small molecules (1)
- conjugates (1)
- controlled polymerization (1)
- cooperativity (1)
- coordination complexes (1)
- copolymerization (1)
- copolymerization diagrams (1)
- copper (1)
- core-shell (1)
- core-shell UCNP (1)
- correlation function (1)
- coumarin (1)
- covalent frameworks (1)
- cross-linking (1)
- cryo-TEM (1)
- cryo-electron microscopy (1)
- curriculum innovation (1)
- cyanine dyes (1)
- cyclic voltammetry (1)
- decomposition (1)
- deep eutectic solvents (1)
- defect chemistry (1)
- degradable polymer (1)
- degradation (1)
- deoxyfructosazine (1)
- design of experiments (1)
- diamondoid (1)
- diazotransfer (1)
- diffusion (1)
- diffusion barrier (1)
- dihydrobenzofurans (1)
- dihydroxyacetone (1)
- dimensional stability (1)
- directed organization (1)
- dissertation (1)
- dissociative electron attachment (1)
- distance distribution (1)
- disulfide (1)
- doping (1)
- double hydrophilic block copolymers (1)
- double strand break (1)
- drop (1)
- drop and bubble coalescence (1)
- drop profile analysis tensiometry (1)
- drop-drop interaction (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- dynamic hyperpolarizability (1)
- dynamic interfacial tensions (1)
- dynamische Hyperpolarisierbarkeit (1)
- dünne Filme (1)
- electrical switches (1)
- electroactive polymers (1)
- electroluminescence (1)
- electroluminescent foil (1)
- electroluminsecence (1)
- electrolyte sensitivity (1)
- electron correlation (1)
- electron dynamics (1)
- electron tomography (1)
- electrospinning (1)
- electrospray ionization (ESI) (1)
- elektroaktive Polymere (1)
- elektronische Schalter (1)
- ellipsometry (1)
- emperical potential structure refinement (1)
- emulatorfrei (1)
- emulsifier-free (1)
- emulsions (1)
- encapsulation (1)
- end-groups (1)
- endoperoxides (1)
- endothelization (1)
- energy conversion (1)
- energy density (1)
- energy storage mechanism (1)
- ensamblaje de nanopartículas (1)
- environmental response (1)
- enzymatic conjugation (1)
- enzymatically active membrane (1)
- enzymatische Katalyse (1)
- enzyme (1)
- enzyme immobilization (1)
- enzyme/polymer conjugate (1)
- epoxidierte Phenylpropanoide (1)
- epoxidierte Terpene (1)
- epoxidized phenylpropanoids (1)
- epoxidized terpenes (1)
- estructuras templadas blandas (1)
- ethylene (1)
- europium (1)
- evaporation (1)
- expandierbar (1)
- expansion (1)
- explosives (1)
- extracellular matrix proteins (1)
- fatty acids (1)
- ferrofluid (1)
- fiber (1)
- fiber Bragg graiting (1)
- fiber etching (1)
- fiber optical sensor (1)
- fibres (1)
- film (1)
- film former (1)
- films (1)
- fluorescence anisotropy (1)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- fluorescence microscopy (1)
- fluorescence probe experiments (1)
- fluorescence sensor (1)
- fluorinated Blockcopolymers (1)
- fluorinated polymers (1)
- fluoroionophore (1)
- fluorous chemistry (1)
- flux de Marangoni (1)
- flüssigkristallin (1)
- flüssigkristalline Netzwerke (1)
- foam (1)
- foam films (1)
- focal adhesion (1)
- fokale Adhäsionen (1)
- force sensors (1)
- formation fluid (1)
- formose (1)
- freie Aktivierungsenthalpie (1)
- functional (1)
- functionalized (1)
- functionalized methyl oleate (1)
- funktional (1)
- funktionalisiert (1)
- gadolinium (1)
- gas permeation (1)
- gas sensing (1)
- gelation (1)
- gels (1)
- gene therapy (1)
- geometry (1)
- geothermal (1)
- gerichtete Struckturbildung (1)
- glycan-protein interaction (1)
- glyco chemistry (1)
- glycoconjugate (1)
- glycoconjugates (1)
- glycogels (1)
- glycolipids (1)
- glycomonomer (1)
- glycopeptide (1)
- glycopeptoid (1)
- glycopolymer (1)
- glycopolymer electrolytes (1)
- gold nanoparticles (1)
- gold-carbon catalysts (1)
- gouttes (1)
- gouttes sessiles (1)
- graft copolymers (1)
- grafting-from (1)
- graphene (1)
- großflächige Liganden (1)
- halide perovskite (1)
- heat transformation application (1)
- heavy metal removal (1)
- heavy metals (1)
- heiße Elektronen (1)
- helicene (1)
- hemocompatibility (1)
- hepcidin (1)
- heptazine (1)
- heteroatom (1)
- heteroatom modification (1)
- heteroatom-dotierte Kohlenstoffe (1)
- heterodinuklear (1)
- hierarchical pore structure (1)
- hierarchische Porenstruktur (1)
- high energy density (1)
- high quantum yield (1)
- hohe Energiedichte (1)
- hohe Quantenausbeute (1)
- hollow microfibers (1)
- human induced pluripotent stem cells (1)
- human keratinocytes (1)
- humane Keratinozyten (1)
- humaninduzierte pluripotente Stammzellen (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hybrid materials (1)
- hybrid nanostructures (1)
- hybride Nanostrukturen (1)
- hydrogen (1)
- hydrolysis (1)
- hydrophil (1)
- hydrophilic (1)
- hydrophobe Moleküle (1)
- hydrophobic molecules (1)
- hydrophobicity (1)
- hydrothermal carbon (1)
- hydrothermale Carbonisierung (1)
- hydrotropes (1)
- hydroxy (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hyperpolarizability (1)
- imidazolium (1)
- in-operando SAXS (1)
- injection molding (1)
- inorganic (1)
- inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticle (1)
- interface (1)
- interfaces (1)
- interfacial dynamics (1)
- interfacial forces (1)
- intermolecular interactions (1)
- intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen (1)
- internal membrane-membrane adhesion (1)
- interne Membran-Membran Adhäsion (1)
- intra- and extracellular (1)
- intra- und extrazellulär (1)
- inverse Opale (1)
- inverse opal (1)
- ion distribution (1)
- ion exchange (1)
- ion migration (1)
- ion mobility calculations (1)
- ion selective electrode (1)
- ionenselektive Elektrode (1)
- ionic defects (1)
- ionic liquiod (1)
- ionic polymers (1)
- ionic strength effect (1)
- ionischen Polymere (1)
- ionisierende Strahlung (1)
- ionization energy (1)
- ionization potential (1)
- ionizing radiation (1)
- ionogel (1)
- ionothermal (1)
- ionothermale Synthese (1)
- ions (1)
- iron oxide nanoparticle (1)
- iron-based compounds (1)
- iron-carbon nanotube catalysts (1)
- isoflavonoids (1)
- janus emulsion (1)
- kinetics (1)
- klassische Diffusionstheorie (1)
- klebend (1)
- kolloidale Lithographie (1)
- kolloidale Stabilität (1)
- kolloidaler Quantenpunkt (1)
- kolloidchemie (1)
- komplexe Emulsion (1)
- kondensierte Phase (1)
- konjugierte Polymere (1)
- konjugierte kleine Moleküle (1)
- kontrollierte Polymerisation (1)
- kontrollierte radikalische Polymerisation (1)
- kovalente Rahmenbedingungen (1)
- künstliche Zellen (1)
- lanthanide (1)
- lanthanide complexes (1)
- lanthanides (1)
- laser pulses (1)
- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (1)
- laser-induced incandescence (LII) (1)
- laserinduzierte Breakdownspektroskopie (1)
- layer-by-layer (1)
- layer-by-layer glycopolymer coating (1)
- layered compounds (1)
- lead-free perovskites (1)
- learning unit (1)
- lectin (1)
- lectins (1)
- levoglucosenol (1)
- levulinic acid (1)
- lichtinduziert (1)
- liegende Tropfen (1)
- ligand (1)
- ligand design (1)
- light induced (1)
- light scattering (1)
- light-programmable viscosity (1)
- lignin (1)
- linearly polarized irradiation (1)
- liquid crystalline (1)
- liquid phase synthesis (1)
- liquid-crystalline elastomers (1)
- liquid-phase catalysis (1)
- lithiophilicity (1)
- lithium ion capacitors (1)
- lithium sulfur battery (1)
- low-energy electrons (1)
- lubricant (1)
- lösungsmittelfreie Synthese (1)
- macrocycles (1)
- magnetism (1)
- mannuronic acid (1)
- material science (1)
- materials science (1)
- mechanotransduction (1)
- medium-vermittelte Oberflächendiffusion (1)
- mehrschichtige Verbindungen (1)
- meltable PAN (1)
- melting (1)
- membrane (1)
- membrane science (1)
- meso (1)
- mesocrystal (1)
- mesoporous materials (1)
- mesoscale transormation (1)
- mesostructure (1)
- metal (1)
- metal alloys (1)
- metal nitride carbon composites (1)
- metal organic framework (1)
- metal organic frameworks (1)
- metal-organic framework (1)
- metallorganische Netzwerke (1)
- metallorganischen Gerüstverbindungen (1)
- metalorganic frameworks (1)
- methacrylate (1)
- micelle (1)
- micellization (1)
- micro (1)
- microcapsules (1)
- microcontact printing (1)
- microemulsion (1)
- microemulsiones (1)
- microemulsions (1)
- microgel array (1)
- microgel chains (1)
- microgel strands (1)
- microgels (1)
- micromanipulation (1)
- microparticles (1)
- microporous polymers (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microtomography (1)
- mikroporöse Polymere (1)
- mikrowellengestützte Synthese (1)
- mixed-matrix-membrane (1)
- modelling (1)
- moisture content (1)
- mold fungi (1)
- molecular dynamics (1)
- molecular mechanics (1)
- molecular rods (1)
- molekulare Stäbe (1)
- molekularer Abstand (1)
- monodispers (1)
- monodisperse (1)
- monolith (1)
- monomer-sequence (1)
- morphology (1)
- motif périodique (1)
- mould (1)
- multi-compartmentalised vesicles (1)
- multi-kompartmentalisierte Vesikel (1)
- multi-stimuli sensitiv materials (1)
- multi-stimuli sensitive Materialien (1)
- multicompartment micelle (1)
- multicompartment micelles (1)
- multifunctional polymers (1)
- multifunktionale Polymere (1)
- multiresponsiv (1)
- multiresponsive (1)
- multiwavelength (1)
- mussel-mimicking (1)
- mycotoxins (1)
- nachhaltige Energiespeichermaterialien (1)
- nacre (1)
- nanocapsules (1)
- nanoestructuras (1)
- nanoestructuras híbridas (1)
- nanofluidics (1)
- nanolenses (1)
- nanomaterials (1)
- nanoparticle assembly (1)
- nanoparticle sintering (1)
- nanoparticle substrate interactions (1)
- nanopartículas (1)
- nanoplastic (1)
- nanoporous carbon particles (1)
- nanoporöser Kohlenstoffpartikel (1)
- nanorods (1)
- nanospindles (1)
- nanostructure (1)
- nanostructured composite (1)
- nanostructures (1)
- nanotechnology (1)
- naphthalimide (1)
- near-infrared (NIR) (1)
- neolignans (1)
- neurotransmitter (1)
- neutron diffraction (1)
- neutron reflectometry (1)
- nicht-lineare Optik (1)
- nicht-viral (1)
- nichtadiabatische Kopplung (1)
- nichtadibatische Dynamik (1)
- nichtlineare Mechanik (1)
- nichtlineare Optik (1)
- nichtwässrige Synthese (1)
- nickel-carbon catalysts (1)
- niederenergetische Elektronen (1)
- nitrides (1)
- nitrobenzyl (1)
- nitrogen containing carbonaceous materials (1)
- nitrogen doped carbons (1)
- nitrogen-doped (1)
- non-adiabatic coupling (1)
- non-adiabatic dynamic (1)
- non-linear mechanics (1)
- non-linear optics (1)
- non-viral (1)
- nonlinear optics (1)
- obere kritische Lösetemperatur (1)
- oberflächenverstärkte Raman-Streuung (1)
- off-specular scattering (1)
- oligo spiro thio ketal rods (1)
- oligo(ethylene glycol) (1)
- oligo(ethyleneglycol) (1)
- oligomers (1)
- onsite monitoring (1)
- op (1)
- opal (1)
- open source (1)
- open system density matrix theory (1)
- optimal control theory (1)
- optis (1)
- optischer Fasersensor (1)
- organic dipoles (1)
- organic light emitting diode (1)
- organic semiconductors (1)
- organic solvent (1)
- organic-inorganic c (1)
- organische Dipole (1)
- organische Halbleiter (1)
- organische Licht emittierende Diode (1)
- organogel (1)
- organometallics (1)
- origin (1)
- oscillating bubble (1)
- oxalic precipitation (1)
- oxides (1)
- oxocarbon (1)
- pH effect (1)
- pH-responsive (1)
- paramagnetic (1)
- paramagnetisch (1)
- particle assembly (1)
- peptide synthesis (1)
- periodic pattern (1)
- periodisches Muster (1)
- perovskite precursors (1)
- perylene (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phenol (1)
- phosphonate containing polymers (1)
- phosphonathaltige Polymere (1)
- phosphorescent Terpolymers (1)
- phosphoreszente Terpolymere (1)
- photo induced polymerization (1)
- photo ionization (1)
- photocatalytic water splitting (1)
- photochemical reactions (1)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- photoinitiated cationic polymerization (1)
- photoinitiated free radical (1)
- photoinitiated polymerization (1)
- photoinitiierte Polymerisation (1)
- photoinitiierte freie radikalische Polymerisation (1)
- photoinitiierte kationische Polymerisation (1)
- photokatalytische Wasserspaltung (1)
- photonic crystall (1)
- photonischer Kristall (1)
- photoorientation (1)
- photopolymerization (1)
- photoredox catalysis (1)
- photosensitiv (1)
- photosensitive (1)
- photovoltaische Materialien (1)
- physical (1)
- physical hydrogels (1)
- physikalisch (1)
- physikalisch-chemisch (1)
- physikalische Hydrogele (1)
- physiolgischer pH (1)
- physiological pH (1)
- plasmonic chemistry (1)
- plasmonic nanoparticles (1)
- plasmonische Chemie (1)
- platform chemicals (1)
- point-by-point-inscription method (1)
- poly(2-oxazoline) (1)
- poly(2-oxazoline)s (1)
- poly(2-oxazolines) (1)
- poly(L-Asparaginsäure) (1)
- poly(L-Glutaminsäure) (1)
- poly(L-Serin) (1)
- poly(L-aspartic acid) (1)
- poly(L-glutamic acid) (1)
- poly(L-serine) (1)
- poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide) (1)
- poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (1)
- poly(N-vinyl isobutyramide) (1)
- poly(O-phospho-L-Serin) (1)
- poly(O-phospho-L-serine) (1)
- poly(amidoamine) (1)
- poly(disulfide)s (1)
- poly(ionic liquid) (1)
- poly(ionic liquid)s (1)
- poly(ionische Flüssigkeiten) (1)
- poly(ε-caprolactone) (1)
- polyacetylenes (1)
- polycondensation (1)
- polydopamine (1)
- polyelectrolyte membranes (1)
- polyethelenimine (1)
- polyglycine (1)
- polylactide (1)
- polymer crystallization (1)
- polymer induced Biomineralization (1)
- polymer ionogel (1)
- polymer network (1)
- polymer synthesis (1)
- polymer-peptide-conjugates (1)
- polymerer Stabilisator (1)
- polymeric stabilizer (1)
- polymerised ionic liquids (1)
- polymervermittelte Biomineralisation (1)
- polyolefin (1)
- polyoxazoline (1)
- polypeptoids (1)
- polysulfobetaine (1)
- polysulfone (1)
- polyurethanes (1)
- porosity (1)
- porous carbon (1)
- porous carbon-based materials (1)
- porous carbons (1)
- porous polymers (1)
- poröse Kohlenstoffe (1)
- poröse Kohlenstoffmaterialien (1)
- poröse Polymere (1)
- poröse Struktur (1)
- porösen Materialien auf Kohlenstoffbasis (1)
- poröser Kohlenstoff (1)
- post-modification (1)
- potassium and sodium ions (1)
- potential chitinase inhibitors (1)
- potentielle Chitinaseinhibitoren (1)
- printing (1)
- printing inks (1)
- programmable friction (1)
- protein NMR spectroscopy (1)
- protein adsorption (1)
- protein characterization (1)
- protein polymer conjugate (1)
- protein stabilized foams (1)
- proteins (1)
- proton conductivity (1)
- précipitation (1)
- précipitation oxalique (1)
- pyrolysis (1)
- quantenchemische Berechnungen (1)
- quantum chemical calculations (1)
- quantum chemistry (1)
- quantum mechanical calculation (1)
- quantum yield (1)
- quenching (1)
- radical (1)
- radical reactions (1)
- radical recombination (1)
- radikalische Polymerisation (1)
- radiosensitizer (1)
- random copolymers (1)
- rare earth elements (1)
- raspberry ketone (1)
- reactions (1)
- reactive flux rate constants (1)
- reactive templating (1)
- redox chemistry (1)
- reduction (1)
- reference material (1)
- renewable raw materials (1)
- renewable resources (1)
- renewables (1)
- resonance Raman spectroscopy (1)
- resonance energy transfer (1)
- responsive (1)
- responsive polymer (1)
- retrosynthesis (1)
- reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (1)
- reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (1)
- rheology (1)
- rhodamine b (1)
- ring closing metathesis (1)
- rising bubble (1)
- rod (1)
- rod-coil; amphiphilic block copolymers; polypeptide; solid state; structure; morphology; kolloids; self assembly; vesicles; switchable aggregates (1)
- salt melt (1)
- schaltbare Materialien (1)
- schaltbare Polymere (1)
- schizophrenes Verhalten (1)
- schizophrenic behavior (1)
- schmelzbares PAN (1)
- schwach saure Chelataustauscher (1)
- science communication (1)
- science communication types (1)
- second harmonic generation (1)
- secondary structure (1)
- sel (1)
- selbstanordnend (1)
- selbstassemblierende Monolagen (1)
- selbstorganisierte Einzelschichten (1)
- self-assembled monolayer (1)
- self-assembled monolayers (1)
- self-healing coatings (1)
- self-organisation (1)
- selfassembling (1)
- sensor (1)
- sessile droplet (1)
- shape-memory (1)
- shape-memory effect (1)
- shape-memory polymer (1)
- shape-memory polymers (1)
- sichtbares Licht Photokatalyse (1)
- silica nanoparticles (1)
- silica particles (1)
- silicone elastomers (1)
- silikat (1)
- silver nanoparticles (1)
- single crystals (1)
- single strand break (1)
- single-atom catalysis (1)
- single-cell (1)
- single-molecule detection (1)
- singlet oxygen (1)
- small-angle scattering (1)
- small-angle x-ray scattering (1)
- smart materials (1)
- sodium-ion batteries (1)
- sodium-ion battery (1)
- soft and hard templating (1)
- soft template (1)
- soft-templates (1)
- soil analysis (1)
- solid phase extraction (1)
- solid-state-electrolyte (1)
- solution process (1)
- solvatochrome (1)
- solvent effect (1)
- solvent extraction (1)
- solvent-free reactions (1)
- solvo-thermal annealing (1)
- solvothermal synthesis (1)
- sortagging (1)
- sortase-mediated ligation (1)
- sortaseA (1)
- spacer group (1)
- species (1)
- spectroscopic ruler (1)
- spektroskopisches Lineal (1)
- spermidine (1)
- spiropyran copolymer (1)
- squaric acid (1)
- star polymers (1)
- stark eutektisches Lösungsmittel (1)
- static hyperpolarizability (1)
- statische Hyperpolarisierbarkeit (1)
- statistische Copolymere (1)
- statistische Versuchsplanung (Design of Experiments) (1)
- steigende Blasen (1)
- stereocomplexation (1)
- stickstoffdotierte Kohlenstoffe (1)
- stilbene (1)
- stimul-responsive (1)
- stimul-responsive emulsion (1)
- stimuli-response (1)
- stimuli-sensitive (1)
- stimuli-sensitivity (1)
- strain energy (1)
- stress relaxation (1)
- stress-relaxation (1)
- styrene (1)
- substrate (1)
- sulfur host (1)
- sulfur ligands (1)
- supercapacitor (1)
- supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) (1)
- superparamagnetic (1)
- superparamagnetisch (1)
- supramolecular (1)
- supramolecular chemistry (1)
- supramolekulare Chemie (1)
- surface chemistry (1)
- surface hopping dynamics (1)
- surface interaction (1)
- surface plasmons (1)
- surface rheology (1)
- surface science (1)
- surface topography (1)
- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (1)
- surfaces and interfaces (1)
- surfactant (1)
- surfactant dynamics (1)
- sustainable energy storage materials (1)
- switch (1)
- switchable block copolymer (1)
- synthetische Biologie (1)
- tamplat unterstütze Anordnung von weichen Partikeln (1)
- tandem mass spectrometry (1)
- tannins (1)
- temperature variations (1)
- temperature-responsive (1)
- temperaturschaltbar (1)
- template (1)
- template assisted alignment of soft particles (1)
- template phase (1)
- tensioactivos (1)
- thermal isomerization of azobenzene (1)
- thermisch angeregte Isomerisierung von Azobenzolen (1)
- thermisch schaltbar (1)
- thermisch schaltbare Polymere (1)
- thermoplastic (1)
- thermoplastisch (1)
- thermoplastisches Elastomer (1)
- thermoresponsive polymers (1)
- thermosensitive (1)
- thermosensitive polymers (1)
- thiazolium (1)
- thin film crystallization (1)
- thin films (1)
- thio-glycosides (1)
- thiol-ene (1)
- time-dependent density functional theory (1)
- time-resolved luminescence (1)
- tin perovskites (1)
- titania (1)
- trajectory (1)
- trajectory surface hopping (1)
- trans-cis Isomerisierung (1)
- transient (1)
- transition metal catalysis (1)
- transition path sampling (1)
- transition state (1)
- transparent-leitendes Oxid (1)
- tree bark (1)
- triazine (1)
- triphil (1)
- triphilic (1)
- tropical infectious diseases (1)
- tropische Infektionskrankheiten (1)
- ultra-thin membrane (1)
- ultracentrifuge (1)
- ultradünne Membranen (1)
- ultrathin film (1)
- untere kritische Entmischungstemperatur (1)
- untere kritische Lösungstemperatur (1)
- upconverting nanoparticles (1)
- upper critical solution temperature (1)
- uranyl (1)
- urea (1)
- valerolactone (1)
- vesicle studies (1)
- vibrational control (1)
- vibrational excitation (1)
- vibrational spectroscopy (1)
- vibrationally resolved electronic spectroscopy (1)
- vibronics (1)
- vinyl sulfonyl compounds (1)
- viscoelasticity (1)
- visible light photocatalysis (1)
- wasser (1)
- water at alumina (1)
- water splitting reaction (1)
- water-in-oil microemulsion (1)
- water/tetradecane interface (1)
- weak acid resin (1)
- weiche Vorlage (1)
- weiche und harte Templatierung (1)
- weißer Kohlenstoff (1)
- wettability (1)
- wetting (1)
- white carbon (1)
- wide-angle x-ray scattering (1)
- wood modification (1)
- wässrige Systeme (1)
- ytterbium (1)
- zinc (1)
- zweifach schaltbare Blockcopolymere (1)
- zwitterions (1)
- Übergangsmetalle (1)
- Übergangsmetallkatalyse (1)
- Übergangszustand (1)
- Überstrukturierte Komposite (1)
- ß-Cyclodextrin (1)
- ß-Lactoglobulin (1)
- ß-cyclodextrine (1)
- überkritisches Kohlendioxid (scCO₂) (1)
- überlebende Radikale (1)
Institute
- Institut für Chemie (679) (remove)
Nanostructured inorganic materials are routinely synthesized by the use of templates. Depending on the synthesis conditions of the product material, either “soft” or “hard” templates can be applied. For sol-gel processes, usually “soft” templating techniques are employed, while “hard” templates are used for high temperature synthesis pathways. In classical templating approaches, the template has the unique role of structure directing agent, in the sense that it is not participating to the chemical formation of the resulting material. This work investigates a new templating pathway to nanostructured materials, where the template is also a reagent in the formation of the final material. This concept is described as “reactive templating” and opens a synthetic path toward materials which cannot be synthesised on a nanometre scale by classical templating approaches. Metal nitrides are such kind of materials. They are usually produced by the conversion of metals or metal oxides in ammonia flow at high temperature (T > 1000°C), which make the application of classical templating techniques difficult. Graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4, despite its fundamental and theoretical importance, is probably one of the most promising materials to complement carbon in material science and many efforts are put in the synthesis of this material. A simple polyaddition/elimination reaction path at high temperature (T = 550°C) allows the polymerisation of cyanamide toward graphitic carbon nitride solids. By hard templating, using nanostructured silica or aluminium oxide as nanotemplates, a variety of nanostructured graphitic carbon nitrides such as nanorods, nanotubes, meso- and macroporous powders could be obtained by nanocasting or nanocoating. Due to the special semi-conducting properties of the graphitic carbon nitride matrix, the nanostructured graphitic carbon nitrides show unexpected catalytic activity for the activation of benzene in Friedel-Crafts type reactions, making this material an interesting metal free catalyst. Furthermore, due to the chemical composition of g-C3N4 and the fact that it is totally decomposed at temperatures between 600°C and 800°C even under inert atmosphere, g-C3N4 was shown to be a good nitrogen donor for the synthesis of early transition metal nitrides at high temperatures. Thus using the nanostructured carbon nitrides as “reactive templates” or “nanoreactors”, various metal nitride nanostructures, such as nanoparticles and porous frameworks could be obtained at high temperature. In this approach the carbon nitride nanostructure played both the role of the nitrogen source and of the exotemplate, imprinting its size and shape to the resulting metal nitride nanostructure.
Hepcidin-25 (Hep-25) plays a crucial role in the control of iron homeostasis. Since the dysfunction of the hepcidin pathway leads to multiple diseases as a result of iron imbalance, hepcidin represents a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of iron metabolism. Despite intense research in the last decade targeted at developing a selective immunoassay for iron disorder diagnosis and treatment and better understanding the ferroportin-hepcidin interaction, questions remain. The key to resolving these underlying questions is acquiring exact knowledge of the 3D structure of native Hep-25. Since it was determined that the N-terminus, which is responsible for the bioactivity of Hep-25, contains a small Cu(II)-binding site known as the ATCUN motif, it was assumed that the Hep-25-Cu(II) complex is the native, bioactive form of the hepcidin. This structure has thus far not been elucidated in detail. Owing to the lack of structural information on metal-bound Hep-25, little is known about its possible biological role in iron metabolism. Therefore, this work is focused on structurally characterizing the metal-bound Hep-25 by NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. For the present work, a protocol was developed to prepare and purify properly folded Hep-25 in high quantities. In order to overcome the low solubility of Hep-25 at neutral pH, we introduced the C-terminal DEDEDE solubility tag. The metal binding was investigated through a series of NMR spectroscopic experiments to identify the most affected amino acids that mediate metal coordination. Based on the obtained NMR data, a structural calculation was performed in order to generate a model structure of the Hep-25-Ni(II) complex. The DEDEDE tag was excluded from the structural calculation due to a lack of NMR restraints. The dynamic nature and fast exchange of some of the amide protons with solvent reduced the overall number of NMR restraints needed for a high-quality structure. The NMR data revealed that the 20 Cterminal Hep-25 amino acids experienced no significant conformational changes, compared to published results, as a result of a pH change from pH 3 to pH 7 and metal binding. A 3D model of the Hep-25-Ni(II) complex was constructed from NMR data recorded for the hexapeptideNi(II) complex and Hep-25-DEDEDE-Ni(II) complex in combination with the fixed conformation of 19 C-terminal amino acids. The NMR data of the Hep-25-DEDEDE-Ni(II) complex indicates that the ATCUN motif moves independently from the rest of the structure. The 3D model structure of the metal-bound Hep-25 allows for future works to elucidate hepcidin’s interaction with its receptor ferroportin and should serve as a starting point for the development of antibodies with improved selectivity.
The aim of this doctoral thesis was to establish a technique for the analysis of biomolecules with infrared matrix-assisted laser dispersion (IR-MALDI) ion mobility (IM) spectrometry. The main components of the work were the characterization of the IR-MALDI process, the development and characterization of different ion mobility spectrometers, the use of IR-MALDI-IM spectrometry as a robust, standalone spectrometer and the development of a collision cross-section estimation approach for peptides based on molecular dynamics and thermodynamic reweighting.
First, the IR-MALDI source was studied with atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry and shadowgraphy. It consisted of a metal capillary, at the tip of which a self-renewing droplet of analyte solution was met by an IR laser beam. A relationship between peak shape, ion desolvation, diffusion and extraction pulse delay time (pulse delay) was established. First order desolvation kinetics were observed and related to peak broadening by diffusion, both influenced by the pulse delay. The transport mechanisms in IR-MALDI were then studied by relating different laser impact positions on the droplet surface to the corresponding ion mobility spectra. Two different transport mechanisms were determined: phase explosion due to the laser pulse and electrical transport due to delayed ion extraction. The velocity of the ions stemming from the phase explosion was then measured by ion mobility and shadowgraphy at different time scales and distances from the source capillary, showing an initially very high but rapidly decaying velocity. Finally, the anatomy of the dispersion plume was observed in detail with shadowgraphy and general conclusions over the process were drawn.
Understanding the IR-MALDI process enabled the optimization of the different IM spectrometers at atmospheric and reduced pressure (AP and RP, respectively). At reduced pressure, both an AP and an RP IR-MALDI source were used. The influence of the pulsed ion extraction parameters (pulse delay, width and amplitude) on peak shape, resolution and area was systematically studied in both AP and RP IM spectrometers and discussed in the context of the IR-MALDI process. Under RP conditions, the influence of the closing field and of the pressure was also examined for both AP and RP sources. For the AP ionization RP IM spectrometer, the influence of the inlet field (IF) in the source region was also examined. All of these studies led to the determination of the optimal analytical parameters as well as to a better understanding of the initial ion cloud anatomy.
The analytical performance of the spectrometer was then studied. Limits of detection (LOD) and linear ranges were determined under static and pulsed ion injection conditions and interpreted in the context of the IR-MALDI mechanism. Applications in the separation of simple mixtures were also illustrated, demonstrating good isomer separation capabilities and the advantages of singly charged peaks. The possibility to couple high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to IR-MALDI-IM spectrometry was also demonstrated. Finally, the reduced pressure spectrometer was used to study the effect of high reduced field strength on the mobility of polyatomic ions in polyatomic gases.
The last focus point was on the study of peptide ions. A dataset obtained with electrospray IM spectrometry was characterized and used for the calibration of a collision cross-section (CCS) determination method based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at high temperature. Instead of producing candidate structures which are evaluated one by one, this semi-automated method uses the simulation as a whole to determine a single average collision cross-section value by reweighting the CCS of a few representative structures. The method was compared to the intrinsic size parameter (ISP) method and to experimental results. Additional MD data obtained from the simulations was also used to further analyze the peptides and understand the experimental results, an advantage with regard to the ISP method. Finally, the CCS of peptide ions analyzed by IR-MALDI were also evaluated with both ISP and MD methods and the results compared to experiment, resulting in a first validation of the MD method. Thus, this thesis brings together the soft ionization technique that is IR-MALDI, which produces mostly singly charged peaks, with ion mobility spectrometry, which can distinguish between isomers, and a collision cross-section determination method which also provides structural information on the analyte at hand.
This thesis provides a novel view on the early stage of crystallization utilizing calcium carbonate as a model system. Calcium carbonate is of great economical, scientific and ecological importance, because it is a major part of water hardness, the most abundant Biomineral and forms huge amounts of geological sediments thus binding large amounts of carbon dioxide. The primary experiments base on the evolution of supersaturation via slow addition of dilute calcium chloride solution into dilute carbonate buffer. The time-dependent measurement of the Ca2+ potential and concurrent pH = constant titration facilitate the calculation of the amount of calcium and carbonate ions bound in pre-nucleation stage clusters, which have never been detected experimentally so far, and in the new phase after nucleation, respectively. Analytical Ultracentrifugation independently proves the existence of pre-nucleation stage clusters, and shows that the clusters forming at pH = 9.00 have a proximately time-averaged size of altogether 70 calcium and carbonate ions. Both experiments show that pre-nucleation stage cluster formation can be described by means of equilibrium thermodynamics. Effectively, the cluster formation equilibrium is physico-chemically characterized by means of a multiple-binding equilibrium of calcium ions to a ‘lattice’ of carbonate ions. The evaluation gives GIBBS standard energy for the formation of calcium/carbonate ion pairs in clusters, which exhibits a maximal value of approximately 17.2 kJ mol^-1 at pH = 9.75 and relates to a minimal binding strength in clusters at this pH-value. Nucleated calcium carbonate particles are amorphous at first and subsequently become crystalline. At high binding strength in clusters, only calcite (the thermodynamically stable polymorph) is finally obtained, while with decreasing binding strength in clusters, vaterite (the thermodynamically least stable polymorph) and presumably aragonite (the thermodynamically intermediate stable polymorph) are obtained additionally. Concurrently, two different solubility products of nucleated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) are detected at low binding strength and high binding strength in clusters (ACC I 3.1EE-8 M^2, ACC II 3.8EE-8 M^2), respectively, indicating the precipitation of at least two different ACC species, while the clusters provide the precursor species of ACC. It is proximate that ACC I may relate to calcitic ACC –i.e. ACC exhibiting short range order similar to the long range order of calcite and that ACC II may relate to vateritic ACC, which will subsequently transform into the particular crystalline polymorph as discussed in the literature, respectively. Detailed analysis of nucleated particles forming at minimal binding strength in clusters (pH = 9.75) by means of SEM, TEM, WAXS and light microscopy shows that predominantly vaterite with traces of calcite forms. The crystalline particles of early stages are composed of nano-crystallites of approximately 5 to 10 nm size, respectively, which are aligned in high mutual order as in mesocrystals. The analyses of precipitation at pH = 9.75 in presence of additives –polyacrylic acid (pAA) as a model compound for scale inhibitors and peptides exhibiting calcium carbonate binding affinity as model compounds for crystal modifiers- shows that ACC I and ACC II are precipitated in parallel: pAA stabilizes ACC II particles against crystallization leading to their dissolution for the benefit of crystals that form from ACC I and exclusively calcite is finally obtained. Concurrently, the peptide additives analogously inhibit the formation of calcite and exclusively vaterite is finally obtained in case of one of the peptide additives. These findings show that classical nucleation theory is hardly applicable for the nucleation of calcium carbonate. The metastable system is stabilized remarkably due to cluster formation, while clusters forming by means of equilibrium thermodynamics are the nucleation relevant species and not ions. Most likely, the concept of cluster formation is a common phenomenon occurring during the precipitation of hardly soluble compounds as qualitatively shown for calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. This finding is important for the fundamental understanding of crystallization and nucleation-inhibition and modification by additives with impact on materials of huge scientific and industrial importance as well as for better understanding of the mass transport in crystallization. It can provide a novel basis for simulation and modelling approaches. New mechanisms of scale formation in Bio- and Geomineralization and also in scale inhibition on the basis of the newly reported reaction channel need to be considered.
The size and morphology control of precipitated solid particles is a major economic issue for numerous industries. For instance, it is interesting for the nuclear industry, concerning the recovery of radioactive species from used nuclear fuel.
The precipitates features, which are a key parameter from the post-precipitate processing, depend on the process local mixing conditions. So far, the relationship between precipitation features and hydrodynamic conditions have not been investigated.
In this study, a new experimental configuration consisting of coalescing drops is set to investigate the link between reactive crystallization and hydrodynamics. Two configurations of aqueous drops are examined. The first one corresponds to high contact angle drops (>90°) in oil, as a model system for flowing drops, the second one correspond to sessile drops in air with low contact angle (<25°). In both cases, one reactive is dissolved in each drop, namely oxalic acid and cerium nitrate. When both drops get into contact, they may coalesce; the dissolved species mix and react to produce insoluble cerium oxalate. The precipitates features and effect on hydrodynamics are investigated depending on the solvent. In the case of sessile drops in air, the surface tension difference between the drops generates a gradient which induces a Marangoni flow from the low surface tension drop over the high surface tension drop. By setting the surface tension difference between the two drops and thus the Marangoni flow, the hydrodynamics conditions during the drop coalescence could be modified. Diols/water mixtures are used as solvent, in order to fix the surface tension difference between the liquids of both drops regardless from the reactant concentration. More precisely, the used diols, 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol, are isomer with identical density and close viscosity. By keeping the water volume fraction constant and playing with the 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol volume fractions of the solvents, the mixtures surface tensions differ up to 10 mN/m for identical/constant reactant concentration, density and viscosity. 3 precipitation behaviors were identified for the coalescence of water/diols/recatants drops depending on the oxalic excess. The corresponding precipitates patterns are visualized by optical microscopy and the precipitates are characterized by confocal microscopy SEM, XRD and SAXS measurements. In the intermediate oxalic excess regime, formation of periodic patterns can be observed. These patterns consist in alternating cerium oxalate precipitates with distinct morphologies, namely needles and “microflowers”. Such periodic fringes can be explained by a feedback mechanism between convection, reaction and the diffusion.
Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die größen- und eigenschaftsoptimierte Synthese und Charakterisierung von anorganischen Nanopartikeln in einer geeigneten Polyelektrolytmodifizierten Mikroemulsion. Das Hauptziel bildet dabei die Auswahl einer geeigneten Mikroemulsion, zur Synthese von kleinen, stabilen, reproduzierbaren Nanopartikeln mit besonderen Eigenschaften. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in zwei Haupteile gegliedert. Der erste Teil befasst sich mit der Einmischung von unterschiedlichen Polykationen (lineares Poly (diallyldimethylammoniumchlorid) (PDADMAC) und verzweigtes Poly (ethylenimin) (PEI)) in verschiedene, auf unterschiedlichen Tensiden (CTAB - kationisch, SDS - anionisch, SB - zwitterionisch) basierenden, Mikroemulsionssysteme. Dabei zeigt sich, dass das Einmischen der Polykationen in die Wassertröpfchen der Wasser-in-Öl (W/O) Mikroemulsion prinzipiell möglich ist. Der Einfluss der verschiedenen Polykationen auf das Phasenverhalten der W/O Mikroemulsion ist jedoch sehr unterschiedlich. In Gegenwart des kationischen Tensids führen die repulsiven Wechselwirkungen mit den Polykationen zu einer Destabilisierung des Systems, während die ausgeprägten Wechselwirkungen mit dem anionischen Tensid in einer deutlichen Stabilisierung des Systems resultieren. Für das zwitterionische Tensid führen die moderaten Wechselwirkungen mit den Polykationen zu einer partiellen Stabilisierung. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Einsatz der unterschiedlichen, Polyelektrolyt- modifizierten Mikroemulsionen als Templatphase für die Herstellung verschiedener, anorganischer Nanopartikel. Die CTAB-basierte Mikroemulsion erweist sich dabei als ungeeignet für die Herstellung von CdS Nanopartikeln, da zum einen nur eine geringe Toleranz gegenüber den Reaktanden vorhanden ist (Destabilisierungseffekt) und zum anderen das Partikelwachstum durch den Polyelektrolyt-Tensid-Film nicht ausreichend begrenzt wird. Zudem zeigt sich, dass eine Abtrennung der Partikel aus der Mikroemulsion nicht möglich ist. Die SDS-basierten Mikroemulsionen, erweisen sich als geeignete Templatphase zur Synthese kleiner anorganischer Nanopartikel (3 – 20 nm). Sowohl CdS Quantum Dots, als auch Gold Nanopartikel konnten erfolgreich in der Mikroemulsion synthetisiert werden, wobei das verzweigte PEI einen interessanten Templat-Effekt in der Mikroemulsion hervorruft. Als deutlicher Nachteil der SDS-basierten Mikroemulsionen offenbaren sich die starken Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Tensid und den Polyelektrolyten während der Aufarbeitung der Nanopartikel aus der Mikroemulsion. Dabei erweist sich die Polyelektrolyt-Tensid-Komplexbildung als hinderlich für die Redispergierung der CdS Quantum Dots in Wasser, so dass Partikelaggregation einsetzt. Die SB-basierten Mikroemulsionen erweisen sich als günstige Templatphase für die Bildung von größen- und eigenschaftenoptimierten Nanopartikeln (< 4 nm), wobei insbesondere eine Modifizierung mit PEI als ideal betrachtet werden kann. In Gegenwart des verzweigten PEI gelang es erstmals ultrakleine, fluoreszierende Gold Cluster (< 2 nm) in einer SB-basierten Mikroemulsion als Templatphase herzustellen. Als besonderer Vorteil der SB-basierten Mikroemulsion zeigen sich die moderaten Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem zwitterionischen Tensid und den Polyelektrolyten, welche eine anschließende Abtrennung der Partikel aus der Mikroemulsion unter Erhalt der Größe und ihrer optischen Eigenschaften ermöglichen. In der redispergierten wässrigen Lösung gelang somit eine Auftrennung der PEI-modifizierten Partikel mit Hilfe der asymmetrischer Fluss Feldflussfraktionierung (aF FFF). Die gebildeten Nanopartikel zeigen interessante optische Eigenschaften und können zum Beispiel erfolgreich zur Modifizierung von Biosensoren eingesetzt werden.
Adsorptive Eigenschaften von Bodensubstraten in Abhängigkeit vom anthropogenen Überprägungsgrad
(1996)
In the interest of producing functional catalysts from sustainable building-blocks, 1, 3-dicarboxylate imidazolium salts derived from amino acids were successfully modified to be suitable as N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands within metal complexes. Complexes of Ag(I), Pd(II), and Ir(I) were successfully produced using known procedures using ligands derived from glycine, alanine, β-alanine and phenylalanine. The complexes were characterized in solid state using X-Ray crystallography, which allowed for the steric and electronic comparison of these ligands to well-known NHC ligands within analogous metal complexes.
The palladium complexes were tested as catalysts for aqueous-phase Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. Water-solubility could be induced via ester hydrolysis of the N-bound groups in the presence of base. The mono-NHC–Pd complexes were seen to be highly active in the coupling of aryl bromides with phenylboronic acid; the active catalyst of which was determined to be mostly Pd(0) nanoparticles. Kinetic studies determined that reaction proceeds quickly in the coupling of bromoacetophenone, for both pre-hydrolyzed and in-situ hydrolysis catalyst dissolution. The catalyst could also be recycled for an extra run by simply re-using the aqueous layer.
The imidazolium salts were also used to produce organosilica hybrid materials. This was attempted via two methods: by post-grafting onto a commercial organosilica, and co-condensation of the corresponding organosilane. The co-condensation technique harbours potential for the production of solid-support catalysts.
In this work new fluorinated and non-fluorinated mono- and bifunctional trithiocarbonates of the structure Z-C(=S)-S-R and Z-C(=S)-S-R-S-C(=S)-Z were synthesized for the use as chain transfer agents (CTAs) in the RAFT-process. All newly synthesized CTAs were tested for their efficiency to moderate the free radical polymerization process by polymerizing styrene (M3). Besides characterization of the homopolymers by GPC measurements, end- group analysis of the synthesized block copolymers via 1H-, 19F-NMR, and in some cases also UV-vis spectroscopy, were performed attaching suitable fluorinated moieties to the Z- and/or R-groups of the CTAs. Symmetric triblock copolymers of type BAB and non-symmetric fluorine end- capped polymers were accessible using the RAFT process in just two or one polymerization step. In particular, the RAFT-process enabled the controlled polymerization of hydrophilic monomers such as N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) (M1) as well as N-acryloylpyrrolidine (NAP) (M2) for the A-blocks and of the hydrophobic monomers styrene (M3), 2-fluorostyrene (M4), 3-fluorostyrene (M5), 4-fluorostyrene (M6) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene (M7) for the B-blocks. The properties of the BAB-triblock copolymers were investigated in dilute, concentrated and highly concentrated aqueous solutions using DLS, turbidimetry, 1H- and 19F-NMR, rheology, determination of the CMC, foam height- and surface tension measurements and microscopy. Furthermore, their ability to stabilize emulsions and microemulsions and the wetting behaviour of their aqueous solutions on different substrates was investigated. The behaviour of the fluorine end-functionalized polymers to form micelles was studied applying DLS measurements in diluted organic solution. All investigated BAB-triblock copolymers were able to form micelles and show surface activity at room temperature in dilute aqueous solution. The aqueous solutions displayed moderate foam formation. With different types and concentrations of oils, the formation of emulsions could be detected using a light microscope. A boosting effect in microemulsions could not be found adding BAB-triblock copolymers. At elevated polymer concentrations, the formation of hydrogels was proved applying rheology measurements.
Bedeutung der abhängigen Streuung für die optischen Eigenschaften hochkonzentrierter Dispersionen
(2016)
Bio-sourced adsorbing poly(2-oxazoline)s mimicking mussel glue proteins for antifouling applications
(2022)
Nature developed countless systems for many applications. In maritime environments, several organisms established extra-ordinary mechanisms to attach to surfaces. Over the past years, the scientific interest to employ those mechanisms for coatings and long-lasting adhering materials gained significant attention.
This work describes the synthesis of bio-inspired adsorbing copoly(2-oxazoline)s for surface coatings with protein repelling effects, mimicking mussel glue proteins. From a set of methoxy substituted phenyl, benzyl, and cinnamyl acids, 2-oxazoline monomers were synthesized. All synthesized 2-oxazolines were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and EI mass spectrometry. With those newly synthesized 2-oxazoline monomers and 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline, kinetic studies concerning homo- and copolymerization in a microwave reactor were conducted. The success of the polymerization reactions was demonstrated by FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The copolymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline with a selection of methoxy-substituted 2-oxazolines resulted in water-soluble copolymers. To release the adsorbing catechol and cationic units, the copoly(2-oxazoline)s were modified. The catechol units were (partially) released by a methyl aryl ether cleavage reaction. A subsequent partial acidic hydrolysis of the ethyl unit resulted in mussel glue protein-inspired catechol and cation-containing copolymers. The modified copolymers were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and SEC. The catechol- and cation-containing copolymers and their precursors were examined by a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D), so study the adsorption performance on gold, borosilicate, iron, and polystyrene surfaces. An exemplary study revealed that a catechol and cation-containing copoly(2-oxazoline)-coated gold surface exhibits strong protein repelling properties.
Carbohydrates are found in every living organism, where they are responsible for numerous, essential biological functions and processes. Synthetic polymers with pendant saccharides, called glycopolymers, mimic natural glycoconjugates in their special properties and functions. Employing such biomimetics furthers the understanding and controlling of biological processes. Hence, glycopolymers are valuable and interesting for applications in the medical and biological field. However, the synthesis of carbohydrate-based materials can be very challenging. In this thesis, the synthesis of biofunctional glycopolymers is presented, with the focus on aqueous-based, protecting group free and short synthesis routes to further advance in the field of glycopolymer synthesis.
A practical and versatile precursor for glycopolymers are glycosylamines. To maintain biofunctionality of the saccharides after their amination, regioselective functionalization was performed. This frequently performed synthesis was optimized for different sugars. The optimization was facilitated using a design of experiment (DoE) approach to enable a reduced number of necessary experiments and efficient procedure. Here, the utility of using DoE for optimizing the synthesis of glycosylamines is discussed.
The glycosylamines were converted to glycomonomers which were then polymerized to yield biofunctional glycopolymers. Here, the glycopolymers were aimed to be applicable as layer-by-layer (LbL) thin film coatings for drug delivery systems. To enable the LbL technique, complimentary glycopolymer electrolytes were synthesized by polymerization of the glycomonomers and subsequent modification or by post-polymerization modification. For drug delivery, liposomes were embedded into the glycopolymer coating as potential cargo carriers. The stability as well as the integrity of the glycopolymer layers and liposomes were investigated at physiological pH range.
Different glycopolymers were also synthesized to be applicable as anti-adhesion therapeutics by providing advanced architectures with multivalent presentations of saccharides, which can inhibit the binding of pathogene lectins. Here, the synthesis of glycopolymer hydrogel particles based on biocompatible poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NiPAm) was established using the free-radical precipitation polymerization technique. The influence of synthesis parameters on the sugar content in the gels and on the hydrogel morphology is discussed. The accessibility of the saccharides to model lectins and their enhanced, multivalent interaction were investigated.
At the end of this work, the synthesis strategies for the glycopolymers are generally discussed as well as their potential application in medicine.
Die herausragenden mechanischen Eigenschaften natürlicher anorganisch-organischer Kompositmaterialien wie Knochen oder Muschelschalen entspringen ihrer hierarchischen Struktur, die von der nano- bis hinauf zur makroskopischen Ebene reicht, und einer kontrollierten Verbindung entlang der Grenzflächen der anorganischen und organischen Komponenten.
Ausgehend von diesen Schlüsselprinzipien des biologischen Materialdesigns wurden in dieser Arbeit zwei Konzepte für die bioinspirierte Strukturbildung von Kompositen untersucht, die auf dem Verkleben von Nano- oder Mesokristallen mit funktionalisierten Poly(2-oxazolin)-Blockcopolymeren beruhen sowie deren Potenzial zur Herstellung bioinspirierter selbstorganisierter hierarchischer anorganisch-organischer Verbundstrukturen ohne äußere Kräfte beleuchtet. Die Konzepte unterschieden sich in den verwendeten anorganischen Partikeln und in der Art der Strukturbildung.
Über einen modularen Ansatz aus Polymersynthese und polymeranaloger Thiol-En-Funktionalisierung wurde erfolgreich eine Bibliothek von Poly(2-oxazolin)en mit unterschiedlichen Funktionalitäten erstellt. Die Blockcopolymere bestehen aus einem kurzen partikelaffinen "Klebeblock", der aus Thiol-En-funktionalisiertem Poly(2-(3-butenyl)-2-oxazolin) besteht, und einem langen wasserlöslichen, strukturbildenden Block, der aus thermoresponsivem und kristallisierbarem Poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazolin) besteht und hierarchische Morphologien ausbildet. Verschiedene analytische Untersuchungen wie Turbidimetrie, DLS, DSC, SEM oder XRD machten das thermoresponsive bzw. das Kristallisationsverhalten der Blockcopolymere in Abhängigkeit vom eingeführten Klebeblock zugänglich. Es zeigte sich, dass diese Polymere ein komplexes temperatur- und pH-abhängiges Trübungsverhalten aufweisen. Hinsichtlich der Kristallisation änderte der Klebeblock nicht die nanoskopische Kristallstruktur; er beeinflusste jedoch die Kristallisationszeit, den Kristallisationsgrad und die hierarchische Morphologie. Dieses Ergebnis wurde auf das unterschiedliche Aggregationsverhalten der Polymere in Wasser zurückgeführt.
Für die Herstellung von Kompositen nutzte Konzept 1 mikrometergroße Kupferoxalat-Mesokristalle, die eine innere Nanostruktur aufweisen. Die Strukturbildung über den anorganischen Teil wurde durch das Verkleben und Anordnen dieser Partikel erstrebt. Konzept 1 ermöglichte homogene freistehende stabile Kompositfilme mit einem hohen anorganischen Anteil. Die Partikel-Polymer-Kombination vereinte jedoch ungünstige Eigenschaften in sich, d. h. ihre Längenskalen waren zu unterschiedlich, was die Selbstassemblierung der Partikel verhinderte. Aufgrund des geringen Aspektverhältnisses von Kupferoxalat blieb auch die gegenseitige Ausrichtung durch äußere Kräfte erfolglos. Im Ergebnis eignet sich das Kupferoxalat-Poly(2-oxazolin)-Modellsystem nicht für die Herstellung hierarchischer Kompositstrukturen.
Im Gegensatz dazu verwendet Konzept 2 scheibenförmige Laponit®-Nanopartikel und kristallisierbare Blockcopolymere zur Strukturbildung über die organische Komponente durch polymervermittelte Selbstassemblierung. Komplementäre Analysemethoden (Zeta-Potenzial, DLS, SEM, XRD, DSC, TEM) zeigten sowohl eine kontrollierte Wechselwirkung zwischen den Komponenten in wässriger Umgebung als auch eine kontrollierte Strukturbildung, die in selbstassemblierten Nanokompositen resultiert, deren Struktur sich über mehrere Längenskalen erstreckt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die negativ geladenen Klebeblöcke spezifisch und selektiv an den positiv geladenen Rändern der Laponit®-Partikel binden und so Polymer-Laponit®-Nanohybridpartikel entstehen, die als Grundbausteine für die Kompositbildung dienen. Die Hybridpartikel sind bei Raumtemperatur elektrosterisch stabilisiert - sterisch durch ihre langen, mit Wasser wechselwirkenden Poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazolin)-Blöcke und elektrostatisch über die negativ geladenen Laponit®-Flächen. Im Ergebnis ließ sich Konzept 2 und damit die Strukturbildung über die organische Komponente erfolgreich umsetzten. Das Laponit®-Poly(2-oxazolin)-Modellsystem eröffnete den Weg zu selbstassemblierten geschichteten quasi-hierarchischen Nanokompositstrukturen mit hohem anorganischen Anteil. Abhängig von der frei verfügbaren Polymerkonzentration bei der Kompositbildung entstanden zwei unterschiedliche Komposit-Typen. Darüber hinaus entwarf die Arbeit einen Erklärungsansatz für den polymervermittelten Bildungsprozess der Komposit-Strukturen.
Insgesamt legt diese Arbeit Struktur-Prozess-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen offen, um selbstassemblierte bioinspirierte Kompositstrukturen zu bilden und liefert neue Einsichten zu einer geeigneten Kombination an Komponenten und Herstellungsbedingungen, die eine kontrollierte selbstassemblierte Strukturbildung mithilfe funktionalisierter Poly(2-oxazolin)-Blockcopolymere erlauben.
Magnetische Eisenoxidnanopartikel werden bereits seit geraumer Zeit erfolgreich als MRT-Kontrastmittel in der klinischen Bildgebung eingesetzt. Durch Optimierung der magnetischen Eigenschaften der Nanopartikel kann die Aussagekraft von MR-Aufnahmen verbessert und somit der diagnostische Wert einer MR-Anwendung weiter erhöht werden. Neben der Verbesserung bestehender Verfahren wird die bildgebende Diagnostik ebenso durch die Entwicklung neuer Verfahren, wie dem Magnetic Particle Imaging, vorangetrieben. Da hierbei das Messsignal von den magnetischen Nanopartikeln selbst erzeugt wird, birgt das MPI einen enormen Vorteil hinsichtlich der Sensitivität bei gleichzeitig hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Auflösung. Da es aktuell jedoch keinen kommerziell vertriebenen in vivo-tauglichen MPI-Tracer gibt, besteht ein dringender Bedarf an geeigneten innovativen Tracermaterialien. Daraus resultierte die Motivation dieser Arbeit biokompatible und superparamagnetische Eisenoxidnanopartikel für den Einsatz als in vivo-Diagnostikum insbesondere im Magnetic Particle Imaging zu entwickeln. Auch wenn der Fokus auf der Tracerentwicklung für das MPI lag, wurde ebenso die MR-Performance bewertet, da geeignete Partikel somit alternativ oder zusätzlich als MR-Kontrastmittel mit verbesserten Kontrasteigenschaften eingesetzt werden könnten.
Die Synthese der Eisenoxidnanopartikel erfolgte über die partielle Oxidation von gefälltem Eisen(II)-hydroxid und Green Rust sowie eine diffusionskontrollierte Kopräzipitation in einem Hydrogel.
Mit der partiellen Oxidation von Eisen(II)-hydroxid und Green Rust konnten erfolgreich biokompatible und über lange Zeit stabile Eisenoxidnanopartikel synthetisiert werden. Zudem wurden geeignete Methoden zur Formulierung und Sterilisierung etabliert, wodurch zahlreiche Voraussetzungen für eine Anwendung als in vivo-Diagnostikum geschaffen wurden. Weiterhin ist auf Grundlage der MPS-Performance eine hervorragende Eignung dieser Partikel als MPI-Tracer zu erwarten, wodurch die Weiterentwicklung der MPI-Technologie maßgeblich vorangetrieben werden könnte. Die Bestimmung der NMR-Relaxivitäten sowie ein initialer in vivo-Versuch zeigten zudem das große Potential der formulierten Nanopartikelsuspensionen als MRT-Kontrastmittel. Die Modifizierung der Partikeloberfläche ermöglicht ferner die Herstellung zielgerichteter Nanopartikel sowie die Markierung von Zellen, wodurch das mögliche Anwendungsspektrum maßgeblich erweitert wurde.
Im zweiten Teil wurden Partikel durch eine diffusionskontrollierte Kopräzipitation im Hydrogel, wobei es sich um eine bioinspirierte Modifikation der klassischen Kopräzipitation handelt, synthetisiert, wodurch Partikel mit einer durchschnittlichen Kristallitgröße von 24 nm generiert werden konnten. Die Bestimmung der MPS- und MR-Performance elektrostatisch stabilisierter Partikel ergab vielversprechende Resultate. In Vorbereitung auf die Entwicklung eines in vivo-Diagnostikums wurden die Partikel anschließend erfolgreich sterisch stabilisiert, wodurch der kolloidale Zustand in MilliQ-Wasser über lange Zeit aufrechterhalten werden konnte. Durch Zentrifugation konnten die Partikel zudem erfolgreich in verschiedene Größenfraktionen aufgetrennt werden. Dies ermöglichte die Bestimmung der idealen Aggregatgröße dieses Partikelsystems in Bezug auf die MPS-Performance.
Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide, and their prevalence is expected to rise in the coming years. Polymer-based artificial replacements have been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Coagulation and thrombus formation on the interfaces between the materials and the human physiological environment are key issues leading to the failure of the medical device in clinical implantation. The surface properties of the materials have a strong influence on the protein adsorption and can direct the blood cell adhesion behavior on the interfaces. Furthermore, implant-associated infections will be induced by bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation at the implantation site. Thus, it is important to improve the hemocompatibility of an implant by altering the surface properties. One of the effective strategies is surface passivation to achieve protein/cell repelling ability to reduce the risk of thrombosis.
This thesis consists of synthesis, functionalization, sterilization, and biological evaluation of bulk poly(glycerol glycidyl ether) (polyGGE), which is a highly crosslinked polyether-based polymer synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization. PolyGGE is hypothesized to be able to resist plasma protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion due to analogous chemical structure as polyethylene glycol and hyperbranched polyglycerol. Hydroxyl end groups of polyGGE provide possibilities to be functionalized with sulfates to mimic the anti-thrombogenic function of the endothelial glycocalyx.
PolyGGE was synthesized by polymerization of the commercially available monomer glycerol glycidyl ether, which was characterized as a mixture of mono-, di- and tri-glycidyl ether. Cationic ring opening-polymerization of this monomer was carried out by ultraviolet (UV) initiation of the photo-initiator diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate. With the increased UV curing time, more epoxides in the side chains of the monomers participated in chemical crosslinking, resulting in an increase of Young’s modulus, while the value of elongation at break of polyGGE first increased due to the propagation of the polymer chains then decreased with the increase of crosslinking density. Eventually, the chain propagation can be effectively terminated by potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. PolyGGE exhibited different tensile properties in hydrated conditions at body temperature compared to the values in the dry state at room temperature. Both Young’s modulus and values of elongation at break were remarkably reduced when tested in water at 37 °C, which was above the glass transition temperature of polyGGE. At physiological conditions, entanglements of the ployGGE networks unfolded and the free volume of networks were replaced by water molecules as softener, which increased the mobility of the polymer chains, resulting in a lower Young’s modulus.
Protein adsorption analysis was performed on polyGGE films with 30 min UV curing using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PolyGGE could effectively prevent the adsorption of human plasma fibrinogen, albumin, and fibronectin at the interface of human plasma and polyGGE films. The protein resistance of polyGGE was comparable to the negative controls: the hemocompatible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), showing its potential as a coating material for cardiovascular implants. Moreover, antimicrobial tests of bacterial activity using isothermal microcalorimetry and the microscopic image of direct bacteria culturing demonstrated that polyGGE could directly interfere biofilm formation and growth of both Gram-negative and antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, indicating the potential application of polyGGE for combating the risk of hospital-acquired infections and preventing drug-resistant superbug spreading.
To investigate its cell compatibility, polyGGE films were extracted by different solvents (ethanol, chloroform, acetone) and cell culture medium. Indirect cytotoxicity tests showed extracted polyGGE films still had toxic effects on L929 fibroblast cells. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed the occurrence of organochlorine-containing compounds released during the polymer-cell culture medium interaction. A constant level of those organochlorine-containing compounds was confirmed from GGE monomer by a specific peak of C-Cl stretching in infrared spectra of GGE. This is assumed to be the main reason causing the increased cell membrane permeability and decreased metabolic activity, leading to cell death. Attempts as changing solvents were made to remove toxic substances, however, the release of these small molecules seems to be sluggish. The densely crosslinked polyGGE networks can possibly contribute to the trapping of organochlorine-containing compounds. These results provide valuable information for exploring the potentially toxic substances, leaching from polyGGE networks, and propose a feasible strategy for minimizing the cytotoxicity via reducing their crosslinking density.
Sulfamic acid/ N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) were selected as the reagents for the sulfation of polyGGE surfaces. Fourier transform attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) was used to monitor the functionalization kinetics and the results confirmed the successful sulfate grafting on the surface of polyGGE with the covalent bond -C-O-S-. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the element composition on the surface and the cross-section of the functionalized polyGGE and sulfation within 15 min guarantees the sulfation only takes place on the surface while not occurring in the bulk of the polymer. The concentration of grafted sulfates increased with the increasing reaction time. The hydrophilicity of the surface of polyGGE was highly increased due to the increase of negatively charged end groups. Three sterilization techniques including autoclaving, gamma irradiation, and ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization were used for polyGGE sulfates. Results from ATR-FT-IR and Toluidine Blue O quantitative assay demonstrated the total loss of the sulfates after autoclave sterilization, which was also confirmed by the increased water contact angle. Little influence on the concentration of sulfates was found for gamma-irradiated and autoclaving sterilized polyGGE sulfates. To investigate the thermal influence on polyGGE sulfates, one strategy was to use poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) sulfates (PHEAS) for modeling. The thermogravimetric analysis profile of PHEAS demonstrated that sulfates are not thermally stable independent of the substrate materials and decomposition of sulfates occurs at around 100 °C. Although gamma irradiation also showed little negative effect on the sulfate content, the color change in the polyGGE sulfates indicates chemical or physical change might occur in the polymer. EtO sterilization was validated as the most suitable sterilization technique to maintain the chemical structure of polyGGE sulfates.
In conclusion, the conducted work proved that bulk polyGGE can be used as an antifouling coating material and shows its antimicrobial potential. Sulfates functionalization can be effectively realized using sulfamic acid/NMP. EtO sterilization is the most suitable sterilization technique for grafted sulfates. Besides, this thesis also offers a good strategy for the analysis of toxic leachable substances using suitable physicochemical characterization techniques. Future work will focus on minimizing/eliminating the release of toxic substances via reducing the crosslinking density. Another interesting aspect is to study whether grafted sulfates can meet the need for anti-thrombogenicity.
The goal of regenerative medicine is to guide biological systems towards natural healing outcomes using a combination of niche-specific cells, bioactive molecules and biomaterials. In this regard, mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding cells and tissues in vivo is an effective strategy to modulate cell behaviors. Cellular function and phenotype is directed by the biochemical and biophysical signals present in the complex 3D network of ECMs composed mainly of glycoproteins and hydrophilic proteoglycans. While cellular modulation in response to biophysical cues emulating ECM features has been investigated widely, the influence of biochemical display of ECM glycoproteins mimicking their presentation in vivo is not well characterized. It remains a significant challenge to build artificial biointerfaces using ECM glycoproteins that precisely match their presentation in nature in terms of morphology, orientation and conformation. This challenge becomes clear, when one understands how ECM glycoproteins self-assemble in the body. Glycoproteins produced inside the cell are secreted in the extra-cellular space, where they are bound to the cell membrane or other glycoproteins by specific interactions. This leads to elevated local concentration and 2Dspatial confinement, resulting in self-assembly by the reciprocal interactions arising from the molecular complementarity encoded in the glycoprotein domains. In this thesis, air-water (A-W) interface is presented as a suitable platform, where self-assembly parameters of ECM glycoproteins such as pH, temperature and ionic strength can be controlled to simulate in vivo conditions (Langmuir technique), resulting in the formation of glycoprotein layers with defined characteristics. The layer can be further compressed with surface barriers to enhance glycoprotein-glycoprotein contacts and defined layers of glycoproteins can be immobilized on substrates by horizontal lift and touch method, called Langmuir-Schäfer (LS) method. Here, the benefit of Langmuir and LS methods in achieving ECM glycoprotein biointerfaces with controlled network morphology and ligand density on substrates is highlighted and contrasted with the commonly used (glyco)protein solution deposition (SO) method on substrates. In general, the (glyco)protein layer formation by SO is rather uncontrolled, influenced strongly by (glyco)protein-substrate interactions and it results in multilayers and aggregations on substrates, while the LS method results in (glyco)proteins layers with a more homogenous presentation. To achieve the goal of realizing defined ECM layers on substrates, ECM glycoproteins having the ability to self-assemble were selected: Collagen-IV (Col-IV) and fibronectin (FN). Highly packed FN layer with uniform presentation of ligands was deposited on polydimethysiloxane VIII (PDMS) by LS method, while a heterogeneous layer was formed on PDMS by SO with prominent aggregations visible. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) on PDMS equipped with FN by LS exhibited more homogeneous and elevated vinculin expression and weaker stress fiber formation than on PDMS equipped with FN by SO and these divergent responses could be attributed to the differences in glycoprotein presentation at the interface. Col-IV are scaffolding components of specialized ECM called basement membranes (BM), and have the propensity to form 2D networks by self-polymerization associated with cells. Col- IV behaves as a thin-disordered network at the A-W interface. As the Col-IV layer was compressed at the A-W interface using trough barriers, there was negligible change in thickness (layer thickness ~ 50 nm) or orientation of molecules. The pre-formed organization of Col-IV was transferred by LS method in a controlled fashion onto substrates meeting the wettability criterion (CA ≤ 80°). MSC adhesion (24h) on PET substrates deposited with Col-IV LS films at 10, 15 and 20 mN·m-1 surface pressures was (12269.0 ± 5856.4) cells for LS10, (16744.2 ± 1280.1) cells for LS15 and (19688.3 ± 1934.0) cells for LS20 respectively. Remarkably, by selecting the surface areal density of Col-IV on the Langmuir trough on PET, there is a linear increase between the number of adherent MSCs and the Col-IV ligand density. Further, FN has the ability to self-stabilize and form 2D networks (even without compression) while preserving native β-sheet structure at the A-W interface on a defined subphase (pH = 2). This provides the possibility to form such layers on any vessel (even on standard six-well culture plates) and the cohesive FN layers can be deposited by LS transfer, without the need for expensive LB instrumentation. Multilayers of FN can be immobilized on substrates by this approach, as easily as Layer-by-Layer method, even without the need for secondary adlayer or activated bare substrate. Thus, this facile glycoprotein coating strategy approach is accessible to many researchers to realize defined FN films on substrates for cell culture. In conclusion, Langmuir and LS methods can create biomimetic glycoprotein biointerfaces on substrates controlling aspects of presentation such as network morphology and ligand density. These methods will be utilized to produce artificial BM mimics and interstitial ECM mimics composed of more than one ECM glycoprotein layer on substrates, serving as artificial niches instructing stem cells for cell-replacement therapies in the future.
C-Arylglykoside und Chalkone
(2019)
Im bis heute andauernden Zeitalter der wissenschaftlichen Medizin, konnte ein breites Spektrum von Wirkstoffen zur Behandlung diverser Krankheiten zusammengetragen werden. Dennoch hat es sich die organische Synthesechemie zur Aufgabe gemacht, dieses Spektrum auf neuen oder bekannten Wegen und aus verschiedenen Gründen zu erweitern. Zum einen ist das Vorkommen bestimmter Verbindungen in der Natur häufig limitiert, sodass synthetische Methoden immer öfter an Stelle eines weniger nachhaltigen Abbaus treten. Zum anderen kann durch Derivatisierung und Wirkstoffanpassung die physiologische Wirkung oder die Bioverfügbarkeit eines Wirkstoffes erhöht werden. In dieser Arbeit konnten einige Vertreter der bekannten Wirkstoffklassen C-Arylglykoside und Chalkone durch den Schlüsselschritt der Palladium-katalysierten MATSUDA-HECK-Reaktion synthetisiert werden.
Dazu wurden im Fall der C-Arylglykoside zunächst ungesättigte Kohlenhydrate (Glykale) über eine Ruthenium-katalysierte Zyklisierungsreaktion dargestellt. Diese wurden im Anschluss mit unterschiedlich substituierten Diazoniumsalzen in der oben erwähnten Palladium-katalysierten Kupplungsreaktion zur Reaktion gebracht. Bei der Auswertung der analytischen Daten konnte festgestellt werden, dass stets die trans-Diastereomere gebildet wurden. Im Anschluss konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Doppelbindungen dieser Verbindungen durch Hydrierung, Dihydroxylierung oder Epoxidierung funktionalisiert werden können. Auf diesem Wege konnte u. a. eine dem Diabetesmedikament Dapagliflozin ähnliche Verbindung hergestellt werden.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurden Arylallylchromanone durch die MATSUDA-HECK-Reaktion von verschiedenen 8-Allylchromanonen mit Diazoniumsalzen dargestellt. Dabei konnte beobachtet werden, dass eine MOM-Schutzgruppe in 7-Position der Moleküle die Darstellung von Produktgemischen unterdrückt und jeweils nur eine der möglichen Verbindungen gebildet wird. Die Lage der Doppelbindung konnte mittels 2D-NMR-Untersuchungen lokalisiert werden. In Kooperation mit der theoretischen Chemie sollte durch Berechnungen untersucht werden, wie die beobachteten Verbindungen entstehen. Durch eine auftretende Wechselwirkung innerhalb des Moleküls konnte allerdings keine explizite Aussage getroffen werden.
Im Anschluss sollten die erhaltenen Verbindungen in einer allylischen Oxidation zu Chalkonen umgesetzt werden. Die Ruthenium-katalysierten Methoden zeigten u. a. keine Eignung. Es konnte allerdings eine metallfreie, Mikrowellen-unterstützte Methode erfolgreich erprobt werden, sodass die Darstellung einiger Vertreter dieser physiologisch aktiven Stoffklasse gelang.
Calcium carbonate formation
(2017)
The urge of light utilization in fabrication of materials is as encouraging as challenging. Steadily increasing energy consumption in accordance with rapid population growth, is requiring a corresponding solution within the same rate of occurrence speed. Therefore, creating, designing and manufacturing materials that can interact with light and in further be applicable as well as disposable in photo-based applications are very much under attention of researchers. In the era of sustainability for renewable energy systems, semiconductor-based photoactive materials have received great attention not only based on solar and/or hydrocarbon fuels generation from solar energy, but also successful stimulation of photocatalytic reactions such as water splitting, pollutant degradation and organic molecule synthesisThe turning point had been reached for water splitting with an electrochemical cell consisting of TiO2-Pt electrode illuminated by UV light as energy source rather than an external voltage, that successfully pursued water photolysis by Fujishima and Honda in 1972. Ever since, there has been a great deal of interest in research of semiconductors (e.g. metal oxide, metal-free organic, noble-metal complex) exhibiting effective band gap for photochemical reactions. In the case of environmental friendliness, toxicity of metal-based semiconductors brings some restrictions in possible applications. Regarding this, very robust and ‘earth-abundant’ organic semiconductor, graphitic carbon nitride has been synthesized and successfully applied in photoinduced applications as novel photocatalyst. Properties such as suitable band gap, low charge carrier recombination and feasibility for scaling up, pave the way of advance combination with other catalysts to gather higher photoactivity based on compatible heterojunction.
This dissertation aims to demonstrate a series of combinations between organic semiconductor g-CN and polymer materials that are forged through photochemistry, either in synthesis or in application. Fabrication and design processes as well as applications performed in accordance to the scope of thesis will be elucidated in detail. In addition to UV light, more attention is placed on visible light as energy source with a vision of more sustainability and better scalability in creation of novel materials and solar energy based applications.