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Using a testing-the-limits paradigm, the authors investigated the modulation (attenuation) o f negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory performance as a function of professional expertise. Six older graphic designers, 6 normal older adults, 6 younger graphic design students, and 6 normal younger students participated in a 19-session program with a cued-recall variant of the Method of Loci. Older graphic designers attained higher levels o f mnemonic performance than normal older adults but were not able to reach younger adults' level of performance; a perfect separation of age groups was achieved. Spatial visualization was a good predictor of mnemonic performance. Results suggest that negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory are attenuated but not eliminated by the advantages associated with criterion-relevant ability (talent) and experience.
Earlier testing-the-limits research on age differences in cognitive plasticity of a memory skill was extended by 18 additional assessment and training sessions to explore whether older adults were able to catch up with additional practice and improved training conditions. The focus was on the method of loci, which requires mental imagination to encode and retrieve lists of words from memory in serial order. Of the original 37 subjects, 35 (16 young, ranging from 20 to 30 years of age, and 19 older adults, ranging from 66 to 80 years of age) participated in the follow-up study. Older adults showed sizable performance deficits when compared with young adults and tested for limits of reserve capacity. The negative age difference was substantial, resistant to extensive practice, and applied to all subjects studied. The primary origin for this negative age difference may be a loss in the production and use of mental imagination for operations of the mind.
Aus dem Inhalt: Ende der siebziger Jahre kam aus Krakau eine sensationelle Nachricht: Der lange verlorengeglaubte Nachlaß von August Varnhagen von Ense, in dem sich auch die Briefe seiner Frau Rahel, geborene Levin, befinden, wurde in der Jagiellonen-Bibliothek wiedergefunden. Dadurch ergab sich für alle Interessierten - Germanisten, Judaisten, Historiker - erneut die Möglichkeit, in authentische Zeugnisse der deutsch-jüdischen Kultur des 19. Jahrhunderts Einblick zu nehmen. Sowohl die Varnhagen-Forschung als auch das damit zusammenhängende Interesse an den jüdischen Frauen der deutschen Romantik hat dadurch neue Impulse erhalten. Dies ist ein erfreuliches Beispiel fruchtbarer kultureller Wechselbeziehungen im Dreieck zwischen Deutschen, Polen und Juden. Aber es gibt auch anderes: Wenn man heute durch Polen fährt, kann man auf den Mauern die in deutscher Sprache (!) gepinselten Parolen »Juden raus!« lesen. Damit wären wir in medias res, denn die Geschichte der drei so eng miteinander verbundenen Völker ist gekennzeichnet durch wechselvolle, meist konfliktreiche Koexistenz, die aber trotzdem für alle Beteiligten kulturell sehr bereichernd sein kann.
The use of preformed polymers for the preparation of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) multilayers is reviewed. Principles for polymer self-organization are outlined and the appropriate molecular designs are discussed. Recent developments in the different classes of polymers for LB multilayers are presented, and their outstanding properties highlighted.
1) During orthograde perfusion of rat liver human anaphylatoxin C3a caused an increase in glucose and lactate output and reduction of flow. These effects could be enhanced nearly twofold by co-infusion of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor MERGETPA, which reduced inactivation of C3a to C3adesArg. 2) During retrograde perfusion C3a caused a two- to threefold larger increase in glucose and lactate output and reduction of flow than in orthograde perfusions. These actions tended to be slightly enhanced by MERGETPA. 3) The elimination of C3a plus C3adesArg immunoreactivity during a single liver passage was around 67%, irrespective of the perfusion direction and the presence of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor MERGETPA; however, less C3adesArg and more intact C3a appeared in the perfusate in the presence of MERGETPA in orthograde and retrogade perfusions It is concluded that rat liver inactivated human anaphylatoxin C3a by conversion to C3adesArg and moreover eliminated it by an additional process. The inactivation to C3adesArg seemed to be located predominantly in the proximal periportal region of the liver sinusoid, since C3a was less effective in orthograde perfusions, when C3a first passed the proximal periportal region before reaching the predominant mass of parenchyma as its site of action, than in retrograde perfusions, when it first passed the perivenous area. These data may be evidence for a periportal scavenger mechanism, by which the liver protects itself from systemically released mediators of inflammation that interfere with the local regulation of liver metabolism and hemodynamics.
Rat serum, in which the complement sytem had been activated by incubation with zymosan, increased the glucose and lactate output, and reduced and redistributed the flow in isolated perfused rat liver clearly more than the control serum. Heat inactivation of the rat serum prior to zymosan incubation abolished this difference. Metabolic and hemodynamic alterations caused by the activated serum were dose dependent. They were almost completely inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin and by the thromboxane antagonist 4-[2-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide)-ethyl]-benzene-acetica cid (BM 13505), but clearly less efficiently by the 5’-lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid and the leukotriene antagonist N-{3-[3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propyl-phenoxy)-propoxy]-4-chlorine-6-methyl-phenyl}-1H-tetrazole-5-carboxamide sodium salt (CGP 35949 B). Control serum and to a much larger extent complement-activated serum, caused an overflow of thromboxane B₂ and prostaglandin F₂α into the hepatic vein. It is concluded that the activated complement system of rat serum can influence liver metabolism and hemodynamics via release from nonparenchymal liver cells of thromboxane and prostaglandins, the latter of which can in turn act on the parenchymal cells.
Meine empirische Analyse von w-Fragen im Kontext von Frage-Antwort-Sequenzen aus natürlichen informellen Alltagsgesprächen resultiert in der Dekomponierung der konversationeilen Frage in ihre für die Produktion und Interpretation der damit vollzogenen Aktivität konstitutiven Merkmale. Diese stammen aus vier autonomen Signalisierungssystemen: (1) syntaktische Struktur, (2) semantische Beziehung zum Vorgängerturn, (3) prosodische Struktur und (4) die Antwort im Folgetum. Aktivitätstyp-unterscheidende Strukturen aus diesen vier Systemen werden in Kookkurrenz miteinander verwendet zur Herstellung und Signalisierung jeweils spezifischer Aktivitätstypen mit jeweils unterschiedlichen sequentiellen Implikationen im Hinblick auf die spezifische konditionell relevante Antwort im Folgeturn. Meine Analyse zeigt, daß einige in der Linguistik bisher i.d.R. unhinterfragt vorausgesetzte Annahmen zum Zusammenhang von Grammatik und Prosodie bzw. Intonation nicht haltbar sind. Intonation steht nicht in einer systematischen Beziehung zu Satztypen bzw. Satzmodi und auch nicht zu bisher oft herangezogenen pragmatischen "Verlegenheitskategorien" wie 'Höflichkeit' o.a. Vielmehr muß Prosodie als unabhängiges Signalisierungssystem betrachtet werden, aus dem Interaktionspartner Strukturen frei auswählen, um diese auf interaktiver Ebene in Kookkurrenz mit anderen Signalen als aktivitätstyp-unterscheidende Merkmale zur Herstellung interaktiv unterschiedlicher Fragetypen zu verwenden.
Περιεχόμενα: 1. Εισαγωγικές παρατηρήσεις 2. Ποσοτικά δεδομένα 3. Η σχολική κατάσταση κατά τη μετανάστευση 3.1. Η κατάσταση στο κανονικό γερμανικό σχολείο 3.2. Διδασκαλία μητρικής γλώσσας, εθνικές τάξεις και εθνικά σχολεία στην Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας 4. Η κατάσταση μετά την παλιννόστηση 4.1. Η κατάσταση στο κανονικό ελληνικό σχολείο 4.2. Ειδικά μέτρα για παλιννοστούντα παιδιάστην Ελλάδα 5. Ανακεφαλαίωση - συμπεράσματα
An existence and uniqueness theory is developed for general nonlinear and nonautonomous differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) by exploiting their underlying differential-geometric structure. A DAE is called regular if there is a unique nonautonomous vector field such that the solutions of the DAE and the solutions of the vector field are in one-to-one correspondence. Sufficient conditions for regularity of a DAE are derived in terms of constrained manifolds. Based on this differential-geometric characterization, existence and uniqueness results are stated for regular DAEs. Furthermore, our not ons are compared with techniques frequently used in the literature such as index and solvability. The results are illustrated in detail by means of a simple circuit example.
Inhalt: - Zum Wissenschaftsbegriff der älteren Pädagogik - Religiöse und ständische Elemente des überlieferten Praxisanspruchs - Ist praktisches Engagement rationalisierbar? - Zur pädagogischen Kritik der „positiven Wissenschaft" - Zum praktischen Wert von Forschung - Zum Gegenstand der Erziehungswissenschaft
Cationic and zwitterionic polymerizable surfactants bearing tri- and tetraethyleneglycol spacer groups between the polymerizable moiety and the surfactant structure were prepared and polymerized. Monomers and polymers were investigated with respect to their aggregation behavior in aqueous systems and compared to analogous monomers and polymers lacking spacer groups. In the case of the monomeric surfactants, the spacer groups depress both the Kraffttemperature and the critical micelle concentration. the area occupied per molecule at the air-water interface is substantially enlarged by the spacers, whereas the depression of surface tension is nearly constant. Although the monomers with and without spacers are true surfactants, all the polymers are water-insoluble, but form monomolecular layers at the air-water interface. In analogy to the monomer behavior, the incorporation of the spacer groups increases the area occupied per repeat unit at the air-water interface substantially, but hardly affects the surface activity.
Fernsehen contra Spielen
(1991)