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Die Arbeit befasst sich zunächst mit der Analyse und Einordnung des Begriffs der Daseinsvorsorge und deren Erbringung durch den Staat. Schwerpunkt der Betrachtung bildet dabei die Energieversorgung als klassische Aufgabe staatlicher Daseinsvorsorge.
Weiterhin wird der durch die Liberalisierung der Energieversorgung im Jahr 1998 eingeleitete Wandel von sog. natürlichen Monopolen, hin zu einem wettbewerblichen System betrachtet. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, dass sich durch die Einführung des Wettbewerbs weder die damit erhofften Kostenreduzierungen, noch das von Kritikern befürchtete Sterben der kommunalen Energieversorger bewahrheitet haben. Statt einer freien Preisbildung im Wettbewerb ist es zu einer faktischen Verlagerung der früher staatlich festgesetzten Energiepreisgenehmigung auf die Gerichte gekommen, die hierfür jedoch nicht ausgelegt sind. Kommunale Stadtwerke haben sich in der wettbewerblichen Energieversorgung dagegen so gut behauptet, dass seit einiger Zeit ein Trend zur Rekommunalisierung von Energieversorgung auf kommunaler Ebene zu verzeichnen ist.
Diesem offensichtlichen Wunsch nach einer gesteigerten Einflussnahme der Gemeinden auf die örtliche Energieversorgung läuft der aktuelle Rechtsrahmen der energierechtlichen Konzessionsvergabe in Gestalt des § 46 EnWG und seiner Auslegung durch die Rechtsprechung der Zivilgerichte zuwider. Die Arbeit zeigt auf, dass von Beginn der Liberalisierung der kommunale Einfluss auf die örtliche Konzessionsvergabe schrittweise und stetig beschnitten wurde, so dass gegenwärtig ein Zustand der Aushöhlung erreicht ist, der als unzulässiger Eingriff in den geschützten Kernbereich der kommunalen Selbstverwaltungsgarantie i.S.d. Art. 28 II GG anzusehen ist.
Optical frequency combs (OFC) constitute an array of phase-correlated equidistant spectral lines with nearly equal intensities over a broad spectral range. The adaptations of combs generated in mode-locked lasers proved to be highly efficient for the calibration of high-resolution (resolving power > 50000) astronomical spectrographs. The observation of different galaxy structures or the studies of the Milky Way are done using instruments in the low- and medium resolution range. To such instruments belong, for instance, the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) being developed for the Very Large Telescope (VLT) of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (4MOST) being in development for the ESO VISTA 4.1 m Telescope. The existing adaptations of OFC from mode-locked lasers are not resolvable by these instruments.
Within this work, a fibre-based approach for generation of OFC specifically in the low- and medium resolution range is studied numerically. This approach consists of three optical fibres that are fed by two equally intense continuous-wave (CW) lasers. The first fibre is a conventional single-mode fibre, the second one is a suitably pumped amplifying Erbium-doped fibre with anomalous dispersion, and the third one is a low-dispersion highly nonlinear optical fibre. The evolution of a frequency comb in this system is governed by the following processes: as the two initial CW-laser waves with different frequencies propagate through the first fibre, they generate an initial comb via a cascade of four-wave mixing processes. The frequency components of the comb are phase-correlated with the original laser lines and have a frequency spacing that is equal to the initial laser frequency separation (LFS), i.e. the difference in the laser frequencies. In the time domain, a train of pre-compressed pulses with widths of a few pico-seconds arises out of the initial bichromatic deeply-modulated cosine-wave. These pulses undergo strong compression in the subsequent amplifying Erbium-doped fibre: sub-100 fs pulses with broad OFC spectra are formed. In the following low-dispersion highly nonlinear fibre, the OFC experience a further broadening and the intensity of the comb lines are fairly equalised. This approach was mathematically modelled by means of a Generalised Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (GNLS) that contains terms describing the nonlinear optical Kerr effect, the delayed Raman response, the pulse self-steepening, and the linear optical losses as well as the wavelength-dependent Erbium gain profile for the second fibre. The initial condition equation being a deeply-modulated cosine-wave mimics the radiation of the two initial CW lasers. The numerical studies are performed with the help of Matlab scripts that were specifically developed for the integration of the GNLS and the initial condition according to the proposed approach for the OFC generation. The scripts are based on the Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta in the Interaction Picture Method (RK4IP) in combination with the local error method.
This work includes the studies and results on the length optimisation of the first and the second fibre depending on different values of the group-velocity dispersion of the first fibre. Such length optimisation studies are necessary because the OFC have the biggest possible broadband and exhibit a low level of noise exactly at the optimum lengths. Further, the optical pulse build-up in the first and the second fibre was studied by means of the numerical technique called Soliton Radiation Beat Analysis (SRBA). It was shown that a common soliton crystal state is formed in the first fibre for low laser input powers. The soliton crystal continuously dissolves into separated optical solitons as the input power increases. The pulse formation in the second fibre is critically dependent on the features of the pulses formed in the first fibre. I showed that, for low input powers, an adiabatic soliton compression delivering low-noise OFC occurs in the second fibre. At high input powers, the pulses in the first fibre have more complicated structures which leads to the pulse break-up in the second fibre with a subsequent degradation of the OFC noise performance. The pulse intensity noise studies that were performed within the framework of this thesis allow making statements about the noise performance of an OFC. They showed that the intensity noise of the whole system decreases with the increasing value of LFS.
The high-latitudinal thermospheric processes driven by the solar wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) interaction with the Earth magnetosphere are highly variable parts of the complex dynamic plasma environment, which represent the coupled Magnetosphere – Ionosphere – Thermosphere (MIT) system. The solar wind and IMF interactions transfer energy to the MIT system via reconnection processes at the magnetopause. The Field Aligned Currents (FACs) constitute the energetic links between the magnetosphere and the Earth ionosphere. The MIT system depends on the highly variable solar wind conditions, in particular on changes of the strength and orientation of the IMF.
In my thesis, I perform an investigation on the physical background of the complex MIT system using the global physical - numerical, three-dimensional, time-dependent and self-consistent Upper Atmosphere Model (UAM). This model describes the thermosphere, ionosphere, plasmasphere and inner magnetosphere as well as the electrodynamics of the coupled MIT system for the altitudinal range from 80 (60) km up to the 15 Earth radii.
In the present study, I developed and investigated several variants of the high-latitudinal electrodynamic coupling by including the IMF dependence of FACs into the UAM model. For testing, the various variants were applied to simulations of the coupled MIT system for different seasons, geomagnetic activities, various solar wind and IMF conditions. Additionally, these variants of the theoretical model with the IMF dependence were compared with global empirical models. The modelling results for the most important thermospheric parameters like neutral wind and mass density were compared with satellite measurements. The variants of the UAM model with IMF dependence show a good agreement with the satellite observations. In comparison with the empirical models, the improved variants of the UAM model reproduce a more realistic meso-scale structures and dynamics of the coupled MIT system than the empirical models, in particular at high latitudes. The new configurations of the UAM model with IMF dependence contribute to the improvement of space weather prediction.
Peak oil is forcing our society to shift from fossil to renewable resources. However, such renewable resources are also scarce, and they too must be used in the most efficient and sustainable way possible. Biorefining is a concept that represents both resource efficiency and sustainability. This approach initiates a cascade use, which means food and feed production before material use, and an energy-related use at the end of the value-added chain. However, sustainability should already start in the fields, on the agricultural side, where the industrially-used biomass is produced. Therefore, the aim of my doctoral thesis is to analyse the sustainable feedstock supply for biorefineries. In contrast to most studies on biorefineries, I focus on the sustainable provision of feedstock and not on the bioengineering processing of whatever feedstock is available.
Grasslands provide a high biomass potential. They are often inefficiently used, so a new utilisation concept based on the biorefining approach can increase the added value from grasslands. Fodder legumes from temporary and permanent grasslands were chosen for this study. Previous research shows that they are a promising feedstock for industrial uses, and their positive environmental impact is an important byproduct to promote sustainable agricultural production systems.
Green Biorefineries are a class of biorefineries that use fresh green biomass, such as grasses or fodder legumes, as feedstock. After fractionation, an organic solution (press juice) forms; this is used for the production of organic acids, chemicals and extracts, as well as fertilisers. A fibre component (press cake) is also created to produce feed, biomaterials and biogas. This thesis examines a specific value chain, using alfalfa and clover/grass as feedstock and generating lactic acid and one type of cattle feed from it. The research question is if biomass production needs to be adapted for the utilisation of fodder legumes in the Green Biorefinery approach. I have attempted to give a holistic analysis of cultivation, processing and utilisation of two specific grassland crops. Field trials with alfalfa and clover/grass at different study sites were carried out to obtain information on biomass quality and quantity depending on the crop, study site and harvest time. The fresh biomass was fractionated with a screw press and the composition of press juices and cakes was analysed. Fermentation experiments took place to determine the usability of press juices for lactic acid production. The harvest time is not of high importance for the quality of press juices as a fermentation medium. For permanent grasslands, late cuts, often needed for reasons of nature conservation, are possible without a major influence on feedstock quality. The press cakes were silaged for feed-value determination.
Following evidence that both intermediate products are suitable feedstocks in the Green Biorefinery approach, I developed a cost-benefit analysis, comparing different production scenarios on a farm. Two standard crop rotations for Brandenburg, producing either only market crops or market crops and fodder legumes for ruminant feed production, were compared to a system that uses the cultivated fodder legumes for the Green Biorefinery value chain instead of only feed production. Timely processing of the raw material is important to maintain quality for industrial uses, so on-site processing at the farm is assumed in Green Biorefinery scenario. As a result, more added value stays in the rural area. Two farm sizes, common for many European regions, were chosen to examine the influence of scale. The cost site of farmers has also been analysed in detail to assess which farm characteristics make production of press juices for biochemical industries viable. Results show that for large farm sizes in particular, the potential profits are high. Additionally, the wider spectrum of marketable products generates new sources of income for farmers.
The holistic analysis of the supply chain provides evidence that the cultivation processes for fodder legumes do not need to be adapted for use in Green Biorefineries. In fact, the new utilisation approach even widens the cultivation and processing spectrum and can increase economic viability of fodder legume production in conventional farming.
In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden Migrationsdiskurse in der deutschen Grenzregion zu Polen im Vorfeld der EU-Erweiterung zum 1. Mai 2004 exemplarisch in drei deutschen Grenzstädten, der jeweils westliche Teil der ehemals gemeinsamen, seit 1945 durch eine nationalstaatliche Grenze mit dem jeweils zeitspezifischen Grenzregime geteilten, deutsch-polnischen Zwillingsstädte Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice, Guben – Gubin und Görlitz – Zgorzelec, analysiert.
Ausgewählt wurde der Untersuchungsraum mit Blick auf die tiefgreifenden europäischen Transformationsprozesse seit den späten 1980er Jahren, die für die örtliche Bevölkerung gravierende lebensweltliche Strukturumbrüche zur Folge hatten. Die Region wurde mit der Vereinigung der beiden deutschen Staaten überdies zu einem zentralen Aktionsraum nationaler und internationaler Migrationspolitik; ihr wurde eine wichtige stellvertretende Funktion betreffend die Zutrittsregelung zugewiesen. Mit der EU-Erweiterung waren für die Region neuerliche, unmittelbare Veränderungen verbunden, die vor Ort gerade auch aufgrund damit (mutmaßlich) einhergehender Migration eher als Bedrohung denn als Chance gedeutet wurden.
Den diskurstheoretischen Hintergrund der Untersuchungen stellen in erster Linie die Arbeiten von Michel Foucault und die von Siegfried Jäger darauf aufruhend konzipierte Kritische Diskursanalyse bereit. Diskurs wird – grob vereinfacht – als Fluss von sozialen Wissensbeständen und Bewusstseinsinhalten durch die Zeit verstanden, der individuelles und kollektives Handeln von Menschen bestimmt; Diskurse sind der Ort, an dem (Be-)Deutungen von Menschen ausgehandelt, verändert und der Wirklichkeit zugewiesen werden. Der Forschungszugang versteht sich als Teil der Neuen Kulturgeographie, die konsequent nicht-essentialistisch und erkenntnistheoretisch nicht-fundamentalistisch ist.
Die Datenbasis der empirischen Analysen repräsentieren zwei Ebenen bzw. Teilsektoren des Diskurses. Zum einen die Berichterstattung der jeweils monopolartigen regionalen Tageszeitung in Frankfurt (Oder), Guben und Görlitz (Märkische Oderzeitung/Frankfurter Stadtbote, Lausitzer Rundschau/Lokalausgabe Guben, Sächsische Zeitung/Görlitzer Zeitung). Zum anderen ein Sample von insgesamt 17 Experteninterviews mit lokalen Funktionsträgern, die mit Blick auf ihr, an ihre spezifische professionelle und/oder ehrenamtliche Tätigkeit gebundenes, praxisgesättigtes Sonder- bzw. Insiderwissen zum Thema Migration ausgewählt und befragt wurden.
Die durchgeführten Analysen verdeutlichen unter anderem die Bedeutung diskurssemantischer Grundfiguren des deutschen Migrationsdiskurses im Sinne politisch und alltagskulturell konservierter migrationskritischer Vorstellungsinhalte und Bedeutungszuweisungen zu Kategorien des Fremden und Konstruktionen von Wir und/vs. Sie. Ebenso explizieren sie eine gravierende Diskrepanz zwischen dem lokalen Staat und der Lebenswelt der lokalen Bevölkerung.
Earthquake clustering has proven the most useful tool to forecast changes in seismicity rates in the short and medium term (hours to months), and efforts are currently being made to extend the scope of such models to operational earthquake forecasting. The overarching goal of the research presented in this thesis is to improve physics-based earthquake forecasts, with a focus on aftershock sequences. Physical models of triggered seismicity are based on the redistribution of stresses in the crust, coupled with the rate-and-state constitutive law proposed by Dieterich to calculate changes in seismicity rate. This type of models are known as Coulomb- rate and-state (CRS) models. In spite of the success of the Coulomb hypothesis, CRS models typically performed poorly in comparison to statistical ones, and they have been underepresented in the operational forecasting context. In this thesis, I address some of these issues, and in particular these questions: (1) How can we realistically model the uncertainties and heterogeneity of the mainshock stress field? (2) What is the effect of time dependent stresses in the postseismic phase on seismicity? I focus on two case studies from different tectonic settings: the Mw 9.0 Tohoku megathrust and the Mw 6.0 Parkfield strike slip earthquake. I study aleatoric uncertainties using a Monte Carlo method. I find that the existence of multiple receiver faults is the most important source of intrinsic stress heterogeneity, and CRS models perform better when this variability is taken into account. Epistemic uncertainties inherited from the slip models also have a significant impact on the forecast, and I find that an ensemble model based on several slip distributions outperforms most individual models. I address the role of postseismic stresses due to aseismic slip on the mainshock fault (afterslip) and to the redistribution of stresses by previous aftershocks (secondary triggering). I find that modeling secondary triggering improves model performance. The effect of afterslip is less clear, and difficult to assess for near-fault aftershocks due to the large uncertainties of the afterslip models. Off-fault events, on the other hand, are less sensitive to the details of the slip distribution: I find that following the Tohoku earthquake, afterslip promotes seismicity in the Fukushima region. To evaluate the performance of the improved CRS models in a pseudo-operational context, I submitted them for independent testing to a collaborative experiment carried out by CSEP for the 2010-2012 Canterbury sequence. Preliminary results indicate that physical models generally perform well compared to statistical ones, suggesting that CRS models may have a role to play in the future of operational forecasting. To facilitate efforts in this direction, and to enable future studies of earthquake triggering by time dependent processes, I have made the code open source. In the final part of this thesis I summarize the capabilities of the program and outline technical aspects regarding performance and parallelization strategies.
Most of the baryonic matter in the Universe resides in a diffuse gaseous phase in-between galaxies consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium. This intergalactic medium (IGM) is distributed in large-scale filaments as part of the overall cosmic web. The luminous extragalactic objects that we can observe today, such as galaxies and quasars, are surrounded by the IGM in the most dense regions within the cosmic web. The radiation of these objects contributes to the so-called ultraviolet background (UVB) which keeps the IGM highly ionized ever since the epoch of reionization.
Measuring the amount of absorption due to intergalactic neutral hydrogen (HI) against extragalactic background sources is a very useful tool to constrain the energy input of ionizing sources into the IGM. Observations suggest that the HI Lyman-alpha effective optical depth, τ_eff, decreases with decreasing redshift, which is primarily due to the expansion of the Universe. However, some studies find a smaller value of the effective optical depth than expected at the specific redshift z~3.2, possibly related to the complete reionization of helium in the IGM and a hardening of the UVB. The detection and possible cause of a decrease in τ_eff at z~3.2 is controversially debated in the literature and the observed features need further explanation.
To better understand the properties of the mean absorption at high redshift and to provide an answer for whether the detection of a τ_eff feature is real we study 13 high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio quasar spectra observed with the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The redshift evolution of the effective optical depth, τ_eff(z), is measured in the redshift range 2.7≤z≤3.6. The influence of metal absorption features is removed by performing a comprehensive absorption-line-fitting procedure.
In the first part of the thesis, a line-parameter analysis of the column density, N, and Doppler parameter, b, of ≈7500 individually fitted absorption lines is performed. The results are in good agreement with findings from previous surveys.
The second (main) part of this thesis deals with the analysis of the redshift evolution of the effective optical depth. The τ_eff measurements vary around the empirical power law τ_eff(z)~(1+z)^(γ+1) with γ=2.09±0.52. The same analysis as for the observed spectra is performed on synthetic absorption spectra. From a comparison between observed and synthetic spectral data it can be inferred that the uncertainties of the τ_eff values are likely underestimated and that the scatter is probably caused by high-column-density absorbers with column densities in the range 15≤logN≤17. In the real Universe, such absorbers are rarely observed, however. Hence, the difference in τ_eff from different observational data sets and absorption studies is most likely caused by cosmic variance. If, alternatively, the disagreement between such data is a result of an too optimistic estimate of the (systematic) errors, it is also possible that all τ_eff measurements agree with a smooth evolution within the investigated redshift range. To explore in detail the different analysis techniques of previous studies an extensive literature comparison to the results of this work is presented in this thesis.
Although a final explanation for the occurrence of the τ_eff deviation in different studies at z~3.2 cannot be given here, our study, which represents the most detailed line-fitting analysis of its kind performed at the investigated redshifts so far, represents another important benchmark for the characterization of the HI Ly-alpha effective optical depth at high redshift and its indicated unusual behavior at z~3.2.
Electron transfer (ET) reactions play a crucial role in the metabolic pathways of all organisms. In biotechnological approaches, the redox properties of the protein cytochrome c (cyt c), which acts as an electron shuttle in the respiratory chain, was utilized to engineer ET chains on electrode surfaces. With the help of the biopolymer DNA, the redox protein assembles into electro active multilayer (ML) systems, providing a biocompatible matrix for the entrapment of proteins.
In this study the characteristics of the cyt c and DNA interaction were defined on the molecular level for the first time and the binding sites of DNA on cyt c were identified. Persistent cyt c/DNA complexes were formed in solution under the assembly conditions of ML architectures, i.e. pH 5.0 and low ionic strength. At pH 7.0, no agglomerates were formed, permitting the characterization of the NMR spectroscopy. Using transverse relaxation-optimized spectroscopy (TROSY)-heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) experiments, DNAs’ binding sites on the protein were identified. In particular, negatively charged AA residues, which are known interaction sites in cyt c/protein binding were identified as the main contact points of cyt c and DNA.
Moreover, the sophisticated task of arranging proteins on electrode surfaces to create functional ET chains was addressed. Therefore, two different enzyme types, the flavin dependent fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) and the pyrroloquinoline quinone dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH), were tested as reaction partners of freely diffusing cyt c and cyt c immobilized on electrodes in mono- and MLs. The characterisation of the ET processes was performed by means of electrochemistry and the protein deposition was monitored by microgravimetric measurements. FDH and PQQ-GDH were found to be generally suitable for combination with the cyt c/DNA ML system, since both enzymes interact with cyt c in solution and in the immobilized state. The immobilization of FDH and cyt c was achieved with the enzyme on top of a cyt c monolayer electrode without the help of a polyelectrolyte. Combining FDH with the cyt c/DNA ML system did not succeed, yet. However, the basic conditions for this protein-protein interaction were defined. PQQ-GDH was successfully coupled with the ML system, demonstrating that that the cyt c/DNA ML system provides a suitable interface for enzymes and that the creation of signal chains, based on the idea of co-immobilized proteins is feasible.
Future work may be directed to the investigation of cyt c/DNA interaction under the precise conditions of ML assembly. Therefore, solid state NMR or X-ray crystallography may be required. Based on the results of this study, the combination of FDH with the ML system should be addressed. Moreover, alternative types of enzymes may be tested as catalytic component of the ML assembly, aiming on the development of innovative biosensor applications.
Plant cell walls are complex structures that underpin plant growth and are widely exploited in diverse human activities thus placing them with a central importance in biology. Cell walls have been a prominent area of research for a long time, but the chemical complexity and diversity of cell walls not just between species, but also within plants, between cell-types, and between cell wall micro-domains pose several challenges. Progress accelerated several-fold in cell wall biology owing to advances in sequencing technology, aided soon thereafter by advances in omics and imaging technologies. This development provides additional perspectives of cell walls across a rapidly growing number of species, highlighting a myriad of architectures, compositions, and functions.
Furthermore, rather than the component centric view, integrative analysis of the different cell wall components across system-levels help to gain a more in-depth understanding of the structure and biosynthesis of the cell envelope and its interactions with the environment.
To this end, in this work three case studies are detailed, all pertaining to the integrative analysis of heterogeneous cell wall related data arising from different system-levels and analytical techniques. A detailed account of multiblock methods is provided and in particular canonical correlation and regression methods of data integration are discussed. In the first integrative analysis, by employing canonical correlation analysis - a multivariate statistical technique to study the association between two datasets - novel insight to the relationship between glycans and phenotypic traits is gained. In addition, sparse partial least squares regression approach that adapts Lasso penalization and allows for the selection of a subset of variables was employed. The second case study focuses on an integrative analysis of images obtained from different spectroscopic techniques. By employing yet another multiblock approach - multiple co-inertia analysis, insitu biochemical composition of cell walls from different cell-types is studied thereby highlighting the common and complementary parts of the two hyperspectral imaging techniques. Finally, the third integrative analysis facilitates gene expression analysis of the Arabidopsis root transcriptome and translatome for the identification of cell wall related genes and compare expression patterns of cell wall synthesis genes. The computational analysis considered correlation and variation of expression across cell-types at both system-levels, and also provides insight into the degree of co-regulatory relationships that are preserved between the two processes.
The integrative analysis of glycan data and phenotypic traits in cotton fibers using canonical methods led to the identification of specific polysaccharides which may play a major role during fiber development for the final fiber characteristics. Furthermore, this analysis provides a base for future studies on glycan arrays in case of developing cotton fibers. The integrative analysis of images from infrared and Raman spectroscopic approaches allowed the coupling of different analytical techniques to characterize complex biological material, thereby, representing various facets of their chemical properties. Moreover, the results from the co-inertia analysis demonstrated that the study was well adapted as it is relevant for coupling data tables in a symmetric way. Several indicators are proposed to investigate how the global and block scores are related. In addition, studying the root cells of \textit{Arabidopsis thaliana} allowed positing a novel pipeline to systematically investigate and integrate the different levels of information available at the global and single-cell level. The conducted analysis also confirms that previously identified key transcriptional activators of secondary cell wall development display highly conserved patterns of transcription and translation across the investigated cell-types. Moreover, the biological processes that display conserved and divergent patterns based on the cell-type-specific expression and translation levels are identified.
Der klassische Fernsehrundfunk genießt verfassungsrechtlich und einfachgesetzliche eine privilegierte Sonderstellung. Diese setzt sich bei der Kabelbelegung fort, wo er - insbesondere der öffentliche Rundfunk - gegenüber teemedialen Anrufangeboten bevorrechtigt wird. Hintergrund dieser Sonderstellung ist nicht zuletzt die auf den Rundfunk zentrierte Medienordnung. Die Arbeit untersucht, ob diese Medienordnung und damit die Sonderstellung des Rundfunks noch zeitgemäß ist und schlägt Anpassungen vor.
Aminosäuren sind lebensnotwendige Moleküle für alle Organismen. Ihre Erkennung im Körper ermöglicht eine bedarfsgerechte Regulation ihrer Aufnahme und ihrer Verwertung. Welcher Chemosensor für diese Erkennung jedoch hauptverantwortlich ist, ist bisher unklar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Rolle der Umamigeschmacksrezeptoruntereinheit Tas1r1 jenseits ihrer gustatorischen Bedeutung für die Aminosäuredetektion in der Mundhöhle untersucht.
In der histologischen Tas1r1-Expressionsanalyse nichtgustatorischer Gewebe der Mauslinie Tas1r1-Cre/ROSA26-tdRFP wurde über die Detektion des Reporterproteins tdRFP die Expression des Tas1r1 in allen untersuchten Geweben (Speiseröhre, Magen, Darm, Bauchspeicheldrüse, Leber, Niere, Muskel- und Fettgewebe, Milz, Thymus, Lymphknoten, Lunge sowie Hoden) nachgewiesen. Mit Ausnahme von Dünndarm und Hoden gelang hierbei der Nachweis erstmals spezifisch auf zellulärer Ebene. Caecum und Lymphknoten wurden zudem neu als Expressionsorte des Tas1r1 identifiziert.
Trotz der beobachteten weiten Verbreitung des Tas1r1 im Organismus – unter anderem auch in Geweben, die für den Proteinstoffwechsel besonders relevant sind – waren im Zuge der durchgeführten Untersuchung potentieller extraoraler Funktionen des Rezeptors durch phänotypische Charakterisierung der Mauslinie Tas1r1-BLiR nur schwache Auswirkungen auf Aminosäurestoffwechsel bzw. Stickstoffhaushalt im Falle eines Tas1r1-Knockouts detektierbar. Während sich Ernährungsverhalten, Gesamtphysiologie, Gewebemorphologie sowie Futterverdaulichkeit unverändert zeigten, war die renale Stickstoffausscheidung bei Tas1r1-Knockout-Mäusen auf eiweißarmer sowie auf eiweißreicher Diät signifikant verringert. Eine Überdeckung der Auswirkungen des Tas1r1-Knockouts aufgrund kompensatorischer Effekte durch den Aminosäuresensor CaSR oder den Peptidsensor Gpr93 war nicht nachweisbar. Es bleibt offen, ob andere Mechanismen oder andere Chemosensoren an einer Kompensation beteiligt sind oder aber Tas1r1 in extraoralem Gewebe andere Funktionen als die der Aminosäuredetektion übernimmt. Unterschiede im extraoralen Expressionsmuster der beiden Umamirezeptor-untereinheiten Tas1r1 und Tasr3 lassen Spekulationen über andere Partner, Liganden und Funktionen zu.
Semi-empirical sea-level models (SEMs) exploit physically motivated empirical relationships between global sea level and certain drivers, in the following global mean temperature. This model class evolved as a supplement to process-based models (Rahmstorf (2007)) which were unable to fully represent all relevant processes. They thus failed to capture past sea-level change (Rahmstorf et al. (2012)) and were thought likely to underestimate future sea-level rise. Semi-empirical models were found to be a fast and useful tool for exploring the uncertainties in future sea-level rise, consistently giving significantly higher projections than process-based models.
In the following different aspects of semi-empirical sea-level modelling have been studied. Models were first validated using various data sets of global sea level and temperature. SEMs were then used on the glacier contribution to sea level, and to infer past global temperature from sea-level data via inverse modelling. Periods studied encompass the instrumental period, covered by tide gauges (starting 1700 CE (Common Era) in Amsterdam) and satellites (first launched in 1992 CE), the era from 1000 BCE (before CE) to present, and the full length of the Holocene (using proxy data). Accordingly different data, model formulations and implementations have been used. It could be shown in Bittermann et al. (2013) that SEMs correctly predict 20th century sea-level when calibrated with data until 1900 CE. SEMs also turned out to give better predictions than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4th assessment report (AR4, IPCC (2007)) models, for the period from 1961–2003 CE.
With the first multi-proxy reconstruction of global sea-level as input, estimate of the human-induced component of modern sea-level change and projections of future sea-level rise were calculated (Kopp et al. (2016)). It turned out with 90% confidence that more than 40 % of the observed 20th century sea-level rise is indeed anthropogenic. With the new semi-empirical and IPCC (2013) 5th assessment report (AR5) projections the gap between SEM and process-based model projections closes, giving higher credibility to both. Combining all scenarios, from strong mitigation to business as usual, a global sea-level rise of 28–131 cm relative to 2000 CE, is projected with 90% confidence. The decision for a low carbon pathway could halve the expected global sea-level rise by 2100 CE.
Present day temperature and thus sea level are driven by the globally acting greenhouse-gas forcing. Unlike that, the Milankovich forcing, acting on Holocene timescales, results mainly in a northern-hemisphere temperature change. Therefore a semi-empirical model can be driven with northernhemisphere temperatures, which makes it possible to model the main subcomponent of sea-level change over this period. It showed that an additional positive constant rate of the order of the estimated Antarctic sea-level contribution is then required to explain the sea-level evolution over the Holocene. Thus the global sea level, following the climatic optimum, can be interpreted as the sum of a temperature induced sea-level drop and a positive long-term contribution, likely an ongoing response to deglaciation coming from Antarctica.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Rheinischen Verlaufsform (RV) im rheinfränkischen Dialekt. Nach dem DUDEN handelt es sich bei der RV um eine Konstruktion, die aus dem Kopulaverb sein und einer PP mit am und nominalisiertem Infinitiv besteht und dem Ausdruck von progressivem Aspekt dient.
Die vorliegenden Arbeiten zur RV beschäftigen sich im Wesentlichen entweder mit der Ausprägung der Konstruktion im Standarddeutschen (z.B. Reimann (1999), Krause (2002), Rödel (2003), Rödel (2004a), Rödel (2004b), van Pottelberge (2004)) oder im Ripuarischen (z.B. Andersson (1989), Bhatt & Schmidt (1993)) und kommen zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen bezüglich der Verwendungsmöglichkeiten und des Aufbaus der Konstruktion, insbesondere des Status des Infinitivs in der Verlaufsform.
Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist es, zu zeigen, dass sich die Grammatikalisierung der Verlaufsform von der im DUDEN beschriebenen Konstruktion zu einer analytischen Verbform entlang eines festen Grammatikalisierungspfades vollzieht und die entsprechenden Teilschritte bei der Entwicklung zu einer analytischen Verbform herauszuarbeiten. Auf dieser Grundlage wird in der Arbeit dargestellt, wie sich mittels eines geeigneten Sets an Indikatoren der Grammatikalisierungsgrad der Verlaufsform in einem Dialektraum oder einem diatopischen Register konkret feststellen lässt.
Zellbasierte heterologe Expressionssysteme bieten ein einfaches und schnelles Verfahren, um neue Süßstoffe oder Süßverstärker zu finden. Unter Verwendung eines solchen Testsystems, konnte ich in Zusammenarbeit mit der Symrise AG, Holzminden und dem Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie in Halle/Saale die vietnamesische Pflanze Mycetia balansae als Quelle eines neuen Süßstoffs identifizieren. Deren Hauptkomponenten, genannt Balansine, aktivieren spezifisch den humanen Süßrezeptor. Chimäre Rezeptoren zeigten, dass die amino-terminalen Domänen der Süßrezeptoruntereinheiten, welche ein Großteil der Liganden des Süßrezeptors binden, für dessen Aktivierung durch Balansin A nicht notwendig sind.
Voraussetzung für die Anwendung zellbasierter Testsysteme zum Auffinden neuer Süßstoffe ist jedoch, dass süße Substanzen gesichert identifiziert werden, während nicht süße Substanzen zuverlässig keine Rezeptoraktivierung aufweisen. Während in HEK293 TAS1R2 TAS1R3To Galpha15i3-Zellen Süßrezeptoraktivierung gegenüber nicht süß schmeckenden Substanzen beobachtet wurde, konnte mit den HEK293PEAKrapid Galpha15-Zellen ein zuverlässiges Testsystem identifiziert, welches den Süßgeschmack der untersuchten Substanzen widerspiegelte.
Es fanden sich keine Hinweise, dass akzessorische Proteine oder verwandte Rezeptoren des Süßrezeptors das unterschiedliche Verhalten der Zellen verursachen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Verwendung unterschiedlicher G-Proteine die Signalamplituden des Süßrezeptors beeinflusst, die Unterschiede zwischen den Zellsystemen jedoch nicht vollständig erklärt. Keine der untersuchten Galpha-Proteinchimären spiegelte die intrinsische Süße der Substanzen wider.
Wenn auch nicht ursächlich für die Diskrepanz zwischen Süßrezeptoraktivierung in vitro und Süßgeschmack in vivo, so weisen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit auf eine Interaktion der Süßrezeptoruntereinheiten mit dem humanen Calcium-sensing Rezeptor hin. Vanillin und Ethylvanillin konnten als neue Agonisten des Calcium-sensing Rezeptors identifiziert werden.
Wie die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, können sich kleine Unterschiede im Zellhintergrund deutlich auf die Funktionsweise heterolog exprimierter Rezeptoren auswirken. Dies zeigt wie wichtig die Wahl der Zellen für solche Screeningsysteme ist.
Obesity is a major health problem for many developing and industrial countries. Increasing rates reach almost 50 % of the population in some countries and related metabolic diseases including cardiovascular events and T2DM are challenging the health systems. Adiposity, an increase in body fat mass, is a major hallmark of obesity. Adipose tissue is long known not only to store lipids but also to influence whole-body metabolism including food intake, energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity. Adipocytes can store lipids and thereby protect other tissue from lipotoxic damage. However, if the energy intake is higher than the energy expenditure over a sustained time period, adipose tissue will expand. This can lead to an impaired adipose tissue function resulting in higher levels of plasma lipids, which can affect other tissue like skeletal muscle, finally leading to metabolic complications. Several studies showed beneficial metabolic effects of weight reduction in obese subjects immediately after weight loss. However, weight regain is frequently observed along with potential negative effects on cardiovascular risk factors and a high intra-individual response.
We performed a body weight maintenance study investigating the mechanisms of weight maintenance after intended WR. Therefore we used a low caloric diet followed by a 12-month life-style intervention. Comprehensive phenotyping including fat and muscle biopsies was conducted to investigate hormonal as well as metabolic influences on body weight regulation. In this study, we showed that weight reduction has numerous potentially beneficial effects on metabolic parameters. After 3-month WR subjects showed significant weight and fat mass reduction, lower TG levels as well as higher insulin sensitivity. Using RNA-Seq to analyse whole fat and muscle transcriptome a strong impact of weight reduction on adipose tissue gene expression was observed. Gene expression alterations over weight reduction included several cellular metabolic genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism as well as insulin signalling and regulatory pathways. These changes were also associated with anthropometric parameters assigning body composition. Our data indicated that weight reduction leads to a decreased expression of several lipid catabolic as well as anabolic genes. Long-term body weight maintenance might be influenced by several parameters including hormones, metabolic intermediates as well as the transcriptional landscape of metabolic active tissues. Our data showed that genes involved in biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids might influence the BMI 18-month after a weight reduction phase. This was further supported by analysing metabolic parameters including RQ and FFA levels. We could show that subjects maintaining their lost body weight had a higher RQ and lower FFA levels, indicating increased metabolic flexibility in subjects.
Using this transcriptomic approach we hypothesize that low expression levels of lipid synthetic genes in adipose tissue together with a higher mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle tissue might be beneficial in terms of body weight maintenance.
Microsaccades
(2015)
The first thing we do upon waking is open our eyes. Rotating them in our eye sockets, we scan our surroundings and collect the information into a picture in our head. Eye movements can be split into saccades and fixational eye movements, which occur when we attempt to fixate our gaze. The latter consists of microsaccades, drift and tremor. Before we even lift our eye lids, eye movements – such as saccades and microsaccades that let the eyes jump from one to another position – have partially been prepared in the brain stem. Saccades and microsaccades are often assumed to be generated by the same mechanisms. But how saccades and microsaccades can be classified according to shape has not yet been reported in a statistical manner. Research has put more effort into the investigations of microsaccades’ properties and generation only since the last decade. Consequently, we are only beginning to understand the dynamic processes governing microsaccadic eye movements. Within this thesis, the dynamics governing the generation of microsaccades is assessed and the development of a model for the underlying processes. Eye movement trajectories from different experiments are used, recorded with a video-based eye tracking technique, and a novel method is proposed for the scale-invariant detection of saccades (events of large amplitude) and microsaccades (events of small amplitude). Using a time-frequency approach, the method is examined with different experiments and validated against simulated data. A shape model is suggested that allows for a simple estimation of saccade- and microsaccade related properties. For sequences of microsaccades, in this thesis a time-dynamic Markov model is proposed, with a memory horizon that changes over time and which can best describe sequences of microsaccades.
Seit den 60er Jahren gibt es im deutschsprachigen Raum Diskussionen um die Begriffe Schlüsselqualifikation und (Schlüssel-)Kompetenz, welche seit ca. 2000 auch in der Informatikdidaktik angekommen sind. Die Diskussionen der Fachdisziplinen und ihre Bedeutung für die Informatikdidaktik sind Gegenstand des ersten Teils dieser Dissertation. Es werden Rahmenmodelle zur Strukturierung und Einordnung von Kompetenzen entworfen, die für alle Fachdisziplinen nutzbar sind. Im zweiten Teil wird ein methodologischer Weg gezeigt, Schlüsselkompetenzen herzuleiten, ohne normativ vorgehen zu müssen. Hierzu wird das Verfahren der Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse (QI) auf informatikdidaktische Ansätze angewendet. Die resultierenden Kompetenzen werden in weiteren Schritten verfeinert und in die zuvor entworfenen Rahmenmodelle eingeordnet. Das Ergebnis sind informatische Schlüsselkompetenzen, welche ein spezifisches Bild der Informatik zeichnen und zur Analyse bereits bestehender Curricula genutzt werden können. Zusätzlich zeigt das Verfahren einen Weg auf, wie Schlüsselkompetenzen auf nicht-normativem Wege generell hergeleitet werden können.
The rise of evolutionary novelties is one of the major drivers of evolutionary diversification. African weakly-electric fishes (Teleostei, Mormyridae) have undergone an outstanding adaptive radiation, putatively owing to their ability to communicate through species-specific Electric Organ Discharges (EODs) produced by a novel, muscle-derived electric organ. Indeed, such EODs might have acted as effective pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms, hence favoring ecological speciation in this group of fishes. Despite the evolutionary importance of this organ, genetic investigations regarding its origin and function have remained limited.
The ultimate aim of this study is to better understand the genetic basis of EOD production by exploring the transcriptomic profiles of the electric organ and of its ancestral counterpart, the skeletal muscle, in the genus Campylomormyrus. After having established a set of reference transcriptomes using “Next-Generation Sequencing” (NGS) technologies, I performed in silico analyses of differential expression, in order to identify sets of genes that might be responsible for the functional differences observed between these two kinds of tissues. The results of such analyses indicate that: i) the loss of contractile activity and the decoupling of the excitation-contraction processes are reflected by the down-regulation of the corresponding genes in the electric organ; ii) the metabolic activity of the electric organ might be specialized towards the production and turnover of membrane structures; iii) several ion channels are highly expressed in the electric organ in order to increase excitability, and iv) several myogenic factors might be down-regulated by transcription repressors in the EO.
A secondary task of this study is to improve the genus level phylogeny of Campylomormyrus by applying new methods of inference based on the multispecies coalescent model, in order to reduce the conflict among gene trees and to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree as closest as possible to the actual species-tree. By using 1 mitochondrial and 4 nuclear markers, I was able to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among most of the currently described Campylomormyrus species. Additionally, I applied several coalescent-based species delimitation methods, in order to test the hypothesis that putatively cryptic species, which are distinguishable only from their EOD, belong to independently evolving lineages. The results of this analysis were additionally validated by investigating patterns of diversification at 16 microsatellite loci. The results suggest the presence of a new, yet undescribed species of Campylomormyrus.
Der Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻-Kotransporter (NKCC2) wird im distalen Nephron der Niere exprimiert. Seine Verteilung umfasst die Epithelien der medullären und kortikalen Teile der dicken aufsteigenden Henle-Schleife (Thick ascending limb, TAL) und die Macula densa. Resorptiver NaCl-Transport über den NKCC2 dient dem renalen Konzentrierungsmechanismus und reguliert systemisch auch Volumenstatus und Blutdruck. Die Aktivität des NKCC2 ist mit der Phosphorylierung seiner N-terminalen Aminosäurereste Serin 126 und Threonin 96/101 verbunden. Vermittelt wird diese durch die homologen Kinasen SPAK (SPS-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) und OSR1 (Oxidative stress responsive kinase 1), die hierzu ihrerseits phosphoryliert werden müssen. Der regulatorische Kontext dieser Kinasen ist mittlerweile gut charakterisiert. Über Mechanismen und Produkte, die den NKCC2 deaktivieren, war hingegen weniger bekannt. Ziel der Arbeit war daher zu untersuchen, welche Wege zur Deaktivierung des Transporters führen. Der intrazelluläre Sortierungsrezeptor SORLA (Sorting-protein-related receptor with A-type repeats) war zuvor in seiner Bedeutung für das Nephron charakterisiert worden. Ein SORLA-defizientes Mausmodell weist unter anderem eine stark verringerte NKCC2-Phosphorylierung auf. Unter osmotischem Stress können SORLA-defiziente Mäuse ihren Urin weniger effizient konzentrieren. Meine Resultate zeigen mit hochauflösender Technik, dass SORLA apikal im TAL lokalisiert ist und dass mit NKCC2 eine anteilige Kolokalisation besteht. Unter SORLA Defizienz war die für die NKCC2 Aktivität maßgebliche SPAK/OSR1-Phosphorylierung gegenüber dem Wildtyp nicht verändert. Jedoch war die ebenfalls im TAL exprimierte Phosphatase Calcineurin Aβ (CnAβ) per Western blot um das zweifache gesteigert. Parallel hierzu wurde immunhistochemisch die Kolokalisation von verstärktem CnAβ-Signal und NKCC2 bestätigt. Beide Befunde geben zusammen den Hinweis auf einen Bezug zwischen der reduzierten NKCC2-Phosphorylierung und der gesteigerten Präsenz von CnAβ bei SORLA Defizienz. Die parallel induzierte Überexpression von SORLA in HEK-Zellen zeigte entsprechend eine Halbierung der CnAβ Proteinmenge. SORLA steuert demzufolge sowohl die Abundanz als auch die zelluläre Verteilung der Phosphatase. Weiterhin ließ sich die Interaktion zwischen CnAβ und SORLA (intrazelluläre Domäne) mittels Co-Immunpräzipitation bzw. GST-pulldown assay nachweisen. Auch die Interaktion zwischen CnAβ und NKCC2 wurde auf diesem Weg belegt. Da allerdings weder SORLA noch NKCC2 ein spezifisches Bindungsmuster für CnAβ aufweisen, sind vermutlich intermediäre Adapterproteine bei ihrer Bindung involviert. Die pharmakologische Inhibition von CnAβ mittels Cyclosporin A (CsA; 1 h) führte bei SORLA Defizienz zur Normalisierung der NKCC2-Phosphorylierung. Entsprechend führte in vitro die Gabe von CsA bei TAL Zellen zu einer 7-fach gesteigerten NKCC2-Phosphorylierung. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Phosphatase CnAβ über ihre Assoziation mit NKCC2 diesen im adluminalen Zellkompartiment deaktivieren kann. Gesteuert wird dieser Vorgang durch die Eigenschaft von SORLA, CnAβ apikal zu reduzieren und damit die adluminale Phosphorylierung und Aktivität von NKCC2 zu unterstützen. Da Calcineurin-Inhibitoren derzeit die Grundlage der immunsupprimierenden Therapie darstellen, haben die Ergebnisse eine klinische Relevanz. Angesichts der Co-Expression von SORLA und CnAβ in verschiedenen anderen Organen können die Ergebnisse auch über die Niere hinaus Bedeutung erlangen.
Adjustment of empirically derived ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs), from a data- rich region/site where they have been derived to a data-poor region/site, is one of the major challenges associated with the current practice of seismic hazard analysis. Due to the fre- quent use in engineering design practices the GMPEs are often derived for response spectral ordinates (e.g., spectral acceleration) of a single degree of freedom (SDOF) oscillator. The functional forms of such GMPEs are based upon the concepts borrowed from the Fourier spectral representation of ground motion. This assumption regarding the validity of Fourier spectral concepts in the response spectral domain can lead to consequences which cannot be explained physically.
In this thesis, firstly results from an investigation that explores the relationship between Fourier and response spectra, and implications of this relationship on the adjustment issues of GMPEs, are presented. The relationship between the Fourier and response spectra is explored by using random vibration theory (RVT), a framework that has been extensively used in earthquake engineering, for instance within the stochastic simulation framework and in the site response analysis. For a 5% damped SDOF oscillator the RVT perspective of response spectra reveals that no one-to-one correspondence exists between Fourier and response spectral ordinates except in a limited range (i.e., below the peak of the response spectra) of oscillator frequencies. The high oscillator frequency response spectral ordinates are dominated by the contributions from the Fourier spectral ordinates that correspond to the frequencies well below a selected oscillator frequency. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) is found to be related with the integral over the entire Fourier spectrum of ground motion which is in contrast to the popularly held perception that PGA is a high-frequency phenomenon of ground motion.
This thesis presents a new perspective for developing a response spectral GMPE that takes the relationship between Fourier and response spectra into account. Essentially, this frame- work involves a two-step method for deriving a response spectral GMPE: in the first step two empirical models for the FAS and for a predetermined estimate of duration of ground motion are derived, in the next step, predictions from the two models are combined within the same RVT framework to obtain the response spectral ordinates. In addition to that, a stochastic model based scheme for extrapolating the individual acceleration spectra beyond the useable frequency limits is also presented. To that end, recorded acceleration traces were inverted to obtain the stochastic model parameters that allow making consistent extrapola- tion in individual (acceleration) Fourier spectra. Moreover an empirical model, for a dura- tion measure that is consistent within the RVT framework, is derived. As a next step, an oscillator-frequency-dependent empirical duration model is derived that allows obtaining the most reliable estimates of response spectral ordinates. The framework of deriving the response spectral GMPE presented herein becomes a self-adjusting model with the inclusion of stress parameter (∆σ) and kappa (κ0) as the predictor variables in the two empirical models. The entire analysis of developing the response spectral GMPE is performed on recently compiled RESORCE-2012 database that contains recordings made from Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The presented GMPE for response spectral ordinates should be considered valid in the magnitude range of 4 ≤ MW ≤ 7.6 at distances ≤ 200 km.
The lives of more than 1/6 th of the world population is directly affected by the caprices of the South Asian summer monsoon rainfall. India receives around 78 % of the annual precipitation during the June-September months, the summer monsoon season of South Asia. But, the monsoon circulation is not consistent throughout the entire summer season. Episodes of heavy rainfall (active periods) and low rainfall (break periods) are inherent to the intraseasonal variability of the South Asian summer monsoon. Extended breaks or long-lasting dryness can result in droughts and hence trigger crop failures and in turn famines. Furthermore, India's electricity generation from renewable sources (wind and hydro-power), which is increasingly important in order to satisfy the rapidly rising demand for energy, is highly reliant on the prevailing meteorology. The major drought years 2002 and 2009 for the Indian summer monsoon during the last decades, which are results of the occurrence of multiple extended breaks, emphasise exemplary that the understanding of the monsoon system and its intraseasonal variation is of greatest importance. Although, numerous studies based on observations, reanalysis data and global model simulations have been carried out with the focus on monsoon active and break phases over India, the understanding of the monsoon intraseasonal variability is only in the infancy stage. Regional climate models could benefit the comprehension of monsoon breaks by its resolution advantage.
This study investigates moist dynamical processes that initiate and maintain breaks during the South Asian summer monsoon using the atmospheric regional climate model HIRHAM5 at a horizontal resolution of 25 km forced by the ECMWF ERA Interim reanalysis for the period 1979-2012. By calculating moisture and moist static energy budgets the various competing mechanisms leading to extended breaks are quantitatively estimated. Advection of dry air from the deserts of western Asia towards central India is the dominant moist dynamical process in initiating extended break conditions over South Asia. Once initiated, the extended breaks are maintained due to many competing mechanisms: (i) the anomalous easterlies at the southern flank of this anticyclonic anomaly weaken the low-level cross-equatorial jet and thus the moisture transport into the monsoon region, (ii) differential radiative heating over the continental and the oceanic tropical convergence zone induces a local Hadley circulation with anomalous rising over the equatorial Indian Ocean and descent over central India, and (iii) a cyclonic response to positive rainfall anomalies over the near-equatorial Indian Ocean amplifies the anomalous easterlies over India and hence contributes to the low-level divergence over central India.
A sensitivity experiment that mimics a scenario of higher atmospheric aerosol concentrations over South Asia addresses a current issue of large uncertainty: the role aerosols play in suppressing monsoon rainfall and hence in triggering breaks. To study the indirect aerosol effects the cloud droplet number concentration was increased to imitate the aerosol's function as cloud condensation nuclei. The sensitivity experiment with altered microphysical cloud properties shows a reduction in the summer monsoon precipitation together with a weakening of the South Asian summer monsoon. Several physical mechanisms are proposed to be responsible for the suppressed monsoon rainfall: (i) according to the first indirect radiative forcing the increase in the number of cloud droplets causes an increase in the cloud reflectivity of solar radiation, leading to a climate cooling over India which in turn reduces the hydrological cycle, (ii) a stabilisation of the troposphere induced by a differential cooling between the surface and the upper troposphere over central India inhibits the growth of deep convective rain clouds, (iii) an increase of the amount of low and mid-level clouds together with a decrease in high-level cloud amount amplify the surface cooling and hence the atmospheric stability, and (iv) dynamical changes of the monsoon manifested as a anomalous anticyclonic circulation over India reduce the moisture transport into the monsoon region. The study suggests that the changes in the total precipitation, which are dominated by changes in the convective precipitation, mainly result from the indirect radiative forcing. Suppression of rainfall due to the direct microphysical effect is found to be negligible over India. Break statistics of the polluted cloud scenario indicate an increase in the occurrence of short breaks (3 days), while the frequency of extended breaks (> 7 days) is clearly not affected. This disproves the hypothesis that more and smaller cloud droplets, caused by a high load of atmospheric aerosols trigger long drought conditions over central India.
Wissenschaft, Technik und Medien im Werk Alfred Döblins im Kontext der europäischen Avantgarde
(2015)
Ziel dieser Studie ist es die bislang nur sporadisch untersuchten Wechselverhältnisse zwischen den Kulturbereichen Wissenschaft/Technik und Literatur am herausragenden Beispiel des Oeuvres des Schriftstellers und Arztes Alfred Döblin aufzuspüren. Hierbei scheint seine ärztlich-psychiatrische Laufbahn, die eine breite Grundlage wissenschaftlicher Diskurse anbietet, wie auch seine avantgardistische Literaturpraxis diese gegenseitige Befruchtung gefördert zu haben.
Im Hinblick auf den Forschungsgegenstand und -zweck ist ein kulturwissenschaftlicher Ansatz versucht worden. Dieser vielperspektivische Ansatz, der von der Prämisse eines Wechselspiels aller Kulturbereiche untereinander ausgeht, gestattet eine dem Gegenstand angepasste Verknüpfung von verschiedenen Arbeitsmethoden wie der philologisch-literarhistorischen mit der konstruktivistischen und der komparatistischen. Hierbei ist eine Einbeziehung wissenschafts- und technikphilosophischer Reflexion wie auch eine dementsprechend erweiterte kulturhistorische Kontextualisierung vorgenommen worden.
Die hier vorgelegte Analyse fokussiert auf wissenschaftlich-technische Bezüge sowohl in thematischer Hinsicht als auch in der Textgestaltung der schriftstellerischen Werke Döblins bis 1924. Gleichzeitig wird die diskursgeprägte, sprachliche und literarische Dimension seiner wissenschaftlichen Studien und technischer Texte - wie Krankenakte - hervorgehoben. Dieses erweiterte ‚Oeuvre‘-Konzept gestattet die Analyse der psychiatrischen, klinisch-ärztlichen und biochemischen Schriften Döblins sowie seiner Erzählwerke, seiner vielgestaltigen Publizistik und seiner intermedialen Anregungen aus den neuen audiovisuellen Medien. Dadurch wird eine diskurskritische kulturübergreifende Interdiskursivität wie auch eine ‚Hybridität‘ aller Texte aufgezeigt, die die Grundunterschiede zwischen Textsorten und Gattungsgrenzen relativiert.
This work investigates the influence of the Coriolis force on mass motion related to the Rheasilvia impact basin on asteroid (4) Vesta's southern hemisphere. The giant basin is 500km in diameter, with a centre which nearly coincides with the rotation axis of Vesta. The Rheasilvia basin partially overlaps an earlier, similarly large impact basin, Veneneia.
Mass motion within and in the vicinity of the Rheasilvia basin includes slumping and landslides, which, primarily due to their small linear extents, have not been noticeably affected by the Coriolis force. However, a series of ridges related to the basin exhibit significant curvature, which may record the effect of the Coriolis force on the mass motion which generated them.
In this thesis 32 of these curved ridges, in three geologically distinct regions, were examined. The mass motion velocities from which the ridge curvatures may have resulted during the crater modification stage were investigated. Velocity profiles were derived by fitting inertial circles along the curved ridges and considering both the current and past rotation states of Vesta. An iterative, statistical approach was used, whereby the radii of inertial circles were obtained through repeated fitting to triplets of points across the ridges. The most frequently found radius for each central point was then used for velocity derivation at that point.
The results of the velocity analysis are strongly supportive of a Coriolis force origin for the curved ridges. Derived velocities (29.6 ± 24.6 m/s) generally agree well with previously published predictions from numerical simulations of mass motion during the impact process. Topographical features such as local slope gradient and mass deposition regions on the curved ridges also independently agree with regions in which the calculated mass motion accelerates or decelerates.
Sections of constant acceleration, deceleration and constant velocity are found, showing that mass motion is being governed by varying conditions of topography, regolith structure and friction. Estimates of material properties such as the effective viscosities (1.9-9.0·10⁶ Pa·s) and coefficients of friction (0.02-0.81) are derived from the velocity profile information in these sections. From measured accelerations of mass motions on the crater wall, it is also shown that the crater walls must have been locally steeper at the time of the mass motion.
Together with these novel insights into the state and behaviour of material moving during the modification stage of Rheasilvia's formation, this work represents the first time that the Coriolis Effect on mass motions during crater formation has been shown to result in diagnostic features preserved until today.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der ganzheitlichen Betrachtung der Fluideigenschaften eines unterpermischen Reservoirs am Geothermie Forschungsstandort Groß Schönebeck (GrSk) bei Reservoirbedingungen und im Betrieb der Geothermieanlage. Die Untersuchungen zur Fluidherkunft ergeben, dass es sich um ein konnates Wasser meteorischen Ursprungs ohne den Einfluss der darüberliegenden Zechsteinwässer handelt. Die Ionen und Isotopenverhältnisse im Formationswasser gelöster Komponenten in GrSk belegen einen gemeinsamen Genesepfad mit Wässern anderer Rotliegend-Reservoire des Nordostdeutschen Beckens (NEGB). Die Isotopenverhältnisse von ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ≈ 0,7158 und von δ³⁴SV CDT ≈ 4,1 ‰ des Sulfats weisen auf die Anreicherung des Fluids mit schweren Isotopen durch die Fluid Gestein-Wechselwirkung mit Vulkaniten und Rotliegend Sandsteinen des Unteren Perms hin.
Das im Formationswasser bei Reservoirbedingungen gelöste Gas (Gas/Wasser ≤ 2 bei STP) enthält Stickstoff (δ¹⁵NAir ≈ 0,6 ‰) und thermogenes Methan (δ¹³CV-PDB ≈ - 18 ‰) aus organischen Karbonablagerungen (Kerogen Typ - III Kohlen) hoher Reife. Die Isotopenverhältnisse der Edelgase belegen eine krustale Herkunft des Gasgemisches. Die berechnete Verweilzeit τ (⁴He) der Gase im Reservoir liegt zwischen 275 und 317 Ma und überschreitet damit bei gegebener Konzentration von Mutternukliden im Reservoirgestein das allgemein angenommene Zeitalter der Sedimentgruppe. Das lässt sich durch eine Zuwanderung von Gasen aus älteren Sedimentfolgen erklären.
Die Veränderungen der physikochemischen Fluidparameter während des Anlagenbetriebs sind hauptsächlich temperaturbedingt. Bei stabilen Produktionsbedingungen und einer Temperatur von ca. 100 °C stabilisieren sich auch die Fluideigenschaften. Bei In situ Bedingungen übertage beträgt die Dichte ρ = 1,1325 ± 0,0002 g ∙ mL⁻¹, das Redoxpotential Eh = -105,5 ± 1,3 mV und der pH = 6,61 ± 0,002. Die relative Zusammensetzung der Gasphase bei stabilen Produktionsbedingungen zeigt dagegen eine geringe Erhöhung des Stickstoffanteils sowie des Anteils der Kohlenwasserstoffe (Ethan, Propan, usw.) und Abnahme des relativen Methananteils im Laufe des Betriebs.
Die quantitative Untersuchung der sekundären mineralischen Ausfällungen im Fluid mittels sequentieller Extraktion zeigte, dass Schwermetalle als eine Hauptkomponente der Fluidfestphase größtenteils in Verbindung mit organischen Molekülen vorliegen. Experimente zum Einfluss organischer Verbindungen unterschiedlicher Substanzklassen auf eine Mobilisierung der Schwermetalle aus dem Reservoirgestein ergaben, dass die Verbindungen wie Fettsäuren und PAK (polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe) die Freisetzung von Kupfer, Nickel, Chrom und Blei verhindern bzw. zu derer Immobilisierung beitragen. Im Gegensatz dazu wird die Mobilität von Zink in Anwesenheit von diesen Verbindungen erhöht. Niedermolekulare Monocarbonsäuren und stickstoffhaltige Heteroaromaten tragen, mit Ausnahme von Blei, zur Freisetzung bzw. Mobilisierung von Schwermetallen aus dem Reservoirgestein bei.
Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit bestätigen das Risiko massiver Ausfällungen auf der kalten Seite der Geothermieanlage bei Inbetriebnahme des Kraftwerks, wenn keine an den Fluidchemismus angepassten Präventionsmethoden eingesetzt werden. Die Isotopenzusammensetzung der Fluidkomponenten sowie geringfügige Schwankungen der Gaszusammensetzung im kontinuierlichen Anlagenbetrieb lässt eine Kommunikation des unterpermischen Reservoirs mit dem darunter liegenden Oberkarbon vermuten, was eine nachträgliche Veränderung der Fluidzusammensetzung beim Dauerbetrieb der Anlage bedeuten kann.
The size and morphology control of precipitated solid particles is a major economic issue for numerous industries. For instance, it is interesting for the nuclear industry, concerning the recovery of radioactive species from used nuclear fuel.
The precipitates features, which are a key parameter from the post-precipitate processing, depend on the process local mixing conditions. So far, the relationship between precipitation features and hydrodynamic conditions have not been investigated.
In this study, a new experimental configuration consisting of coalescing drops is set to investigate the link between reactive crystallization and hydrodynamics. Two configurations of aqueous drops are examined. The first one corresponds to high contact angle drops (>90°) in oil, as a model system for flowing drops, the second one correspond to sessile drops in air with low contact angle (<25°). In both cases, one reactive is dissolved in each drop, namely oxalic acid and cerium nitrate. When both drops get into contact, they may coalesce; the dissolved species mix and react to produce insoluble cerium oxalate. The precipitates features and effect on hydrodynamics are investigated depending on the solvent. In the case of sessile drops in air, the surface tension difference between the drops generates a gradient which induces a Marangoni flow from the low surface tension drop over the high surface tension drop. By setting the surface tension difference between the two drops and thus the Marangoni flow, the hydrodynamics conditions during the drop coalescence could be modified. Diols/water mixtures are used as solvent, in order to fix the surface tension difference between the liquids of both drops regardless from the reactant concentration. More precisely, the used diols, 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol, are isomer with identical density and close viscosity. By keeping the water volume fraction constant and playing with the 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol volume fractions of the solvents, the mixtures surface tensions differ up to 10 mN/m for identical/constant reactant concentration, density and viscosity. 3 precipitation behaviors were identified for the coalescence of water/diols/recatants drops depending on the oxalic excess. The corresponding precipitates patterns are visualized by optical microscopy and the precipitates are characterized by confocal microscopy SEM, XRD and SAXS measurements. In the intermediate oxalic excess regime, formation of periodic patterns can be observed. These patterns consist in alternating cerium oxalate precipitates with distinct morphologies, namely needles and “microflowers”. Such periodic fringes can be explained by a feedback mechanism between convection, reaction and the diffusion.
The relationship between nutrition and the development of chronic diseases including metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cancer and cardiovascular disease has been well studied. On the other hand, changes in the GH-IGF-1 axis in association with nutrition-related diseases have been reported. The interplay between GH, total IGF-1 and different inhibitory and stimulatory kinds of IGF-1 binding proteins (IGFBPs) results in IGF-1 bioactivity, the ability of IGF-1 to induce phosphorylation of its receptor and consequently its signaling. Moreover, IGF-1 bioactivity is sufficient to reflect any change in the GH-IGF-1 system. Accumulating evidence suggests that both of high protein diet, characterized by increased glucagon secretion, and insulin-induced hypoglycemia increase mortality rate and the mechanisms are unclear. However both of glucagon and insulin-induced hypoglycemia are potent stimuli of GH secretion. The aim of the current study was to identify the impact of glucagon and insulin-induced hypoglycemia on IGF-1 bioactivity as possible mechanisms. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, glucagon was intramuscularly administrated in 13 type 1 diabetic patients (6 males /7 females; [BMI]: 24.8 ± 0.95 kg/m2), 11 obese subjects (OP; 5/ 6; 34.4 ± 1.7 kg/m2), and 13 healthy lean participants (LP; 6/ 7; 21.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2), whereas 12 obese subjects (OP; 6/ 6; 34.4 ± 1.7 kg/m2), and 13 healthy lean participants (LP; 6/ 7; 21.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2) performed insulin tolerance test in another double-blind placebo-controlled study and changes in GH, total IGF-1, IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and IGF-1 bioactivity, measured by the cell-based KIRA method, were investigated. In addition, the interaction between the metabolic hormones (glucagon and insulin) and the GH-IGF-1 system on the transcriptional level was studied using mouse primary hepatocytes. In this thesis, glucagon decreased IGF-1 bioactivity in humans independently of endogenous insulin levels, most likely through modulation of IGFBP-1 and-2 levels. The glucagon-induced reduction in IGF-1 bioactivity may represent a novel mechanism underlying the impact of glucagon on GH secretion and may explain the negative effect of high protein diet related to increased cardiovascular risk and mortality rate. In addition, insulin-induced hypoglycemia was correlated with a decrease in IGF-1 bioactivity through up-regulation of IGFBP-2. These results may refer to a possible and poorly explored mechanism explaining the strong association between hypoglycemia and increased cardiovascular mortality among diabetic patients.
We study segregation of the subducted oceanic crust (OC) at the core mantle boundary and its ability to accumulate and form large thermochemical piles (such as the seismically observed Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces - LLSVPs). Our high-resolution numerical simulations suggest that the longevity of LLSVPs for up to three billion years, and possibly longer, can be ensured by a balance in the rate of segregation of high-density OC-material to the CMB, and the rate of its entrainment away from the CMB by mantle upwellings.
For a range of parameters tested in this study, a large-scale compositional anomaly forms at the CMB, similar in shape and size to the LLSVPs. Neutrally buoyant thermochemical piles formed by mechanical stirring - where thermally induced negative density anomaly is balanced by the presence of a fraction of dense anomalous material - best resemble the geometry of LLSVPs. Such neutrally buoyant piles tend to emerge and survive for at least 3Gyr in simulations with quite different parameters. We conclude that for a plausible range of values of density anomaly of OC material in the lower mantle - it is likely that it segregates to the CMB, gets mechanically mixed with the ambient material, and forms neutrally buoyant large scale compositional anomalies similar in shape to the LLSVPs.
We have developed an efficient FEM code with dynamically adaptive time and space resolution, and marker-in-cell methodology. This enabled us to model thermochemical mantle convection at realistically high convective vigor, strong thermally induced viscosity variations, and long term evolution of compositional fields.
In this thesis we study reciprocal classes of Markov chains. Given a continuous time Markov chain on a countable state space, acting as reference dynamics, the associated reciprocal class is the set of all probability measures on path space that can be written as a mixture of its bridges. These processes possess a conditional independence property that generalizes the Markov property, and evolved from an idea of Schrödinger, who wanted to obtain a probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Associated to a reciprocal class is a set of reciprocal characteristics, which are space-time functions that determine the reciprocal class. We compute explicitly these characteristics, and divide them into two main families: arc characteristics and cycle characteristics. As a byproduct, we obtain an explicit criterion to check when two different Markov chains share their bridges.
Starting from the characteristics we offer two different descriptions of the reciprocal class, including its non-Markov probabilities.
The first one is based on a pathwise approach and the second one on short time asymptotic. With the first approach one produces a family of functional equations whose only solutions are precisely the elements of the reciprocal class. These equations are integration by parts on path space associated with derivative operators which perturb the paths by mean of the addition of random loops. Several geometrical tools are employed to construct such formulas. The problem of obtaining sharp characterizations is also considered, showing some interesting connections with discrete geometry. Examples of such formulas are given in the framework of counting processes and random walks on Abelian groups, where the set of loops has a group structure.
In addition to this global description, we propose a second approach by looking at the short time behavior of a reciprocal process. In the same way as the Markov property and short time expansions of transition probabilities characterize Markov chains, we show that a reciprocal class is characterized by imposing the reciprocal property and two families of short time expansions for the bridges. Such local approach is suitable to study reciprocal processes on general countable graphs. As application of our characterization, we considered several interesting graphs, such as lattices, planar
graphs, the complete graph, and the hypercube.
Finally, we obtain some first results about concentration of measure implied by lower bounds on the reciprocal characteristics.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Synthese und Charakterisierung von neuartigen fluoreszierenden Copolymeren zur Analytdetektion in wässrigen Systemen. Das Detektionssystem sollte ein einfaches Schalten der Fluoreszenz bei Analytbindung „Aus“ bzw. Verdrängung „An“ ermöglichen. Dafür wurde die Synthese eines funktionalisierten Monomers so geplant, dass sich Fluorophor und Analyt innerhalb derselben Monomereinheit in direkter Nachbarschaft zueinander befinden. So sollten bei Erkennung des Analyten durch eine mit einem Fluoreszenzlöscher funktionalisierte Erkennungsstruktur Fluorophor und Löscher in einen vorgegebenen Abstand zueinander gezwungen und die Fluoreszenz des Fluorophors effizient gelöscht werden. Bei anschließender Verdrängung der Erkennungseinheit durch einen stärker bindenden Analyten sollte die Fluoreszenz wieder „angeschaltet“ werden. Eine weitere Zielstellung für das Detektionssystem war eine hohe Löslichkeit und Fluoreszenzintensität in Wasser. Da die Anwendung solcher Sensoren besonders in der Medizin und Biologie, z.B. für Schnellerkennungstest von Pathogenen, von Interesse ist, ist die Kompatibilität mit wässrigen Medien essentiell. Die funktionalisierten Monomere wurden frei radikalisch mit N Vinyl-pyrrolidon bzw. N Vinyl¬caprolactam zu wasserlöslichen, fluoreszierenden Copolymeren umgesetzt. In den N-Vinyl¬pyrrolidon-Polymeren (PNVP) wurde RhodaminB, in den thermoresponsiven N Vinyl¬caprolactam-Polymeren (PNVCL) ein Naphthalsäureimid als Fluorophor verwendet. Während Rhodamine eine hohe Fluoreszenzintensität, gute Quantenausbeuten und hohen Extinktionskoeffizienten in Wasser zeigen, sind Naphthalsäure¬imide umgebungssensitive Chromophore, die bei Änderung ihrer Lösungsmittelumgebung, wie z.B. beim Kollaps eines thermoresponsiven Polymers in Wasser, ihre Fluoreszenzintensität und Quantenausbeute drastisch ändern können. Der Vorteil der hier verwendeten Strategie der Monomersynthese liegt darin, dass bei jeder spezifischen Analytdetektion durch eine Erkennungseinheit die Fluoreszenz effizient gelöscht bzw. bei Verdrängung durch einen stärker bindenden Analyten wieder „angeschaltet“ wird. Dieses Prinzip wird bereits vielfach in der Biologie in sogenannten „Molecular Beacons“ ausgenutzt, wobei ein Fluorophor und ein Löscher durch spezifische DNA Basenpaarung in einen vorgegebenen Abstand zueinander gezwungen werden und so ein „Schalten“ der Fluoreszenz ermöglichen. Aufgrund der vorgegebenen Struktur der DNA Basensequenzen ist es jedoch nicht direkt auf andere Erkennungsreaktionen übertragbar. Daher wurde ein Modellsystem entwickelt, welches die Möglichkeit bietet Analyt, Erkennungseinheit und Signalgeber variabel, je nach Anforderungen des Systems, auszutauschen. So soll es möglich sein, den Sensor a priori für jede Erkennungs¬reaktion zu verwenden. Als Modell Bindungs¬paare wurden ß Cyclodextrin/Adamantan und Con¬cana¬valinA/Mannose ausgewählt. Adamantan bzw. Mannose wurde als Analyt zusammen mit dem Fluorophor in das Polymer eingebunden. ß Cyclo¬dextrin (ß CD) bzw. ConcanavalinA (ConA) wurde als Erkennungsstruktur an einem Fluoreszenzlöscher immobilisiert. Polymer-basierte Fluoreszenzsensoren sind in der Fachliteratur gut dokumentiert. In der Regel sind Signalgeber und Analyt jedoch statistisch im Polymer verteilt, da sie sich entweder in unterschiedlichen Monomereinheiten befinden oder die Funktionalisierung durch eine polymeranaloge Umsetzung erfolgt. Der gewählte Ansatz Fluorophor und Analyt innerhalb derselben Monomereinheit einzubinden, soll bei jeder Erkennungsreaktion des Analyten zu einer Änderung der Signalintensität des Fluorophors führen. Eine hohe Signalintensität bei Analytdetektion ist wünschenswert, insbesondere für Erkennungsreaktionen, die mit möglichst geringem apparativem Aufwand, am besten mit dem bloßen Auge zu verfolgen sein sollen. Des Weiteren ist es möglich den Fluorophorgehalt im Polymer genau einzustellen und so Selbstlöschung zu vermeiden. Die synthetisierten Polymere haben einen Fluorophorgehalt von 0,01 mol% bis 0,5 mol%. Für die RhodaminB haltigen Polymere zeigte sich, dass ein Fluorophorgehalt unterhalb 0,1 mol% im Polymer die höchsten Ausbeuten, Molmassen und Quantenausbeuten liefert. Für die Naphthalsäureimid haltigen Polymere hingegen wurden auch für einen Fluorophorgehalt von bis zu 1 mol% hohe Ausbeuten und Molmassen erreicht. Die Naphthalsäureimid haltigen Polymere haben jedoch in wässriger Lösungsmittelumgebung nur geringe Quantenausbeuten. Als Fluoreszenzlöscher wurden Goldnanopartikel synthetisiert, die mit den entsprechenden Erkennungsstrukturen (ß-CD oder ConA) für den verwendeten Analyten funktionalisiert wurden. Goldnanopartikel als Löscher bieten den Vorteil, dass ihre Dispergierbarkeit in einem Lösemittel durch Funktionalisierung ihrer Hülle gezielt gesteuert werden kann. Durch die hohe Affinität von Goldnanopartikeln zu Thiolen und Aminen konnten sie mit Hilfe einfacher Syntheseschritte mit Thio ß CD Derivaten bzw. ConA funktionalisiert werden. In der hier vorgelegten Arbeit sollte ein Modellsystem für einen solches fluoreszenz-basiertes Detektionssystem in Wasser entwickelt werden. Nachfolgend werden die zu erfüllenden strukturellen Voraussetzungen für die Synthese eines solchen Sensors nochmals zusammengefasst:
1. Verwendung eines Fluorophors, der eine hohe Signalintensität zeigt.
2. Analyt bzw. Erkennungseinheit soll sich im Abstand von wenigen Nanometern zum Signalgeber befinden, um bei jeder Detektionsreaktion die Signalintensität des Signalgebers beeinflussen zu können.
3. Die Detektionseinheit benötigt eine funktionelle Gruppe zur Immobilisierung. Immobilisierung kann z.B. durch Einbindung in ein Polymer erfolgen.
4. Der Fluorophor soll bei Änderung seiner lokalen Umgebung, durch Binden eines Löschers oder Änderung seiner Lösemittelumgebung seine Fluoreszenzeigenschaften drastisch ändern.
5. Die Reaktion sollte schnell und mit möglichst geringem apparativem Aufwand, am besten mit bloßem Auge zu verfolgen sein.
Für das ß-CD/Adamantan Modellsystem wurde ein Fluoreszenz Aus/An Sensor entwickelt, der bei Binden ß CD funktionalisierter Goldnanopartikel an das polymergebundene Adamantan die Fluoreszenz des RhodaminB Fluorophors effizient löscht und bei Verdrängung der Goldnanopartikel wieder zurück gewinnt. Dies konnte auch mit bloßem Auge verfolgt werden.
Für die Naphthalsäureimid Monomere, die mit NVCL copolymerisiert wurden, wurde abhängig von der lokalen Umgebung des Fluorophors eine unterschiedliche Verstärkung der Fluoreszenzintensität bei Überschreiten des Trübungspunktes des Polymers gefunden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Einführung eines Abstandshalters zwischen Polymerrückgrat und Fluorophor zu einer großen Fluoreszenz¬verstärkung führt, während sich ohne Abstandshalter die Fluoreszenzintensität bei Über¬schreiten des Trübungspunktes kaum ändert.
Das Schulbuch ist ein etablierter und bedeutender Bestandteil des Mathematikunterrichts. Lehrer nutzen es, um ihren Unterricht vorzubereiten und/oder zu gestalten; Schüler, um in selbigem zu lernen und zu bestehen, vielleicht sogar aus eigenem Interesse; Eltern, um sich darüber zu informieren, was ihr Kind eigentlich können soll und wie sie ihm gegebenenfalls helfen können. Darüber hinaus ist das Schulbuch ein markantes gesellschaftliches Produkt, dessen Zweck es ist, das Unterrichtsgeschehen zu steuern und zu beeinflussen. Damit ist es auch ein Anzeiger dafür, was und wie im Mathematikunterricht gelehrt werden sollte und wird. Die Lehrtexte als zentrale Bestandteile von Schulbüchern verweisen in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere auf die Phasen der Einführung neuen Lernstoffs. Daraus legitimiert sich übergreifend die Fragestellung, was und wie (gut) Mathematikschulbuchlehrtexte lehren bzw. was und wie (gut) adressierte Schüler aus ihnen (selbstständig) lernen, d.h. Wissen erwerben können.
Angesichts der komplexen und vielfältigen Bedeutung von Schulbuchlehrtexten verwundert es, dass die mathematikdidaktische Forschung bislang wenig Interesse an ihnen zeigt: Es fehlen sowohl eine theoretische Konzeption der Größe ‚Lehrpotential eines schulmathematischen Lehrtextes‘ als auch ein analytisches Verfahren, um das anhand eines Mathematikschulbuchlehrtextes Verstehbare und Lernbare zu ermitteln. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wird sowohl in theoretisch-methodologischer als auch in empirischer Hinsicht der Versuch unternommen, diesen Defiziten zu begegnen. Dabei wird das ‚Lehrpotential eines Mathematikschulbuchlehrtextes‘ auf der Grundlage der kognitionspsychologischen Schematheorie und unter Einbeziehung textlinguistischer Ansätze als eine textimmanente und analytisch zugängliche Größe konzipiert. Anschließend wird das Lehrpotential von fünf Lehrtexten ausgewählter aktueller Schulbücher der Jahrgangsstufen 6 und 7 zu den Inhaltsbereichen ‚Brüche‘ und ‚lineare Funktionen‘ analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass die untersuchten Lehrtexte aus deutschen Schulbüchern für Schüler sehr schwer verständlich sind, d.h. es ist kompliziert, einigen Teiltexten im Rahmen des Gesamttextes einen Sinn abzugewinnen. Die Lehrtexte sind insbesondere dann kaum sinnhaft lesbar, wenn ein Schüler versucht, die mitgeteilten Sachverhalte zu verstehen, d.h. Antworten auf die Fragen zu erhalten, warum ein mathematischer Sachverhalt gerade so und nicht anders ist, wozu ein neuer Sachverhalt/Begriff gebraucht wird, wie das Neue mit bereits Bekanntem zusammenhängt usw. Deutlich zugänglicher und sinnhafter erscheinen die Mathematikschulbuchlehrtexte hingegen unter der Annahme, dass ihre zentrale Botschaft in der Mitteilung besteht, welche Aufgabenstellungen in der jeweiligen Lehreinheit vorkommen und wie man sie bearbeitet. Demnach können Schüler anhand dieser Lehrtexte im Wesentlichen lernen, wie sie mit mathematischen Zeichen, die für sie kaum etwas bezeichnen, umgehen sollen. Die hier vorgelegten Analyseergebnisse gewinnen in einem soziologischen Kontext an Tragweite und Brisanz. So lässt sich aus ihnen u.a. die These ableiten, dass die analysierten Lehrtexte keine ‚unglücklichen‘ Einzelfälle sind, sondern dass die ‚Aufgabenorientierung in einem mathematischen Gewand‘ ein Charakteristikum typischer (deutscher) Mathematikschulbuchlehrtexte und – noch grundsätzlicher – einen Wesenszug typischer schulmathematischer Kommunikation darstellt.
Spots on stellar surfaces are thought to be stellar analogues of sunspots. Thus, starspots are direct manifestations of strong magnetic fields. Their decay rate is directly related to the magnetic diffusivity, which itself is a key quantity for the deduction of an activity cycle length. So far, no single starspot decay has been observed, and thus no stellar activity cycle was inferred from its corresponding turbulent diffusivity.
We investigate the evolution of starspots on the rapidly-rotating K0 giant XX Triangulum. Continuous high-resolution and phase-resolved spectroscopy was obtained with the robotic 1.2-m STELLA telescope on Tenerife over a timespan of six years. With our line-profile inversion code iMap we reconstruct a total of 36 consecutive Doppler maps. To quantify starspot area decay and growth, we match the observed images with simplified spot models based on a Monte-Carlo approach.
It is shown that the surface of XX Tri is covered with large high-latitude and even polar spots and with occasional small equatorial spots. Just over the course of six years, we see a systematically changing spot distribution with various time scales and morphology such as spot fragmentation and spot merging as well as spot decay and formation.
For the first time, a starspot decay rate on another star than the Sun is determined. From our spot-decay analysis we determine an average linear decay rate of D = -0.067±0.006 Gm^2/day. From this decay rate, we infer a turbulent diffusivity of η_τ = (6.3±0.5) x 10^14 cm^2/s and consequently predict an activity cycle of 26±6 years. The obtained cycle length matches very well with photometric observations.
Our time-series of Doppler maps further enables to investigate the differential rotation of XX Tri. We therefore applied a cross-correlation analysis. We detect a weak solar-like differential rotation with a surface shear of α = 0.016±0.003. This value agrees with similar studies of other RS CVn stars.
Furthermore, we found evidence for active longitudes and flip-flops. Whereas the more active longitude is located in phase towards the (unseen) companion star, the weaker active longitude is located at the opposite stellar hemisphere. From their periodic appearance, we infer a flip-flop cycle of ~2 years. Both activity phenomena are common on late-type binary stars.
Last but not least we redetermine several astrophysical properties of XX Tri and its binary system, as large datasets of photometric and spectroscopic observations are available since its last determination in 1999. Additionally, we compare the rotational spot-modulation from photometric and spectroscopic studies.
Analphabetismus und Teilhabe
(2015)
Aus bildungstheoretisch-gesellschaftskritischer Perspektive stellt sich Lernen als soziales Handeln in gesellschaftlich-vermittelten Verhältnissen – Möglichkeiten wie auch Begrenzungen – dar. Funktionaler Analphabetismus ist mit einem bundesweiten Anteil von 14% der erwerbsfähigen Bevölkerung oder 7,5 Millionen Analphabeten in Deutschland nicht nur ein bildungspolitisches und -praktisches, sondern auch ein wissenschaftlich zu untersuchendes Phänomen. Es gibt zahlreiche Untersuchungen, die sich mit dieser Thematik auseinandersetzen und Anknüpfungspunkte für die vorliegende Studie bieten. Aus der Zielgruppenforschung beispielsweise ist bekannt, dass die Hauptadressaten der Männer, der Älteren und der Bildungsfernen nicht adäquat erreicht bzw. als Teilnehmende gewonnen werden. Aus der Teilnehmendenforschung sind Abbrüche und Drop-Outs bekannt.
Warum Analphabeten im Erwachsenenalter, also nach der Aneignung vielfältigster Bewältigungsstrategien, durch das sich das Phänomen einer direkten Sichtbarkeit entzieht, dennoch beginnen das Lesen und Schreiben (wieder) zu lernen, wird bislang weder bildungs- noch lerntheoretisch untersucht. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erwachsenenbildungsstudie werden genau diese Lernanlässe empirisch herausgearbeitet.
Als Heuristik wird auf eine subjekttheoretische Theoriefolie rekurriert, die sich in besonderer Weise eignet Lernbegründungen im Kontext gesellschaftlich verhafteter Biografien sichtbar zu machen. Lernforschung im Begründungsmodell muss dabei auf eine Methodik zurückgreifen, die die Perspektive des Subjekts, Bedeutungszusammenhänge und typische Sinnstrukturen hervorbringen kann. Daher wird ein auf Einzelfallstudien basierendes, qualitatives Forschungsdesign gewählt, das Daten aus der Erhebung mittels problemzentrierter Interviews bereitstellt, die eine Auswertung innerhalb der Forschungsstrategie der Grounded Theory erfahren und in einer empirisch begründeten Typenbildung münden. Dieses Design ermöglicht die Rekonstruktion typischer Lernanlässe und im Ergebnis die Entwicklung einer gegenstandsbezogene Theorie mittlerer Reichweite.
Aus der vorliegenden Bedeutungs-Begründungsanalyse konnten empirisch fünf Lernbegründungstypen ausdifferenziert werden, die sich im Spannungsverhältnis von Teilhabeausrichtung und Widersprüchlichkeit bewegen und in ihrer Komplexität mittels der drei Schlüsselkategorien Bedeutungsraum, Reflexion der sozialen Eingebundenheit und Kompetenzen sowie Lernen bzw. dem Erleben der Diskrepanzerfahrung zwischen Lesen-Wollen und Lesen-Können dargestellt werden. Das Spektrum der Lernbegründungstypen reicht von teilhabesicherndem resignierten Lernen, bei dem die Sicherung des bedrohten Status quo im Vordergrund steht und die Welt als nicht gestaltbar erlebt wird, bis hin zu vielschichtigem teilhabeerweiternden Lernen, das auf die Erweiterung der eigenen Handlungsmöglichkeiten zielt und die umfangreichste Reflexion der sozialen Eingebundenheit und Kompetenzen aufweist. Funktionale Analphabeten begründen ihr Lernen und Nicht-Lernen vor dem Hintergrund ihrer sozialen Situation, ihrer Begrenzungen und Möglichkeiten: Schriftsprachlernen erhält erst im Kontext gesellschaftlicher Teilhabe und dessen Reflexion eine Bedeutung.
Mit der Einordnung der Lernbegründungen funktionaler Analphabeten in: erstens, Diskurse der Bildungsbenachteiligung durch Exklusionsprozesse; zweitens, die lerntheoretische Bedeutung von Inklusionsprozessen und drittens, den internationalen Theorieansatz transformativen Lernens durch die Integration der Reflexionskategorie, erfolgt eine Erweiterung bildungs- und lerntheoretischer Ansätze. In dieser Arbeit werden Alphabetisierungs- und Erwachsenen-bildungsforschung verbunden und in den jeweiligen Diskurs integriert. Weitere Anschluss- und Verwertungsmöglichkeiten in der Bildungsforschung wären denkbar. Die Untersuchung von Lernbegründungen im Längsschnitt beispielsweise kann Transformationsprozesse rekonstruierbar machen und somit Erträge für eine Bildungsprozessforschung liefern. Bildungspraktisch können die Lernbegründungstypen einerseits der Teilnehmergewinnung dienen, andererseits Ausgangspunkt für reflexive Lernbegleitungskonzepte sein, die Lernbegründungen zur Sprache bringen und die soziale Eingebundenheit thematisieren und damit Lernprozesse unterstützen.
In this thesis we investigate the evaporation behaviour of sessile droplets of aqueous saline solutions on planar inert and metallic surfaces and characterise the corrosion phenomenon for iron surfaces. First we study the evaporation behaviour of sessile salty droplets on inert surfaces for a wide range of salt concentrations, relative humidities, droplet sizes and contact angles. Our study reveals the range of validity of the well-accepted diffusion-controlled evaporation model and highlights the impact of salt concentration (surface tension) gradients driven Marangoni flows on the evaporation behaviour and the subsequent salty deposit patterns. Furthermore we study the spatial-temporal evolution of sessile droplets from saline solutions on metallic surfaces. In contrast to the simple, generally accepted Evans droplet model, we show that the corrosion spreads ahead of the macroscopic contact line with a peripheral film. The three-phase contact line is destabilized by surface tension gradients induced by ionic composition changes during the course of the corrosion process and migration of cations towards the droplet perimeter. Finally we investigate the corrosion behaviour under drying salty sessile droplets on metallic surfaces. The corrosion process, in particular the location of anodic and cathodic activities over the footprint droplet area is correlated to the spatial distribution of the salt inside the drying droplet.
This study presents the development of 1D and 2D Surface Evolution Codes (SECs) and their coupling to any lithospheric-scale (thermo-)mechanical code with a quadrilateral structured surface mesh.
Both SECs involve diffusion as approach for hillslope processes and the stream power law to reflect riverbed incision. The 1D SEC settles sediment that was produced by fluvial incision in the appropriate minimum, while the supply-limited 2D SEC DANSER uses a fast filling algorithm to model sedimantation. It is based on a cellular automaton. A slope-dependent factor in the sediment flux extends the diffusion equation to nonlinear diffusion. The discharge accumulation is achieved with the D8-algorithm and an improved drainage accumulation routine. Lateral incision enhances the incision's modelling. Following empirical laws, it incises channels of several cells width.
The coupling method enables different temporal and spatial resolutions of the SEC and the thermo-mechanical code. It transfers vertical as well as horizontal displacements to the surface model. A weighted smoothing of the 3D surface displacements is implemented. The smoothed displacement vectors transmit the deformation by bilinear interpolation to the surface model. These interpolation methods ensure mass conservation in both directions and prevent the two surfaces from drifting apart.
The presented applications refer to the evolution of the Pamir orogen. A calibration of DANSER's parameters with geomorphological data and a DEM as initial topography highlights the advantage of lateral incision. Preserving the channel width and reflecting incision peaks in narrow channels, this closes the huge gap between current orogen-scale incision models and observed topographies.
River capturing models in a system of fault-bounded block rotations reaffirm the importance of the lateral incision routine for capturing events with channel initiation. The models show a low probability of river capturings with large deflection angles. While the probability of river capturing is directly depending on the uplift rate, the erodibility inside of a dip-slip fault speeds up headward erosion along the fault: The model's capturing speed increases within a fault.
Coupling DANSER with the thermo-mechanical code SLIM 3D emphasizes the versatility of the SEC. While DANSER has minor influence on the lithospheric evolution of an indenter model, the brittle surface deformation is strongly affected by its sedimentation, widening a basin in between two forming orogens and also the southern part of the southern orogen to south, east and west.
Reconstructing climate from the Dead Sea sediment record using high-resolution micro-facies analyses
(2015)
The sedimentary record of the Dead Sea is a key archive for reconstructing climate in the eastern Mediterranean region, as it stores the environmental and tectonic history of the Levant for the entire Quaternary. Moreover, the lake is located at the boundary between Mediterranean sub-humid to semi-arid and Saharo-Arabian hyper-arid climates, so that even small shifts in atmospheric circulation are sensitively recorded in the sediments. This DFG-funded doctoral project was carried out within the ICDP Dead Sea Deep Drilling Project (DSDDP) that intended to gain the first long, continuous and high-resolution sediment core from the deep Dead Sea basin. The drilling campaign was performed in winter 2010-11 and more than 700 m of sediments were recovered. The main aim of this thesis was (1) to establish the lithostratigraphic framework for the ~455 m long sediment core from the deep Dead Sea basin and (2) to apply high-resolution micro-facies analyses for reconstructing and better understanding climate variability from the Dead Sea sediments.
Addressing the first aim, the sedimentary facies of the ~455 m long deep-basin core 5017-1 were described in great detail and characterised through continuous overview-XRF element scanning and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Three facies groups were classified: (1) the marl facies group, (2) the halite facies group and (3) a group involving different expressions of massive, graded and slumped deposits including coarse clastic detritus. Core 5017-1 encompasses a succession of four main lithological units. Based on first radiocarbon and U-Th ages and correlation of these units to on-shore stratigraphic sections, the record comprises the last ca 220 ka, i.e. the upper part of the Amora Formation (parts of or entire penultimate interglacial and glacial), the last interglacial Samra Fm. (~135-75 ka), the last glacial Lisan Fm. (~75-14 ka) and the Holocene Ze’elim Formation. A major advancement of this record is that, for the first time, also transitional intervals were recovered that are missing in the exposed formations and that can now be studied in great detail.
Micro-facies analyses involve a combination of high-resolution microscopic thin section analysis and µXRF element scanning supported by magnetic susceptibility measurements. This approach allows identifying and characterising micro-facies types, detecting event layers and reconstructing past climate variability with up to seasonal resolution, given that the analysed sediments are annually laminated. Within this thesis, micro-facies analyses, supported by further sedimentological and geochemical analyses (grain size, X-ray diffraction, total organic carbon and calcium carbonate contents) and palynology, were applied for two time intervals:
(1) The early last glacial period ~117-75 ka was investigated focusing on millennial-scale hydroclimatic variations and lake level changes recorded in the sediments. Thereby, distinguishing six different micro-facies types with distinct geochemical and sedimentological characteristics allowed estimating relative lake level and water balance changes of the lake. Comparison of the results to other records in the Mediterranean region suggests a close link of the hydroclimate in the Levant to North Atlantic and Mediterranean climates during the time of the build-up of Northern hemisphere ice sheets during the early last glacial period.
(2) A mostly annually laminated late Holocene section (~3700-1700 cal yr BP) was analysed in unprecedented detail through a multi-proxy, inter-site correlation approach of a shallow-water core (DSEn) and its deep-basin counterpart (5017-1). Within this study, a ca 1500 years comprising time series of erosion and dust deposition events was established and anchored to the absolute time-scale through 14C dating and age modelling. A particular focus of this study was the characterisation of two dry periods, from ~3500 to 3300 and from ~3000 to 2400 cal yr BP, respectively. Thereby, a major outcome was the coincidence of the latter dry period with a period of moist and cold climate in Europe related to a Grand Solar Minimum around 2800 cal yr BP and an increase in flood events despite overall dry conditions in the Dead Sea region during that time. These contrasting climate signatures in Europe and at the Dead Sea were likely linked through complex teleconnections of atmospheric circulation, causing a change in synoptic weather patterns in the eastern Mediterranean.
In summary, within this doctorate the lithostratigraphic framework of a unique long sediment core from the deep Dead Sea basin is established, which serves as a base for any further high-resolution investigations on this core. It is demonstrated in two case studies that micro-facies analyses are an invaluable tool to understand the depositional processes in the Dead Sea and to decipher past climate variability in the Levant on millennial to seasonal time-scales. Hence, this work adds important knowledge helping to establish the deep Dead Sea record as a key climate archive of supra-regional significance.
This thesis investigates temporal and aspectual reference in the typologically unrelated African languages Hausa (Chadic, Afro–Asiatic) and Medumba (Grassfields Bantu).
It argues that Hausa is a genuinely tenseless language and compares the interpretation of temporally unmarked sentences in Hausa to that of morphologically tenseless sentences in Medumba, where tense marking is optional and graded.
The empirical behavior of the optional temporal morphemes in Medumba motivates an analysis as existential quantifiers over times and thus provides new evidence suggesting that languages vary in whether their (past) tense is pronominal or quantificational (see also Sharvit 2014).
The thesis proposes for both Hausa and Medumba that the alleged future tense marker is a modal element that obligatorily combines with a prospective future shifter (which is covert in Medumba). Cross-linguistic variation in whether or not a future marker is compatible with non-future interpretation is proposed to be predictable from the aspectual architecture of the given language.
Business process management (BPM) is a systematic and structured approach to model, analyze, control, and execute business operations also referred to as business processes that get carried out to achieve business goals. Central to BPM are conceptual models. Most prominently, process models describe which tasks are to be executed by whom utilizing which information to reach a business goal. Process models generally cover the perspectives of control flow, resource, data flow, and information systems.
Execution of business processes leads to the work actually being carried out. Automating them increases the efficiency and is usually supported by process engines. This, though, requires the coverage of control flow, resource assignments, and process data. While the first two perspectives are well supported in current process engines, data handling needs to be implemented and maintained manually. However, model-driven data handling promises to ease implementation, reduces the error-proneness through graphical visualization, and reduces development efforts through code generation.
This thesis addresses the modeling, analysis, and execution of data in business processes and presents a novel approach to execute data-annotated process models entirely model-driven. As a first step and formal grounding for the process execution, a conceptual framework for the integration of processes and data is introduced. This framework is complemented by operational semantics through a Petri net mapping extended with data considerations. Model-driven data execution comprises the handling of complex data dependencies, process data, and data exchange in case of communication between multiple process participants. This thesis introduces concepts from the database domain into BPM to enable the distinction of data operations, to specify relations between data objects of the same as well as of different types, to correlate modeled data nodes as well as received messages to the correct run-time process instances, and to generate messages for inter-process communication. The underlying approach, which is not limited to a particular process description language, has been implemented as proof-of-concept.
Automation of data handling in business processes requires data-annotated and correct process models. Targeting the former, algorithms are introduced to extract information about data nodes, their states, and data dependencies from control information and to annotate the process model accordingly. Usually, not all required information can be extracted from control flow information, since some data manipulations are not specified. This requires further refinement of the process model. Given a set of object life cycles specifying allowed data manipulations, automated refinement of the process model towards containment of all data manipulations is enabled. Process models are an abstraction focusing on specific aspects in detail, e.g., the control flow and the data flow views are often represented through activity-centric and object-centric process models. This thesis introduces algorithms for roundtrip transformations enabling the stakeholder to add information to the process model in the view being most appropriate.
Targeting process model correctness, this thesis introduces the notion of weak conformance that checks for consistency between given object life cycles and the process model such that the process model may only utilize data manipulations specified directly or indirectly in an object life cycle. The notion is computed via soundness checking of a hybrid representation integrating control flow and data flow correctness checking. Making a process model executable, identified violations must be corrected. Therefore, an approach is proposed that identifies for each violation multiple, alternative changes to the process model or the object life cycles.
Utilizing the results of this thesis, business processes can be executed entirely model-driven from the data perspective in addition to the control flow and resource perspectives already supported before. Thereby, the model creation is supported by algorithms partly automating the creation process while model consistency is ensured by data correctness checks.
Hintergrund: In Deutschland stellt der akute Myokardinfarkt (MI) eine der häufigsten Todesursachen dar. Als Ursache für regionale Unterschiede bei den Mortalitätsraten werden divergente Versorgungsstrukturen vermutet. Ziel der Untersuchung war, diese Fragestellung anhand anonymisierter krankenkassenbasierter Abrechnungsdaten zu evaluieren.
Methodik: Standardisierte Hospitalisierungs- sowie Krankenhaus- und Ein-Jahres-Mortalitätsraten nach MI wurden anhand anonymisierter Versichertendaten einer gesetzlichen Krankenkasse für das Jahr 2012 und die Bundesländer Berlin, Brandenburg und Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ermittelt (n=1.387.084, 46.3% male, 60.9 ± 18,2 years). Weiterhin wurden prädiktive Einflussfaktoren auf die Ein-Jahres-Mortalität, auf die Durchführung invasiver Prozeduren und auf eine leitliniengerechte pharmakotherapeutische Sekundärprävention analysiert.
Ergebnisse: 6.733 Patienten (73,7 ±13,0 Jahre, 56,7% männlich) wurden identifiziert. Obwohl für das Bundesland Berlin eine höhere Hospitalisierungsrate als in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ermittelt werden konnte, ließen sich bei der Krankenhaus- und 1-Jahres-Mortalität keine signifikant abweichenden Raten zwischen den Bundesländern beobachten. Die Durchführung einer Koronarangiographie (OR: 0,42 [0,35-0,51]) und eine leitliniengerechte Pharmakotherapie (OR: 0,14 [0,12-0,17] waren mit einer geringeren 1-Jahres-Mortalität assoziiert. Die Durchführung einer Koronarangiographie und eine leitliniengerechte Pharmakotherapie von Patienten nach Myokardinfarkt wurde hingegen primär durch Alter und Geschlecht, nicht aber durch das Bundesland determiniert.
Folgerung: Eine regional divergierende stationäre und postinfarzielle Versorgung auf Bundesland-Ebene kann anhand der vorliegenden Daten nicht nachgewiesen werden.
The Brazilian Cerrado is recognised as one of the most threatened biomes in the world, as the region has experienced a striking change from natural vegetation to intense cash crop production. The impacts of rapid agricultural expansion on soil and water resources are still poorly understood in the region. Therefore, the overall aim of the thesis is to improve our understanding of the ecohydrological processes causing water and soil degradation in the Brazilian Cerrado.
I first present a metaanalysis to provide quantitative evidence and identifying the main impacts of soil and water alterations resulting from land use change. Second, field studies were conducted to (i) examine the effects of land use change on soils of natural cerrado transformed to common croplands and pasture and (ii) indicate how agricultural production affects water quality across a meso-scale catchment. Third, the ecohydrological process-based model SWAT was tested with simple scenario analyses to gain insight into the impacts of land use and climate change on the water cycling in the upper São Lourenço catchment which experienced decreasing discharges in the last 40 years.
Soil and water quality parameters from different land uses were extracted from 89 soil and 18 water studies in different regions across the Cerrado. Significant effects on pH, bulk density and available P and K for croplands and less-pronounced effects on pastures were evident. Soil total N did not differ between land uses because most of the cropland sites were N-fixing soybean cultivations, which are not artificially fertilized with N. By contrast, water quality studies showed N enrichment in agricultural catchments, indicating fertilizer impacts and potential susceptibility to eutrophication. Regardless of the land use, P is widely absent because of the high-fixing capacities of deeply weathered soils and the filtering capacity of riparian vegetation. Pesticides, however, were consistently detected throughout the entire aquatic system. In several case studies, extremely high-peak concentrations exceeded Brazilian and EU water quality limits, which pose serious health risks.
My field study revealed that land conversion caused a significant reduction in infiltration rates near the soil surface of pasture (–96 %) and croplands (–90 % to –93 %). Soil aggregate stability was significantly reduced in croplands than in cerrado and pasture. Soybean crops had extremely high extractable P (80 mg kg–1), whereas pasture N levels declined. A snapshot water sampling showed strong seasonality in water quality parameters. Higher temperature, oxi-reduction potential (ORP), NO2–, and very low oxygen concentrations (<5 mg•l–1) and saturation (<60 %) were recorded during the rainy season. By contrast, remarkably high PO43– concentrations (up to 0.8 mg•l–1) were measured during the dry season. Water quality parameters were affected by agricultural activities at all sampled sub-catchments across the catchment, regardless of stream characteristic. Direct NO3– leaching appeared to play a minor role; however, water quality is affected by topsoil fertiliser inputs with impact on small low order streams and larger rivers. Land conversion leaving cropland soils more susceptible to surface erosion by increased overland flow events.
In a third study, the field data were used to parameterise SWAT. The model was tested with different input data and calibrated in SWAT-CUP using the SUFI-2 algorithm. The model was judged reliable to simulate the water balance in the Cerrado. A complete cerrado, pasture and cropland cover was used to analyse the impact of land use on water cycling as well as climate change projections (2039–2058) according to the projections of the RCP 8.5 scenario. The actual evapotranspiration (ET) for the cropland scenario was higher compared to the cerrado cover (+100 mm a–1). Land use change scenarios confirmed that deforestation caused higher annual ET rates explaining partly the trend of decreased streamflow. Taking all climate change scenarios into account, the most likely effect is a prolongation of the dry season (by about one month), with higher peak flows in the rainy season. Consequently, potential threats for crop production with lower soil moisture and increased erosion and sediment transport during the rainy season are likely and should be considered in adaption plans.
From the three studies of the thesis I conclude that land use intensification is likely to seriously limit the Cerrado’s future regarding both agricultural productivity and ecosystem stability. Because only limited data are available for the vast biome, we recommend further field studies to understand the interaction between terrestrial and aquatic systems. This thesis may serve as a valuable database for integrated modelling to investigate the impact of land use and climate change on soil and water resources and to test and develop mitigation measures for the Cerrado in the future.
In many procedures of seismic risk mitigation, ground motion simulations are needed to test systems or improve their effectiveness. For example they may be used to estimate the level of ground shaking caused by future earthquakes. Good physical models for ground motion simulation are also thought to be important for hazard assessment, as they could close gaps in the existing datasets. Since the observed ground motion in nature shows a certain variability, part of which cannot be explained by macroscopic parameters such as magnitude or position of an earthquake, it would be desirable that a good physical model is not only able to produce one single seismogram, but also to reveal this natural variability.
In this thesis, I develop a method to model realistic ground motions in a way that is computationally simple to handle, permitting multiple scenario simulations. I focus on two aspects of ground motion modelling. First, I use deterministic wave propagation for the whole frequency range – from static deformation to approximately 10 Hz – but account for source variability by implementing self-similar slip distributions and rough fault interfaces. Second, I scale the source spectrum so that the modelled waveforms represent the correct radiated seismic energy. With this scaling I verify whether the energy magnitude is suitable as an explanatory variable, which characterises the amount of energy radiated at high frequencies – the advantage of the energy magnitude being that it can be deduced from observations, even in real-time.
Applications of the developed method for the 2008 Wenchuan (China) earthquake, the 2003 Tokachi-Oki (Japan) earthquake and the 1994 Northridge (California, USA) earthquake show that the fine source discretisations combined with the small scale source variability ensure that high frequencies are satisfactorily introduced, justifying the deterministic wave propagation approach even at high frequencies. I demonstrate that the energy magnitude can be used to calibrate the high-frequency content in ground motion simulations.
Because deterministic wave propagation is applied to the whole frequency range, the simulation method permits the quantification of the variability in ground motion due to parametric uncertainties in the source description. A large number of scenario simulations for an M=6 earthquake show that the roughness of the source as well as the distribution of fault dislocations have a minor effect on the simulated variability by diminishing directivity effects, while hypocenter location and rupture velocity more strongly influence the variability. The uncertainty in energy magnitude, however, leads to the largest differences of ground motion amplitude between different events, resulting in a variability which is larger than the one observed.
For the presented approach, this dissertation shows (i) the verification of the computational correctness of the code, (ii) the ability to reproduce observed ground motions and (iii) the validation of the simulated ground motion variability. Those three steps are essential to evaluate the suitability of the method for means of seismic risk mitigation.
Arthur Ewert (1890-1959)
(2015)
Arthur Ewert (1890-1959) war in den zwanziger und frühen dreißiger Jahren ein wichtiger Funktionär der Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands und der Kommunistischen Internationale.
Er wurde in der Familie eines armen Bauern in Ostpreußen geboren. Nach dem Abschluß der Schule ging er nach Berlin, um hier eine Lehre als Sattler zu absolvieren. Über die Berliner Arbeiterjugendbewegung fand er Kontakt zur Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, deren Mitglied er 1908 wurde.
Im Mai 1914 emigrierte er gemeinsam mit seiner langjährigen Lebensgefährtin und späteren Ehefrau Elise Saborowski (1886-1939) nach Nordamerika, wo er sich sofort der sozialistischen Bewegung anschloß. Anfang 1919 gehörte er zu den Mitbegründern der ersten Kommunistischen Partei Kanadas.
Im Sommer 1919 kehrte er nach Deutschland zurück und wurde Mitglied der wenige Monate zuvor gegründeten KPD.
Auf dem Leipziger Parteitag der KPD im Februar 1923 wurde er in die zwanzigköpfige Zentrale seiner Partei gewählt und stieg damit in den engeren Führungszirkel auf.
Nach der gescheiterten »Deutschen Oktoberrevolution« im Herbst 1923 kämpfte er gemeinsam mit Ernst Meyer, Hugo Eberlein, Wilhelm Pieck und anderen um das Überleben der KPD, doch gelang es seiner Gruppe nicht, den Sieg der Linken und Ultralinken im parteiinternen Machtkampf zu verhindern. Ewert wurde politisch »kaltgestellt« und schied für mehr als ein Jahr aus der Parteiführung aus.
In dieser Zeit erfüllte er verschiedene Aufgaben für die Kommunistische Internationale. Bereits im Juni 1923 war er Berichterstatter zur Lage in der Norwegischen Arbeiterpartei gewesen, ab Ende 1924 war er Abgesandter bei der KP Großbritanniens. Im Sommer und Frühherbst 1927 hielt er sich mehrere Monate in den USA auf.
Im Sommer 1925 wurde er auf Veranlassung der Kommunistischen Internationale in die Führung der KPD zurückgeholt. Er trug wesentlich dazu bei, die Parteiführung unter Ernst Thälmann zu stabilisieren und sie – zumindest zeitweise – auf einen realpolitischen Kurs zu orientieren.
Mit dem erneuten »Links«-Schwenk der KPD ab Anfang 1928 wurde er als »Versöhnler« stigmatisiert und zunehmend zur Zielscheibe innerparteilicher Attacken. Der Versuch eines »Befreiungsschlages« unter Ausnutzung der sogenannten Wittorf-Affäre im Herbst 1928 scheiterte, bis zum Sommer 1929 wurde Arthur Ewert auf Drängen Stalins und mit ausdrücklicher Zustimmung Thälmanns aus allen Funktionen in der KPD entfernt.
Nach der Auflösung des Reichstags und dem damit verbundenen Verlust seines Reichstagsmandats im Juli 1930 schied Ewert endgültig aus der deutschen Parteiarbeit aus.
Ende 1930 wurde er zum Leiter des Südamerikanischen Büros der Kommunistischen Internationale in Montevideo, der Hauptstadt Uruguays, ernannt. Er trug damit Verantwortung für die unmittelbare Anleitung der Kommunistischen Parteien im sogenannten Südkegel Südamerikas. In diese Zeit fielen seine ersten Kontakte zu Luiz Carlos Prestes, dem legendären »Ritter der Hoffnung«, mit dem er ab Anfang 1935 in Brasilien zusammenarbeitete.
Von 1932 bis 1934 leitete Arthur Ewert das Büro der Kommunistischen Internationale in Shanghai und spielte dabei eine entscheidende Rolle zugunsten Mao Tse-tungs, dessen politisches Überleben er in einem innerparteilichen Machtkampf der KP Chinas sicherte.
Als Vertreter der Kommunistischen Internationale war Arthur Ewert im Verlaufe des Jahres 1935 an den Versuchen beteiligt, in Brasilien – gestützt auf ein breites Bündnis, die »Nationale Befreiungsallianz« - einen politischen Machtwechsel herbeizuführen. Nach dem Scheitern des von Prestes geführten Aufstandsversuches wurde er Ende 1935 verhaftet. Arthur Ewert verlor in Folge der barbarischen Folterungen in brasilianischer Haft den Verstand.
Er kam im Mai 1945 im Ergebnis einer Amnestie frei. 1947 gelang es seiner Schwester, ihn in die sowjetische Besatzungszone zurückzuholen. Die Ärzte dort konnten nur noch feststellen, daß eine Heilung unmöglich war. Arthur Ewert verbrachte den Rest seines Lebens in einem Pflegeheim in Eberswalde, wo er 1959 starb.
This PhD thesis is essentially a collection of six sequential articles on dynamics of accountability in the reformed employment and welfare administration in different countries. The first article examines how recent changes in the governance of employment services in three European countries (Denmark, Germany and Norway) have influenced accountability relationships from a very wide-ranging perspective. It starts from the overall assumption in the literature that accountability relationships are becoming more numerous and complex, and that these changes may lead to multiple accountability disorder. The article explores these assumptions by analyzing the different actors involved and the information requested in the new governance arrangements in all three countries. It concludes that the considerable changes in organizational arrangements and more managerial information demanded and provided have led to more shared forms of accountability. Nevertheless, a clear development towards less political or administrative accountability could not be observed.
The second article analyzes how the structure and development of reform processes affect accountability relationships and via what mechanisms. It is distinguished between an instrumental perspective and an institutional perspective and each of these perspectives takes a different view on the link between reforms and concrete action and results. By taking the welfare reforms in Norway and Germany as an example, it is shown that the reform outcomes in both countries are the result of a complex process of powering, puzzling and institutional constraints where different situational interpretations of problems, interests and administrative legacies had to be balanced. Accountability thus results not from a single process of environmental necessity or strategic choice, but from a dynamic interplay between different actors and institutional spheres.
The third article then covers a specific instrument of public sector reforms, i.e. the increasing use of performance management. The article discusses the challenges and ambiguities between performance management and different forms of accountability based on the cases of the reformed welfare administration in Norway and Germany. The findings are that the introduction of performance management creates new accountability structures which influence service delivery, but not necessarily in the direction expected by reform agents. Observed unintended consequences include target fixation, the displacement of political accountability and the predominance of control aspects of accountability.
The fourth article analyzes the accountability implications of the increasingly marketized models of welfare governance. It has often been argued that relocating powers and discretion to private contractors involve a trade-off between democratic accountability and efficiency. However, there is limited empirical evidence of how contracting out shapes accountability or is shaped by alternative democratic or administrative forms of accountability. Along these lines the article examines employment service accountability in the era of contracting out in Germany, Denmark and Great Britain. It is found that market accountability instruments are complementary instruments, not substitutes. The findings highlight the importance of administrative and political instruments in legitimizing marketized service provision and shed light on the processes that lead to the development of a hybrid accountability model.
The fifth and sixth articles focus on the diagonal accountability relationships between public agencies, supreme audit institutions (SAI) and parental ministry or parliament.
The fifth article examines the evolving role of SAIs in Denmark, Germany and Norway focusing particularly on their contribution to public accountability and their ambivalent relationship with some aspects of public sector reform in the welfare sector. The article analyzes how SAIs assess New Public Management inspired reforms in the welfare sector in the three countries. The analysis shows that all three SAIs have taken on an evaluative role when judging New Public Management instruments. At the same time their emphasis on legality and compliance can be at odds with some of the operating principles introduced by New Public Management reforms.
The sixth article focuses on the auditing activities of the German SAI in the field of labor market administration as a single in-depth case study. The purpose is to analyze how SAIs gain impact in diagonal accountability settings. The results show that the direct relationship between auditor and auditee based on cooperation and trust is of outstanding importance for SAIs to give effect to their recommendations. However, if an SAI has to rely on actors of diagonal accountability, it is in a vulnerable position as it might lose control over the interpretation of its results.
The main research question of this thesis concerns the relation between focus interpretation, focus realization, and association with focus in the West Chadic language Ngamo.
Concerning the relation between focus realization and interpretation, this thesis contributes to the question, cross-linguistically, what factors influence a marked realization of the focus/background distinction. There is background-marking rather than focus-marking in Ngamo, and the background marker is related to the definite determiner in the language. Using original fieldwork data as a basis, a formal semantic analysis of the background marker as a definite determiner of situations is proposed.
Concerning the relation between focus and association with focus, the thesis adds to the growing body of crosslinguistic evidence that not all so-called focus-sensitive operators always associate with focus. The thesis shows that while the exclusive particle yak('i) (= "only") in Ngamo conventionally associates
with focus, the particles har('i) (= "even, as far as, until, already"), and ke('e) (= "also, and") do not.
The thesis provides an analysis of these phenomena in a situation semantic framework.
Business Process Management has become an integral part of modern organizations in the private and public sector for improving their operations. In the course of Business Process Management efforts, companies and organizations assemble large process model repositories with many hundreds and thousands of business process models bearing a large amount of information. With the advent of large business process model collections, new challenges arise as structuring and managing a large amount of process models, their maintenance, and their quality assurance.
This is covered by business process architectures that have been introduced for organizing and structuring business process model collections. A variety of business process architecture approaches have been proposed that align business processes along aspects of interest, e. g., goals, functions, or objects. They provide a high level categorization of single processes ignoring their interdependencies, thus hiding valuable information. The production of goods or the delivery of services are often realized by a complex system of interdependent business processes. Hence, taking a holistic view at business processes interdependencies becomes a major necessity to organize, analyze, and assess the impact of their re-/design. Visualizing business processes interdependencies reveals hidden and implicit information from a process model collection.
In this thesis, we present a novel Business Process Architecture approach for representing and analyzing business process interdependencies on an abstract level. We propose a formal definition of our Business Process Architecture approach, design correctness criteria, and develop analysis techniques for assessing their quality. We describe a methodology for applying our Business Process Architecture approach top-down and bottom-up. This includes techniques for Business Process Architecture extraction from, and decomposition to process models while considering consistency issues between business process architecture and process model level. Using our extraction algorithm, we present a novel technique to identify and visualize data interdependencies in Business Process Data Architectures. Our Business Process Architecture approach provides business process experts,managers, and other users of a process model collection with an overview that allows reasoning about a large set of process models,
understanding, and analyzing their interdependencies in a facilitated way. In this regard we evaluated our Business Process Architecture approach in an experiment and provide implementations of selected techniques.
Der Beitrag der Dissertation „Theoriebasierte Betreuung vom Schulpraktikum im Lehramtsstudium Englisch“ zum wissenschaftlichen Diskurs liegt in der Verbindung von Theoriebereichen der Professionalisierungsforschung und angewandten Linguistik mit Untersuchungen zur hochschuldidaktischen Begleitung und Betreuung im ersten Unterrichtspraktikum des Lehramtsstudiums, dem fachdidaktischen Tagespraktikum, an der Universität Potsdam. Ein interaktionsanalytisches Vorgehen wurde eingesetzt zur Weiterentwicklung des hochschuldidaktischen Settings einer disziplinenverbindenden, fachwissenschaftlichen Begleitung von Praktika im komplexen Kontext Schule. Die Implementierung entsprechender Formate ins reguläre Studium wurde in einer über drei Jahre angelegten iterativen Studie turnusmäßig evaluiert.
Gut ausgebildete Schreibkompetenzen gelten als zentrale Voraussetzung für den schulischen Erfolg. Wenngleich die schriftliche Textproduktion unbestritten fester Bestandteil des Deutschunterrichts ist, wird vielfach beklagt, dass die vorhandenen Schreibkompetenzen unzureichend sind. Blickt man auf die fachdidaktische Forschung so zeigt sich, dass Schreibkompetenz ein schwer zu definierendes Phänomen bleibt und innerhalb der schreibdidaktischen Forschung strittig ist, wie Schreibkompetenz – insbesondere nach Erwerb der grundlegenden Schreibfertigkeiten – am Besten entwickelt werden kann. Zudem gilt für das Fach Deutsch, insbesondere den Aufgabenbereich „Texte verfassen“, das eine empirische Fundierung der Fachdidaktik bisher kaum realisiert wurde.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde in der vorgelegten Arbeit ein Programm zu Förderung der schriftlichen Erzählfähigkeit von Fünftklässlern entwickelt und anschließend in der regulären Unterrichtspraxis eingesetzt und begleitend evaluiert. Methodisch orientiert sich die Arbeit dabei im Hinblick auf die Konzeption, Umsetzung und Evaluation des Förderprogramms an den von Einsiedler postulierten „Standards der (didaktischen) Entwicklungsforschung“.
Bei der im ersten Schritt erfolgten Konzeption des Förderprogramms ging es darum eine spezifische, didaktische Konzeption, die Kombination sprachstruktur- und (lern)prozessbezogenener Elemente, sprachwissenschaftlich basiert und pädagogisch-didaktisch begründet zu entwickeln. Bei der hierzu notwendigen Integration verschiedener theoretischer Zugänge unterschiedlicher Fachdisziplinen galt es vorhandene Ansätze im Hinblick auf interne Anschlussmöglichkeiten auszuloten und auf diesem Wege einen sich gegenseitig ergänzenden, umfassenden Bezugsrahmen zu schaffen. Dabei gelang - unter Einbeziehung von Modellen und Befunden aus der Schreibentwicklungsforschung - die innerhalb der Schreibforschung vielfach geforderte, jedoch bisher fehlende Integration von strukturellen Ansätzen aus der linguistischen Schreibforschung mit den innerhalb der Kognitionspsychologie favorisierten prozessuellen Ansätzen.
Auf dieser Grundlage wurde ein aufgabenbasiertes Programm mit insgesamt acht verschiedenen Fördermodulen entwickelt, aufgabenbasiert deshalb, weil dies nicht nur einen lehrergesteuerten aber schülerzentrierten Unterricht ermöglicht, sondern auch einen adaptiven Unterricht, somit den spezifischen Anforderungen des Unterrichts in heterogenen Lerngruppen gerecht wird, was angesichts der zunehmenden (sprachlich-kulturellen) Heterogenität in regulären Schulklassen sinnvoll scheint.
In einem zweiten Schritt wurde innerhalb einer Pilotstudie die Umsetzbarkeit des Förderprogramms im schulischen Kontext erprobt. Unter Kontrolle seiner praktischen Umsetzbarkeit (Machbarkeitshypothese) wurde im Anschluss daran die Wirksamkeit des Förderprogramms im Hinblick auf eine Steigerung in den produktbezogenen Schreibmaßen (Wortschatzvarianz, Satzkomplexität, lexikalische Dichte, Kohäsionsgrade, Textlänge) und die Stabilität der Fördereffekte untersucht. Dies geschah mittels eines quasiexperimentellen Untersuchungsplans, genauer eines Zweigruppen-Pretest-Posttest-Follow-up-Plans mit Kontrollvariablen.
Grundlage hierfür war eine möglichst heterogene Stichprobe von knapp 200 Schüler/innen. Denn angesichts der angesprochenen zunehmenden Heterogenität in regulären Schulklassen galt es neben der Wirksamkeit und Nachhaltigkeit des Förderprogramms auch dessen Eignung für den Unterricht in heterogenen Lerngruppen zu prüfen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Prüfung sprechen dafür, dass es gelungen ist ein entsprechendes Förderprogramm zu entwickeln.
Trotz dem Auftreten von forschungsmethodischen Schwierigkeiten, die innerhalb der vorgelegten Arbeit ausführlich im Hinblick auf Ursachen und Wirkungen diskutiert werden, können, unter Berücksichtigung des explorativen Charakters der Studie, die Ergebnisse insbesondere zur Wortschatzvarianz und zur Satzkomplexität ebenfalls als Indizien für die Effektivität des Förderprogramms gelten.
Magnetite nanoparticles and their assembly comprise a new area of development for new technologies. The magnetic particles can interact and assemble in chains or networks. Magnetotactic bacteria are one of the most interesting microorganisms, in which the assembly of nanoparticles occurs. These microorganisms are a heterogeneous group of gram negative prokaryotes, which all show the production of special magnetic organelles called magnetosomes, consisting of a magnetic nanoparticle, either magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4), embedded in a membrane. The chain is assembled along an actin-like scaffold made of MamK protein, which makes the magnetosomes to arrange in mechanically stable chains. The chains work as a compass needle in order to allow cells to orient and swim along the magnetic field of the Earth.
The formation of magnetosomes is known to be controlled at the molecular level. The physico–chemical conditions of the surrounding environment also influence biomineralization. The work presented in this manuscript aims to understand how such external conditions, in particular the extracellular oxidation reduction potential (ORP) influence magnetite formation in the strain Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. A controlled cultivation of the microorganism was developed in a bioreactor and the formation of magnetosomes was characterized.
Different techniques have been applied in order to characterize the amount of iron taken up by the bacteria and in consequence the size of magnetosomes produced at different ORP conditions. By comparison of iron uptake, morphology of bacteria, size and amount of magnetosomes per cell at different ORP, the formation of magnetosomes was inhibited at ORP 0 mV, whereas reduced conditions, ORP – 500 mV facilitate biomineralization process.
Self-assembly of magnetosomes occurring in magnetotactic bacteria became an inspiration to learn from nature and to construct nanoparticles assemblies by using the bacteriophage M13 as a template. The M13 bacteriophage is an 800 nm long filament with encapsulated single-stranded DNA that has been recently used as a scaffold for nanoparticle assembly. I constructed two types of assemblies based on bacteriophages and magnetic nanoparticles. A chain – like assembly was first formed where magnetite nanoparticles are attached along the phage filament. A sperm – like construct was also built with a magnetic head and a tail formed by phage filament.
The controlled assembly of magnetite nanoparticles on the phage template was possible due to two different mechanism of nanoparticle assembly. The first one was based on the electrostatic interactions between positively charged polyethylenimine coated magnetite nanoparticles and negatively charged phages. The second phage –nanoparticle assembly was achieved by bioengineered recognition sites. A mCherry protein is displayed on the phage and is was used as a linker to a red binding nanobody (RBP) that is fused to the one of the proteins surrounding the magnetite crystal of a magnetosome.
Both assemblies were actuated in water by an external magnetic field showing their swimming behavior and potentially enabling further usage of such structures for medical applications. The speed of the phage - nanoparticles assemblies are relatively slow when compared to those of microswimmers previously published. However, only the largest phage-magnetite assemblies could be imaged and it is therefore still unclear how fast these structures can be in their smaller version.
Die vergleichende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Bürgerbeteiligung in Städten in Deutschland und Frankreich. In den letzten 20 Jahren haben sich die Formen lokaler Demokratie immer wieder verändert und sich den örtlichen Gegebenheiten angepasst. Das Interesse der Bürger, Verwaltung und politisch gewählten Vertreter an Partizipation wächst stetig . Das heißt aber auch, dass sich diese 3 Akteure den neuen Strukturen anpassen und eigene Strategien entwickeln müssen. Die demokratischen Formen der kooperativen bzw. partizipativen Demokratie werden immer häufiger angewandt. Diese Arbeit evaluiert die verschiedenen Bürgerbeteiligungsinstrumente in Frankreich und Deutschland in dem zwischen Input, Output und Outcome unterschieden wird. Insbesondere die Bürgerhaushalte, Beiräte und Quartiersräte werden genauer betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen erste Hinweise in welche demokratische Richtung sich die deutschen Städte künftig entwickeln.
The Central Pontides is an accretionary-type orogenic area within the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt characterized by pre-collisional tectonic continental growth. The region comprises Mesozoic subduction-accretionary complexes and an accreted intra-oceanic arc that are sandwiched between the Laurasian active continental margin and Gondwana-derived the Kırşehir Block. The subduction-accretion complexes mainly consist of an Albian-Turonian accretionary wedge representing the Laurasian active continental margin. To the north, the wedge consists of slate/phyllite and metasandstone intercalation with recrystallized limestone, Na-amphibole-bearing metabasite (PT= 7–12 kbar and 400 ± 70 ºC) and tectonic slices of serpentinite representing accreted distal part of a large Lower Cretaceous submarine turbidite fan deposited on the Laurasian active continental margin that was subsequently accreted and metamorphosed. Raman spectra of carbonaceous material (RSCM) of the metapelitic rocks revealed that the metaflysch sequence consists of metamorphic packets with distinct peak metamorphic temperatures. The majority of the metapelites are low-temperature (ca. 330 °C) slates characterized by lack of differentiation of the graphite (G) and D2 defect bands. They possibly represent offscraped distal turbidites along the toe of the Albian accretionary wedge. The rest are phyllites that are characterized by slightly pronounced G band with D2 defect band occurring on its shoulder. Peak metamorphic temperatures of these phyllites are constrained to 370-385 °C. The phyllites are associated with a strip of incipient blueschist facies metabasites which are found as slivers within the offscraped distal turbidites. They possibly represent underplated continental metasediments together with oceanic crustal basalt along the basal décollement. Tectonic emplacement of the underplated rocks into the offscraped distal turbidites was possibly achieved by out-of-sequence thrusting causing tectonic thickening and uplift of the wedge. 40Ar/39Ar phengite ages from the phyllites are ca. 100 Ma, indicating Albian subduction and regional HP metamorphism.
The accreted continental metasediments are underlain by HP/LT metamorphic rocks of oceanic origin along an extensional shear zone. The oceanic metamorphic sequence mainly comprises tectonically thickened deep-seated eclogite to blueschist facies metabasites and micaschists. In the studied area, metabasites are epidote-blueschists locally with garnet (PT= 17 ± 1 kbar and 500 ± 40 °C). Lawsonite-blueschists are exposed as blocks along the extensional shear zone (PT= 14 ± 2 kbar and 370–440 °C). They are possibly associated with low shear stress regime of the initial stage of convergence. Close to the shear zone, the footwall micaschists consist of quartz, phengite, paragonite, chlorite, rutile with syn-kinematic albite porphyroblast formed by pervasive shearing during exhumation. These types of micaschists are tourmaline-bearing and their retrograde nature suggests high-fluid flux along shear zones. Peak metamorphic mineral assemblages are partly preserved in the chloritoid-micaschist farther away from the shear zone representing the zero strain domains during exhumation. Three peak metamorphic assemblages are identified and their PT conditions are constrained by pseudosections produced by Theriak-Domino and by Raman spectra of carbonaceous material: 1) garnet-chloritoid-glaucophane with lawsonite pseudomorphs (P= 17.5 ± 1 kbar, T: 390-450 °C) 2) chloritoid with glaucophane pseudomorphs (P= 16-18 kbar, T: 475 ± 40 °C) and 3) relatively high-Mg chloritoid (17%) with jadeite pseudomorphs (P= 22-25 kbar; T: 440 ± 30 °C) in addition to phengite, paragonite, quartz, chlorite, rutile and apatite. The last mineral assemblage is interpreted as transformation of the chloritoid + glaucophane assemblage to chloritoid + jadeite paragenesis with increasing pressure. Absence of tourmaline suggests that the chloritoid-micaschist did not interact with B-rich fluids during zero strain exhumation. 40Ar/39Ar phengite age of a pervasively sheared footwall micaschist is constrained to 100.6 ± 1.3 Ma and that of a chloritoid-micaschist is constrained to 91.8 ± 1.8 Ma suggesting exhumation during on-going subduction with a southward younging of the basal accretion and the regional metamorphism. To the south, accretionary wedge consists of blueschist and greenschist facies metabasite, marble and volcanogenic metasediment intercalation. 40Ar/39Ar phengite dating reveals that this part of the wedge is of Middle Jurassic age partly overprinted during the Albian. Emplacement of the Middle Jurassic subduction-accretion complexes is possibly associated with obliquity of the Albian convergence.
Peak metamorphic assemblages and PT estimates of the deep-seated oceanic metamorphic sequence suggest tectonic stacking within wedge with different depths of burial. Coupling and exhumation of the distinct metamorphic slices are controlled by decompression of the wedge possibly along a retreating slab. Structurally, decompression of the wedge is evident by an extensional shear zone and the footwall micaschists with syn-kinematic albite porphyroblasts. Post-kinematic garnets with increasing grossular content and pseudomorphing minerals within the chloritoid-micaschists also support decompression model without an extra heating.
Thickening of subduction-accretionary complexes is attributed to i) significant amount of clastic sediment supply from the overriding continental domain and ii) deep level basal underplating by propagation of the décollement along a retreating slab. Underplating by basal décollement propagation and subsequent exhumation of the deep-seated subduction-accretion complexes are connected and controlled by slab rollback creating a necessary space for progressive basal accretion along the plate interface and extension of the wedge above for exhumation of the tectonically thickened metamorphic sequences. This might be the most common mechanism of the tectonic thickening and subsequent exhumation of deep-seated HP/LT subduction-accretion complexes.
To the south, the Albian-Turonian accretionary wedge structurally overlies a low-grade volcanic arc sequence consisting of low-grade metavolcanic rocks and overlying metasedimentary succession is exposed north of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture (İAES), separating Laurasia from Gondwana-derived terranes. The metavolcanic rocks mainly consist of basaltic andesite/andesite and mafic cognate xenolith-bearing rhyolite with their pyroclastic equivalents, which are interbedded with recrystallized pelagic limestone and chert. The metavolcanic rocks are stratigraphically overlain by recrystallized micritic limestone with rare volcanogenic metaclastic rocks. Two groups can be identified based on trace and rare earth element characteristics. The first group consists of basaltic andesite/andesite (BA1) and rhyolite with abundant cognate gabbroic xenoliths. It is characterized by relative enrichment of LREE with respect to HREE. The rocks are enriched in fluid mobile LILE, and strongly depleted in Ti and P reflecting fractionation of Fe-Ti oxides and apatite, which are found in the mafic cognate xenoliths. Abundant cognate gabbroic xenoliths and identical trace and rare earth elements compositions suggest that rhyolites and basaltic andesites/andesites (BA1) are cogenetic and felsic rocks were derived from a common mafic parental magma by fractional crystallization and accumulation processes. The second group consists only of basaltic andesites (BA2) with flat REE pattern resembling island arc tholeiites. Although enriched in LILE, this group is not depleted in Ti or P.
Geochemistry of the metavolcanic rocks indicates supra-subduction volcanism evidenced by depletion of HFSE and enrichment of LILE. The arc sequence is sandwiched between an Albian-Turonian subduction-accretionary complex representing the Laurasian active margin and an ophiolitic mélange. Absence of continent derived detritus in the arc sequence and its tectonic setting in a wide Cretaceous accretionary complex suggest that the Kösdağ Arc was intra-oceanic. This is in accordance with basaltic andesites (BA2) with island arc tholeiite REE pattern.
Zircons from two metarhyolite samples give Late Cretaceous (93.8 ± 1.9 and 94.4 ± 1.9 Ma) U/Pb ages. Low-grade regional metamorphism of the intra-oceanic arc sequence is constrained 69.9 ± 0.4 Ma by 40Ar/39Ar dating on metamorphic muscovite from a metarhyolite indicating that the arc sequence became part of a wide Tethyan Cretaceous accretionary complex by the latest Cretaceous. The youngest 40Ar/39Ar phengite age from the overlying subduction-accretion complexes is 92 Ma confirming southward younging of an accretionary-type orogenic belt. Hence, the arc sequence represents an intra-oceanic paleo-arc that formed above the sinking Tethyan slab and finally accreted to Laurasian active continental margin. Abrupt non-collisional termination of arc volcanism was possibly associated with southward migration of the arc volcanism similar to the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc system.
The intra-oceanic Kösdağ Arc is coeval with the obducted supra-subduction ophiolites in NW Turkey suggesting that it represents part of the presumed but missing incipient intra-oceanic arc associated with the generation of the regional supra-subduction ophiolites. Remnants of a Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic paleo-arc and supra-subduction ophiolites can be traced eastward within the Alp-Himalayan orogenic belt. This reveals that Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction occurred as connected event above the sinking Tethyan slab. It resulted as arc accretion to Laurasian active margin and supra-subduction ophiolite obduction on Gondwana-derived terranes.
Im Rahmen der EU-weiten REACH-Verordnung haben Alternativmethoden zum Tierversuch in der Toxikologie an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Alternativmethoden gliedern sich auf in In-vitro- und In-silico-Methoden. In dieser Dissertation wurden verschiedene Konzepte der In-silico-Toxikologie behandelt.
Die bearbeiteten Themen reichen von quantitativen Strukturaktivitätsbeziehungen (QSAR) über eine neue Herangehensweise an das gängige Konzept zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten bis hin zu computerbasierten Modellierungen zum Alkohol- und Bisphenol-A-Stoffwechsel.
Das Kapitel über QSAR befasst sich im Wesentlichen mit der Erstellung und Analyse einer Datenbank mit 878 Substanzen, die sich aus Tierversuchsstudien aus dem Archiv des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung zusammensetzt. Das Design wurde dabei an eine bereits bestehende Datenbank angepasst, um so einen möglichst großen Datenpool zu generieren. In der Analyse konnte u.a. gezeigt werden, dass Stoffe mit niedrigerem Molekulargewicht ein erhöhtes Potential für toxikologische Schäden aufwiesen als größere Moleküle.
Mit Hilfe des sogenannten TTC-Konzepts können Grenzwerte für Stoffe geringer Exposition festgelegt werden, zu denen keine toxikologischen Daten zur Verfügung stehen. In dieser Arbeit wurden für die Stoffe dreier Datenbanken entsprechende Grenzwerte festgelegt. Es erfolgte zunächst eine gängige strukturbasierte Aufteilung der Substanzen in die Kategorien "nicht toxisch", "möglicherweise toxisch" und "eindeutig toxisch". Substanzen, die aufgrund ihrer Struktur in eine der drei Klassen eingeordnet werden, erhalten den entsprechenden Grenzwert. Da in die dritte Klasse auch Stoffe eingeordnet werden, deren Toxizität nicht bestimmbar ist, ist sie sehr groß. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit die ersten beiden Klassen zusammengelgt, um einen größeren Datenpool zu ermöglichen. Eine weitere Neuerung umfasst die Erstellung eines internen Grenzwerts. Diese Vorgehensweise hat den Vorteil, dass der Expositionsweg herausgerechnet wird und somit beispielsweise Studien mit oraler Verabreichung mit Studien dermaler Verabreichung verglichen werden können.
Mittels physiologisch basiertem kinetischem Modelling ist es möglich, Vorgänge im menschlichen Körper mit Hilfe spezieller Software nachzuvollziehen. Durch diese Vorgehensweise können Expositionen von Chemikalien simuliert werden. In einem Teil der Arbeit wurden Alkoholexpositionen von gestillten Neugeborenen simuliert, deren Mütter unmittelbar zuvor alkoholische Getränke konsumiert hatten. Mit dem Modell konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Expositionen des Kindes durchweg gering waren. Nach einem Glas Wein wurden Spitzenkonzentrationen im Blut von Neugeborenen von 0,0034 Promille ermittelt. Zum Vergleich wurde die Exposition durch ein für Säuglinge zugelassenes alkoholhaltiges pflanzliches Arzneimittel simuliert. Hier wurden Spitzenkonzentrationen von 0,0141 Promille erreicht. Daher scheinen Empfehlungen wie gelegentlicher Konsum ohne schädigende Wirkung auf das Kind wissenschaftlich fundiert zu sein.
Ein weiteres Kinetik-Modell befasste sich mit dem Stoffwechsel von Bisphenol A. Teils widersprüchliche Daten zur Belastung mit BPA in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur führen wiederholt zu Anregungen, den Grenzwert der Chemikalie anzupassen. Die Funktionalität der am Metabolismus beteiligten Enzyme kann je nach Individuum unterschiedlich ausgeprägt sein. Mittels Modellings konnte hier gezeigt werden, dass dies maßgeblich dazu führt, dass sich berechnete Plasmaspiegel von Individuen bis zu 4,7-fach unterscheiden.
Die Arbeit konnte somit einen Beitrag zur Nutzung und Weiterentwicklung von In-silico-Modellen für diverse toxikologische Fragestellungen leisten.