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In this paper we develop a spatial Cournot trade model with two unequally sized countries, using the geographical interpretation of the Hotelling line. We analyze the trade and welfare effects of international trade between these two countries. The welfare analysis indicates that in this framework the large country benefits from free trade and the small country may be hurt by opening to trade. This finding is contrary to the results of Shachmurove and Spiegel (1995) as well as Tharakan and Thisse (2002), who use related models to analyze size effects in international trade, where the small country usually gains from trade and the large country may lose.
This paper develops the incentives to collude in a model with spatially separated markets and quantity setting firms. We find that increases in transportation costs stabilize the collusive agreement. We also show that, the higher the demand in both markets the less likely will collusion be sustained. Gross and Holahan (2003) use a similar model with price setting firms, we compare their results with ours to analyze the impact of the mode of competition on sustainability of collusion. Further we analyze the impact of collusion on social welfare and find that collusion may be welfare enhancing.
This paper develops a spatial model to analyze the stability of a market sharing agreement between two firms. We find that the stability of the cartel depends on the relative market size of each firm. Collusion is not attractive for firms with a small home market, but the incentive for collusion increases when the firm’s home market is getting larger relative to the home market of the competitor. The highest stability of a cartel and additionally the highest social welfare is found when regions are symmetric. Further we can show that a monetary transfer can stabilize the market sharing agreement.
A rich literature links knowledge inputs with innovative outputs. However, most of what is known is restricted to manufacturing. This paper analyzes whether the three aspects involving innovative activity - R&D; innovative output; and productivity - hold for knowledge intensive services. Combining the models of Crepon et al. (1998) and of Ackerberg et al. (2015), allows for causal interpretation of the relationship between innovation output and labor productivity. We find that knowledge intensive services benefit from innovation activities in the sense that these activities causally increase their labor productivity. Moreover, the firm size advantage found for manufacturing in previous studies nearly disappears for knowledge intensive services.
Revisiting public investment
(2004)
The consumption equivalence method is the theoretical basis of public cost-benefit analysis. Consumption equivalence public capital prices are explicitly introduces in order to sufficiently care for the opportunity cost of public expenditure. This can solve the dispute about the social rate of discount within public cost-benefit analysis witch was generated on a criterion looking similar to the capital value formula, known as Lind’s approach. The social rate of discount is liberated from opportunity costs considerations and the discounting away of the effects for future welfare vanishes. The corresponding question whether one should accept a positive value of the pure rate of social time preference is an old issue. Its current state between the prescriptive and descriptive view can also be interpreted as a consequence of the oversimplification of standard cost– benefit analysis. But apart from an economic self-process the pure rate of social time preference is also defined as a business-as-usual value of social distance discounting. Hence, a political choice has to be made about this rate which is free in principal.
An exhaustive and disjoint decomposition of social choice situations is derived in a general set theoretical framework using the new tools of the Lifted Pareto relation on the power set of social states representing a pre-choice comparison of choice option sets. The main result is the classification of social choice situations which include three types of social choice problems. First, we usually observe the common incompleteness of the Pareto relation. Second, a kind of non-compactness problem of a choice set of social states can be generated. Finally, both can be combined. The first problem root can be regarded as natural everyday dilemma of social choice theory whereas the second may probably be much more due to modeling technique implications. The distinction is enabled at a very general set theoretical level. Hence, the derived classification of social choice situations is applicable on almost every relevant economic model.
A casual look at regional unemployment rates reveals that there are vast differences, which cannot be explained by different institutional settings. Our paper attempts to trace these differences in the labor market performance back to the regions' specialization in products that are more or less advanced in their product cycle. The model we develop shows how individual profit and utility maximization endogenously yields higher employment levels in the beginning. In later phases, however, employment decreases in the presence of process innovation. Our model suggests that the only way to escape from this vicious circle is to specialize in products that are at the beginning of their "economic life". The model is based on an interaction of demand and supply side forces.
We use panel data from Germany to analyze the effect of population density on urban air pollution (nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and ozone). To address unobserved heterogeneity and omitted variables, we present long difference/fixed effects estimates and instrumental variables estimates, using historical population and soil quality as instruments. Our preferred estimates imply that a one-standard deviation increase in population density increases air pollution by 3-12%.
This paper presents an experiment on the effect of retroactive price-reduction schemes on buyers’ repeated purchase decisions. Such schemes promise buyers a reduced price for all units that are bought in a certain time frame if the total quantity that is purchased passes a given threshold. This study finds a loyalty-enhancing effect of retroactive price-reduction schemes only if the buyers ex-ante expected that entering into the scheme would maximize their monetary gain, but later learn that they should leave the scheme. Furthermore, the effect crucially hinges on the framing of the price reduction.
Being ignorant of key aspects of a strategic interaction can represent an advantage rather than a handicap. We study one particular context in which ignorance can be beneficial: iterated strategic interactions in which voluntary cooperation may be sustained into the final round if players voluntarily forego knowledge about the time horizon. We experimentally examine this option to remain ignorant about the time horizon in a finitely repeated two-person prisoners’ dilemma game. We confirm that pairs without horizon knowledge avoid the drop in cooperation that otherwise occurs toward the end of the game. However, this effect is superposed by cooperation declining more rapidly in pairs without horizon knowledge during the middle phase of the game, especially if players do not know that the other player also wanted to remain ignorant of the time horizon.
Envy is an unpleasant emotion. If individuals anticipate that comparing their payoff with the (potentially higher) payoff of others will make them envious, they may want to actively avoid information about other people’s payoffs. Given the opportunity to reduce another person’s payoff, an individual’s envy may trigger behavior that is detrimental to welfare. In this case, if individuals anticipate that they will react in a welfare-reducing way, they may also avoid information about other people’s payoffs from the outset. We investigated these two hypotheses using three experiments. We found that 13% of our potentially envious subjects avoided information when they did not have the opportunity to reduce another participant’s payoff. Psychological scales do not explain this behavior. We also found that voluntarily uninformed subjects did neither deduct less of the payoff nor less frequently than subjects who could not avoid the information.
”Thanks in Advance”
(2019)
This paper studies the effect of the commonly used phrase “thanks in advance” on compliance with a small request. In a controlled laboratory experiment we ask participants to give a detailed answer to an open question. The treatment variable is whether or not they see the phrase “thanks in advance.” Our participants react to the treatment by exerting less effort in answering the request even though they perceive the phrase as polite.
What Makes an Employer?
(2019)
As the policy debate on entrepreneurship increasingly centers on firm growth in terms of job creation, it is important to better understand which variables influence the first hiring decision and which ones influence the subsequent survival as an employer. Using the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP), we analyze what role individual characteristics of entrepreneurs play in sustainable job creation. While human and social capital variables positively influence the hiring decision and the survival as an employer in the same direction, we show that none of the personality traits affect the two outcomes in the same way. Some traits are only relevant for survival as an employer but do not influence the hiring decision, other traits even unfold a revolving door effect, in the sense that employers tend to fail due to the same characteristics that positively influenced their hiring decision.
Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur’s continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly-renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counter forces or enticing alternatives. It is thus a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and to realize potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival we also construct a hybrid persistence measure capturing also the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyze the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We find that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power is concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence, the dominant factors are business characteristics and personality. Finally, we show that results are heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly-unemployed founders do not differ in survival chances, but they are more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures.
From an active labor market policy perspective, start-up subsidies for unemployed individuals are very effective in improving long-term labor market outcomes for participants. From a business perspective, however, the assessment of these public programs is less clear since they might attract individuals with low entrepreneurial abilities and produce businesses with low survival rates and little contribution to job creation, economic growth, and innovation. In this paper, we use a rich data set to compare participants of a German start-up subsidy program for unemployed individuals to a group of regular founders who started from nonunemployment and did not receive the subsidy. The data allows us to analyze their business performance up until 40 months after business formation. We find that formerly subsidized founders lag behind not only in survival and job creation, but especially also in innovation activities. The gaps in these business outcomes are relatively constant or even widening over time. Hence, we do not see any indication of catching up in the longer run. While the gap in survival can be entirely explained by initial differences in observable start-up characteristics, the gap in business development remains and seems to be the result of restricted access to capital as well as differential business strategies and dynamics. Considering these conflicting results for the assessment of the subsidy program from an ALMP and business perspective, policy makers need to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of such a strategy to find the right policy mix.
In 2015, Germany introduced a statutory hourly minimum wage that was not only universally binding but also set at a relatively high level. We discuss the short-run effects of this new minimum wage on a wide set of socio-economic outcomes, such as employment and working hours, earnings and wage inequality, dependent and self-employment, as well as reservation wages and satisfaction. We also discuss difficulties in the implementation of the minimum wage and the measurement of its effects related to non-compliance and suitability of data sources. Two years after the minimum wage introduction, the following conclusions can be drawn: while hourly wages increased for low-wage earners, some small negative employment effects are also identifiable. The effects on aspired goals, such as poverty and inequality reduction, have not materialized in the short run. Instead, a tendency to reduce working hours is found, which alleviates the desired positive impact on monthly income. Additionally, the level of non-compliance was substantial in the short run, thus drawing attention to problems when implementing such a wide-reaching policy.
The German start-up subsidy (SUS) program for the unemployed has recently undergone a major make-over, altering its institutional setup, adding an additional layer of selection and leading to ambiguous predictions of the program’s effectiveness. Using propensity score matching (PSM) as our main empirical approach, we provide estimates of long-term effects of the post-reform subsidy on individual employment prospects and labor market earnings up to 40 months after entering the program. Our results suggest large and persistent long-term effects of the subsidy on employment probabilities and net earned income. These effects are larger than what was estimated for the pre-reform program. Extensive sensitivity analyses within the standard PSM framework reveal that the results are robust to different choices regarding the implementation of the weighting procedure and also with respect to deviations from the conditional independence assumption. As a further assessment of the results’ sensitivity, we go beyond the standard selection-on-observables approach and employ an instrumental variable setup using regional variation in the likelihood of receiving treatment. Here, we exploit the fact that the reform increased the discretionary power of local employment agencies in allocating active labor market policy funds, allowing us to obtain a measure of local preferences for SUS as the program of choice. The results based on this approach give rise to similar estimates. Thus, our results indicating that SUS are still an effective active labor market program after the reform do not appear to be driven by “hidden bias”.
In the recent years there are many researchs discussing the effects of trade policy (tariffs, subsidies etc.) in international trade. The results are manifold. Some authors show that trade policy has negative effects on welfare, some spatial economists demonstrate that trade policy can have positive effects on welfare. This paper considers the effects of the trade policy made by both countries participating in international trade in a spatial economic model. It can be showed that trade policy of both trade partners (tariffs of one country and export subsidies of the other country) can improve the world welfare in comparison with free trade.
Many European countries have experienced a significant increase of unemployment in recent years. This paper reviews several theoretical models that try to explain this phenomenon. Predominantly, these models claim a link between the poor performance of European labor markets and the high level of market regulation. Commonly referred to as the Eurosclerosis debate, prominent approaches consider insider-outsider relationships, search-models, and the influence of hiring and firing costs on equilibrium employment. The paper presents empirical evidence of each model and studies the relevance of the identified rigidities as a determinant of high unemployment in Europe. Furthermore, a case study analyzes the unemployment problem in Germany and critically discusses new reform efforts. In particular this section analyzes whether the recently enacted Hartz reforms can induce higher employment.
Public pensions in the U.S.
(2005)
Contents: The Public Old Age Insurance of the U.S. -Historical overview -Technical details -Individual equity and social adequacy The Economic Problem of Old Age -Risks and economic security -Old age, retirement, and idividual precaution -Insurance markets, market failures, and social insurance -Options for public pension systems The Problems of Social Security -The financial balance of OASDI -Causes of the long-run problems -Rates of return -Conclusion - The case for Social Security reform Proposed Remedies -Full, partial, or no privatization? -The President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security -Kotlikoff's Personal Security System -The Diamond-Orszag Three-Part plan
Im August 2007 verstarb Erich Hoppmann. Die Wettbewerbsökonomik hat ihm außerordentlich viel zu verdanken. Besondere Bekanntheit erlangte seine Kontroverse mit Erhard Kantzenbach über das adäquate Leitbild der Wettbewerbspolitik. Hoppmanns Leitbild der Wettbewerbsfreiheit entstand ab 1966 vornehmlich als Reaktion auf Kantzenbachs Leitbild der optimalen Wettbewerbsintensität. Hoppmanns Leitbild wandte sich aber auch gegen bestimmte Workability-Konzepte, ferner gegen die mit dem neoklassischen Modell der vollkommenen Konkurrenz verbundenen Gleichgewichtsvorstellungen. Wegen der für die Entwicklung der Wettbewerbspolitik in Deutschland bedeutsamen Kontroverse zwischen Hoppmann und Kantzenbach wollen wir uns im Folgenden auf deren Leitbilder konzentrieren. Zunächst werden beide Konzeptionen rekapituliert und sodann gegenübergestellt. Schließlich wird nach ihrer Bedeutung für die Theorie und Praxis der Wettbewerbspolitik gefragt.
Inhalt 1 Ausgangslage 2 Regional- und industriepolitische Maßnahmen 2.1 Begriffliche Vorbemerkungen 2.2 Wichtige Maßnahmenbereiche 2.3 Brutto- und Nettotransfers 3 Auswirkungen 4 Regional- und industriepolitische Reformalternativen 4.1 Fortführung der Solidarpakts 4.2 Sonderwirtschaftszone Ost 4.3 Förderung der Infrastruktur 5 Fazit
Inhalt 1. Öffentliche Unternehmen als ordnungspolitisches Problem 2. Positive Analyse und Neue Politische Ökonomik 2.1. Empirische Befunde zur Effizienzalternativer Produktion 2.2. Bürokratietheoretische Erklärungsansätze undModellerweiterungen 3. Normative Analyse und aktuelle Entwicklungen 3.1. Ordnungspolitische Konsequenzen:Privatisierung staatlicher Monopole undwettbewerbliche Marktöffnung 3.2. Natürliche Monopole als Liberalisierungshindernisse? 3.3. Liberalisierungsprozesse in einzelnen Sektoren 3.4. Ausblick und Perspektiven öffentlicher Unternehmen
Inhalt 1 Globalisierung und Wettbewerb 1.1 Einzelne Aspekte 1.2 Unterschiedliche Bewertungen 2 Das MacDougall-Kemp-Modelldes institutionellen Wettbewerbs 2.1 Modellprämissen und -implikationen 2.2 Empirische Evidenz 3 Untersuchung weiterer Politikbereiche 3.1 Sozial- und Umweltpolitik 3.2 Wettbewerbspolitik 4 Mängel der betrachteten Ansätze 4.1 Transaktionskosten von Individuen und Unternehmen 4.2 Verhaltensweisen privater und politischer Akteure 5 Wirtschaftspolitische Konsequenzen
Inhalt 1 Gegenstand der Untersuchung 2 SV aus wirtschaftstheoretischer Sicht:(neoklassische) Umweltökonomik 3 SV aus wirtschaftspolitischer Sicht:(ordoliberale) ordnungspolitische Aspekte 4 SV aus empirischer Sicht 5 Realitätsbezogene Probleme und Lösungsansätze 6 Realitätsnähere Analyse der Effektivität, Effizienz undWettbewerbskonformität von SV 7 Realitätsnähere Analyse der ordnungspolitischen Aspekte 8 Kriterien erfolgreicher SV 9 Aktuelle Problematik: SV versus Emissionsrechtehandel
Inhalt 1 Einleitung 2 Die Ziele des EnWG 2005 3 Die wichtigsten Neuregelungen des EnWG 2005 3.1 Neuregelungen zwecks Förderung des Wettbewerbs 3.1.1 Netzzugang 3.1.2 Netzentgelte 3.1.3 Unbundling 3.1.4 Stromkennzeichnung 3.2 Neuregelungen im Interesse der Versorgungssicherheit 4 Auswirkungen der Neuregelungen auf die Ziele des EnWG 2005 4.1 Preisgünstigkeit 4.2 Versorgungssicherheit 4.3 Umweltverträglichkeit 4.4 Energieeffizienz und Verbraucherfreundlichkeit 5 Fazit
Do economists matter?
(2005)
Inhalt 1 Einleitung 2 Angebot an wettbewerbspolitischen Leitbildern 2.1 Ziele der Wissenschaftler 2.2 Bedeutung wettbewerbspolitischer Leitbilder 2.2.1 Ordoliberalismus 2.2.2 Workability-Konzepte 2.2.3 Kantzenbachs Leitbild der optimalen Wettbewerbsintensität 2.2.4 Hoppmanns Leitbild der Wettbewerbsfreiheit 2.2.5 Chicago School 3 Nachfrage nach wettbewerbspolitischen Leitbildern 3.1 Unterschiedliche Rollen der Politiker 3.2 Politiker und Ausrichtung der Wettbewerbspolitik 3.3 Wettbewerbspolitische Leitbilder und US-amerikanische Antitrustpolitik 4 Einfluss wettbewerbspolitischer Leitbilder auf die europäische Fusionskontroller 4.1 Deutsche Grundlagen 4.2 Materiell-rechtliche-Regelungen der FKVO 4.3 Einflüsse der wettbewerbspolitischen Leitbilder 4.4 Positionen der Interessengruppen 5 Fazit
Inhalt I. Einführung: Marktstruktur und Marktergebnisse II. Die Ausgestaltung der deutschen Rundfunkordnung durch dasBundesverfassungsgericht III. Gutseigenschaften und Marktbesonderheiten 1. Totales Marktversagen infolge öffentlicher Güter? 2. Externe Effekte des Rundfunkkonsums? 3. Rundfunk als meritorisches Gut? 4. Intransitive Präferenzen beim Rundfunkkonsum? 5. Asymmetrische Informationen im Rundfunkbereich? 6. Zwischenergebnis IV. Finanzierungsalternativen 1. Gebührenfinanzierung 2. Werbefinanzierung 3. Pay-TV 4. Zwischenergebnis V. Reformvorschläge zur deutschen Rundfunkordnung 1. Neubestimmung des öffentlich-rechtlichen Funktionsauftrages? 2. Finanzierung des öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks durch die privaten Veranstalter? 3. Verzicht auf den öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunk? VI. Resümee
Die Entwicklung der deutschen Regionen nach der Wiedervereinigung kann mit Hilfe der Neuen Ökonomischen Geographie erklärt werden. Die gängigen Modelle zeigen aber weder, wie dauerhafte Lohnsatzdifferenzen ohne vollständige Agglomeration entstehen, noch wird die Frage beantwortet, in welcher der betrachteten Regionen sich eine Agglomeration bildet. Diese Lücke wird hier geschlossen, indem das Modell von Ludema und Wooton (1997) erweitert und anschließend auf die Situation in Deutschland angewendet wird.
Das Cluster-Modell von Krugman und Venables (1996) erklärt im Rahmen der Neuen Ökonomischen Geographie die Bildung von Agglomerationen bei regional immobilen Arbeitskräften. Die resultierenden Gleichgewichte hängen von der Höhe der Transportkosten ab, die allerdings in beiden Sektoren als gleich hoch unterstellt werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag erweitert dieses Modell um die Möglichkeit sektoral unterschiedlicher Transportkosten. Da eine analytische Lösung nichtmöglich ist, wird eine geeignete Simulationsmethode entwickelt. Anhand von Abbildungen wird dargestellt, welche Gleichgewichte sich bei verschiedenen Werten für die beiden Transportkostensätze ergeben.
Inhalt 1 Einleitung 2 Transplantation und Effektivität/Effizienz von Institutionen 2.1 Institutionen und institutioneller Wandel 2.2 Pfadabhängigkeit der institutionellen Entwicklung 2.3 Inkonsistenz der institutionellen Entwicklung 2.4 Determinanten der Effektivität 2.5 Effizienz transplantierter Institutionen 3 Wettbewerbspolitik als Institution in Russland 3.1 Die institutionelle Verankerung der Wettbewerbspolitik 3.2 Marktstruktur und Wettbewerbspolitik 3.3 Maßnahmen der Wettbewerbspolitik 3.3.1 Kartellverbot 3.3.2 Missbrauchsaufsicht über marktbeherrschende Stellungen 3.3.3 Zusammenschlusskontrolle 3.4 Verstöße gegen das Wettbewerbsgesetz 3.5 Probleme der Wettbewerbspolitik 4 Welche Fehler hat Russland bei der Transplantationder Wettbewerbspolitik gemacht? 5 Ist eine mangelnde Effektivität von transplantierten Institutionenunvermeidlich? 6 Abschließende Bemerkungen
Do institutions matter?
(2006)
Contens 1 Introduction 2 Institutions and the Institutional Change 2.1 Institutions and Theoretical Concepts in Economics 2.2 Path Dependence 2.3 Inconsistence of Institutional Development 2.4 Determinants of Effectiveness 2.5 Efficiency of New Institutions 3 What is “Competition Policy”? 4 The Competition Policy in Russia as an Institution 4.1 Establishment of the Competition Policy as an Institution 4.2 Market Structure and Competition Policy 4.3 Measures of Competition Policy 4.3.1 Prohibition of Competition Restrictive Agreements or Concerted Actions 4.3.2 Abuse of Dominance 4.3.3 Merger Control 4.3.4 Restrictive Action to Competition of Administrative Bodies 4.4 Violations of the Competition Law 4.5 Problems of the Russian Competition Policy 5 Which Mistakes Russia has made with the Implementation of theCompetition Policy? 6 Is a Lacking Effectiveness of Transplanted Institutions Inevitable? 7 Concluding Remarks
Inhalt 1 Einleitung 2 Institutionen aus ökonomischer Sicht 3 Rolle der Institutionen in der ökonomischen Theorie 4 Institutioneller Wandel 5 Besonderer Fall der Institutionenökonomie: Transformationsländer 6 Formelle und informelle Institutuionen in den Transformationsländern: ein Fall der Inkomsistenz 7 Fazit
Inhalt 1 Einleitung 2 Transplantation und Effektivität/Effizienz von Institutionen 2.1 Institutionen und institutioneller Wandel 2.2 Pfadabhängigkeit der institutionellen Entwicklung 2.3 Inkonsistenz der institutionellen Entwicklung 2.4 Determinanten der Effektivität von Institutionen 2.5 Effizienz transplantierter Institutionen 3 Wettbewerbspolitik in Russland 3.1 Die institutionelle Verankerung der Wettbewerbspolitik 3.2 Marktstruktur und Wettbewerbspolitik 3.3 Das Wettbewerbsgesetz von 2006 3.4 Verstöße gegen das Wettbewerbsgesetz 4 Welche Fehler hat Russland bei der Transplantation derWettbewerbspolitik gemacht? 5 Ist Ineffektivität von transplantierten Institutionen unvermeidlich? 6 Abschließende Bemerkungen
Inhalt 1 Einleitung 2 Energiepolitische Zielsetzungen und Begründung für die Förderung EEin der EU 3 Ausgestaltung der Förderpolitik für EE in der EU 4 Überblick über die Fördersysteme für RS 5 Verteilung der Fördersysteme in der EU 6 Status quo vs. Harmonisierung - one size fits all? 7 RECS System 8 Welches Fördermodell für Europa? 9 Ausgestaltung eines europäischen Systems 10 Ausblick
Table of contens 1 Introduction 2 The concept of sustainability 2.1 Ecological sustainability 2.2 Social sustainability 2.3 Economic sustainability 2.4 The sustainability strategy of the german government 3 Effects of energy use on the enviromment 4 Requirements of the SSGG for energy policy 4.1 Ecological implications of thr SSGG 4.2 Social and economic requirements of the SSGG 5 The German Renewable Energies Act 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Design and mechanisms 5.3 Fees-in tariffs 6 Does the EEG meet the sustainability requirements of the SSGG? 6.1 Management rules 6.2 Social sustainability 6.3 Economic sustainability 6.4 Development tendencis 7 Possible amendments for more sustainability 7.1 Changing the promotional system 7.2 A European regulation
Table of contents 1 Introduction 2 Ecological regulation and cost effectiveness 2.1 Climate policy 2.2 Promotion of renewable energies 3 Ecological regulation and security of supply 3.1 Climate policy 3.2 Promotion of renewable energies 4 The German Renewable Energies Act (EEG) 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Design and mechanisms 5 The European emissions trading system (EETS) 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Framework 6 The EEG and the EETS: trade off between ecological objectivesand cost effectiveness, innovation and security of supply? 6.1 EEG 6.2 EETS 6.3 Comparison between the approaches of the EEG and the EETS 7 Conclusions and outlook
Inhalt: 1 Einleitung 2 Definition Freier Berufe 3 Die relevanten Marktordnungsmaßnahmen bei Ärzten und Rechtsanwälten im Überblick 4 Klärung der Begrifflichkeiten des Markt- und Wettbewerbsversagens 5 Die Konzepte öffentlicher und meritorischer Güter: Darstellung, Diskussion und Vergleich beider Konzepte 5.1 Öffentliche Güter 5.1.1 Darstellung 5.1.1.1 Die Rolle der Transaktionskosten 5.1.1.2 Die Rolle der positiven externen Effekte 5.1.2 Diskussion 5.2 Meritorische Güter 5.2.1 Darstellung 5.2.1.1 Die Rolle der Transaktionskosten 5.2.1.2 Die Rolle der positiven externen Effekte 5.2.2 Diskussion 5.3 Vergleich beider Konzepte und weitere Vorgehensweise 6 Die Konzepte öffentlicher und meritorischer Güter angewendet auf ... 6.1 ... Ärzte 6.2 ... Rechtsanwälte 6.3 Ergebnisse 7 Kurzes Resümee und Ausblick
Inhalt 1. Einleitung 2. Grundstruktur des institutionellen Wettbewerbs 2.1. Institutionen als Parameter institutionellen Wettbewerbs 2.2. Prozeß und Voraussetzungen des institutionellen Wettbewerbs 3. Neoklassische Modelle des institutionellen Wettbewerbs 3.1. Das Tiebout-Modell 3.1.1. Darstellung des Modells 3.1.2. Wirtschaftspolitischer Handlungsspielraum der Jurisdiktionen 3.2. Das MacDougall-Kemp-Modell 3.2.1. Darstellung des Modells 3.2.2. Wirtschaftspolitische Handlungsoptionen der Jurisdiktionen 4. Kritische Würdigung neoklassischer Modelleinstitutionellen Wettbewerbs 4.1. Beurteilungskriterien für Modelle und Problematik vonIdealisierungen 4.2. Beurteilung des Tiebout-Modells 4.2.1. Empirische Evidenz 4.2.2. Modellkritik 4.3. Beurteilung des MacDougall-Kemp-Modells 4.3.1. Empirische Überprüfung 4.3.2. Modellkritik 4.4. Vernachlässigung des politischen Wettbewerbs 5. Fazit: Neoklassische Modelle als normativeReferenzsysteme?
Inhalt 1 Einleitung 2 Standortwettbewerb und Race-to-the-bottom 2.1 Theorie des Standortwettbewerbs 2.2 Prozess des Race-to-the-bottom 2.3 Modelltheoretische Fundierung des Race-to-the-bottom 3 Fusionskontrolle als Standortfaktor 4 Instrumentalisierung der Fusionskontrolle im Standortwettbewerb 4.1 Die deutsche Ministererlaubnis 4.2 Race-to-the-bottom im Rahmen der deutschen Ministererlaubnis? 4.3 Restriktive Handhabung der deutschen Ministererlaubnis 4.4 Das Kriterium der internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit in der deutschenMinistererlaubnis 5 Fazit
Kommunalfinanzen
(2008)
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht über den Zeitraum von 1994 bis 2004 die kommunale Finanzsituation der Stadt Potsdam. Anhand eines Kennzahlensystems, das aus den Daten der entsprechenden kommunalen Haushaltspläne entwickelt wurde, konnten Aussagen über die Entwicklung der Einnahmen und Ausgaben sowie deren Beeinflussbarkeit durch kommunales Handeln herausgearbeitet werden. Die Analyse brachte zwei Ergebnisse hervor: Zum einen, dass Potsdam nicht als „dauernd finanziell leistungsfähig“ gilt und zum anderen, dass sowohl die Ausgaben und Einnahmen von Potsdam stark exogenen Einflüssen unterliegen und demzufolge geringe Gestaltungsspielräume besitzt. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat sich die Stadt Potsdam für verschiedene Maßnahmen zur Haushaltskonsolidierung entschieden, um eine stetige Aufgabenerfüllung zu gewährleisten.
Real costs of freight transportation have strong increased in Russia particularly during the period of price liberalization 1992–93. This paper investigates possible connections between rising transport costs and the evolution of the size structure of the system of cities in the Russian Federation and its federal subjects. Empirical findings suggest that under conditions of a closed system agglomeration processes according to the predictions of the model of Tabuchi et al. (2005) would have taken place especially in the periphere regions of the North and Far East.
This paper analyses the structural change in Russia during the transition from the planned to a market economy. With regard to the famous three sector hypothesis, broad economic sectors were formed as required by this theory. The computation of their shares at GNP at market prices using Input-Output tables, and the adjustment of results from distortions, generated as side effects of tax avoidance practices, shows results that clearly reject claims that Russia would be on the road to a post-industrial service economy. Instead, at least until 2001, a tendency of "primarisation" could be observed, that presents Russia closer to less-developed countries.
Im Zentrum Europas
(2008)
European integration provokes competition between the European metropolitan areas. At the same time, the question at which locations services of highest centrality are produced remains open. The paper analyses how far the German capital Berlin accepts the challenge to accomodate headquarters of multinational firms. Our investigation shows that Berlin's qualifications to attract headquarters are quite well. The number of headquarters residing in Berlin has increased subtly but contiuous during the last 15 years. One advantage could be the spatial proximity to the Eastern European markets.