Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (630) (remove)
Year of publication
- 2017 (630) (remove)
Document Type
- Postprint (249)
- Article (172)
- Doctoral Thesis (135)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (25)
- Part of Periodical (16)
- Master's Thesis (12)
- Working Paper (5)
- Conference Proceeding (4)
- Preprint (4)
- Bachelor Thesis (2)
- Habilitation Thesis (2)
- Report (2)
- Review (2)
Keywords
- Philosophie (23)
- philosophy (23)
- Bürgerkommune (12)
- Partizipation (12)
- Partizipationsprozesse (12)
- kommunale Demokratie (12)
- kommunale Entscheidungsprozesse (12)
- Anthropologie (10)
- Genisa (10)
- Geniza (10)
- Jewish Studies (10)
- Jüdische Studien (10)
- anthropology (10)
- climate (9)
- Germany (6)
- climate change (6)
- networks (5)
- variability (5)
- young athletes (5)
- Gold (4)
- Längsschnittstudie (4)
- Mannheim Study of Children at Risk (4)
- Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie (4)
- Sklaverei (4)
- ancient DNA (4)
- children (4)
- damage (4)
- elderly (4)
- longitudinal study (4)
- model (4)
- models (4)
- obesity (4)
- precipitation (4)
- temperature (4)
- transport (4)
- Amerikanische Reisetagebücher (3)
- Anti-Humanismus (3)
- Bergbau (3)
- Berlin (3)
- FRET (3)
- Kartographie (3)
- Klimawandel (3)
- Max Scheler (3)
- Nanopartikel (3)
- Reisetagebücher (3)
- alignment (3)
- anti-humanism (3)
- biomineralization (3)
- calcium phosphate (3)
- carbon (3)
- childhood (3)
- erosion (3)
- exercise (3)
- gait (3)
- language acquisition (3)
- molecularly imprinted polymers (3)
- nanoparticles (3)
- natural hazards (3)
- photochemistry (3)
- preferential flow (3)
- preparedness (3)
- prosody (3)
- reliability (3)
- scale (3)
- spectroscopy (3)
- surface (3)
- time (3)
- Abolitionismus (2)
- Adipositas (2)
- Akademienvorhaben "Alexander von Humboldt auf Reisen - Wissenschaft aus der Bewegung (2)
- Arabidopsis (2)
- Arbeitsmarktpolitik (2)
- Australia (2)
- Bifurkation (2)
- Bioraffinerie (2)
- Brillenpinguin (2)
- Bucherwerbungen (2)
- Buchgeschenke (2)
- Bücherkatalog (2)
- Calciumphosphat (2)
- Collatz Conjecture (2)
- Cuba-Manuskript (2)
- DNA (2)
- DNA origami (2)
- Depression (2)
- Double Colored Edges (2)
- E-Learning (2)
- Edelmetalle (2)
- Editionsphilologie (2)
- Entwicklung (2)
- Essai politique sur l'île de Cuba (2)
- Eutrophierung (2)
- Flüsse (2)
- Förderung (2)
- Förster resonance energy transfer (2)
- German (2)
- Graph (2)
- Graphtransformationen (2)
- Graphtransformationssysteme (2)
- Guanaco (2)
- Holocene (2)
- Humboldt (2)
- Humboldt-Pinguin (2)
- Inklusion (2)
- Japan (2)
- Kameralismus (2)
- Karl Friedrich Neumann (2)
- Kulturpflanzen (2)
- Königliche Bibliothek Berlin (2)
- Lebensqualität (2)
- Leopoldina (2)
- Machine Learning (2)
- Martin Heidegger (2)
- Mediationsanalyse (2)
- Mumien von Ureinwohnern Perus (2)
- Musikunterricht (2)
- Nachlass Alexander von Humboldt (2)
- Namensgebung für Humboldt-Pinguin (2)
- Naturgefahren (2)
- Naturkundemuseum zu Berlin (2)
- Netzwerke (2)
- Novemberaufstand (2)
- Pflanzengeographie (2)
- Photochemie (2)
- Platin (2)
- Polen (2)
- Populismus (2)
- Prosodie (2)
- Reiseliteraur (2)
- Russlandreise (2)
- SRTM (2)
- Seismologie (2)
- Silber (2)
- Southeast Asia (2)
- Sprache (2)
- Spracherwerb (2)
- State Machine (2)
- Stiftung Preußische Seehandlung (2)
- Temperatur (2)
- Tibetan Plateau (2)
- Transzendenz (2)
- USA (2)
- United Nations (2)
- Verhalten (2)
- Wirtschaftgeschichte (2)
- Wissen (2)
- Wissenschaftsgeschichte (2)
- Zeitreihenanalyse (2)
- adolescence (2)
- adolescents (2)
- aging (2)
- antecedent complexity (2)
- assessment (2)
- august 2002 (2)
- back pain (2)
- behaviour (2)
- biogeography (2)
- brushite (2)
- carbon isotopes (2)
- cardiac rehabilitation (2)
- change detection (2)
- coherence (2)
- collapse (2)
- community (2)
- construct validity (2)
- crystal structure (2)
- deep learning (2)
- demographic change (2)
- depression (2)
- development (2)
- diffusion (2)
- dynamics (2)
- dyslexia (2)
- embodied cognition (2)
- entrepreneurship (2)
- evolutionary history (2)
- field (2)
- force production (2)
- frailty (2)
- genome sequence (2)
- geomorphology (2)
- gold (2)
- graph constraints (2)
- graph transformation (2)
- hyperspectral (2)
- imaging spectroscopy (2)
- inclusion (2)
- inflammation (2)
- international law (2)
- intervention (2)
- kidney transplantation (2)
- knowledge (2)
- lake (2)
- lakes (2)
- language (2)
- learning styles (2)
- lower critical solution temperature (2)
- mediation analysis (2)
- numerical cognition (2)
- numerical modeling (2)
- numerische Modellierung (2)
- ocean (2)
- offspring (2)
- osteoporosis (2)
- oxidative stress (2)
- phenomenology (2)
- phylogeography (2)
- polnische Romantik (2)
- polnische Wissenschaftler (2)
- populism (2)
- quality of life (2)
- rainfall (2)
- raman-scattering (2)
- randomized controlled trial (2)
- reactive oxygen species (2)
- reanalysis (2)
- recovery (2)
- remote sensing (2)
- risk factors (2)
- school (2)
- seismology (2)
- self-assembly (2)
- self-paced reading (2)
- sentence comprehension (2)
- simulation (2)
- social rejection (2)
- soil moisture (2)
- solute transport (2)
- sonography (2)
- stable isotopes (2)
- states (2)
- synthetic biology (2)
- system (2)
- topography (2)
- tracer (2)
- transcription factor (2)
- victim blame (2)
- wh-in-situ (2)
- working memory (2)
- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (1)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (1)
- "Reactive Flux" Ratenkonstanten (1)
- 1,2-dithiooxalate (1)
- 1.5 degrees C (1)
- 19. Jahrhundert (1)
- 1988 Saguenay (1)
- 1994 Northridge (1)
- 2-Thiodisaccharide (1)
- 2-Thiodisaccharides (1)
- 20. Jahrhundert (1)
- 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (1)
- 2010 Haiti earthquake (1)
- 2016-origin (1)
- 20th century (1)
- 2P-FRET (1)
- 2nd langauge (1)
- 2nd-language acquisition (1)
- 3D Modellierung (1)
- 3D-modeling (1)
- 70s (1)
- A. tenuissima (1)
- ADHD (1)
- APC concentration gradient (1)
- ASI-3 (1)
- Abhängigkeit (1)
- Abhängigkeiten (1)
- Accelerometer (1)
- Achilles and patellar tendon (1)
- Acids (1)
- Actin cytoskeleton (1)
- Adaptive Force (1)
- Adolescence (1)
- AfD (1)
- Affiliation (1)
- African elephants (1)
- Aftercare (1)
- Agenda 2030 (1)
- Aggression (1)
- AgroScapeLabs (1)
- Ailuropoda melanoleuca (1)
- Akan (1)
- Aktivierungsentropie (1)
- Akzeptabilitätsbewertung (1)
- Alexander Gauland (1)
- Alexander Mendelssohn (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Alexander von Humboldts Nachlass (1)
- Alternaria infectoria (1)
- Alternaria toxin sulfates (1)
- Alternative for Germany (1)
- Alternative für Deutschland (1)
- Anaphylaxie (1)
- Andreas Galau (1)
- Andreas Kalbitz (1)
- Angriffe (1)
- Anisotrope Kolloide (1)
- Anregungs-Abfrage-Experiment (1)
- Anthropogenese (1)
- Anti-Genderismus (1)
- Antibiotika (1)
- Antiferromagnetismus (1)
- Anxiety Sensitivity Index (1)
- Aphasie (1)
- Aphis fabae (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Arabidopsis-thaliana (1)
- Arbeit (1)
- Arbeitsgestaltung (1)
- Arbeitslosenversicherung (1)
- Arbeitslosigkeit (1)
- Arbeitssuche (1)
- Arbeitssuchverhalten (1)
- Arbeitsteilung (1)
- Arbeitsverhalten (1)
- Archaea (1)
- Archipelisches Denken (1)
- Architektur und Kunst (1)
- Arctic boundary layer (1)
- Arctic vegetation (1)
- Aridity (1)
- Arktik (1)
- Artverbreitung (1)
- Asian American studies (1)
- Asteroseismologie (1)
- Asymmetric interlaced PCR (1)
- Athlete testing (1)
- Athletes (1)
- Atlantic studies (1)
- Atlantic-Ocean (1)
- Atmosphäre (1)
- Aufarbeitung von Fruktose (1)
- Auger electron spectroscopy (1)
- Ausdauerleistung (1)
- Auslandsschutz (1)
- Ausstellung (1)
- Australien (1)
- Authentifizierung (1)
- Automatisierung (1)
- Autotrophie (1)
- Azobenzol (1)
- Azobenzol-haltiges Tensid (1)
- BAPTA (1)
- Bachstufen (1)
- Back pain diagnosis (1)
- Back pain prognosis (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bacteriophage (1)
- Bakterien Sensor (1)
- Bayes factor (1)
- Bayesian standard ellipse (1)
- Beamforming (1)
- Beatrix von Storch (1)
- Beobachtung anthropogener Aktivitäten (1)
- Beobachtung von Erdbebenquellen (1)
- Berlinisch (1)
- Bernd Lucke (1)
- Berufseinstieg (1)
- Berufskarriere (1)
- Beton (1)
- Bibel (1)
- Bibliometrie (1)
- Bildungsausländer (1)
- Bildungsexpansion (1)
- Bioinformatik (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomasse (1)
- Biometrie (1)
- Biorefinery (1)
- Biosensoren (1)
- Biosynthese (1)
- Bisimulation (1)
- Björn Höcke (1)
- Black Pacific (1)
- Blockcopolymervesikel (1)
- Blood (1)
- Boden (1)
- Bodenfruchtbarkeit (1)
- Bohrlochrandausbrüche (1)
- Bombyx mori Seide (1)
- Bombyx mori silk (1)
- Borel Funktionen (1)
- Borel functions (1)
- Brachypodium distachyon (1)
- Brachypodium hybridum (1)
- Brachypodium stacei (1)
- Brassicaceae (1)
- Brechungsindex von Azobenzol-haltigen Tensiden (1)
- C-asterisk-algebra (1)
- C-reactive protein (1)
- C. bonducella (1)
- CM(-1) (1)
- CMIP5 (1)
- CMS (1)
- CO2 (1)
- CO2 fluxes (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calcium Bindungsstelle (1)
- Calcium binding site (1)
- Calcium phosphate (1)
- Calorimetry (1)
- Camelus dromedarius (1)
- Canada (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Catchment Hydrology (1)
- Cattle (1)
- Cauchy horizon (1)
- Cauchy problem (1)
- Cauchyhorizont (1)
- Cell polarity (1)
- Central America (1)
- Central American literary historiography (1)
- Central American literary studies (1)
- Central Asia (1)
- Central Europe (1)
- Central Great-Plains (1)
- Cer Ammonium Nitrat (CAN) (1)
- Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) (1)
- Chalara dieback of ash (1)
- Chemodynamik der Milchstraße (1)
- Cherenkov showers (1)
- Cherenkov-Schauern (1)
- Child Behavior Checklist-Dysregulation Profile (1)
- Child Behavior Checklist-Dysregulationsprofil (1)
- Chile (1)
- Closure Positive Shift (CPS) (1)
- Cloud (1)
- Cloud-Sicherheit (1)
- Cloud-Speicher (1)
- Coarea Formel (1)
- Colitis ulcerosa (1)
- Complementarity (1)
- Constraint-basierte Modellierung (1)
- Consular Act (1)
- Coping (1)
- Coumarin (1)
- Countermovement jump (1)
- Cow-side assay (1)
- Cre Rekombinase (1)
- Cre recombinase (1)
- Crohn's disease (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- Cyanobakterien (1)
- D. melleri (1)
- DBD (1)
- DELLA (1)
- DEM uncertainty (1)
- DFTB3 (1)
- DNA Elements (1)
- DNA Origami (1)
- DNA assembly (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA methylation (1)
- DNA-Origami (1)
- DNA-Schädigung (1)
- DNS Assemblierung (1)
- Daphnia (1)
- Dark Matter (1)
- Database (1)
- Datenintegration (1)
- Datenqualität (1)
- Debugging (1)
- Deep Learning (1)
- Demo für Alle (1)
- Density Functional Theory (1)
- Desensibilisierung (1)
- Design Thinking (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Deutschunterricht (1)
- Deutungsmuster (1)
- Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 (1)
- Dialektik (1)
- Dichtefunktionaltheorie (1)
- Dichteheterogenitäten im oberen Mantel (1)
- Dickkopf diffusion and feedback regulation (1)
- Dietary assessment (1)
- Dietary questionnaires (1)
- Dietary recalls (1)
- Digestive enzyme activity (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Dihydroxyaceton (1)
- Dingstruktur (1)
- Dirac operator (1)
- Discrimination Networks (1)
- Diskurs (1)
- Display (1)
- Diversität (1)
- Dokument Analyse (1)
- Donors (1)
- Donovani (1)
- Doppelsterne (1)
- Doppelt hydrophile Blockcopolymere (1)
- Dotierung (1)
- Dreisprachigkeit (1)
- Dronning Maud Land (1)
- Drug delivery (1)
- Dryas cold period (1)
- Dunkler Materie (1)
- Duplikaterkennung (1)
- E. schliebenii (1)
- ECG (1)
- ECIS (1)
- EDTA (1)
- EEG (1)
- EM (1)
- EROEI (1)
- Eastern Continental Asia (1)
- Einkommen (1)
- Einsatzzeiten (1)
- Eisenbahninfrastruktur (1)
- Eisenoxidnanopartikel (1)
- El`gygytgyn Kratersee (1)
- Elektromyographie (1)
- Elektrosprayionisation (1)
- Ellipse (1)
- Elternverhalten (1)
- El’gygytgyn Crater Lake (1)
- Empfehlungen (1)
- Empowerment (1)
- EnGeoMAP 2.0 (1)
- EnMAP (1)
- Energiebilanz (1)
- Energy requirement (1)
- Entdeckung (1)
- Entfremdung (1)
- Entrepreneurship (1)
- Entstehung der Milchstraße (1)
- Entstehung von Galaxien (1)
- Entwicklung von Galaxien (1)
- Entwicklungspsychopathologie (1)
- Epidemiologic studies (1)
- Epidemiologie (1)
- Epigenetics (1)
- Epithelial tube (1)
- Erdbeben (1)
- Erdbeben Modellierung (1)
- Erdbebenschwärme (1)
- Erdnussallergie (1)
- Ereigniskorrelierte Hirnpotentiale (EKP) (1)
- Erfüllbarkeitsanalyse (1)
- Ernährung (1)
- Erosion (1)
- Eschentriebsterben (1)
- Escherichia-coli (1)
- Eudämonie (1)
- Eukaryota (1)
- Europa (1)
- European Union (1)
- Evaluierung semantischer Suchmaschinen (1)
- Evapotranspiration (1)
- Evolutionsgenetik (1)
- Exercise (1)
- Exercise therapy (1)
- Exil (1)
- Exile (1)
- Exocrine gland (1)
- Exportplattformen (1)
- Exzentrische Positionalität (1)
- Exzentrizität (1)
- FAP (1)
- FIDO (1)
- FVB/NJ Maus (1)
- FVB/NJ mouse (1)
- Falsche Weiße Stängelbecherchen (1)
- Faltenstrukturen (1)
- Familienarbeit (1)
- Fat-free mass (1)
- Feedback (1)
- Feinsedimente (1)
- Fen complex (1)
- Fernerkundung (1)
- Ferroelektrete (1)
- Ferromagnetismus (1)
- Festigkeit des Schiefer (1)
- Fettoxidation (1)
- Fettstoffwechsel (1)
- FhuA (1)
- Field test (1)
- Finanzwissenschaften (1)
- Flocking (1)
- Flow cytometry (1)
- Fluchen (1)
- Fluoreszenz (1)
- Fokus (1)
- Fontane (1)
- Food frequency questionnaire (1)
- Food intake (1)
- Forest-savannah (1)
- Formate (1)
- Formen sozialer Identitätsbildung (1)
- Fortbildung (1)
- Fotoschalter (1)
- Fourier Integraloperatoren (1)
- Frauen (1)
- Frauke Petry (1)
- Fredholm operators (1)
- Freeze-Thaw-Cycles (1)
- Friedrich Nietsche (1)
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1)
- Frost-Tau-Wechsel (1)
- Frühgeburt (1)
- Fundamentalopposition (1)
- Förster-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (1)
- Förster-Resonanzenergietransfer (1)
- GATI (1)
- GIS (1)
- GIS-Dienstkomposition (1)
- GMPE (1)
- Galaxien (1)
- Galaxien: Evolution (1)
- Galaxien: Kinematik und Dynamik (1)
- Galaxien: Statistiken (1)
- Gator Netzwerk (1)
- Gator networks (1)
- Gebirgsbäche (1)
- Gebrechlichkeit (1)
- Gender (1)
- Geographical mobility (1)
- Geographie (1)
- Geographieunterricht (1)
- Geoinformatik (1)
- Geologie (1)
- Geomorphologie (1)
- Geophysik (1)
- Georges Canguilhem (1)
- Geothermie (1)
- Gerinne-Hang-Kopplung (1)
- Geschichte Italiens im 20. Jahrhundert (1)
- Geschiebetransport (1)
- Geschmackssystems (1)
- Gestational diabetes (1)
- Gesteinsstudien (1)
- Geuns, Steven Jan van (1)
- Gewichtserhalt (1)
- Gewinnung benannter Entitäten (1)
- Ginkgo biloba extract (1)
- Gleichgewicht (1)
- Gleichgewichtstraining (1)
- Global DNA methylation (1)
- Global Environmental Governance (1)
- Global Vegetation Model (1)
- Goffman (1)
- Goldnanopartikel (1)
- Graph-Constraints (1)
- Graphbedingungen (1)
- Graphic Assessment of TPACK Instrument (1)
- Graphtransformation (1)
- Gravitationswelle (1)
- Greenland ice-core (1)
- Grenze (1)
- Grete Minde (1)
- Ground Penetrating Radar (1)
- Grundschule (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Gründungsförderung (1)
- Gründungszuschuss (1)
- Gutachten zum "Meissner Erbstollen" (1)
- H. pubescens (1)
- HENSHIN (1)
- HPI Forschung (1)
- HPI research (1)
- HPLC (1)
- HPLC-MS/MS (1)
- Hamiltonella defensa (1)
- Hans Blumenberg (1)
- Hans-Thomas Tillschneider (1)
- Harnstoff (1)
- Hausarbeit (1)
- Hegel (1)
- Helmuth Plessner (1)
- Henri Bergson (1)
- Herneck (1)
- Higher Education (1)
- Hochschule (1)
- Hohlzylinderversuche (1)
- Holding isometric muscle action (1)
- Holocene climate change (1)
- Home-based (1)
- Hormone (1)
- Huftiere (1)
- Humankapital (1)
- Humboldt, Alexander von (1)
- HySpex (1)
- Hybrid (1)
- Hybridmodell (1)
- Hydroxymethylfurfural (1)
- Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (1)
- Hyperion (1)
- Hypermethylation (1)
- IC Model (1)
- IC Modell (1)
- IMPRESSIONS (1)
- IT (1)
- IT-Infrastruktur (1)
- IT-infrastructure (1)
- Ice core records (1)
- Iceland (1)
- Identität (1)
- Identitätsmanagement (1)
- Imagism (1)
- Imagismus (1)
- In-Memory Datenbank (1)
- India (1)
- Industrie 4.0 (1)
- Information Retrieval (1)
- Informationsextraktion (1)
- Injury (1)
- Inklusionsabhängigkeit (1)
- Inner Mongolia (1)
- Innovation (1)
- Innovationsmanagement (1)
- Insect (1)
- Insulin resistance (1)
- Integration (1)
- Intellektuellen-Rolle (1)
- Interaktion (1)
- Intermedialität (1)
- International Law Commission (1)
- Interpreter (1)
- Intertextualität (1)
- Intervention (1)
- Invagination (1)
- Invariant-Checking (1)
- Inversions-Theorie (1)
- Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie (1)
- Iron Gates (1)
- Isabella Bird (1)
- Island (1)
- Isle de Cube (1)
- Isotopenzusammensetzung (1)
- Israel (1)
- Italian (1)
- Italienreise (1)
- IκB (1)
- JUB1 (1)
- Jacques Derrida (1)
- Jakob von Uexküll (1)
- Jewish Mysticism (1)
- Job Demands Resources Theory (1)
- Job search behavior (1)
- Johannes Bobrowski (1)
- Johannes Bobrwoski (1)
- Jugendliche (1)
- Jüdische Mystik (1)
- Kaffee (1)
- Kalman filter (1)
- Kanada (1)
- Kant (1)
- Kardinal Franz Ehrle (1)
- Katalyse (1)
- Kenias öffentlicher Dienst (1)
- Kenya public service (1)
- Kerguelen (1)
- Kern Methoden (1)
- Ketzin (1)
- KiK-net (1)
- Kiezdeutsch (1)
- Kinder (1)
- Kindheit (1)
- Kinematik (1)
- Klassifikationsgüte (1)
- Klaus Holzkamp (1)
- Kleidung (1)
- Klimafolgenanalyse (1)
- Kognition (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kohlenhydrat-Protein Interaction (1)
- Kohlenhydrate (1)
- Kohlenhydratoxidation (1)
- Kohlenstoff (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Nanopunkte (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Punkte (1)
- Kohlenstofffilme (1)
- Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Kohlenstoffnitride (1)
- Kohlenstoffpartikel (1)
- Kohlenstoffsynthese (1)
- Kohnen Station (1)
- Komposite (1)
- Konformationsselektion (1)
- Konsulargesetz (1)
- Kontaktdruck (1)
- Koordination (1)
- Koordinationskomplexe (1)
- Korrespondenz (1)
- Krafttraining (1)
- Krankheitsbewältigung (1)
- Kuba (1)
- Kultur (1)
- Kunstgeschichte (1)
- Körpergewichtsregulation (1)
- Küste (1)
- L2 sentence processing (1)
- LAMP (1)
- LANDSAT (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- Labor market policies (1)
- Laclau (1)
- Ladung Transport (1)
- Ladungsträgerrekombination (1)
- Lagrange Distributionen (1)
- Lagrangian submanifolds (1)
- Lake Suigetsu (1)
- Lake sediments (1)
- Landformen (1)
- Landschaftspräferenzen (1)
- Landtag Brandenburg (1)
- Landtag of Brandenburg (1)
- Langzeitverhalten (1)
- Large-scale studies on food intake (1)
- Last Glacial Maximum (1)
- Lateranverträge 1929 (1)
- Latin American art (1)
- Lawinen (1)
- Leerlaufspannung (1)
- Lehre (1)
- Lehrer (1)
- Leistungsinformationen verwenden (1)
- Leistungsmanagement (1)
- Leitruss (1)
- Lena River delta (1)
- Lerngelegenheiten (1)
- Lese-Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten (1)
- Leseexperiment (1)
- Licht (1)
- Lieddidaktik (1)
- Lignin (1)
- Line Suche (1)
- Lipases (1)
- Literatur (1)
- Litoral (1)
- Lower-extremity muscle power (1)
- Lumping (1)
- Lyrik (1)
- Lysimeter (1)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (1)
- Längsschnitt (1)
- Lösungsmitteleffekte (1)
- Lösungsprozess (1)
- MNDWI (1)
- MODIS Schneebedeckung (1)
- MODIS snow cover (1)
- Magnetic Particle Imaging (1)
- Magnetosomen-Ketten (1)
- Magnetresonanztomograpgie (1)
- Maimonides (1)
- Makrophyten (1)
- Mantleplumes (1)
- Markov processes (1)
- Markov state models (1)
- Markovprozesse (1)
- Markowketten (1)
- Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1)
- Maximalkraft/Schnellkraft (1)
- Mechanomyography (1)
- Mechanotendography (1)
- Mediterranean grass species (1)
- Mehr-Faktor-Authentifizierung (1)
- Mehrsprachigkeit (1)
- Mesokristalle (1)
- Message Passing Interface (1)
- Metabolomics (1)
- Metadaten (1)
- Metanome (1)
- Method comparison (1)
- Methoden der semantischen Suche (1)
- Michel Foucault (1)
- Microdialyse (1)
- Microeconometrics (1)
- Microtus arvalis (1)
- Microviridin (1)
- Middleware (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mikrobiologie (1)
- Mikroregenradar (1)
- Mikroökonometrie (1)
- Milky Way chemodynamics (1)
- Milky Way evolution (1)
- Mineralisation (1)
- Mineralogie (1)
- Minimax Optimalität (1)
- Mishnayot (1)
- Mitochondrial-DNA analysis (1)
- Mobil (1)
- Mode (1)
- Mode function (1)
- Modelle (1)
- Modellerzeugung (1)
- Modellierung des seismischen Zyklus (1)
- Modelltransformationen (1)
- Molekülkristalle (1)
- Mongolei (1)
- Mongolia (1)
- Morbus Crohn (1)
- Morocco (1)
- Mozambique belt (1)
- Muntjac (1)
- Museum (1)
- Musik in der Sozialen Arbeit (1)
- Mutter-Kind-Interaktion (1)
- Myodes glareolus (1)
- Myodes voles (1)
- N-Alkylglycin (1)
- N-alkyl-glycine (1)
- NAO (1)
- NCOP (1)
- NDVI (1)
- NE Siberia (1)
- NEG (1)
- NF-κB (1)
- NGS (1)
- NLME (1)
- NLP (1)
- NM (1)
- NTA (1)
- Nachkommen (1)
- Nachtrag (1)
- Nachwuchssport (1)
- Nahrungsergänzungsmittel (1)
- Nahrungsmittelallergie (1)
- Nanolinsen (1)
- Naturgeschichte (1)
- Naturkundemuseum (1)
- Naturrisiken (1)
- Naturstoffe (1)
- Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen (1)
- Navier-Stoks equations (1)
- Neo-institutionalismus (1)
- Neoliberalismus (1)
- Neotropics (1)
- Netherlands (1)
- Nettoproduktion (1)
- Nettorotation der Lithosphäre (1)
- Neue Rechte (1)
- Neuroenhancement (1)
- New Right (1)
- Niederschlag (1)
- Niger River (1)
- Non-fluent aphasia (1)
- Normalenbündel (1)
- North Atlantic (1)
- North Central region (1)
- Northern Kenya (1)
- Norwegian (1)
- Norwegisch (1)
- Nucleus parabrachialis (1)
- Nutritional counseling (1)
- Nutritional quality (1)
- O-antigen (1)
- O-serotyping (1)
- OAuth (1)
- OBIA (1)
- OLED (1)
- OSK (1)
- OSTK (1)
- OWG (1)
- Oberflächen (1)
- Oberflächen- und Bergwerkswasser (1)
- Oberflächenwasser-Grundwasser Interaktion (1)
- Objekttopikalisierung (1)
- Ontologie (1)
- Ontologien (1)
- OpenID Connect (1)
- Optimierung von Biosynthesewegen (1)
- Optogenetik (1)
- Organ Groth (1)
- Organisationsforschung (1)
- Organizational innovation (1)
- Organogenesis (1)
- Origo-Spiro-Thio-Ketal-Stäbe (1)
- Output-Analyse (1)
- Oxo-Kohlenstoff (1)
- PBPK (1)
- PMIP2 coupled simulations (1)
- PPGIS (1)
- PRISM Modell-Checker (1)
- PRISM model checker (1)
- PROGRESS/TRIPOD (1)
- PTCTL (1)
- PTH (1)
- Pacific studies (1)
- Pain occurrence (1)
- Pain screening (1)
- Palaeoloxodon-antiquus (1)
- Palaeotropics (1)
- Palynology (1)
- Partikelverben (1)
- Pathogen (1)
- Patholinguistik (1)
- Pathological Narcissism Inventory (1)
- Patientenschulung (1)
- Paul Alsberg (1)
- Periphyton (1)
- Permafrost (1)
- Persia (1)
- Personal Data (1)
- Perush ha-mishnah (1)
- Pflanzen-Habitat Interaktionen (1)
- Pharmakodynamik (1)
- Phase variation (1)
- PhasePaPy (1)
- Phasenpicker (1)
- Philippine archipelago (1)
- Philosophische Anthropologie (1)
- Phosphor Bilanz (1)
- Photogrammetrie (1)
- Photokatalyse (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Phylogeographie (1)
- Phänomenologie (1)
- Phänomologie (1)
- Picker (1)
- Piezo-, Pyro-und Ferroelektrizität (1)
- Pinus pinaster (1)
- Place (1)
- Placenta (1)
- Plants (1)
- Plasmonik (1)
- Plattenbewegungen (1)
- Pleistocene (1)
- Plessner (1)
- Plume-Rücken Interaktion (1)
- Podanthus mitiqui (1)
- Policy (1)
- Polish speaking immigrants in Germany (1)
- Politics of childhood (1)
- Pollen trap (1)
- Polyester (1)
- Polykondensation (1)
- Polymerchemie (1)
- Polymere (1)
- Polymersynthese (1)
- Polypeptoide (1)
- Populations Analyse (1)
- Populationsökologie (1)
- Posidonia shale (1)
- Posidonienschiefer (1)
- Post-Hartree Fock methods (1)
- Post-Hartree-Fock Methoden (1)
- Post-structuralism (1)
- Postpartale Depression (1)
- Poststrukturalismus (1)
- Praxissemester (1)
- Prediction of disability/intensity (1)
- Prevalence (1)
- Privatsphäre (1)
- Professionalisierung (1)
- Profilerstellung für Daten (1)
- Programmiererlebnis (1)
- Progredienzangst (1)
- Protease-Inhibitoren (1)
- Protein-Polymer Konjugaten (1)
- Protein-Protein-Interaktion (1)
- Proteinkinetik (1)
- Protonierung (1)
- Prozessidentifikation (1)
- Prozesssynchronisierung (1)
- Präsentation (1)
- Prävalenz (1)
- Prüfköpfe (1)
- Psycholinguistik (1)
- Psychosoziales Risiko (1)
- Psychotherapeutische Ausbildung (1)
- Psychotherapeutische Kompetenzen (1)
- Psychotherapie (1)
- Pushing isometric muscle action (1)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (1)
- Pyrenees (1)
- Pyrenäen (1)
- Pyrolyse (1)
- Pyrophosphat (1)
- Python (1)
- QM/MM Molekulardynamik (1)
- QM/MM stochastic dynamics (1)
- Quadratsäure (1)
- Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse (1)
- Quantenchemie (1)
- Quantum optics (1)
- Quellarray (1)
- Quercus ilex (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- Quitt (1)
- RAFT/MADIX Polymerisation (1)
- RAFT/MADIX polymerization (1)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (1)
- RIXS (resonante inelastische Röntgenstreuung) (1)
- ROP (1)
- ROS (1)
- Radarinterferometrie mit synthetischer Apertur (1)
- Radikalreaktionen (1)
- Radiokarbon (1)
- Radiosensitization (1)
- Raman-Lidar (1)
- Rambam (1)
- Rattus norvegicus (1)
- Rattus rattus (1)
- Rauheit (1)
- Raumtheorie (1)
- Raumwellen (1)
- Reaktionsmechanismen (1)
- Rechtspopulismus (1)
- Reflexivität (1)
- Region (1)
- Regionale Mobilität (1)
- Regionalökonometrie (1)
- Regionalökonomie (1)
- Reibung an Plattengrenzen (1)
- Reiseliteratur (1)
- Rektifizierbarkeit höherer Ordnung (1)
- Religion (1)
- Reptilien (1)
- Ressourcenoptimierung (1)
- Rete Netzwerk (1)
- Rete networks (1)
- Review (1)
- RiPP (1)
- Riemann-Hilbert problem (1)
- Ringöffnungspolymerisation (1)
- Risiko- und Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren (1)
- Risikofaktoren (1)
- Risikoforschung (1)
- Risk and Vulnerability Factors (1)
- Riss (1)
- Romania (1)
- Ruby (1)
- Rumpfkinematik (1)
- Rumpfkraft (1)
- Russia (1)
- Réunion (1)
- Römische Frage (1)
- S Phase (1)
- S-Phase (1)
- SD3 (1)
- SDG 16 (1)
- SDGs (1)
- SELEX (1)
- SEMG-pattern (1)
- SERS (1)
- SWIM (1)
- Sahel (1)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (1)
- Salts (1)
- Samara (1)
- Satellitenbilder (1)
- Satzverarbeitung (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Schaden (1)
- Schadensmodellierung (1)
- Schimpfwörter (1)
- Schluckstörungen (1)
- Schneeroutine (1)
- Schnittstelle (1)
- Schranke (1)
- Schulbuchanalyse (1)
- Schule (1)
- Schutzfaktoren (1)
- Schwarmbeben (1)
- Scrambling (1)
- Sedimentfracht (1)
- Sedimentquellenidentifizierung (1)
- Seen (1)
- Seentherapie (1)
- SeisComP3 (1)
- Seismizität und Tektonik (1)
- Selbstassemblierung (1)
- Selbstbestimmungstheorie (1)
- Selbstmanagement (1)
- Selbstorganisation (1)
- Selektiver Bindungsbruch (1)
- Senioren (1)
- Sequenzen von s/t-Pattern (1)
- Sexual Aggression (1)
- Sexuelle Aggression (1)
- Silbernanopartikel (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Single-Sign-On (1)
- Singprojekt (1)
- Size (1)
- Skelettmuskel (1)
- Smalltalk (1)
- Sociology of knowledge approach to discourse (1)
- Software-basierte Cache-Kohärenz (1)
- Softwarearchitektur (1)
- Softwaretests (1)
- Sorbisch (1)
- South-Asia (1)
- Southern-Hemisphere (1)
- Spannung (1)
- Spannungsänderungen (1)
- Special Rapporteur (1)
- Spektralanalyse (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Spillovereffekte (1)
- Sprachdiagnostik (1)
- Spracherkennung (1)
- Sprachinhibition (1)
- Sprachproduktion (1)
- Sprachtherapie (1)
- Sprachwahrnehmung (1)
- Sprachwechsel (1)
- Spurengase (1)
- Squat jump (1)
- Standard Indonesian (1)
- Statistical modelling (1)
- Staufen im Breisgau (1)
- Stechlin (1)
- Steffen Königer (1)
- Stereotypien (1)
- Sternentwicklung (1)
- Sternwinde (1)
- Stickstoff (1)
- Stoffkreisläufe (1)
- Stoffwechselnetze (1)
- Strategie (1)
- Strategy (1)
- Strukturationstheorie (1)
- Studie (1)
- Städe (1)
- Städte Effizienz (1)
- Subduktion (1)
- Subjective beliefs (1)
- Subjektive Erwartungen (1)
- Supervision (1)
- Surface Hopping Dynamik (1)
- Syntax (1)
- System (1)
- Systemsbiologie (1)
- Säuglinge (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- TAVI (1)
- TPACK (1)
- Tableaumethode (1)
- Tailspike protein (1)
- Talsperre (1)
- Tannine (1)
- Taylor’s law (1)
- Technologieakzeptanz (1)
- Technologietransfer (1)
- Teile und Herrsche (1)
- Telerehabilitation (1)
- Templatgesteuerte Assemblierung (1)
- Templatphase (1)
- Temporäre Ambiguität (1)
- Teteriv (1)
- Theodor W. Adorno (1)
- Theorie der Zielsysteme (1)
- Theory of Mind (1)
- Thermoregulationsverhalten (1)
- Thomas Jefferson (1)
- Thomas Jung (1)
- Tiefe Biosphäre (1)
- Titandioxid (1)
- Topologie (1)
- Total hip replacement (1)
- Total knee replacement (1)
- Training volume (1)
- Transformationsebene (1)
- Transformationssequenzen (1)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (1)
- Transmembranprotein (1)
- Transpacific studies (1)
- Transzendentalphilosophie (1)
- Travis CI (1)
- Trendanalysen (1)
- Triple-Graph-Grammatiken (1)
- Trophie (1)
- Turkey (1)
- Turkish-German bilingualism (1)
- Two forms of isometric muscle action (1)
- Türkei (1)
- UHI (1)
- Ukraine (1)
- Ulrich Sonnemann (1)
- Ultraschall (1)
- Umwelt und Umfeld in Tegel (1)
- Unidad de la naturaleza (1)
- United States (1)
- Universität Potsdam (1)
- Unterrichtsmaterialien (1)
- Untertage-Kohlevergasung (1)
- Upgrade of Fructose (1)
- Urteilsgenauigkeit (1)
- VERITAS (1)
- Vacuum fields (1)
- Variabilität (1)
- Vatikanstaat (1)
- Vergleich mit heutigem Wissen (1)
- Verhaltensabstraktion (1)
- Verhaltensbewahrung (1)
- Verhaltensverfeinerung (1)
- Verhaltensäquivalenz (1)
- Versuchstierkunde (1)
- Verteilungsalgorithmen (1)
- Verwaltungsmodernisierung (1)
- Verzweigungsprozesse (1)
- Veränderungsbereitschaft (1)
- Veränderungsverhalten (1)
- Virtualisierung (1)
- Viskositätsstruktur im oberen Mantel (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Vitamin A (1)
- Vogtland (1)
- Vollkorn (1)
- Vorhersagemodelle (1)
- WASA-SED (1)
- Wasser-Luft-Grenzfläche (1)
- Wasserhaushalt (1)
- Wechselwirkung (1)
- Wellenbrechung und Diffraktion (1)
- Wellengleichung (1)
- West African monsoon (1)
- West Antarctica (1)
- West Bohemia (1)
- Westböhmen (1)
- Western Bug (1)
- Wetterlagen (1)
- Wicked problems (1)
- Wirbelsäule (1)
- Wirkstoffinteraktionen (1)
- Wissenschaftlichesworkflows (1)
- Wissenssoziologische Diskursanalyse (1)
- Wnt/ β-catenin signalling pathway (1)
- Wohlbefinden (1)
- Wolf-Rayet (1)
- WorldView-2 (1)
- Wärmetransport (1)
- Wüste (1)
- Yellow flags (1)
- Young athletes (1)
- Younger Dryas (1)
- Zeitreihenuntersuchung (1)
- Zeitskala (1)
- Zell Bewegung (1)
- Zell-substrat Adhäsion (1)
- Zipf’s law (1)
- Zweck (1)
- Zweisprachigkeit (1)
- abrupt monsoon transitions (1)
- absorptive capacity (1)
- abstract concepts (1)
- academic failure (1)
- acceleration (1)
- acceptability judgments (1)
- accountability (1)
- accountability dynamics (1)
- accountability mechanism (1)
- acculturation (1)
- acquired thermotolerance (1)
- action words (1)
- activated urethane (1)
- activation entropy (1)
- adaptation (1)
- adipogenesis (1)
- adipose tissue dysregulation (1)
- administration (1)
- admixture (1)
- adolescent immigrants (1)
- aerosol optical-properties (1)
- affect (1)
- affected residents (1)
- affective (1)
- affiliation (1)
- age models (1)
- aggression (1)
- aggressive peers (1)
- agricultural landscapes (1)
- agriculture (1)
- agroecosystem (1)
- ahasia (1)
- air-pollution transport (1)
- air-water interface (1)
- aktiviertes Urethan (1)
- alcohol (1)
- aldehyde (1)
- aleatory variability (1)
- algorithms (1)
- alienation (1)
- alleles (1)
- alpine catchments (1)
- altenuic acid (1)
- altertoxins (1)
- amorphous silica (1)
- amphibians (1)
- amplification (1)
- analytic continuation (1)
- anaphylaxis (1)
- ancient (1)
- ancient DNA (aDNA) (1)
- anger regulation (1)
- anharmonic force fields (1)
- anharmonische Kraftfelder (1)
- animacy (1)
- animal personality (1)
- anisotrop (1)
- anisotropic (1)
- anniversary issue (1)
- annotation (1)
- anterior knee pain (1)
- anthropogenesis (1)
- anti-oxidative response (1)
- antibiotic combinations (1)
- antifeminism (1)
- antiferromagnetism (1)
- antigenderism (1)
- antioxidants (1)
- antiplasmodial (1)
- anxiety (1)
- anxiety sensitivity (1)
- aphids (1)
- approximate differentiability (1)
- approximative Differenzierbarkeit (1)
- aptamers (1)
- aptasensors (1)
- aquatic macrophytes (1)
- archipelagic studies (1)
- architecture and art (1)
- archival DNA (1)
- archive (1)
- archivo (1)
- arctic (1)
- argument mining (1)
- argumentation (1)
- argumentation mining (1)
- argumentation structure (1)
- argumentation structure parsing (1)
- arktische Grenzschicht (1)
- arte latinoamericano (1)
- artificial Insemination (1)
- artistic network (1)
- aspect ratio (1)
- associative (1)
- asteroseismology (1)
- asylum (1)
- asymmetric competition (1)
- asymmetrische Konkurrenz (1)
- atherosclerosis (1)
- athmosphere (1)
- atmospheric nitrogen deposition (1)
- atopic dermatitis (1)
- attraction (1)
- auger spectrum (1)
- ausländische Direktinvestitionen (1)
- ausländische Studierende in Deutschland (1)
- authentication (1)
- autologous chondrocyte implantation (1)
- automatic classification (1)
- automatic evaluation (1)
- automatic processes (1)
- automation (1)
- automatische Klassifizierung (1)
- automatische Prozesse (1)
- autotrophy (1)
- azobenzene (1)
- azobenzene containing polymer films (1)
- azobenzene refractive index (1)
- azobenzene surfactant (1)
- años 70 (1)
- backscatter lidar (1)
- bacterial population growth (1)
- bacterial sensor (1)
- bacterioplankton (1)
- balance (1)
- balance training (1)
- basal mechanics (1)
- basin (1)
- beam forming (1)
- bedload transport (1)
- behavior preservation (1)
- behavioral abstraction (1)
- behavioral equivalenc (1)
- behavioral refinement (1)
- behavioural type (1)
- benthic primary producers (1)
- benthische Primärproduzenten (1)
- beta-diversity (1)
- bible (1)
- bibliometrics (1)
- bilingual aphasia (1)
- bilingualism (1)
- binary stars (1)
- biobanks (1)
- biochemical cycle (1)
- biodegradable polymers (1)
- biodiversity exploratories (1)
- bioelectrocatalysis (1)
- bioenergy (1)
- biofuel (1)
- bioinformatics (1)
- biological control (1)
- biomass (1)
- biomaterial (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- biomechanics (1)
- biometrics (1)
- biomimetic mineralization (1)
- biomimetic recognition elements (1)
- biorefinery (1)
- biosensors (1)
- biosynthesis (1)
- bird (1)
- birds (1)
- birth weight (1)
- bisimulation (1)
- black carbon (1)
- bleach (1)
- block copolymer vesicles (1)
- blood glucose (1)
- body waves (1)
- bone tissue engineering (1)
- bones (1)
- bone–brain–nervous system interactions (1)
- border (1)
- borehole breakouts (1)
- boundary-layer (1)
- branching processes (1)
- breeding strategies (1)
- brook experimental forest (1)
- bucerotidae (1)
- building damage (1)
- burnout (1)
- business support (1)
- caecilians (1)
- caffeine (1)
- calcium (1)
- cancer cachexia (1)
- capture enrichment (1)
- carbohydrate oxidation (1)
- carbohydrate-protein interaction (1)
- carbohydrates (1)
- carbon dots (1)
- carbon films (1)
- carbon nanodots (1)
- carbon nitrides (1)
- carbon particle (1)
- carbon synthesis (1)
- cardioverter-defibrillator (1)
- career entry of novice teachers (1)
- cartilage defect (1)
- cartilage repair (1)
- cartography (1)
- catalytic azobenzene isomerization (1)
- catchment (1)
- cell movement (1)
- cell transplantation (1)
- cell-substrate adhesion (1)
- cellulose (1)
- cenozoic Turkana depression (1)
- central Mediterranean (1)
- chain length distribution (1)
- chamber system (1)
- change behavior (1)
- change readiness (1)
- channel steps (1)
- channel-hillslope coupling (1)
- chaoborus kairomone (1)
- charge carrier recombination (1)
- charge transport (1)
- chemical sensors (1)
- chemistry (1)
- child asylum-seekers (1)
- chimeric transcription factors (1)
- chronic low back pain (1)
- chronic renal failure (1)
- chronic renal failure in children (1)
- chronic stress (1)
- chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen (1)
- circular dichroism (1)
- circulation (1)
- circulation patterns (1)
- cities (1)
- cities and regions (1)
- citizenship education (1)
- city clusters (1)
- civil service (1)
- classification accuracy (1)
- climate change impact (1)
- climate impact analysis (1)
- climate policy (1)
- climate reconstructions (1)
- climate variability (1)
- climate varibility (1)
- climate-change (1)
- clinical pain research (1)
- clinical sample (1)
- clinical supervision (1)
- cloud (1)
- cloud security (1)
- cloud storage (1)
- cluster-analysis (1)
- co-limitation (1)
- co-monomer content (1)
- coarea formula (1)
- coast (1)
- coastal flood damage (1)
- code generation (1)
- coexistence (1)
- coffee (1)
- cognition (1)
- cognitive behavioral intervention (1)
- cognitive development (1)
- cognitive enhancer (1)
- cognitive patterns (1)
- cognitive training (1)
- cognitive vulnerability (1)
- cognitive-postural dual task (1)
- cognitive/motor interference (1)
- collaborative work (1)
- collective intelligence (1)
- colonialism (1)
- common vole (1)
- communities (1)
- complex problems (1)
- complex rupture (1)
- complexes (1)
- composite materials (1)
- computational seismology (1)
- computer science (1)
- computer-assisted self-regulation training (1)
- computergestützte Seismologie (1)
- comunidad (1)
- concerted evolution (1)
- concrete (1)
- conducting soot (1)
- conformational selection (1)
- conservation (1)
- conservation genetics (1)
- consistency (1)
- constraint-based modeling (1)
- consular protection (1)
- contamination (1)
- continental lithosphere (1)
- continuous glucose monitoring (1)
- continuous integration (1)
- continuous testing (1)
- contrastive topic (1)
- controlled radical polymerization (1)
- cooperation (1)
- coordination (1)
- coordination complexes (1)
- coping (1)
- cosmological simulations (1)
- coumarin (1)
- covariance (1)
- crack (1)
- creep stability (1)
- criminology (1)
- critical meteorological condition (1)
- cross-cultural comparison (1)
- crowding (1)
- crustal structure (1)
- cultural diversity (1)
- cultural pluralism (1)
- culture (1)
- customary international law (1)
- cyanobacteria (1)
- cylindrical geometry (1)
- cytotype (1)
- d-loop region (1)
- damage modeling (1)
- das Cauchyproblem (1)
- das Goursatproblem (1)
- das charakteristische Cauchyproblem (1)
- data integration (1)
- data profiling (1)
- data quality (1)
- dead Cas9 (1)
- debugging (1)
- decision tree (1)
- deep biosphere (1)
- defense (1)
- defensive symbiosis (1)
- defensives Lernen (1)
- definition (1)
- degradation (1)
- degraded DNA (1)
- delta-D values (1)
- dementia (1)
- demografische Entwicklung (1)
- demografischer Wandel (1)
- denali fault (1)
- dependable computing (1)
- dependencies (1)
- dependency (1)
- der Städtische Wärmeinseleffekt (1)
- der Urbane Hitzeinsel Effekt (1)
- der Urbane Hitzeinsel Effekt basierend auf Landoberflächentemperatur (1)
- dermal delivery (1)
- desensitization (1)
- desert (1)
- design options (1)
- design parameters (1)
- desynchronization (1)
- developing brain (1)
- developmental psychopathology (1)
- diabetes (1)
- diagnostic competence (1)
- diagnostic instruments for language assessment (1)
- diagnostische Kompetenz (1)
- dialectics (1)
- didaktische Anregungen (1)
- die Stadtform (1)
- die linearisierte Einsteingleichung (1)
- digital education (1)
- digital elevation model (1)
- digitale Bildung (1)
- dihydroxyacetone (1)
- dioxide exchange (1)
- dip test (1)
- direct electron transfer (1)
- disability (1)
- discounting (1)
- discourse (1)
- discourse parsing (1)
- discourse structure (1)
- discovery (1)
- discrimination networks (1)
- disease management (1)
- display (1)
- dissociation kinetics (1)
- dissociative electron attachment (1)
- dissolution (1)
- dissoziative Elektronen Anlagerung (1)
- distribution algorithm (1)
- diversity (1)
- divide-and-conquer (1)
- division of labour (1)
- document analysis (1)
- dogs (1)
- domestic work (1)
- doping (1)
- double hydrophilic block copolymers (1)
- drainage basins (1)
- dress (1)
- driven (1)
- drop jump (1)
- drought (1)
- drug drug interactions (1)
- drug-delivery (1)
- dual-process (1)
- dual-task (1)
- duplicate detection (1)
- duplication (1)
- duration of gestation (1)
- dynamic topography (1)
- dynamische Gleichgewichte (1)
- dynamische Topographie (1)
- dysfunctional attitudes (1)
- dysfunktionale Einstellungen (1)
- dyslexia assessment (1)
- dysphagia (1)
- dünne, flexible und formbare Schichten (1)
- early adversity (1)
- early parent-child relationship (1)
- early sport specialization (1)
- early warning (1)
- earthquake (1)
- earthquake modeling (1)
- earthquake source observations (1)
- earthquake swarms (1)
- east-african rift (1)
- eccentric positionality (1)
- eccentricity (1)
- echocardiography (1)
- ecological modelling (1)
- economics (1)
- ecosystem service (1)
- edar (1)
- eddy covariance (1)
- educational expansion (1)
- effort code (1)
- eindeutige Spaltenkombination (1)
- einseitige Kommunikation (1)
- electrical chemotaxis assay (1)
- electromechanical transducers (sensors and actuators) (1)
- electromyography (1)
- electronic-structure (1)
- electrospray ionization (ESI) (1)
- elektrischer Chemotaxis Assy (1)
- elektromechanische Wandler (Sensoren und Aktoren) (1)
- elevated CO2 (1)
- elite athletes (1)
- ellipsis (1)
- ellipsis processing (1)
- elliptic quasicomplexes (1)
- elliptische Quasi-Komplexe (1)
- emergency response (1)
- emission (1)
- emotion recognition (1)
- emotional expression (1)
- empowerment (1)
- endocrine pathways (1)
- endogenous content (1)
- eneolithic (1)
- energy balance (1)
- energy efficiency (1)
- english (1)
- ensemble (1)
- entrepreneurial city (1)
- environmental DNA (1)
- environmental changes (1)
- environmental policy (1)
- enzymatic MIP synthesis (1)
- enzymatic analyte conversion (1)
- enzyme tracer (1)
- epidemiology (1)
- equality and inclusion (1)
- equation (1)
- equatorial electrojet (1)
- error (1)
- estuary (1)
- etiology (1)
- eudaimonia (1)
- european bat species (1)
- eutrophication (1)
- evaluation (1)
- evaporite minerals (1)
- event coincidence analysis (1)
- event-related potentials (ERP) (1)
- events (1)
- exchange (1)
- executive function (1)
- exercise capacity (1)
- exercise performance (1)
- exercise supervision (1)
- exhibition (1)
- expansives Lernen (1)
- expectations (1)
- expediency (1)
- experience (1)
- export platform (1)
- exposition (1)
- extreme flood (1)
- extremes (1)
- fMRI (1)
- face morphing (1)
- facial feedback (1)
- factor structure (1)
- family relations (1)
- family work (1)
- fashion (1)
- fast dissociation (1)
- fat (1)
- fat oxidation (1)
- fear of progression (1)
- feedback (1)
- female (1)
- fen (1)
- ferroelectrets (1)
- ferromagnetism (1)
- fertilization (1)
- fetus (1)
- field theory (1)
- field-scale (1)
- filosofía de la ciencia (1)
- financial time series (1)
- fire history (1)
- first passage time (1)
- flash floods (1)
- flocking (1)
- flood adaptation (1)
- flood mitigation (1)
- flood-affected residents (1)
- floodplain (1)
- floods (1)
- flow (1)
- flow-duration curves (1)
- fluctuating surfaces (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (1)
- fluorescent dyemonomers (1)
- flussunterbrechende Analyse (1)
- focus (1)
- food allergy (1)
- foreign direct investment (1)
- foreign students in Germany (1)
- forest-fire smoke (1)
- forested headwater catchment (1)
- formal verification (1)
- formale Verifikation (1)
- framework (1)
- free amino-acids (1)
- frequency analysis (1)
- freshwater (1)
- freshwater ecosystems (1)
- fricative (1)
- frozen sediments (1)
- frühe Eltern-Kind-Beziehung (1)
- fuel (1)
- function (1)
- functional dependency (1)
- fundamental movement skill (1)
- fundamental opposition (1)
- funktionale Abhängigkeit (1)
- fur (1)
- further education (1)
- galactic astronomy (1)
- galaktische Astrophysik (1)
- galaxies: evolution (1)
- galaxies: kinematics and dynamics (1)
- galaxies: statistics (1)
- galaxy (1)
- galaxy evolution (1)
- galaxy formation (1)
- gamma-ray bursts (1)
- garden path (1)
- gas-exchange (1)
- gas-production (1)
- gelöster organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- gender (1)
- gender belief system (1)
- gender beliefs (1)
- gene (1)
- gene expression (1)
- gene order (1)
- gene-expression (1)
- genetic diversity loss (1)
- genetics (1)
- genome-wide association study (1)
- genotype (1)
- geodynamic models (1)
- geodynamische Modelle (1)
- geografía de plantas (1)
- geography (1)
- geography education (1)
- geoinformatics (1)
- geomechanical modelling (1)
- geomechanische Modellierung (1)
- geometric Brownian motion (1)
- geomorphometry (1)
- geophysics (1)
- geospatial services (1)
- geothermal (1)
- germacrane sesquiterpene lactone (1)
- gesellschaftspolitische Konzepte (1)
- gesellschaftspolitische Rolle der Intellektuellen (1)
- giant panda (1)
- giant unilamellar vesicles (1)
- global change (1)
- global sensitivity analysis (1)
- glomerular filtration rate (1)
- glycogen phosphorylation (1)
- gold nanoparticles (1)
- governance (1)
- grade skipping (1)
- grafische Modelle (1)
- graph transformation systems (1)
- graph transformations (1)
- graphical models (1)
- gratton effect (1)
- gravitational wave (1)
- gravity (1)
- gravity measurements (1)
- green growth (1)
- ground-penetrating radar (1)
- grounding-line migration (1)
- groundwater (1)
- growth (1)
- habitat use (1)
- hazards (1)
- healthy lifestyle (1)
- heart failure (1)
- heat transport (1)
- hemodialysis (1)
- heteroplasmy (1)
- heterotrophic bacteria (1)
- heuristics and biases (1)
- high effect size (1)
- high quantum yield (1)
- high resolution mass spectrometry (1)
- high resolution paleoclimatology (1)
- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (1)
- high-intensity industrialized agricultural production systems (1)
- high-resolution record (1)
- higher order rectifiability (1)
- hillslopes (1)
- hip (1)
- hip fracture (1)
- historia de la ciencia (1)
- historical conscience (1)
- historical subject (1)
- historisches Bewusstsein (1)
- historisches Subjekt (1)
- hochauflösende Massenspektrometrie (1)
- hohe Quantenausbeute (1)
- hollow cylinder experiments (1)
- holmium(III) (1)
- hormones (1)
- hospitals (1)
- human capital (1)
- humanitarianism (1)
- humid forest (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hybrid model (1)
- hybrid multi-junction solar cell (1)
- hybrid semantic search (1)
- hybrid systems (1)
- hybride Mehrschichtsolarzellen (1)
- hybride semantische Suche (1)
- hydraulic conductivity (1)
- hydraulic properties (1)
- hydroclimatology (1)
- hydrogels (1)
- hydrogen peroxide (1)
- hydrogen-isotopic composition (1)
- hydrologic-response simulation (1)
- hydrological modeling (1)
- hydrological modelling (1)
- hydrological models (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hydroyxapatite (1)
- hygroscopic growth (1)
- hyperoxia (1)
- hyporheic zone (1)
- hyporheische Zone (1)
- iceberg discharges (1)
- identity (1)
- identity management (1)
- illegitimate opposition (1)
- illegitime Opposition (1)
- immigration (1)
- impact (1)
- impacts (1)
- implicit (1)
- implicit attitude (1)
- importance sampling (1)
- impulsivity (1)
- in vitro blood-brain barrier model (1)
- in vitro selection (1)
- in-memory database (1)
- inclusion dependency (1)
- inclusion/exclusion (1)
- income (1)
- incremental graph pattern matching (1)
- indigenous studies (1)
- individual anaerobic threshold (1)
- individuelle anaerobe Schwelle (1)
- induced fit (1)
- induced seismicity (1)
- induzierte Passform (1)
- induzierte Seismizität (1)
- infanticide (1)
- infants (1)
- inference (1)
- inflammatory bowel disease (1)
- informant discrepancies (1)
- information extraction (1)
- information retrieval (1)
- information structure (1)
- infrastructure (1)
- inkrementelle Graphmustersuche (1)
- innocence (1)
- innovation (1)
- innovation adoption (1)
- innovation management (1)
- inorganic mercury (1)
- inorganic nutrients (1)
- input frequency (1)
- institutional complexity (1)
- institutional interplay (1)
- institutionelle Komplexität (1)
- insulin analog (1)
- insurance (1)
- integral Fourier operators (1)
- integral formulas (1)
- integrated development environments (1)
- integration (1)
- integrierte Entwicklungsumgebungen (1)
- inter-rater reliability (1)
- interaction (1)
- interdepartmental committee (1)
- interdependences (1)
- interface (1)
- intermediality (1)
- intermediaries (1)
- interministerielle Arbeitsgruppe (1)
- intermolecular interactions (1)
- intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen (1)
- international institutions (1)
- internationale Institutionen (1)
- interpreters (1)
- interspecific interactions (1)
- interspezifische Wechselwirkungen (1)
- intertext (1)
- intraclass correlation (1)
- inundation (1)
- invalidation (1)
- invariant checking (1)
- invasion ecology (1)
- invasive species (1)
- inverse Probleme (1)
- inverse problems (1)
- inverse theory (1)
- ion mobility spectrometry (1)
- ionic conductivity (1)
- ionic liquids (1)
- ionogels (1)
- iron oxide nanoparticle (1)
- iron(II) (1)
- isometric eccentric force (1)
- isothermal amplification (1)
- isothermale Amplifikation (1)
- isotopic composition (1)
- issue market (1)
- jet (1)
- job characteristics (1)
- job search (1)
- jomon skeletons (1)
- june 2013 Flood (1)
- k-Induktion (1)
- k-induction (1)
- k-inductive invariant checking (1)
- k-inductive invariants (1)
- k-induktive Invarianten (1)
- k-induktives Invariant-Checking (1)
- kardiologische Rehabilitation (1)
- katalytische Isomerisation von Azobenzolen (1)
- keratinocytes (1)
- kernel methods (1)
- kinematics (1)
- klinische Supervision (1)
- knee joint (1)
- knowledge management (1)
- kognitive Entwicklung (1)
- kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (1)
- kognitive Vulnerabilität (1)
- kollektive Zuschreibungen (1)
- konsularische Hilfe (1)
- konsularischer Schutz (1)
- kontinuierliche Integration (1)
- kontinuierliches Testen (1)
- kontrastives Topik (1)
- kontrollierte radikalische Polymerisationen (1)
- kosmologische Simulationen (1)
- körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit (1)
- l-cysteine desulfurase (1)
- l-edge xas (1)
- labelling processes (1)
- labor market policy (1)
- laboratory animal sciences (1)
- labour-market (1)
- lafora disease (1)
- laforin (1)
- lake restoration (1)
- lake sediments (1)
- lake-sediments (1)
- landforms (1)
- landscape (1)
- landscape preferences (1)
- landscape controls (1)
- language changes (1)
- language contact (1)
- language diagnostics (1)
- language inhibition (1)
- language production (1)
- language recognition (1)
- language switching (1)
- language-acquisition (1)
- lanthanides (1)
- large-scale assessment (1)
- last glacial period (1)
- late wintertime (1)
- late-glacial chronology (1)
- leaf economics (1)
- leaf water (1)
- learning opportunities (1)
- lebensweltliche Erfahrungen (1)
- legume-grass mixture (1)
- leniency bias (1)
- level rise (1)
- life events (1)
- life-world experiences (1)
- light (1)
- light scattering (1)
- limitation (1)
- limiting factors (1)
- line search (1)
- linguistic and sociolinguistic factors of language changes (1)
- lipid metabolism (1)
- liquid water (1)
- literarische Kritik (1)
- literary criticism (1)
- lithosphere (1)
- lithosphere net rotation (1)
- lithosphere stress field (1)
- lithosphärisches Spannungsfeld (1)
- littoral eutrophication (1)
- local hydrology (1)
- locality (1)
- localized flooding (1)
- locomotor skill (1)
- long-term (1)
- long-term policy (1)
- long-time behaviour (1)
- longevity (1)
- longitudinal methodology (1)
- losses (1)
- low-intensity eco-agricultural production systems (1)
- lower extremity muscle strength/power (1)
- lowland catchment (1)
- lumping (1)
- lunar tides (1)
- lunare Gezeiten (1)
- lyric poetry (1)
- lysimeter (1)
- machine learning (1)
- macroeconomic models (1)
- macromolecular decay (1)
- macrophytes (1)
- magnetic resonance imaging (1)
- magnetische resonante Beugung (1)
- magnetischer Zirkulardichroismus (1)
- magnetosome chains (1)
- magnetotactic bacteria (1)
- magnetotaktische Bakterien (1)
- mai 29th (1)
- main Himalayan thrust (1)
- makromolekularer Zerfall (1)
- malin (1)
- mantle plumes (1)
- maschinelle Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache (1)
- massereiche Sterne (1)
- massive stars (1)
- maternal diet (1)
- maternal perception (1)
- maternale Ernährung (1)
- mathematical model (1)
- mathematical modelling (1)
- mathematische Modellierung (1)
- maturational constraints (1)
- mechanical properties (1)
- mechanism (1)
- mechanistic modeling (1)
- mechanistische Modellierung (1)
- medicine (1)
- mehrsprachige Ausführungsumgebungen (1)
- melatonin (1)
- memory pointer (1)
- mental arithmetic (1)
- mental number line (1)
- mental number representation (1)
- mental simulation (1)
- mentale Zahlenrepräsentation (1)
- mercuric mercury (1)
- mesocosm experiment (1)
- mesocrystals (1)
- mesolithic (1)
- meta-cognitive prompts (1)
- metabolic disorders (1)
- metabolic networks (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- metadata (1)
- metal nanoparticles (1)
- metanome (1)
- methane oxidation (1)
- methylmercury (1)
- micro rain radar (1)
- microbial decomposition (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microdialysis (1)
- microeconometric analyses (1)
- microlocal analysis (1)
- microlokale Analysis (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microstructure (1)
- microviridin (1)
- microwave synthesis (1)
- mid-latitude Westerlies (1)
- middleware (1)
- migration (1)
- mikrobieller Abbau (1)
- mikrowellengestützte Synthese (1)
- mikrökonometrische Analysen (1)
- mild cognitive impairment (1)
- mineral mapping (1)
- mineralization (1)
- minimax optimality (1)
- minister responsibility (1)
- missionaries (1)
- mitigation (1)
- mitigation measures (1)
- mitochondrial control region I (1)
- mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) (1)
- mixed cropping (1)
- mixed methods (1)
- mobile (1)
- mock observations (1)
- modality (1)
- modality compatibility (1)
- model generation (1)
- model transformation (1)
- model-driven software engineering (1)
- modellgetriebene Softwareentwicklung (1)
- modified Alternaria toxins (1)
- moisture observing system (1)
- moisture-advection feedback (1)
- molecular crystals (1)
- molecular rods (1)
- molecular thermometers (1)
- molecular-structure (1)
- molecule (1)
- molekulare Stäbe (1)
- molybdenum cofactor (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monitoring networks (1)
- monitoring of anthropogenic activities (1)
- monsoon (1)
- morphological changes (1)
- morphologischen Veränderungen (1)
- mothers (1)
- mother–child interaction (1)
- motion of adsorbed nano-particles (1)
- motivation (1)
- motivational climate (1)
- motor control (1)
- motor equivalence (1)
- motor skill (1)
- motor skills (1)
- mountain rivers (1)
- mountainous rivers (1)
- mowing (1)
- multi factor authentication (1)
- multi-domain nanoparticles (1)
- multi-scale habitat modeling (1)
- multicultural policy (1)
- multilevel models (1)
- multilingualism (1)
- multiobjective calibration (1)
- multiple scales (1)
- multitemporal (1)
- multivariate linear regression model (1)
- multivariates lineares Regressionsmodell (1)
- multiwavelength lidar (1)
- muscle action (1)
- muscle endurance (1)
- muscle strength (1)
- muscle strengthening (1)
- musculoskeletal (1)
- museum (1)
- music education (1)
- music cognition (1)
- music in school (1)
- music in social work (1)
- music information retrieval (1)
- music perception (1)
- mutual information (1)
- mycotoxin profile (1)
- myocardial infarction (1)
- n-alkanes record (1)
- n-oxPTH (1)
- nachaltige Städteentwicklung (1)
- named entity mining (1)
- nanolenses (1)
- nanomaterials (1)
- nanoparticle (1)
- nanoporous carbon particles (1)
- nanoporöser Kohlenstoffpartikel (1)
- nanotoxicology (1)
- naphthalimide (1)
- narcissism (1)
- natural hazard management (1)
- natural language processing (1)
- natural products (1)
- natural risks (1)
- natürliche Sprachverarbeitung (1)
- near-surface snow (1)
- need for action (1)
- neo-liberal governance (1)
- neodymium (1)
- neoliberalism (1)
- neolithic transition (1)
- nested application conditions (1)
- nested graph conditions (1)
- net ecosystem exchange (1)
- net production (1)
- neural networks (1)
- neural-network (1)
- neuroimaging (1)
- neuromuscular (1)
- neuronal connectivity (1)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (1)
- next-generation sequencing (1)
- nicht-lineare gemischte Modelle (NLME) (1)
- nicht-monetäre Bewertung (1)
- nichtisothermer Mehrphasenfluss (1)
- nickel(II) (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- no-till ecosystem (1)
- noise-levels (1)
- nomological network (1)
- non-athletes (1)
- non-isothermal multiphase flow (1)
- non-monetary valuation (1)
- non-national students (1)
- nonlinear site response (1)
- norcaesalpin D (1)
- normal bundle (1)
- northern Baltic Sea (1)
- northern high‐latitudes (1)
- nudging (1)
- number (1)
- number processing (1)
- numerical simulation (1)
- numerical simulations (1)
- numerical techniques (1)
- numerical-simulation (1)
- numerische Kognition (1)
- numerische Methoden (1)
- numerische Simulation (1)
- nursing homes (1)
- nutrient ratios (1)
- nutrient availability (1)
- nutrition (1)
- nutritional supplements (1)
- object based image analysis (1)
- object culture (1)
- object topicalization (1)
- object-based image analysis (1)
- objektbasierte Bildanalyse (1)
- observables (1)
- observatories (1)
- occupational career (1)
- oceanic discourse (1)
- oligo spiro thio ketal rods (1)
- ombrotrophic peat (1)
- one-sided communication (1)
- online (1)
- onset times (1)
- ontologies (1)
- ontology (1)
- open circuit voltage (1)
- operational momentum (1)
- opinio juris (1)
- optically induced dynamics (1)
- optisch induzierte Dynamik (1)
- optogenetics (1)
- oral immunotherapy (1)
- orale Immuntherapie (1)
- organic aerosol (1)
- organic carbon (1)
- organic matter (1)
- organic matter quality (1)
- organic mercury (1)
- organic solar cells (1)
- organic-carbon (1)
- organisation science (1)
- organische Solarzellen (1)
- organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- organisches Material (1)
- organization (1)
- output analysis (1)
- overruns (1)
- overweight (1)
- oxazolone (1)
- oxidase (1)
- oxidation (1)
- oxocarbon (1)
- ozone concentrations (1)
- paediatric athlete (1)
- pain (1)
- palaeogenomics (1)
- paleogenomics (1)
- parabrachial nucleus (1)
- paracrine and autocrine regulation (1)
- parallel programming (1)
- parallele Programmierung (1)
- parameter uncertainty (1)
- parameterization methods (1)
- parasitoid (1)
- parental quality (1)
- parlamentarische Opposition (1)
- parliamentary opposition (1)
- part 1 (1)
- partial synchronization (1)
- participatory mapping (1)
- particle assembly (1)
- particle characterization (1)
- particle verbs (1)
- particles (1)
- party competition (1)
- passerines (1)
- patchy particles (1)
- pathogen (1)
- patholinguistics (1)
- pathway engineering (1)
- pathways (1)
- patient education (1)
- peanut allergy (1)
- pedotransfer functions (1)
- penetration enhancement (1)
- people (1)
- peptide (1)
- perception (1)
- percolation (1)
- perennial crop (1)
- performance (1)
- performance information use (1)
- performance management (1)
- period (1)
- periodic tasks (1)
- periodische Aufgaben (1)
- periphyton (1)
- permafrost (1)
- personality trait (1)
- persulfide (1)
- persönliche Informationen (1)
- perturbation (1)
- ph-responsive microgels (1)
- pharmacodynamics (1)
- phase (1)
- phase separation (1)
- phasepicker (1)
- phenology (1)
- philosophical anthropology (1)
- phosphonate containing polymers (1)
- phosphonathaltige Polymere (1)
- phosphorus (1)
- phosphorus balance (1)
- photocatalysis (1)
- photocatalytic water splitting (1)
- photochemical oxidation (1)
- photofragmentation (1)
- photogrammetry (1)
- photokatalytische Wasserspaltung (1)
- photoresponsive surfactants (1)
- photoswitches (1)
- phylogenetic analysis (1)
- phylogeny (1)
- physical activity (1)
- physical attractiveness (1)
- physical controls (1)
- physical performance (1)
- physical properties (1)
- physiologie-basierte Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) (1)
- physische Attraktivität (1)
- phytoliths (1)
- picker (1)
- piezo-, pyro- and ferroelectricity (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- plant functional traits (1)
- plant strategies (1)
- plant-habitat interactions (1)
- plantar fascia (1)
- plants (1)
- plasmon nano-particles (1)
- plasmonic catalysis (1)
- plasmonics (1)
- plasmonische Katalyse (1)
- plasmonische Nanopartikeln (1)
- plasticity (1)
- plate boundary friction (1)
- plate motions (1)
- playa (1)
- plume-ridge interaction (1)
- pluvial floods (1)
- plötzliche stratosphärische Erwärmungsereignisse (1)
- polar firn (1)
- policy analysis (1)
- political economics (1)
- political integration (1)
- politische Bildung (1)
- politische Ökonomie (1)
- poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (1)
- polyamine (1)
- polyammonium salt (1)
- polycarboxylate (1)
- polycondensation (1)
- polyesters (1)
- polyglot execution environments (1)
- polyglucosan body (1)
- polygon (1)
- polymer chemistry (1)
- polymer induced Biomineralization (1)
- polymer synthesis (1)
- polymeric sensors (1)
- polymers (1)
- polymervermittelte Biomineralisation (1)
- polymictic lakes (1)
- polymiktische Seen (1)
- polymorohism (1)
- polypeptoids (1)
- polyploidization (1)
- polyzwitterion (1)
- popPBPK (1)
- popPK (1)
- population (1)
- population analysis (1)
- population dynamics (1)
- population ecology (1)
- pore (1)
- porous materials (1)
- porous medium equation (1)
- poröse Materialien (1)
- positive illusionary bias (1)
- positive selection (1)
- postpartum depression (1)
- postural balance (1)
- postural stability (1)
- postural sway (1)
- potential-energy surface (1)
- pre-activity (1)
- pre-digestion (1)
- pre-participation screening (1)
- precipitation extremes (1)
- predictability (1)
- prediction (1)
- predictive modelling (1)
- preterm birth (1)
- preterm infant (1)
- preterm infants (1)
- prevention (1)
- primary prevention (1)
- primary school (1)
- printing (1)
- privacy (1)
- private households (1)
- privatization (1)
- proactive behavior (1)
- proactive/reactive balance (1)
- proaktives Verhalten (1)
- probabilistic timed automata (1)
- probabilistische zeitbehaftete Automaten (1)
- probe (1)
- problem-solving (1)
- process identification (1)
- process synchronization (1)
- professional development (1)
- professions (1)
- programming experience (1)
- prosodic boundary cues (1)
- prosodic phrase boundaries (1)
- prosodische Grenzmarkierungen (1)
- prosodische Phrasengrenzen (1)
- protease inhibitor (1)
- protection (1)
- protective factors (1)
- protein (1)
- protein kinetics (1)
- protein search (1)
- protein-polymer conjugate (1)
- protein-protein interaction (1)
- proteinuria (1)
- protonation (1)
- protozoic Si pool (1)
- proxy records (1)
- prozessorientierte Didaktik (1)
- pseudodifferential operators (1)
- pseudodifferentiale Operatoren (1)
- psycholinguistics (1)
- psychotherapeutic competencies (1)
- psychotherapy training (1)
- pubertal timing (1)
- puberty (1)
- public administration (1)
- public economics (1)
- public management (1)
- public sector innovation (1)
- pump-probe experiment (1)
- pyrolysis (1)
- pyrophosphate (1)
- qualitative content analysis (1)
- qualitative study (1)
- qualititative Studie (1)
- quantum chemistry (1)
- quasilinear equation (1)
- rabbinic discussion (1)
- radar (1)
- radiation belts (1)
- radical reactions (1)
- radical right (1)
- radical right party (1)
- radikale Rechte (1)
- radikale Rechtspartei (1)
- radiocarbon (1)
- railway infrastructure (1)
- railway transportation (1)
- rainfall gradient (1)
- rainfall-runoff response (1)
- random forest algorithm (1)
- randomisierte Studie (1)
- randomized-controlled trial (1)
- ranges (1)
- rape (1)
- rape myth acceptance (1)
- rapid-acting (1)
- rare earth elements (1)
- rare-earth metals (1)
- raum-zeitlich (1)
- reaction-diffusion system (1)
- reactive flux rate constants (1)
- reactive/proactive aggression (1)
- reads (1)
- rechtsradikal (1)
- recognition (1)
- recombinant protein (1)
- recommendation (1)
- reconfigurable systems (1)
- red giant stars (1)
- red meat (1)
- reddit (1)
- redes artísticas transatlánticas (1)
- reflective practice (1)
- regional climate simulations (1)
- regional economics (1)
- regional patterns (1)
- regionale Klimasimulationen (1)
- register lowering (1)
- regression toward the mean (1)
- rehabilitation (1)
- relational model transformation (1)
- relationale Modelltransformationen (1)
- relative clauses (1)
- relative dose response test (1)
- religion (1)
- remodeling atpase brahma (1)
- removable set (1)
- renal disease (1)
- repeatability (1)
- representation learning (1)
- reproduction (1)
- reproductive strategies (1)
- reproductive technologies (1)
- reptiles (1)
- reservior (1)
- resistance (1)
- resistance training (1)
- resolution (1)
- resource optimization (1)
- responsa (1)
- response to treatment (1)
- responses (1)
- retinol (1)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (1)
- reveal (1)
- reveals (1)
- ribosomal dynamics (1)
- rice (1)
- riesen unilamellare Vesikel (1)
- right-wing populism (1)
- risk (1)
- risk research (1)
- river discharge (1)
- river incision model (1)
- river-basin (1)
- robbery (1)
- rodents (1)
- role of intellect (1)
- rote Riesensterne (1)
- rotes Fleisch (1)
- roughness (1)
- rule of law (1)
- runoff (1)
- runoff generation (1)
- rupture process (1)
- s/t-pattern sequences (1)
- salt pan (1)
- salts (1)
- satellite images (1)
- satisfiabilitiy solving (1)
- scale construction (1)
- schaltbare Materialien (1)
- scholastic demands (1)
- school adjustment (1)
- schoolbook analysis (1)
- scientific workflows (1)
- scrambling (1)
- sea-level (1)
- sea-surface temperature (1)
- seasonal variation (1)
- seawater (1)
- sediment (1)
- sediment source fingerprinting (1)
- sediment transport modelling (1)
- seed mass (1)
- seismic cycle modeling (1)
- seismic tomography (1)
- seismic velocity structure (1)
- seismicity and tectonics (1)
- selective bond cleavage (1)
- self-assembled monolayer (1)
- self-determination theory (1)
- self-government (1)
- self-management (1)
- seltene Erden (1)
- semantic domain modeling (1)
- semantic ranking (1)
- semantic search (1)
- semantic search evaluation (1)
- semantic search methods (1)
- semantics preservation (1)
- semantische Domänenmodellierung (1)
- semantische Suche (1)
- semantisches Ranking (1)
- sensitivity-analysis (1)
- sensors (1)
- series (1)
- serum amyloid A (SAA) (1)
- service composition (1)
- sexual assault (1)
- sexual conflict (1)
- sexual selection (1)
- shale strength (1)
- shared magnitude representation (1)
- short dark triad (1)
- sibilant (1)
- silver nanoparticles (1)
- simulation-based attribution (1)
- singing project (1)
- single nucleotide polymorphism (1)
- single/dual tasking (1)
- site (1)
- site-condition proxies (1)
- size-congruity effect (1)
- skeletal muscle (1)
- skin (1)
- slope aspect (1)
- small talk (1)
- smart materials (1)
- smartphone (1)
- snow avalanches (1)
- snow routine (1)
- social cooperation (1)
- social identity formation (1)
- social pain (1)
- social simulation (1)
- society-political concepts (1)
- society-political role of intellectuals (1)
- socio-discourse (1)
- software architecture (1)
- software tests (1)
- software-based cache coherence (1)
- soil-moisture (1)
- soil-moisture dynamics (1)
- soil-nitrogen (1)
- soil-water content (1)
- solution process (1)
- solvatochromism (1)
- solvent effect (1)
- song teaching methods (1)
- source array (1)
- southeastern Spain (1)
- southern Africa (1)
- southern African plateau (1)
- soziale Kooperation (1)
- soziale Simulation (1)
- soziodiskurs (1)
- space mission (1)
- space use (1)
- sparse proxy data (1)
- spatial econometrics (1)
- spatial theory (1)
- spatial turn (1)
- spatial-distribution (1)
- spatial-numerical associations (1)
- spatio-temporal (1)
- species complex (1)
- species distribution (1)
- spectra (1)
- spectral analysis (1)
- spectrum (1)
- speech (1)
- speech perception (1)
- speech/language therapy (1)
- sperm storage (1)
- spherical mantle convection (1)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) (1)
- spider silk (1)
- spillover effects (1)
- spin-state (1)
- spine (1)
- sprachdiagnostische Verfahren (1)
- squaric acid (1)
- stabile Isotope (1)
- stable carbon isotope (1)
- stable nitrogen isotope (1)
- star excursion balance test (1)
- start-up subsidy (1)
- state practice (1)
- static analysis (1)
- statische Analyse (1)
- steady-state balance (1)
- stellar evolution (1)
- stellar population (1)
- stellar winds (1)
- stellare Population (1)
- stereotypy (1)
- stochastic interacting particles (1)
- stochastisches interagierendes System (1)
- stopover (1)
- stopped-flow (1)
- storage changes (1)
- strategies (1)
- stream power law (1)
- streamflow (1)
- strength measurement system (1)
- stress (1)
- stress changes (1)
- stress response (1)
- stress-resistance (1)
- strong ground motion (1)
- structural properties (1)
- structuration theory (1)
- structure beneath (1)
- strukturelle Eigenschaften (1)
- student achievement (1)
- students (1)
- study demands (1)
- subduction (1)
- subsurface stormflow (1)
- sudden cardiac death (1)
- sudden stratospheric warming (1)
- sulfurtransferase (1)
- summer (1)
- summer monsoon precipitation (1)
- summer rainfall (1)
- supramolecular chemistry (1)
- supramolekulare Chemie (1)
- surface hopping dynamics (1)
- surface modification (1)
- surface urban heat island effect (1)
- surface water flooding (1)
- surface water-groundwater interaction (1)
- surfaces (1)
- survival (1)
- suspended sediments (1)
- sustainable development goals (1)
- sustainable investment (1)
- sustainable urban development (1)
- swear words (1)
- swearing (1)
- swelling behavior (1)
- synoptic cyclones (1)
- synoptische Zyklone (1)
- syntactic changes (1)
- syntax (1)
- synthetic aperture radar interferometry (1)
- synthetic circuits (1)
- synthetische Beobachtungen (1)
- synthetische Biologie (1)
- systems biology (1)
- tRNA (1)
- tableau method (1)
- tannins (1)
- task demands (1)
- taste processing (1)
- teacher (1)
- teacher attitudes (1)
- teacher beliefs and practices (1)
- teacher judgment accuracy (1)
- teacher knowledge (1)
- technical progress (1)
- technology acceptance (1)
- technology transfer (1)
- telemedicine (1)
- telework (1)
- temperate forest (1)
- template digestion (1)
- template phase (1)
- terrain (1)
- testate amebas (1)
- the Cauchy problem (1)
- the Goursat problem (1)
- the characteristic Cauchy problem (1)
- the linearised Einstein equation (1)
- theory of goal systems (1)
- theory of mind (1)
- thermal isomerization of azobenzene (1)
- thermisch angeregte Isomerisierung von Azobenzolen (1)
- thermo-mechanical modeling (1)
- thermo-mechanische Modellierung (1)
- thermo-responsive polymers (1)
- thermodynamic structure (1)
- thermodynamische Struktur (1)
- thermoregulatory behaviour (1)
- thin flexible and conformable films (1)
- thinking styles (1)
- thiocarboxylate (1)
- thiomersal (1)
- thionucleosides (1)
- time averaging (1)
- time scale (1)
- time series analysis (1)
- time series investigation (1)
- time-kill curves (1)
- time-series (1)
- time-series analysis (1)
- titania (1)
- token resistance (1)
- tomato (1)
- topical treatment (1)
- total opposition (1)
- totale Opposition (1)
- trace gases (1)
- training adaptation (1)
- trancendence (1)
- transcendence (1)
- transcendental philosophy (1)
- transcriptional memory (1)
- transcriptional regulation (1)
- transfer (1)
- transformation level (1)
- transformation sequences (1)
- transgenerational inheritance (1)
- transition path sampling (1)
- translation theory (1)
- transmembrane protein (1)
- transnational networks (1)
- transoceanic studies (1)
- transparent orthography (1)
- transthyretin (1)
- travel (1)
- treatment effects (1)
- trend analyses (1)
- trend attribution (1)
- trend detection (1)
- trend drivers (1)
- trends (1)
- trilingualism (1)
- triple graph grammars (1)
- trophic level (1)
- trunk (1)
- trunk kinematics (1)
- trunk muscle strength (1)
- turbulence (1)
- turnover (1)
- type 2 diabetes (1)
- typed graph transformation systems (1)
- ulcerative colitis (1)
- ultra-high energy cosmic rays (1)
- ultra-thin membrane (1)
- ultradünne Membranen (1)
- ultrafast dynamics (1)
- ultrafast phenomena (1)
- ultraschnelle Phänomene (1)
- ultrasound (1)
- unconventional shale (1)
- underground coal gasification (1)
- unemployment (1)
- unemployment insurance (1)
- unferring cellular networks (1)
- ungulates (1)
- unique column combination (1)
- unkonventionelle Schiefer (1)
- untere kritische Entmischungstemperatur (1)
- unternehmerische Stadt (1)
- upper mantle density heterogeneities (1)
- upper mantle viscosity structure (1)
- upper-mantle (1)
- urban efficiency (1)
- urban form (1)
- urban heat island effect (1)
- urban politics (1)
- urban site (1)
- urea (1)
- vadose zone (1)
- validation (1)
- validity (1)
- vapor (1)
- variables (1)
- vegetation history (1)
- vegetation patterns (1)
- verschachtelte Anwednungsbedingungen (1)
- verschachtelte Graphbedingungen (1)
- vertebrates (1)
- vertical coupling (1)
- vertical motion (1)
- vertikale Kuppelung (1)
- vertrackte Probleme (1)
- veto point (1)
- vibrational structure (1)
- virtualization (1)
- visual word recognition (1)
- visualization (1)
- vitalismo (1)
- vitamin A (1)
- vulnerability (1)
- walking (1)
- water (1)
- water balance (1)
- water content (1)
- water isotopes (1)
- water methane emissions (1)
- water reservoir (1)
- water-balance (1)
- water-flow (1)
- water-uptake (1)
- water-vapor (1)
- wave equation (1)
- wave scattering and diffraction (1)
- wave tomography (1)
- wavelet (1)
- wearables (1)
- weather (1)
- weather extremes (1)
- weather pattern (1)
- weight (1)
- weight maintenance (1)
- weight regulation (1)
- weißer Kohlenstoff (1)
- welfare markets (1)
- well-being (1)
- wetlands (1)
- wh- movement (1)
- wh- questions (1)
- wh-movement (1)
- wh-questions (1)
- wheat (1)
- white adipose tissue (1)
- white carbon (1)
- whole-grain (1)
- wicked problems (1)
- widerständiges Lernen (1)
- wildflower mixture (1)
- women (1)
- woolly mammoth (1)
- work (1)
- worries and concerns (1)
- wrinkles (1)
- x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) (1)
- x-ray magnetic resonant diffraction (XMRD) (1)
- yellow flags (1)
- zentralamerika (1)
- zentralamerikanische literarische Historiographie (1)
- zuverlässige Datenverarbeitung (1)
- Ängste und Sorgen (1)
- Ärgerregulation (1)
- Ästuar (1)
- Ätiologie (1)
- Übersichtsarbeit (1)
- Überwachung (1)
- Übungsanleitung (1)
- äquatorialer Elektrojet (1)
- ökologische Modellierung (1)
- азобензолсодержащие ПАВ (1)
- каталитическая изомеризация азобензолов (1)
- плазмонные наночастицы (1)
- показатель преломления азобензолов (1)
- הזרעה מלאכותית (1)
- טכנולוגיה (1)
- משניות (1)
- ספרות השו"ת (1)
- פירוש המשנה (1)
- פריון (1)
- רמב״ם (1)
- ‘refugee crisis’ (1)
Institute
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät (73)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (44)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (40)
- Humanwissenschaftliche Fakultät (36)
- Institut für Chemie (35)
- Department Musik und Kunst (31)
- Extern (30)
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (30)
- Department Linguistik (27)
- Department Erziehungswissenschaft (24)
Die vorliegende Arbeit trägt den Titel: Intellektuellen-Rolle in Günter Grass Werken : „Die Plebejer proben den Aufstand“(1966), „Örtlich betäubt“(1969), „Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke“(1972), und „Ein weites Feld“(1995).
Das erste Kapitel befasst sich insgesamt mit drei Haupttiteln
II. Der Intellektuelle
II.1 Das allgemeine Umfeld
In diesem Teil der Dissertation sollen Aussagen getroffen werden, die auf folgende und weitere Fragen eine Antwort geben: Was ist ein Intellektueller? Wie kam der Begriff zustande? Gibt es Unterschiede zwischen den Intellektuellen und wie werden sie eingeteilt?
II.2 Das deutsche Umfeld
Die Behandlung des Nazisystems und dessen historische Hintergründe vermittelt bedeutsame Lehren. Aber wozu braucht man diese Lehren? Gibt es Spuren von Nationalsozialismus heutzutage? Wo waren die Intellektuellen bei der Bildung des Nationalsozialismus? Ist der Nationalsozialismus erst mit Hitler aufgetaucht? Wenn zuvor, in welcher Phase hat er sich im Bewusstsein der Deutschen verankert? Ob theoretische bzw. geistige Tendenzen dazu beigetragen haben?
II.3 Das Bild von Grass als Intellektueller
II.3.1 Positionierung
Eine Hauptthese für Grass intellektuelle Positionierung wird durch die Verbindung zwischen Grass’ Grundkonzeption der gesellschaftspolitischen Intellektualität und der Gruppe 47 ermittelt. Dann bezweckt die Behandlung von Grass Bild nach Erscheinen seines autobiographischen Werks: „Beim Häuten der Zwiebel“ (2006), dass seine Intellektualität nicht nur aus dem positiven, sondern auch aus dem negativen Profil beleuchtet wird.
Aus der Darstellung zahlreicher Ansichten von Günter Grass werden fünf thematische Kernpunkte als Konzepte behandelt. Unter jedem Konzept sollen spezifische Vorschläge zur gesellschaftlichen Positionierung aufgezeigt werden.
II.3.2 Grass’ politische Merkmale
Es handelt sich hier um die intellektuellen Charaktereigenschaften. Dadurch kommen manche Fragen zu Wort: Hat Günter Grass gesellschaftliche Aktivitäten? Hat er die Voraussetzungen dafür? Wie ist der Umfang seiner Aktivitäten? Hat die Gruppe 47 Einfluss auf Grass intellektuelle Merkmale? Steht bei Grass eine Methode der gesellschaftspolitischen Arbeit zur Verfügung?
Dann wird die politische Sprache von Günter Grass und ihre Wirkung auf den Rezipienten untersucht. Danach wird nach Grass’ Auffassung von der Revision gefragt und ob sie mit seiner Auffassung der Aufklärung zusammenpasst. Darauf wird die Funktion der Revision in seinem literarischen Werk und in seiner gesellschaftspolitischen Aktivität gezeigt.
Abschließend werden die Argumente seiner Intellektualität untersucht:
Wie hat Grass’ gesellschaftspolitische Aktivität den konkreten politischen Rahmen berücksichtigt? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, muss der Zusammenhang zwischen Politik und Moral verdeutlicht werden.
III. Historischer Kontext und Inhalt der Werke
Unter diesem Titel wird erstens der historische Zusammenhang der untersuchten Werke skizziert. Dann werden meistens durch Argumente aus jedem Werk selbst nicht nur der Kern des Werkes und sein Handlungsverlauf, sondern auch die dafür angewandte Methode dargestellt.
IV. Bezug der untersuchten Werke zu konkreten gesellschaftspolitischen Fragen
IV.1 Interaktionswege des Intellektuellen mit der Gesellschaft, vor allem beim Wandel gesellschaftspolitischer Prozesse
Zentralkonzepte des ersten Werkes sind: Vermittlung, Engagement, Solidarität und die Aktualität als Maßstab. Diese werden durch zwei Konzepte des zweiten Werkes: Appell an Generationen beim Wechsel und Zusammenhaltsprinzip an Revision gebunden, sowie durch die Behandlung vom Prozess der Meinungsbildung im vierten Werk ausgearbeitet.
IV.2 Thematische Aspekte zur Vermeidung eines Naziregimes
Aus den thematischen Perspektiven der drei letzten Werke geht eine bunte Sammlung intellektueller Konzepte aus, die zur Bekämpfung von Nazivorsprünge verwendet werden können.
V. Pädagogische Strategien der untersuchten Werke
Die pädagogischen Aspekte der untersuchten Werke sollen intellektuelle Werte vermitteln, die einen bedeutenden Beitrag zur Lösung gesellschaftspolitischer Probleme und Konflikte leisten.
VI. Entwicklung der literarischen und gesellschaftspolitischen Vision
Hier wird die Entwicklungslinie der gesellschaftspolitischen Vision in den untersuchten Werken verfolgt.
VII. Zur Rezeption der vier Werke
Durch die Auseinandersetzung mit der negativen Kritik wird angestrebt, ihre Subjektivität darzulegen, damit der gesellschaftspolitische Wert der vier Werke enthüllt wird.
Assimilation of pseudo-tree-ring-width observations into an atmospheric general circulation model
(2017)
Paleoclimate data assimilation (DA) is a promising technique to systematically combine the information from climate model simulations and proxy records. Here, we investigate the assimilation of tree-ring-width (TRW) chronologies into an atmospheric global climate model using ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) techniques and a process-based tree-growth forward model as an observation operator. Our results, within a perfect-model experiment setting, indicate that the "online DA" approach did not outperform the "off-line" one, despite its considerable additional implementation complexity. On the other hand, it was observed that the nonlinear response of tree growth to surface temperature and soil moisture does deteriorate the operation of the time-averaged EnKF methodology. Moreover, for the first time we show that this skill loss appears significantly sensitive to the structure of the growth rate function, used to represent the principle of limiting factors (PLF) within the forward model. In general, our experiments showed that the error reduction achieved by assimilating pseudo-TRW chronologies is modulated by the magnitude of the yearly internal variability in themodel. This result might help the dendrochronology community to optimize their sampling efforts.
This article considers Isabella Bird’s representation of medicine in Unbeaten Tracks in Japan (1880) and Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan (1891), the two books in which she engages most extensively with both local (Chinese/Islamic) and Western medical science and practice. I explore how Bird uses medicine to assert her narrative authority and define her travelling persona in opposition to local medical practitioners. I argue that her ambivalence and the unease she frequently expresses concerning medical practice (expressed particularly in her later adoption of the Persian appellation “Feringhi Hakīm” [European physician] to describe her work) serves as a means for her to negotiate the colonial and gendered pressures on Victorian medicine. While in Japan this attitude works to destabilise her hierarchical understanding of science and results in some acknowledgement of traditional Japanese traditions, in Persia it functions more to disguise her increasing collusion with overt British colonial ambitions.
The title compound was prepared by the reaction of 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclo-octadecane with 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxyacetic acid in a ratio of 1:2. The structure has been proved by the data of elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, NMR ( 1 H, 13 C) technique and by X-ray diffraction analysis. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the azonium protons and oxygen atoms of the carboxylate groups were found. Immunoactive properties of the title compound have been screened. The compound has the ability to suppress spontaneous and Con A-stimulated cell proliferation in vitro and therefore can be considered as immunodepressant.
The predictions of two contrasting approaches to the acquisition of transitive relative clauses were tested within the same groups of German-speaking participants aged from 3 to 5 years old. The input frequency approach predicts that object relative clauses with inanimate heads (e.g., the pullover that the man is scratching) are comprehended earlier and more accurately than those with an animate head (e.g., the man that the boy is scratching). In contrast, the structural intervention approach predicts that object relative clauses with two full NP arguments mismatching in number (e.g., the man that the boys are scratching) are comprehended earlier and more accurately than those with number-matching NPs (e.g., the man that the boy is scratching). These approaches were tested in two steps. First, we ran a corpus analysis to ensure that object relative clauses with number-mismatching NPs are not more frequent than object relative clauses with number-matching NPs in child directed speech. Next, the comprehension of these structures was tested experimentally in 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds respectively by means of a color naming task. By comparing the predictions of the two approaches within the same participant groups, we were able to uncover that the effects predicted by the input frequency and by the structural intervention approaches co-exist and that they both influence the performance of children on transitive relative clauses, but in a manner that is modulated by age. These results reveal a sensitivity to animacy mismatch already being demonstrated by 3-year-olds and show that animacy is initially deployed more reliably than number to interpret relative clauses correctly. In all age groups, the animacy mismatch appears to explain the performance of children, thus, showing that the comprehension of frequent object relative clauses is enhanced compared to the other conditions. Starting with 4-year-olds but especially in 5-year-olds, the number mismatch supported comprehension—a facilitation that is unlikely to be driven by input frequency. Once children fine-tune their sensitivity to verb agreement information around the age of four, they are also able to deploy number marking to overcome the intervention effects. This study highlights the importance of testing experimentally contrasting theoretical approaches in order to characterize the multifaceted, developmental nature of language acquisition.
The temporal dynamics of climate processes are spread across different timescales and, as such, the study of these processes at only one selected timescale might not reveal the complete mechanisms and interactions within and between the (sub-) processes. To capture the non-linear interactions between climatic events, the method of event synchronization has found increasing attention recently. The main drawback with the present estimation of event synchronization is its restriction to analysing the time series at one reference timescale only. The study of event synchronization at multiple scales would be of great interest to comprehend the dynamics of the investigated climate processes. In this paper, the wavelet-based multi-scale event synchronization (MSES) method is proposed by combining the wavelet transform and event synchronization. Wavelets are used extensively to comprehend multi-scale processes and the dynamics of processes across various timescales. The proposed method allows the study of spatio-temporal patterns across different timescales. The method is tested on synthetic and real-world time series in order to check its replicability and applicability. The results indicate that MSES is able to capture relationships that exist between processes at different timescales.
Climate or land use?
(2017)
This study intends to contribute to the ongoing discussion on whether land use and land cover changes (LULC) or climate trends have the major influence on the observed increase of flood magnitudes in the Sahel. A simulation-based approach is used for attributing the observed trends to the postulated drivers. For this purpose, the ecohydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model) with a new, dynamic LULC module was set up for the Sahelian part of the Niger River until Niamey, including the main tributaries Sirba and Goroul. The model was driven with observed, reanalyzed climate and LULC data for the years 1950–2009. In order to quantify the shares of influence, one simulation was carried out with constant land cover as of 1950, and one including LULC. As quantitative measure, the gradients of the simulated trends were compared to the observed trend. The modeling studies showed that for the Sirba River only the simulation which included LULC was able to reproduce the observed trend. The simulation without LULC showed a positive trend for flood magnitudes, but underestimated the trend significantly. For the Goroul River and the local flood of the Niger River at Niamey, the simulations were only partly able to reproduce the observed trend. In conclusion, the new LULC module enabled some first quantitative insights into the relative influence of LULC and climatic changes. For the Sirba catchment, the results imply that LULC and climatic changes contribute in roughly equal shares to the observed increase in flooding. For the other parts of the subcatchment, the results are less clear but show, that climatic changes and LULC are drivers for the flood increase; however their shares cannot be quantified. Based on these modeling results, we argue for a two-pillar adaptation strategy to reduce current and future flood risk: Flood mitigation for reducing LULC-induced flood increase, and flood adaptation for a general reduction of flood vulnerability.
Although it has become common practice to build applications based on the reuse of existing components or services, technical complexity and semantic challenges constitute barriers to ensuring a successful and wide reuse of components and services. In the geospatial application domain, the barriers are self-evident due to heterogeneous geographic data, a lack of interoperability and complex analysis processes.
Constructing workflows manually and discovering proper services and data that match user intents and preferences is difficult and time-consuming especially for users who are not trained in software development. Furthermore, considering the multi-objective nature of environmental modeling for the assessment of climate change impacts and the various types of geospatial data (e.g., formats, scales, and georeferencing systems) increases the complexity challenges.
Automatic service composition approaches that provide semantics-based assistance in the process of workflow design have proven to be a solution to overcome these challenges and have become a frequent demand especially by end users who are not IT experts. In this light, the major contributions of this thesis are:
(i) Simplification of service reuse and workflow design of applications for climate impact analysis by following the eXtreme Model-Driven Development (XMDD) paradigm.
(ii) Design of a semantic domain model for climate impact analysis applications that comprises specifically designed services, ontologies that provide domain-specific vocabulary for referring to types and services, and the input/output annotation of the services using the terms defined in the ontologies.
(iii) Application of a constraint-driven method for the automatic composition of workflows for analyzing the impacts of sea-level rise. The application scenario demonstrates the impact of domain modeling decisions on the results and the performance of the synthesis algorithm.
תקציר
מצוות הפריון הינה אחת מן המצוות החשובות ביהדות ומגדירה במובנים רבים את מהות קיומו של האדם היהודי הדתי. זוגות דתיים אשר סובלים מבעיית פריון נקרעים לא פעם בין מחוייבותם הדתית והלחץ החברתי בקהילתם לבין אי יכולתם להביא ילדים לעולם בדרך טבעית. החל מאמצע המאה ה 20- הפכו טכנולוגיות פריון רפואיות לנגישות לציבור הרחב בישראל ובעולם והובילו למהפכה חברתית אשר אפשרה לזוגות חשוכי ילדים להגשים את חלומם בפעם הראשונה ולהפוך להורים. פריצת דרך רפואית זו לא נעלמה מעיני הציבור הדתי על זרמיו השונים וגרמה לטלטלה בתפיסת עולמם של מנהיגיהם, אשר נדרשו לתת מענה הלכתי הולם המאזן בין רווחת קהילותיהם לבין שמירה על ערכי ומצוות הדת היהודית. על רקע תמורות אלו התפתח שיח הלכתי ואקדמי חשוב ומעניין באשר למקומה של טכנולוגיה מודרנית בחברה המתנהלת על פי קודים מסורתיים. עם זאת, הדיאלוג החי המתקיים בין מנהיגי היהדות לבין קהילותיהם, אשר מתועד כאוסף שאלות ותשובות (שו"ת) לבעיות הלכתיות אקטואליות בתחום הפריון, לא נחקר דיו.
עבודתנו עוסקת במחקר ספרות השו"ת ובגישת פוסקי ההלכה להסתייעות בטכנולוגיית ההזרעה המלאכותית ובטיפולי פוריות חדשניים נוספים שהתפתחו בעקבותיה כגון הפריה חוץ גופית, פונדקאות ותרומת ביציות. העבודה סוקרת את התגבשות ועיצוב ההלכה בשאלה זו, כפי שעולה מספרות השו"ת החל מתקופת הראשונים (המאות ה 11- עד ה- 16 ) ועד לפוסקים מתקופת האחרונים (המאה ה- 16 ואילך), ומתמקדת בעיקר בתקופה המודרנית של המאה האחרונה. במרכז העבודה יעמדו מעמדם ההלכתי של האם והוולד בעקבות שימוש בהזרעה והפריה מלאכותית וכן השלכותיהן ההלכתיות של השימוש הרפואי בזרע.
תרומתו של מחקר זה הינה בהצגת וניתוח התמודדות הפוסקים עם העימות הערכי וההלכתי שמעוררות תמורות במבנה המשפחה ובדפוסי הורות מסורתיים כתוצאה משימוש הולך וגובר בטכנולוגיות פריון מתקדמות בחברה המודרנית. יתר על כן, מחקר זה מרחיב את הדיון ההלכתי אל מעבר לעמדות הפוסקים ביהדות האורתודוקסית, הנצמדים לעקרונות ההלכה ההיסטורית, ומציג לראשונה אף את קשת הדעות של רבנים המשתייכים לזרמי היהדות המתקדמת והקונסרבטיבית, הדוגלים בפיתוח ההלכה והתאמתה למציאות החיים המשתנה. כך, מעניקה עבודת מחקר זו תמונה שלמה ומקיפה יותר באשר להתמודדות הרבנים עם שאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית ומציגה את רב גוניותה של ההלכה כפי שמשתקפת בזרמי היהדות השונים בישראל ובתפוצות.
העבודה מחולקת לשישה חלקים אשר יפורטו בקצרה להלן.
חלק ראשון - מבוא לשאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית בספרות השו"ת
חלק זה מהווה מבוא והקדמה תיאורטית ומחקרית לשאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית ומטרתו לצייד את הקורא ברקע ההיסטורי ובכלים המחקריים הדרושים להמשך העבודה. הפרק הראשון סוקר מצוות דתיות והשקפות תרבותיות בנוגע לילודה בחברה היהודית ואילו הפרק השני מניח יסודות מתודולוגיים והיסטוריים הנחוצים לחקר שאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית בספרות השו"ת.
פרק ראשון - מצוות דתיות והשקפות תרבותיות בנוגע לילודה בחברה היהודית
פרק זה מציג את המשנה האידיאולוגית העומדת בבסיס ההצדקה ההלכתית להתרתם של טיפולי הפוריות. הפרק דן בחשיבות מצוות הפריון כפי שעולה ממקורות הלכתיים קדומים וברקע ההיסטורי והתרבותי למרכזיותה של מצווה זו ומצוות נלוות לה בדת היהודית. הפרק מדגים כיצד עיצבה חשיבות המצווה את דפוס המשפחה היהודית לאורך ההיסטוריה ועד לימינו ומסתיים בדיון קצר בשאלות רפואיות מוסריות העולות מהנגשת טכנולוגיות פריון מתקדמות במדינת ישראל המודרנית.
פרק שני - יסודות מתודולוגיים והיסטוריים בחקר שאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית בספרות השו"ת
בפרק זה מוצגים תחילה מטרות ושיטות המחקר אשר נבחרו לשם ניתוח הפסיקה בשאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית. מכיוון שהעבודה עוסקת בשאלה רפואית חדשנית והשפעתה על העולם הדתי, יערך מחקר זה תוך שימוש בניתוח רב מימדי המשלב מספר שיטות מחקר ובראשן השיטה הדוגמטית-היסטורית, כמו גם בניתוח ביקורתי של שיקולי המדיניות העומדים בבסיס שיקולי הפוסקים לפי אסוכלת הריאליזים ההלכתי. לאחר מכן נסקרים ונידונים המקורות ההיסטוריים העיקריים אשר עוסקים בהתעברות על טבעית באמבט או באמצעות שכיבה על סדינים והעומדים בבסיס הכרעות הפוסקים בהשלכות הזרעה מלאכותית על מעמדם ההלכתי של האישה והילוד.
חלק שני- ספרות השו"ת האורתודוקסית בשאלת הזרעה מלאכותית מן הבעל
חלקו שני של המחקר עוסק בניתוח ספרות השו"ת האורתודוקסית בשאלת הזרעה מלאכותית מן הבעל ובוחן את התפתחותו הרעיונית של איסור השחתת זרע ואת עמדות הפוסקים בשאלת הזרעה מלאכותית מן הבעל כפי שנידונה בספרות השו"ת.
פרק ראשון - התפתחותו הרעיונית של איסור השחתת זרע
בפרק זה נסקרים מקורותיו ההיסטוריים של האיסור להשחתת זרע. איסור זה נושק לכל תחומי חייו של הזוג הדתי ובעיקר לתחום המיניות והפריון ובעל השפעה מהותית על מגבלות הצניעות שהוחלו בעקבותיו על המיניות הגברית. קיים ויכוח בין החוקרים האם נובע האיסור מן המקורות העתיקים כגון התלמוד או לחילופין התעצם בעקבות החמרות הרבנים. מחקרינו מציע כי האפשרות השניה היא הסבירה יותר. חכמי התלמוד מפגינים גישה מקלה כלפי האיסור אך מביעים סלידה מהוצאת זרע לבטלה מתוך חשיבה חסידית או אמונה כי עיסוק בעינוג מיני עצמי עלול להסיט את האדם מקיום מצוות הפריון. לעומת זאת, בספרות הקבלה ובמיוחד בזוהר ניכרת החמרה במימדי האיסור החודרת מאוחר יותר אל עולם ההלכה.
פרק שני - דיון בהזרעה מן הבעל בספרות השו"ת
הפרק דן בפסיקותיהם של רבנים בולטים בזרם האורתודוקסי בשאלת ההזרעה מן הבעל. בספרות השו"ת האורתודוקסית ניכרת השפעתו של איסור הוצאת זרע לבטלה על שיקולי הפוסקים באם להתיר את הטיפול בהזרעה מלאכותית מן הבעל. פוסקים מקלים כגון הרבנים פיינשטיין, נבנצל ויוסף מייחסים משקל רב יותר לחשיבות מצוות הפריון ומצמצמים בשל כך את תחולת האיסור. לעומתם, פוסקים מחמירים ובראשם הרבנים טננבוים, קוק, עוזיאל, הדאיה ולדנברג מתנגדים לטיפולי פוריות מחשש השחתת זרע ובשל השלכותיה הרוחניות של העבירה על האיסור. שאלה מהותית נוספת בשיח ההלכתי בה נחלקו הרבנים הינה באשר לאפשרות קיומה של מצוות הפריה והרביה באמצעות הריון שהושג בסיוע רפואי. פוסקים מדור האחרונים, כגון הרבנים טננבוים, סגל ואזולאי (החיד"א), ובעקבותיהם פוסקים בולטים במאה ה- 20 וה- 21 כמו הרבנים עוזיאל, הדאיה, ולדנברג וקניבסקי סברו כי ניתן לקיים את המצווה באופן טבעי בלבד. לעומת זאת, הרבנים נבנצל, יוסף, וינברג ואוירבך ייחסו חשיבות רבה יותר לכוונת העושה ולתוצאה המיוחלת של ההריון אשר מגשימה לדעתם את הרציונל העומד בבסיס מצוות הפרייה הרבייה ובמצוות ישוב העולם.
שאלה נוספת המתעוררת בעניין הזרעה מן הבעל ונידונה בפרק זה עוסקת בבעיית העקרות ההלכתית. התעקשות הרבנים לשמור על הלכות הנידה במתכונתן המסורתית חושפת נשים דתיות לאי ודאות באשר לטהרתן ומכפיפה את חיי המין והפריון של משפחות שלמות למרות הסמכות הרבנית.
חלק שלישי- ספרות השו"ת האורתודוקסית בשאלת הזרעה מלאכותית מתורם
חלקו השלישי של המחקר עוסק בדיון ההלכתי האורתודוקסי בשאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית מתורם יהודי או נוכרי לאישה נשואה. מרבית הפוסקים הסתייגו מתרומת זרע לאישה נשואה מתורם יהודי כמו גם מנוכרי משיקולים הלכתיים ואידיאולוגיים.
פרק ראשון - שאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית מתורם יהודי
תרומת זרע מתורם יהודי זר מעלה חששות הלכתיים רבים לגבי מעמדה ההלכתי של האישה כגון ניאוף וקיום מצוות הייבום והחליצה. כמו כן הועלו חששות לגבי יחוסו וכשרותו ההלכתית של הקטין כגון חשש ממזרות, גילוי עריות בין ילדי התורם, פגיעה במעמד הכהונה ובעיות בתחום המעמד האישי בשל אי ודאות לגבי זהות התורם. בנוסף, משליכה הכרעה בשאלות אלה על זכאות הקטין לזכויות סוציאליות המגיעות לו מאביו, כגון הזכות למזונות ולירושה. פסיקת ההלכה במאה האחרונה אימצה את עמדתו של הרב פיינשטיין, לפיה רק הריון הנובע ממגע מיני ישיר בין אישה נשואה לגבר זר, בניגוד להזרעה מלאכותית, יכול לפגוע במעמד האישה והילוד. עם זאת, פוסקים רבים אסרו לבצע הזרעה מלאכותית מגבר יהודי מטעמי זהירות, בגין חששות אלו.
פרק שני - הזרעה מלאכותית מתורם לא יהודי לאישה נשואה
על אף שבמקרה של תרומת זרע מנוכרי נעדר הילוד יחוס לאביו הנוכרי וכשרותו נקבעת על פי מעמד האם בלבד, מסתייגים פוסקים רבים מן הפעולה. הפוסקים מונים טיעונים רבים לאיסור תרומת זרע מגבר נוכרי וביניהם חילול השם, פגיעה בביצוע מנהג הייבום והחליצה, ספקות לגבי זכויות הירושה, עידוד ההפקרות המינית ופגיעה ביציבות התא המשפחתי המסורתי. בנוסף חוששים הם מבלבול לגבי זהות אבי הילוד ופגיעה במעמד הכהונה. במהלך המאה ה- 20 ניכרת מגמה בקרב פוסקים העוסקים בקבלה לייחוס תכונות שליליות לזרע נוכרי, אשר עוברות לילוד ובאופן זה פוגעות בקדושת העם היהודי. מעבר לשאלות ההלכתיות מועלים בפרק זה קשיים אתיים אשר מעוררת תרומת זרע אנונימית, המונעת מן הילוד לברר את שורשיו הביולוגיים.
חלק רביעי- יחס הפסיקה האורתודוקסית לשינויים במבנה המשפחה המסורתית
בעקבות שימוש בטכנולוגיות פריון חלק זה מנתח את יחס הפסיקה האורתודוקסית לשינויים במבנה המשפחה המסורתית בעקבות שימוש בטכנולוגיות פריון ומורכב משלושה פרקים: הזרעה מלאכותית לאישה פנויה, הפריה חוץ גופית והקמת משפחה אלטרנטיבית בפרספקטיבה הלכתית אורתודוקסית.
פרק ראשון - הזרעה מלאכותית לאישה פנויה
המוסכמה ההלכתית הינה כי ילדה של אישה פנויה לא ייחשב לממזר, אפילו אם אביו הביולוגי הוא יהודי. למרות זאת אסרו פוסקים מסויימים על הזרעה מלאכותית במקרה זה בגין חששות לייחוס הילוד, גילוי עריות וגזילת ירושת שאר האחים. חלק מן הפוסקים קוראים לאסור הזרעה מלאכותית לאישה פנויה בשם טובת הילד ולא מסיבות הלכתיות. אפשרות נוספת אשר השלכותיה ההלכתיות נידונות בפרק זה הינה ביצוע הזרעה מלאכותית באישה רווקה או אלמנה באמצעות שימוש בזרעו של אדם שנפטר. חשוב לציין כי השימוש בטכנולוגיה זו שנוי במחלוקת בקרב הרבנים בגין החשיבות אותה מייחסת היהדות לערך כבוד המת.
פרק שני - הפריה חוץ גופית
הפריית מבחנה יכולה להתבצע בין בני זוג נשואים בסיוע או ללא היזקקות לתרומת ביצית או זרע. פוסקים אשר התירו את השימוש בטכנולוגיה זו הביעו את חששותיהם בנוגע להשלכותיה ההלכתיות של הפריה החוץ גופית בשל הקושי לפקח על התהליך, הנעשה מחוץ לגוף האדם. מתנגדי הפריית המבחנה סברו כי היא מתערבת במלאכת הבריאה האלוהית ועשויה לדרדר את האנושות מבחינה מוסרית לתכנון ולשיבוט בני אדם.
הפריה חוץ גופית מעוררות שאלות הלכתיות חדשניות ובראשן שאלת הגדרת האמהות, כגון במקרי פונדקאות ותרומת ביציות, מהן הסתייגו מרבית פוסקי הדור במאה ה 20- . הקביעה שאומצה בשיח ההלכתי העכשווי גורסת כי אמו של התינוק תהיה האישה שילדה אותו, גם אם נולד מתרומת ביצית. הכרעה זו מובלעת ברציונל החוקים המסדירים את הפונדקאות במדינת ישראל ואשר מטילים מגבלות הלכתיות על בחירת הפונדקאית לשם מניעת חשש ממזרות או שאלה לגבי יהדותו של הילוד.
פרק שלישי - הקמת משפחה אלטרנטיבית בפרספקטיבה הלכתית אורתודוקסית
קיימת בעיה הלכתית מהותית במיסוד הקשר החד-מיני ביהדות האורתודוקסית. ספרות השו"ת האורתודוקסית אינה עוסקת במפורש בשאלת השימוש בהזרעה מלאכותית לצורך הקמת המשפחה החד- מינית. עם זאת, ניתן ללמוד רבות על גישת האורתודוקסיה משו"תים עכשוויים העוסקים בתופעת ההומוסקסואליות ובקיום מצוות הפריון במקרה זה. הדעה הרווחת היום בקרב הפוסקים הינה כי קשר חד- מיני אסור, כמו גם מיסודו וקיום מצוות פרו ורבו במסגרת זו. בשל כך ניתן להסיק כי הרבנים לא יתירו שימוש בהזרעה מלאכותית לצורך קיום מצוות הפריון במשפחה חד-מינית.
חלק חמישי- עמדת רבני הזרם רפורמי והקונסרבטיבי בשאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית
חלק זה מתמקד בזרמי היהדות הרפורמית והקונסרבטיבית ומציג את עמדות רבני זרמים אלו בעניין ההזרעה המלאכותית תוך עימותן עם עמדות פוסקים אורתודוקסיים.
פרק ראשון - עמדת הרבנות הרפורמית בשאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית
חשיבות מצוות הפריון מודגשת בספרות השו"ת הרפורמית, אולם טיפולי פוריות אינם מתפרשים כדרך היחידה לקיומה. על מנת שלא לפגוע במרקם החיים המשפחתי מוצעת לא אחת חלופת האימוץ לטיפולי פוריות מייגעים, תרומת זרע והיזקקות לפונדקאות ותרומת ביציות. שאלת השחתת הזרע, המעסיקה רבות את רבני הזרם האורתודוקסי, כמעט שאינה נידונה על ידי רבני הזרם הרפורמי. באשר לשאלות של כשרות וייחוס, רווחת הדעה בקרב רבנים רפורמיים בולטים כגון הרב הומולקה ורומיין, כי מעמד הממזרות איננו רלוונטי עוד בימינו ולכן ממילא לא נשקפת לילד הסכנה שזכויותיו הדתיות ייפגעו.
ועד הרבנים הרפורמיים התיר לחבריו לפעול לפי שיקול דעתם בעניין עריכת טקס נישואין דתי בין בני זוג בני אותו המין, תוך הדגשת הויכוח הפנימי בתנועה ומורת הרוח הקיימת מצד הזרמים האחרים ביהדות.
פרק שני - עמדת הרבנות הקונסרבטיבית בשאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית
עמדת רבני היהדות הקונסרבטיבית גורסת כי טיפולי פוריות מהווים רשות, אך אינם בגדר חובה עבור זוגות הרוצים לקיים את מצוות הפריה והרבייה ומתקשים בכך. בדומה לביטולה של גזירת הממזרות בזרם הרפורמי, בוטל מעמד זה לאחרונה גם ביהדות הקונסרבטיבית. אוננות במסגרת טיפולי פוריות הינה מותרת ואיננה מוגדרת כהשחתת זרע לבטלה ואף מותרת גם לשם תרומת זרע של יהודי לאישה לא יהודיה. כמו בזרם הרפורמי גם כאן מונחת אופציית האימוץ על סדר היום.
כנסת הרבנים הקונסרבטיבים בארצות הברית קיבלה החלטה ברוב זעום להכרה אזרחית בהומוסקסואלים, אך עם זאת השאירה על כנו את האיסור לקדש זוגות אלה. אין בהחלטה זו הכרה הלכתית בזוגיות החד-מינית אלא קבלתם החברתית של זוגות אלה ועידודם להשתלב בקהילות הקונסרבטיביות.
חלק שישי - סיכום ודיון בהשלכות המחקר
בחלקו השישי והאחרון בעבודת מחקר זו נסכם ונדון בהשלכותיה האתיות והגלובליולת של הפסיקה ההלכית בשאלה הנידונה.
כפי שניתן לראות מעבודת מחקר זו, הרבנים האורתודוקסיים מסתמכים בהכרעותיהם בעיקר על שיקולים הלכתיים ופחות על שיקולים אתיים ואוניברסליים. מחד, מסתייגים פוסקים אורתודוקסיים מסויימים משימוש לרעה בטיפולי פוריות, אך מאידך מוכנים הם בשם עקרונות דתיים להתיר שימוש בטכנולוגיות אלו במקרים שאינם מצריכים זאת משיקולים רפואיים. במיוחד בולט העדר התייחסותם של הפוסקים האורתודוקסיים לשיקולים מוסריים חברתיים, כמו גם לרצונה ולרווחתה של האישה העוברת טיפולי פוריות. לעומתם מביעים רבני הזרם הרפורמי והקונסרבטיבי את דאגתם להשלכותיהם של טיפולים אלו על נשים הנזקקות להתערבות רפואית מעין זו לשם התעברות ואלו העובדות בתעשיית הפריון. יש לציין כי הדיון ההלכתי עוסק בהיבט צר בלבד של שאלת ההזרעה המלאכותית ואינו נוגע ברבות מן השאלות המורכבות שמעוררות טכנולוגיות פריון מתקדמות. עם זאת הדיון ההלכתי הינו חשוב ביותר ומציף אף שאלות נוספות בדבר הסכנה הצפויה מהפיכתן של טכנולוגיות אלה לכלי שרת בידי אידאולוגיות דתיות או פוליטיות.
Mildred Harnack, geb. Fish, stammte ursprünglich aus Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Zusammen mit ihrem Ehemann Arvid Harnack zog sie nach Deutschland und lebte seit 1930 in Berlin. Hier lehrte die Literaturwissenschaftlerin an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (heute Humboldt-Universität) und am Berliner Abendgymnasium (heute Peter A. Silbermann-Schule). Bereits kurz nach der Machtübernahme von Adolf Hitler hatte sich um das Ehepaar Harnack ein Kreis von Freunden gebildet, der gegen die Herrschaft der Nationalsozialisten opponierte. Dazu zählten auch Karl Behrens und Bodo Schlösinger, die beide Schüler Mildred Harnacks am Berliner Abendgymnasium waren. Mildred Harnack konnte mit Hilfe ihrer Kontakte zur amerikanischen Botschaft ihren Schülern im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland ansonsten nicht zugängliche Informationen besorgen.
Aufgrund von Funkkontakten des Freundeskreises zur Sowjetunion wurde die Gruppe von den Nationalsozialisten Rote Kapelle genannt – „rot“ bezog sich auf deren linke Haltung und mit „Kapelle“ wurden Funker assoziiert, die wie Pianisten in einer Kapelle spielen. Der Berliner Oppositionszirkel umfasste bis zu seiner Zerschlagung durch die Nationalsozialisten etwa 150 Personen verschiedenster Berufsgruppen, unterschiedlicher parteipolitischer Einstellungen und Konfessionen. Die Gruppe verfertigte oppositionelle Flugblätter und lieferte Informationen an die amerikanische Botschaft sowie an die Sowjetunion. Mildred Harnack wurde – wie viele ihrer Mitstreiterinnen und Mitstreiter – nach ihrer Verhaftung vom Reichskriegsgericht zum Tode verurteilt und am 16. Februar 1943 in Plötzensee guillotiniert.
In diesem Band stellen Studierende der Universität Potsdam sowie Hörerinnen und Hörer der Peter A. Silbermann-Schule (Berlin) nach einem kurzen Überblick zum Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus in Deutschland das Netzwerk der Roten Kapelle sowie die Biographien von Mildred Harnack und ihren Schülern Karl Behrens und Bodo Schlösinger vom Berliner Abendgymnasium eindrücklich vor.
Galaxies are among the most complex systems that can currently be modelled with a computer. A realistic simulation must take into account cosmology and gravitation as well as effects of plasma, nuclear, and particle physics that occur on very different time, length, and energy scales. The Milky Way is the ideal test bench for such simulations, because we can observe millions of its individual stars whose kinematics and chemical composition are records of the evolution of our Galaxy. Thanks to the advent of multi-object spectroscopic surveys, we can systematically study stellar populations in a much larger volume of the Milky Way. While the wealth of new data will certainly revolutionise our picture of the formation and evolution of our Galaxy and galaxies in general, the big-data era of Galactic astronomy also confronts us with new observational, theoretical, and computational challenges.
This thesis aims at finding new observational constraints to test Milky-Way models, primarily based on infra-red spectroscopy from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) and asteroseismic data from the CoRoT mission. We compare our findings with chemical-evolution models and more sophisticated chemodynamical simulations. In particular we use the new powerful technique of combining asteroseismic and spectroscopic observations that allows us to test the time dimension of such models for the first time. With CoRoT and APOGEE (CoRoGEE) we can infer much more precise ages for distant field red-giant stars, opening up a new window for Galactic archaeology.
Another important aspect of this work is the forward-simulation approach that we pursued when interpreting these complex datasets and comparing them to chemodynamical models.
The first part of the thesis contains the first chemodynamical study conducted with the APOGEE survey. Our sample comprises more than 20,000 red-giant stars located within 6 kpc from the Sun, and thus greatly enlarges the Galactic volume covered with high-resolution spectroscopic observations. Because APOGEE is much less affected by interstellar dust extinction, the sample covers the disc regions very close to the Galactic plane that are typically avoided by optical surveys. This allows us to investigate the chemo-kinematic properties of the Milky Way's thin disc outside the solar vicinity. We measure, for the first time with high-resolution data, the radial metallicity gradient of the disc as a function of distance from the Galactic plane, demonstrating that the gradient flattens and even changes its sign for mid-plane distances greater than 1 kpc.
Furthermore, we detect a gap between the high- and low-[$\alpha$/Fe] sequences in the chemical-abundance diagram (associated with the thin and thick disc) that unlike in previous surveys can hardly be explained by selection effects. Using 6D kinematic information, we also present chemical-abundance diagrams cleaned from stars on kinematically hot orbits. The data allow us to confirm without doubt that the scale length of the (chemically-defined) thick disc is significantly shorter than that of the thin disc.
In the second part, we present our results of the first combination of asteroseismic and spectroscopic data in the context of Galactic Archaeology. We analyse APOGEE follow-up observations of 606 solar-like oscillating red giants in two CoRoT fields close to the Galactic plane. These stars cover a large radial range of the Galactic disc (4.5 kpc $\lesssim R_{\rm Gal}\lesssim15$ kpc) and a large age baseline (0.5 Gyr $\lesssim \tau\lesssim$ 13 Gyr), allowing us to study the age- and radius-dependence of the [$\alpha$/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] distributions. We find that the age distribution of the high-[$\alpha$/Fe] sequence appears to be broader than expected from a monolithically-formed old thick disc that stopped to form stars 10 Gyr ago. In particular, we discover a significant population of apparently young, [$\alpha$/Fe]-rich stars in the CoRoGEE data whose existence cannot be explained by standard chemical-evolution models. These peculiar stars are much more abundant in the inner CoRoT field LRc01 than in the outer-disc field LRc01, suggesting that at least part of this population has a chemical-evolution rather than a stellar-evolution origin, possibly due to a peculiar chemical-enrichment history of the inner disc. We also find that strong radial migration is needed to explain the abundance of super-metal-rich stars in the outer disc.
Finally, we use the CoRoGEE sample to study the time evolution of the radial metallicity gradient in the thin disc, an observable that has been the subject of observational and theoretical debate for more than 20 years. By dividing the CoRoGEE dataset into six age bins, performing a careful statistical analysis of the radial [Fe/H], [O/H], and [Mg/Fe] distributions, and accounting for the biases introduced by the observation strategy, we obtain reliable gradient measurements. The slope of the radial [Fe/H] gradient of the young red-giant population ($-0.058\pm0.008$ [stat.] $\pm0.003$ [syst.] dex/kpc) is consistent with recent Cepheid data. For the age range of $1-4$ Gyr, the gradient steepens slightly ($-0.066\pm0.007\pm0.002$ dex/kpc), before flattening again to reach a value of $\sim-0.03$ dex/kpc for stars with ages between 6 and 10 Gyr. This age dependence of the [Fe/H] gradient can be explained by a nearly constant negative [Fe/H] gradient of $\sim-0.07$ dex/kpc in the interstellar medium over the past 10 Gyr, together with stellar heating and migration. Radial migration also offers a new explanation for the puzzling observation that intermediate-age open clusters in the solar vicinity (unlike field stars) tend to have higher metallicities than their younger counterparts. We suggest that non-migrating clusters are more likely to be kinematically disrupted, which creates a bias towards high-metallicity migrators from the inner disc and may even steepen the intermediate-age cluster abundance gradient.
The phrase form and function was established in architecture and biology and refers to the idea that form and functionality are closely correlated, influence each other, and co-evolve. We suggest transferring this idea to hydrological systems to separate and analyze their two main characteristics: their form, which is equivalent to the spatial structure and static properties, and their function, equivalent to internal responses and hydrological behavior. While this approach is not particularly new to hydrological field research, we want to employ this concept to explicitly pursue the question of what information is most advantageous to understand a hydrological system. We applied this concept to subsurface flow within a hillslope, with a methodological focus on function: we conducted observations during a natural storm event and followed this with a hillslope-scale irrigation experiment. The results are used to infer hydrological processes of the monitored system. Based on these findings, the explanatory power and conclusiveness of the data are discussed. The measurements included basic hydrological monitoring methods, like piezometers, soil moisture, and discharge measurements. These were accompanied by isotope sampling and a novel application of 2-D time-lapse GPR (ground-penetrating radar). The main finding regarding the processes in the hillslope was that preferential flow paths were established quickly, despite unsaturated conditions. These flow paths also caused a detectable signal in the catchment response following a natural rainfall event, showing that these processes are relevant also at the catchment scale. Thus, we conclude that response observations (dynamics and patterns, i.e., indicators of function) were well suited to describing processes at the observational scale. Especially the use of 2-D time-lapse GPR measurements, providing detailed subsurface response patterns, as well as the combination of stream-centered and hillslope-centered approaches, allowed us to link processes and put them in a larger context. Transfer to other scales beyond observational scale and generalizations, however, rely on the knowledge of structures (form) and remain speculative. The complementary approach with a methodological focus on form (i.e., structure exploration) is presented and discussed in the companion paper by Jackisch et al. (2017).
The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is effective in measuring dynamic postural control (DPC). This research aimed to determine whether DPC measured by the SEBT in young athletes (YA) with back pain (BP) is different from those without BP (NBP). 53 BP YA and 53 NBP YA matched for age, height, weight, training years, training sessions/week and training minutes/session were studied. Participants performed 4 practice trials after which 3 measurements in the anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral SEBT reach directions were recorded. Normalized reach distance was analyzed using the mean of all 3 measurements. There was no statistical significant difference (p > 0.05) between the reach distance of BP (87.2 ± 5.3, 82.4 ± 8.2, 78.7 ± 8.1) and NBP (87.8 ± 5.6, 82.4 ± 8.0, 80.0 ± 8.8) in the anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions respectively. DPC in YA with BP, as assessed by the SEBT, was not different from NBP YA.
Over the last few decades, the methodology for the identification of customary international law (CIL) has been changing. Both elements of CIL – practice and opinio juris – have assumed novel and broader forms, as noted in the Reports of the Special Rapporteur of the International Law Commission (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016). This paper discusses these Reports and the draft conclusions, and reaction by States in the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), highlighting the areas of consensus and contestation. This ties to the analysis of the main doctrinal positions, with special attention being given to the two elements of CIL, and the role of the UNGA resolutions. The underlying motivation is to assess the real or perceived crisis of CIL, and the author develops the broader argument maintaining that in order to retain unity within international law, the internal limits of CIL must be carefully asserted.
The rule of law is the cornerstone of the international legal system. This paper shows, through analysis of intergovernmental instruments, statements made by representatives of States, and negotiation records, that the rule of law at the United Nations has become increasingly contested in the past years. More precisely, the argument builds on the process of integrating the notion of the rule of law into the Sustainable Development Goals, adopted in September 2015 in the document Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The main sections set out the background of the rule of law debate at the UN, the elements of the rule of law at the goal- and target-levels in the 2030 Agenda – especially in the SDG 16 –, and evaluate whether the rule of law in this context may be viewed as a normative and universal foundation of international law. The paper concludes, with reflections drawn from the process leading up to the 2030 Agenda and the final outcome document that the rule of law – or at least strong and precise formulations of the concept – may be in decline in institutional and normative settings. This can be perceived as symptomatic of a broader crisis of the international legal order.
In light of possible future restrictions on the use of fossil fuel, due to climate change obligations and continuous depletion of global fossil fuel reserves, the search for alternative renewable energy sources is expected to be an issue of great concern for policy stakeholders. This study assessed the feasibility of bioenergy production under relatively low-intensity conservative, eco-agricultural settings (as opposed to those produced under high-intensity, fossil fuel based industrialized agriculture). Estimates of the net energy gain (NEG) and the energy return on energy invested (EROEI) obtained from a life cycle inventory of the energy inputs and outputs involved reveal that the energy efficiency of bioenergy produced in low-intensity eco-agricultural systems could be as much as much as 448.5–488.3 GJ·ha−1 of NEG and an EROEI of 5.4–5.9 for maize ethanol production systems, and as much as 155.0–283.9 GJ·ha−1 of NEG and an EROEI of 14.7–22.4 for maize biogas production systems. This is substantially higher than for industrialized agriculture with a NEG of 2.8–52.5 GJ·ha−1 and an EROEI of 1.2–1.7 for maize ethanol production systems, as well as a NEG of 59.3–188.7 GJ·ha−1 and an EROEI of 2.2–10.2 for maize biogas production systems. Bioenergy produced in low-intensity eco-agricultural systems could therefore be an important source of energy with immense net benefits for local and regional end-users, provided a more efficient use of the co-products is ensured.
The aim of our study was to examine the extent to which linguistic
approaches to sentence comprehension deficits in aphasia can
account for differential impairment patterns in the comprehension
of wh-questions in bilingual persons with aphasia (PWA). We investi-
gated the comprehension of subject and object wh-questions in both
Turkish, a wh-in-situ language, and German, a wh-fronting language,
in two bilingual PWA using a sentence-to-picture matching task. Both
PWA showed differential impairment patterns in their two languages.
SK, an early bilingual PWA, had particular difficulty comprehending
subject which-questions in Turkish but performed normal across all
conditions in German. CT, a late bilingual PWA, performed more
poorly for object which-questions in German than in all other condi-
tions, whilst in Turkish his accuracy was at chance level across all
conditions. We conclude that the observed patterns of selective
cross-linguistic impairments cannot solely be attributed either to
difficulty with wh-movement or to problems with the integration of
discourse-level information. Instead our results suggest that differ-
ences between our PWA’s individual bilingualism profiles (e.g. onset
of bilingualism, premorbid language dominance) considerably
affected the nature and extent of their impairments.
This study investigates the comprehension of wh-questions in individuals with aphasia (IWA) speaking Turkish, a non-wh-movement language, and German, a wh-movement language. We examined six German-speaking and 11 Turkish-speaking IWA using picture-pointing tasks. Findings from our experiments show that the Turkish IWA responded more accurately to both object who and object which questions than to subject questions, while the German IWA performed better for subject which questions than in all other conditions. Using random forest models, a machine learning technique used in tree-structured classification, on the individual data revealed that both the Turkish and German IWA’s response accuracy is largely predicted by the presence of overt and unambiguous case marking. We discuss our results with regard to different theoretical approaches to the comprehension of wh-questions in aphasia.
Integral Fourier operators
(2017)
This volume of contributions based on lectures delivered at a school on Fourier Integral Operators
held in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 14–26 September 2015, provides an introduction to Fourier Integral Operators (FIO) for a readership of Master and PhD students as well as any interested layperson. Considering the wide
spectrum of their applications and the richness of the mathematical tools they involve, FIOs lie the cross-road of many a field. This volume offers
the necessary background, whether analytic or geometric, to get acquainted with FIOs, complemented by more advanced material presenting various aspects of active research in that area.
Rezensiertes Werk
Theresa Biberauer u. George Walkden (Hgg.): Syntax over Time: Lexical, Morphological, and Information – Structural Interactions - Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015, 418 S.
Cities to the rescue?
(2017)
Despite the proliferation and promise of subnational climate initiatives, the institutional architecture of transnational municipal networks (TMNs) is not well understood. With a view to close this research gap, the article empirically assesses the assumption that TMNs are a viable substitute for ambitious international action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It addresses the aggregate phenomenon in terms of geographical distribution, central players, mitigation ambition and monitoring provisions. Examining thirteen networks, it finds that membership in TMNs is skewed toward Europe and North America while countries from the Global South are underrepresented; that only a minority of networks commit to quantified emission reductions and that these are not more ambitious than Parties to the UNFCCC; and finally that the monitoring provisions are fairly limited. In sum, the article shows that transnational municipal networks are not (yet) the representative, ambitious and transparent player they are thought to be.
The ecological benefits of polyploidy are intensely debated. Some authors argue that plants with duplicated chromosome sets (polyploids) are more stress-resistant and superior colonizers and may thus outnumber their low ploidy conspecifics in more extreme habitats. Brachypodium distachyon (sensu lato), for example, a common annual grass in Israel and the entire Mediterranean basin, comprises three cytotypes of differing chromosome numbers that were recently proposed as distinct species. It was suggested that increased aridity increases the occurrence of its polyploid cytotype. Here, we tested at two spatial scales whether polyploid plants of B. distachyon s.l. are more frequently found in drier habitats in Israel. We collected a total of 430 specimens (i) along a largescale climatic gradient with 15 thoroughly selected sites (spanning 114–954 mm annual rainfall), and (ii) from corresponding Northern (more mesic) and Southern (more arid) hill slopes to assess the micro-climatic difference between contrasting exposures. Cytotypes were then determined via flow cytometry. Polyploid plants comprised 90% of all specimens and their proportion ranged between 0% and 100% per site. However, this proportion was not correlated with aridity along the large-scale gradient, nor were polyploids more frequently found on Southern exposures. Our results show for both spatial scales that increasing aridity is not the principal driver for the distribution of polyploids in B. distachyon s.l. in Israel. Notably, though, diploid plants were restricted essentially to four intermediate sites, while polyploids dominated the most arid and the most mesic sites. This, to some degree, clustered pattern suggests that the distribution of cytotypes is not entirely random and calls for future studies to assess further potential drivers.
Soil properties show high heterogeneity at different spatial scales and their correct characterization remains a crucial challenge over large areas. The aim of the study is to quantify the impact of different types of uncertainties that arise from the unresolved soil spatial variability on simulated hydrological states and fluxes. Three perturbation methods are presented for the characterization of uncertainties in soil properties. The methods are applied on the soil map of the upper Neckar catchment (Germany), as an example. The uncertainties are propagated through the distributed mesoscale hydrological model (mHM) to assess the impact on the simulated states and fluxes. The model outputs are analysed by aggregating the results at different spatial and temporal scales. These results show that the impact of the different uncertainties introduced in the original soil map is equivalent when the simulated model outputs are analysed at the model grid resolution (i.e. 500 m). However, several differences are identified by aggregating states and fluxes at different spatial scales (by subcatchments of different sizes or coarsening the grid resolution). Streamflow is only sensitive to the perturbation of long spatial structures while distributed states and fluxes (e.g. soil moisture and groundwater recharge) are only sensitive to the local noise introduced to the original soil properties. A clear identification of the temporal and spatial scale for which finer-resolution soil information is (or is not) relevant is unlikely to be universal. However, the comparison of the impacts on the different hydrological components can be used to prioritize the model improvements in specific applications, either by collecting new measurements or by calibration and data assimilation approaches. In conclusion, the study underlines the importance of a correct characterization of uncertainty in soil properties. With that, soil maps with additional information regarding the unresolved soil spatial variability would provide strong support to hydrological modelling applications.
Objective: A key challenge in ancient DNA research is massive microbial DNA contamination from the deposition site which accumulates post mortem in the study organism’s remains. Two simple and cost-effective methods to enrich the relative endogenous fraction of DNA in ancient samples involve treatment of sample powder with either bleach or Proteinase K pre-digestion prior to DNA extraction. Both approaches have yielded promising but vary-ing results in other studies. Here, we contribute data on the performance of these methods using a comprehensive and systematic series of experiments applied to a single ancient bone fragment from a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca).Results: Bleach and pre-digestion treatments increased the endogenous DNA content up to ninefold. However, the absolute amount of DNA retrieved was dramatically reduced by all treatments. We also observed reduced DNA damage patterns in pre-treated libraries compared to untreated ones, resulting in longer mean fragment lengths and reduced thymine over-representation at fragment ends. Guanine–cytosine (GC) contents of both mapped and total reads are consistent between treatments and conform to general expectations, indicating no obvious biasing effect of the applied methods. Our results therefore confirm the value of bleach and pre-digestion as tools in palaeog-enomic studies, providing sufficient material is available.
Konzepte, nach denen sich die demokratische Mitwirkung der Bürger vornehmlich in Wahlen erschöpft, gehören spätestens seit „Stuttgart 21“ der Vergangenheit an. Indes ist die Bürgerbeteiligung auch jenseits solcher Großprojekte längst zu einem beherrschenden Thema der Zeit herangewachsen. Das gilt zumal für die kommunale Ebene. Dort werden traditionsreiche Partizipationsformen nicht nur intensiv genutzt, sondern zunehmend um neue Beteiligungsvarianten ergänzt und in innovativen Modellprojekten fortentwickelt. Dabei treten zwei Antriebskräfte besonders hervor. Zum einen fordern die Bürger nach den Maximen „Mitmachen, Mitwirken, Mitentscheiden“ deutlich verbesserte Partizipationsmöglichkeiten ein. Zum anderen setzen die Kommunen verstärkt auf bürgerschaftliches Engagement zur Erschließung Ressourcen privater Akteure für die Bereitstellung öffentlicher Leistungen. Übergreifende Perspektive ist die Ausbildung einer Neuen Partizipationskultur in der Bürgerkommune zur Optimierung des Gemeinwohls.
Für die kommunale Praxis ist das partizipationsgestützte Miteinander von Verwaltung. Politik und Bürgerschaft in Systementwürfen, Leitbildern, Organisations- und Verfahrensmodellen sowie lokalen Beteiligungsformaten konkretisiert. Doch verbinden sich mit den alten und neuen Ansätzen der Bürgerbeteiligung noch eine ganze Reihe offener Fragen – so etwa nach den rechtlichen Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der neuen kommunalen Beteiligungskultur, nach Erfolgsbedingungen und konkreten Erfahrungen mit der Umsetzung von Partizipationsmodellen.
Auf der 21. Fachtagung des Kommunalwissenschaftlichen Instituts (KWI) der Universität Potsdam wurden Schlüsselthemen der Neuen Partizipationskultur in der Bürgerkommune, namentlich der normativen Rahmenbedingungen und politischen Direktiven, Modernisierungsimpulse und Aktivierungsstrategien, Erfolgsbedingungen und spezifische Problemlagen einschließlich der Fallstricke in der Praxis und nicht zuletzt ausgewählter Einsatzfelder mit den dazugehörigen Erfahrungen diskutiert.
Temperature is a key factor controlling plant growth and vitality in the temperate climates of the mid-latitudes like in vast parts of the European continent. Beyond the effect of average conditions, the timings and magnitudes of temperature extremes play a particularly crucial role, which needs to be better understood in the context of projected future rises in the frequency and/or intensity of such events. In this work, we employ event coincidence analysis (ECA) to quantify the likelihood of simultaneous occurrences of extremes in daytime land surface temperature anomalies (LSTAD) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We perform this analysis for entire Europe based upon remote sensing data, differentiating between three periods corresponding to different stages of plant development during the growing season. In addition, we analyze the typical elevation and land cover type of the regions showing significantly large event coincidences rates to identify the most severely affected vegetation types. Our results reveal distinct spatio-temporal impact patterns in terms of extraordinarily large co-occurrence rates between several combinations of temperature and NDVI extremes. Croplands are among the most frequently affected land cover types, while elevation is found to have only a minor effect on the spatial distribution of corresponding extreme weather impacts. These findings provide important insights into the vulnerability of European terrestrial ecosystems to extreme temperature events and demonstrate how event-based statistics like ECA can provide a valuable perspective on environmental nexuses.
Aufgrund verschiedener wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse wird jungen Sporttreibenden vom Gebrauch von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln (NEM) abgeraten. Diese Dissertation verfolgt vor dem Hintergrund der Theorie der Zielsysteme (TDZ) das Ziel der Erstellung anwendungsorientieren Handlungswissens, anhand dessen Interventionsempfehlungen zur Reduzierung des prävalenten NEM-Konsums im Nachwuchssport ableitbar sind. Insgesamt wurden sechs Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Versuchsteilnehmenden absolvierten in sämtlichen Studien eine Variante der lexikalischen Entscheidungsaufgabe. Diese Aufgabe diente der Operationalisierung von automatisch aktivier- und abrufbaren nahrungsergänzungsmittelbezogenen Ziel-Mittel-Relationen.
In einer Stichprobe von Sportstudierenden zeigte sich, dass NEM mit dem Ziel Leistung assoziiert sind (Studie 1). Unter Berücksichtigung des NEM-Konsums wurde dieses Ergebnis für Nachwuchsathletinnen und -athleten aus dem Breitensport repliziert (Studie 2). Zusätzlich konnte in beiden Studien die Bedeutung dieser Ziel-Mittel-Relationen für das Verhalten nachgewiesen werden. In den nachfolgenden Untersuchungen wurden spezifische Veränderungsmechanismen der verhaltensleitenden Ziel-Mittel-Relation aus Leistung und NEM zunächst an Sportstudierenden experimentell evaluiert. Durch das Herausstellen der fehlenden leistungssteigernden Wirkung von NEM konnte diese Zielassoziation nicht modifiziert werden (Studie 3). Das Betonen gesundheitsschädigender Konsequenzen (Studie 4) und das Akzentuieren einer gesunden Ernährung (Studie 5) erwiesen sich demgegenüber als geeignet zur Veränderung der Ziel-Mittel-Relation. Das Herausstellen einer gesunden Ernährung führte deskriptiv bei Nachwuchsathletinnen und -athleten ebenfalls zur Modifikation der Zielassoziation (Studie 6). Die inferenzstatistische Bestätigung der Ergebnisse dieser Studie steht aufgrund der geringen Teststärke der Untersuchung noch aus.
Insgesamt verdeutlichen die Ergebnisse, dass die auf Ebene automatischer Kognitionen bestehende und verhaltensleitende Assoziation des Gebrauchs von NEM mit Leistung durch die Akzentuierung gesundheitlicher Perspektiven experimentell verändert werden kann. Abschließend wird die theoretische und praktische Bedeutung des erstellten Handlungswissen für künftige Interventionsempfehlungen zur Reduzierung des Gebrauchs von NEM diskutiert.
Genome-wide association studies of birth weight have focused on fetal genetics, whereas relatively little is known about the role of maternal genetic variation. We aimed to identify maternal genetic variants associated with birth weight that could highlight potentially relevant maternal determinants of fetal growth. We meta-analysed data on up to 8.7 million SNPs in up to 86 577 women of European descent from the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium and the UK Biobank. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) and analyses of mother–child pairs to quantify the separate maternal and fetal genetic effects. Maternal SNPs at 10 loci (MTNR1B, HMGA2, SH2B3, KCNAB1, L3MBTL3, GCK, EBF1, TCF7L2, ACTL9, CYP3A7) were associated with offspring birth weight at P < 5 Â 10 À8 . In SEM analyses, at least 7 of the 10 associations were consistent with effects of the maternal genotype acting via the intrauterine environment, rather than via effects of shared alleles with the fetus. Variants, or correlated proxies, at many of the loci had been previously associated with adult traits, including fasting glucose (MTNR1B, GCK and TCF7L2) and sex hormone levels (CYP3A7), and one (EBF1) with gestational duration. The identified associations indicate that genetic effects on maternal glucose, cytochrome P450 activity and gestational duration, and potentially on maternal blood pressure and immune function, are relevant for fetal growth. Further characterization of these associations in mechanistic and causal analyses will enhance understanding of the potentially modifiable maternal determinants of fetal growth, with the goal of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with low and high birth weights.
Aus dem Inhalt:
- Themenschwerpunkt: „Gefährdungen der Menschenrechte und Demokratie am Beispiel von TTIP“
◦ TTIP und die Funktionsbedingungen moralisch rechtfertigbarer Märkte
◦ Ist TTIP alternativlos? Ein Problemaufriss aus sozialliberaler Perspektive
◦ Freihandelsabkommen und Steuergerechtigkeit: eine menschenrechtliche Perspektive
- Die Europäische Union im Menschenrechtsrat der Vereinten Nationen
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zum einen erste Oligospiro(thio)ketal (OS(T)K)-basierte Modellsysteme (molekulare Sonden) für abstandsabhängige Messungen mittels Förster-Resonanz-Energietransfer (FRET) und zum anderen Sensorfluorophore, basierend auf einem DBD-Fluorophor und BAPTA, zur Messung der intrazellulären Calcium-Konzentration dargestellt.
Für die Synthese von molekularen Sonden für abstandsabhängige Messungen wurden verschiedenste einfach- und doppelt-markierte OS(T)K-Stäbe entwickelt und spektroskopisch untersucht. Die OS(T)K-Stäbe, sogenannte molekulare Stäbe, dienten als starre Abstandshalter zwischen den Fluorophoren. Als Fluorophore wurden Derivate von 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (Donor) und Acyl-DBD (Akzeptor) verwendet, die zusammen ein FRET-Paar bilden. Die Fluorophore wurden so funktionalisiert, dass sie sowohl unbeweglich bzw. „starr“, als auch beweglich bzw. „flexibel“ an den OS(T)K-Stab gebunden werden konnten. Für die Synthese der OS(T)K-Stäbe wurden ebenfalls eine Reihe an unterschiedlich langen und kurzen Stabbausteinen synthetisiert. Auf diese Weise wurden eine Vielzahl an verschiedensten einfach- und doppelt-markierten OS(T)K-Stäben dargestellt, deren Fluorophore sowohl „starr“ als auch „flexibel“ gebunden sind. Die dargestellten Stäbe wurden in verschiedensten Lösungsmitteln spektroskopisch untersucht, um anschließend das Verhalten in Vesikel, die eine biomimetische Umgebung darstellen, zu beurteilen. Es wurde festgestellt, dass sich die Stäbe erfolgreich in die Vesikelmembran einlagerten und hohe FRET-Effizienzen aufweisen.
Des Weiteren wurde ein FRET-Paar dargestellt, das sich durch 2-Photonenabsorpion im NIR-Bereich anregen lässt. Es wurde in den lebenden Zellen mittels Fluoreszenzlebenszeitmikroskopie (FLIM) untersucht.
Zur Untersuchung von intrazellulärem Calcium wurden zwei verschiedene DBD-Fluorophore über einen kurzen Linker mit dem Calcium-Chelator BAPTA verknüpft. Die dargestellten Fluorophore wurden sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo auf ihre Calcium-Sensitivität überprüft. Mittels FLIM wurden in lebenden Zellen die Fluoreszenzlebenszeitverteilungen der Fluorophore nach Calcium-Konzentrationsänderungen detektiert.
The work done during the PhD studies has been focused on measurements of distribution functions of rotating galaxies using integral field spectroscopy observations.
Throughout the main body of research presented here we have been using CALIFA (Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area) survey stellar velocity fields to obtain robust measurements of circular velocities for rotating galaxies of all morphological types. A crucial part of the work was enabled by well-defined CALIFA sample selection criteria: it enabled reconstructing sample-independent distributions of galaxy properties.
In Chapter 2, we measure the distribution in absolute magnitude - circular velocity space for a well-defined sample of 199 rotating CALIFA galaxies using their stellar kinematics. Our aim in this analysis is to avoid subjective selection criteria and to take volume and large-scale structure factors into account. Using stellar velocity fields instead of gas emission line kinematics allows including rapidly rotating early type galaxies. Our initial sample contains 277 galaxies with available stellar velocity fields and growth curve r-band photometry. After rejecting 51 velocity fields that could not be modelled due to the low number of bins, foreground contamination or significant interaction we perform Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) modelling of the velocity fields, obtaining the rotation curve and kinematic parameters and their realistic uncertainties. We perform an extinction correction and calculate the circular velocity v_circ accounting for pressure support a given galaxy has. The resulting galaxy distribution on the M_r - v_circ plane is then modelled as a mixture of two distinct populations, allowing robust and reproducible rejection of outliers, a significant fraction of which are slow rotators. The selection effects are understood well enough that the incompleteness of the sample can be corrected and the 199 galaxies can be weighted by volume and large-scale structure factors enabling us to fit a volume-corrected Tully-Fisher relation (TFR). More importantly, we also provide the volume-corrected distribution of galaxies in the M_r - v_circ plane, which can be compared with cosmological simulations. The joint distribution of the luminosity and circular velocity space densities, representative over the range of -20 > M_r > -22 mag, can place more stringent constraints on the galaxy formation and evolution scenarios than linear TFR fit parameters or the luminosity function alone.
In Chapter 3, we measure one of the marginal distributions of the M_r - v_circ distribution: the circular velocity function of rotating galaxies. The velocity function is a fundamental observable statistic of the galaxy population, being of a similar importance as the luminosity function, but much more difficult to measure. We present the first directly measured circular velocity function that is representative between 60 < v_circ < 320 km s^-1 for galaxies of all morphological types at a given rotation velocity. For the low mass galaxy population 60 < v_circ < 170 km s^-1, we use the HIPASS velocity function. For the massive galaxy population 170 < v_circ < 320 km s^-1, we use stellar circular velocities from CALIFA. The CALIFA velocity function includes homogeneous velocity measurements of both late and early-type rotation-supported galaxies. It has the crucial advantage of not missing gas-poor massive ellipticals that HI surveys are blind to. We show that both velocity functions can be combined in a seamless manner, as their ranges of validity overlap. The resulting observed velocity function is compared to velocity functions derived from cosmological simulations of the z = 0 galaxy population. We find that dark matter-only simulations show a strong mismatch with the observed VF. Hydrodynamic Illustris simulations fare better, but still do not fully reproduce observations.
In Chapter 4, we present some other work done during the PhD studies, namely, a method that improves the precision of specific angular measurements by combining simultaneous Markov Chain Monte Carlo modelling of ionised gas 2D velocity fields and HI linewidths. To test the method we use a sample of 25 galaxies from the Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral field (SAMI) survey that had matching ALFALFA HI linewidths. Such a method allows constraining the rotation curve both in the inner regions of a galaxy and in its outskirts, leading to increased precision of specific angular momentum measurements. It could be used to further constrain the observed relation between galaxy mass, specific angular momentum and morphology (Obreschkow & Glazebrook 2014).
Mathematical and computational methods are presented in the appendices.
I. Einleitung
II. Soziale Sicherung als Bestandteil entwicklungspolitischer Agenden – Eine internationale Perspektive
III. Internationale Politikdiffusion und nationaler Politikwandel – Konzeptionelle Grundlagen
IV. Die Rolle internationaler Politikdiffusion für den Wandel sozialer Sicherungssysteme
– Empirische Evidenz
V. Schlussfolgerungen
We introduce an abstract concept of quantum field theory on categories fibered in groupoids over the category of spacetimes. This provides us with a general and flexible framework to study quantum field theories defined on spacetimes with extra geometric structures such as bundles, connections and spin structures. Using right Kan extensions, we can assign to any such theory an ordinary quantum field theory defined on the category of spacetimes and we shall clarify under which conditions it satisfies the axioms of locally covariant quantum field theory. The same constructions can be performed in a homotopy theoretic framework by using homotopy right Kan extensions, which allows us to obtain first toy-models of homotopical quantum field theories resembling some aspects of gauge theories.
Menschen mit chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen (CED) leiden unter vielfältigen körperlichen und psychosozialen Einschränkungen. Wie auch bei anderen chronischen Erkrankungen könnten Patientenschulungen ihr psychisches Befinden verbessern (z.B. De Ridder & Schreurs, 2001; Faller, Reusch & Meng, 2011a; Küver, Becker & Ludt, 2008; Schüssler, 1998; Warsi, Wang, LaValley, Avorn & Solomon, 2004). Für CED liegen jedoch nur wenige Schulungsevaluationen vor (z.B. Bregenzer et al., 2005; Mussell, Böcker, Nagel, Olbrich & Singer, 2003; Oxelmark, Magnusson, Löfberg & Hillerås, 2007), deren Aussagekraft i.d.R. durch methodische Mängel eingeschränkt ist. Daher ist die Bedeutung von Schulungsprogrammen für CED-Betroffene weiterhin offen. Überdies gibt es für den deutschen Sprachraum noch keine Schulung, die zu psychischen Verbesserungen führt. Aus diesem Grunde wurde ein 1,5-tägiges Wochenend-Seminar mit medizinischen und psychologischen Inhalten konzeptionalisiert, manualisiert und in der vorliegenden Studie evaluiert.
Zur summativen Evaluation nahmen 181 ambulante CED-Patienten an einer prospektiven, multizentrischen, randomisierten, kontrollierten Studie mit vier Messzeitpunkten teil: vor (T1), zwei Wochen (T2) und drei Monate (T3) nach dem Seminar. Zur 12-Monatskatamnese (T4EG) wurde die Stabilität der Effekte in der Experimentalgruppe (EG; n = 86) überprüft. Die Wartekontrollgruppe (n = 95) erhielt zunächst die Standardbehandlung, also keine Patientenschulung, und konnte an dieser nach der dritten Datenerhebung ebenfalls teilnehmen. Kovarianzanalysen (ANCOVAs) mit Kontrolle für die jeweilige Ausgangslage wurden durchgeführt. Weitere Analysen legten eine Adjustierung für die Krankheitsaktivität zu T1 nahe, weshalb diese als zusätzliche Kovariate in die ANCOVAs aufgenommen wurde. Krankheitsbezogene Ängste und Sorgen (PS-CEDE Gesamtwert zu T3; Krebs, Kachel & Faller, 1998) fungierten als primärer Zielparameter. Zu den sekundären Zielkriterien gehörten Progredienzangst und Angstbewältigung (PA-F-KF und PA-F; Mehnert, Herschbach, Berg, Henrich & Koch, 2006 bzw. Dankert et al., 2003; Herschbach et al., 2005) sowie die Gesundheitskompetenzen Positive Grundhaltung, Aktive Lebensgestaltung und Erwerb von Fertigkeiten und Handlungsstrategien (heiQ; Osborne, Elsworth & Whitfield, 2007; Schuler et al., 2013). Weitere sekundäre Zielparameter waren gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität (SF-12; Bullinger & Kirchberger, 1998), Symptome einer Angststörung oder Depression (PHQ-4; Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams & Löwe, 2009; Löwe et al., 2010), Wissen, der Umgang mit der CED bzw. von ihr ausgelösten negativen Gefühlen sowie die Zufriedenheit der Teilnehmenden mit dem Seminar. Von Interesse war außerdem, ob Geschlecht, Alter, Art, Dauer oder Aktivität der Erkrankung vor der Schulung einen Einfluss auf die genannten Variablen hatten und ob für sie differentielle Wirksamkeitseffekte bestanden. Darüber hinaus wurden krankheitsbezogene Ängste und Sorgen von ungeschulten Studienteilnehmern untersucht.
Zwei Wochen und drei Monate nach der Schulung ließen sich im Vergleich von Experimental- und Kontrollgruppe signifikante, mittlere bis große Effekte auf krankheitsbezogene Ängste und Sorgen, Progredienzangst und deren Bewältigung sowie eine Positive Grundhaltung der CED gegenüber erzielen (stets p ≤ .001). Außerdem kam es zu beiden Messzeitpunkten zu signifikanten, großen Interventionseffekten auf den Erwerb von Fertigkeiten und Handlungsstrategien im Umgang mit der Erkrankung, das Wissen um sie und den Umgang mit ihr (stets p < .001) sowie zu moderaten Effekten auf den Umgang mit CED-bedingten negativen Gefühlen (T2: p = .001; T3: p = .008). Alle beschriebenen Effekte waren auch nach zwölf Monaten noch stabil. Für Aktive Lebensgestaltung, gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität sowie Angst- und Depressionssymptomatik konnten keine Schulungseffekte nachgewiesen werden.
Die zusätzliche Kontrolle für die Krankheitsaktivität zu T1 führte zu keinen wesentlichen Änderungen in den Ergebnissen. Auch bei den Subgruppenanalysen hatte die Krankheitsaktivität keinen relevanten Einfluss auf die Wirksamkeit der Schulung. Gleiches gilt für Geschlecht, Alter, Art und Dauer der CED. Mit Ausnahme der Krankheitsaktivität deuteten dies bereits die zur Baseline durchgeführten t-Tests an, bei denen insgesamt nur sehr wenige signifikante, höchstens moderate Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Subgruppen auftraten.
Sowohl bei der formativen als auch der summativen Evaluation zeigte sich überdies die hohe Zufriedenheit der Teilnehmenden mit der Schulung. Neben der Akzeptanz konnte außerdem die Durchführbarkeit bestätigt werden. Die Auswertung der Ängste und Sorgen der Studienteilnehmenden lieferte zudem Hinweise für die Entwicklung und Modifikation von Interventionen für CED-Betroffene.
Es lässt sich festhalten, dass für die hier evaluierte Schulung für CED-Patienten ein Wirksamkeitsnachweis erbracht werden konnte und sie sehr positiv von den Teilnehmenden bewertet wurde. Sie führte sowohl kurz-, mittel- als auch langfristig zu substantiellen Verbesserungen in psychischer Belastung, Selbstmanagement-Fähigkeiten, der Bewältigung der Erkrankung sowie im Wissen und war gleichermaßen wirksam bei Betroffenen, die sich in Geschlecht, Alter, Art, Dauer oder Aktivität ihrer CED unterschieden.
Region – Sprache – Literatur
(2017)
Mit dem neuen Rahmenlehrplan für die Länder Brandenburg und Berlin wird der Kompetenzentwicklung der Schülerinnen und Schüler unter den Bedingungen lebensweltlicher Erfahrungen ein besonderer Stellenwert beigemessen. Der Sammelband enthält Beiträge, in denen den Lehrerinnen und Lehrern vielfältige Unterrichtsmaterialien und didaktische Anregungen für einen praxisnahen, entdeckenden Unterricht in der Primar- und Sekundarstufe für den Deutschunterricht vorgestellt werden. Diese reichen von theoretischen Grundlagen, über einzelne Unterrichtssequenzen und Projekte bis zur Darstellung einer Lernspirale für die Jahrgangsstufen 1 bis 10. Vielfältige, auch multimediale Zugänge bis zum spielerischen Umgang mit der Sprache zeigen, dass Sprache kein „trockener“ Lerngegenstand sein muss. Die Beiträge geben darüber hinaus Einblicke in die fachlichen Hintergründe, die helfen sollen, den Zugang zu den einzelnen Gegenständen zu erleichtern. Das thematische Zentrum „Region“ bildet den Ausgangspunkt für die Einbeziehung des Niederdeutschen, Sorbischen, Berlinischen, Kiezdeutschen sowie der Dialekte. Dabei werden sowohl literarische als auch Sachtexte berücksichtigt.
In Zeiten eines sich schnell ändernden und vielseitigen Energiemarktes müssen Kohlenstoffmaterialien für verschiedene Anforderungen einsetzbar sein. Dies erfordert flexibel synthetisierbare Kohlenstoffmaterialien bevorzugt aus günstigen und nachhaltigen Kohlenstoffquellen. Es ist allerdings nicht leicht Vorläuferverbindungen auszumachen, welche sich einerseits für verschiedene Herstellungsverfahren eignen und deren Kohlenstoffprodukte andererseits in spezifischen Eigenschaften, wie der Struktur, des Stickstoffanteils, der Oberfläche und der Porengrößen, eingestellt werden können. In diesem Zusammenhang können natürliche Polyphenole, etwa überschüssige Tannine aus der Weinproduktion, eine neue Welt zu hoch funktionalen und vielseitig einstellbaren Kohlenstoffmaterialien mit hohen Ausbeuten öffnen.
Das Hauptziel dieser vorliegenden Thesis war es neue funktionale, einstellbare und skalierbare nanostrukturierte Kohlenstoffmaterialien aus Tanninen (insbesondere Tanninsäure) für unterschiedliche elektrochemische Zwecke zu synthetisieren und zu charakterisieren. Ermöglicht wurde dies durch unterschiedliche synthetische Herangehensweisen, wie etwa der polymeren Strukturdirektion, dem ionothermalen Templatieren und der weichen Templatierung. An Stelle des weitläufig gebräuchlichen, aber kanzerogenen Vernetzungsagens Formaldehyd wurden bei den vorgestellten Synthesen Harnstoff und Thioharnstoff gewählt, um zugleich die synthetisierten Kohlenmaterialien variabel dotieren zu können.
Daher wurden im ersten Teil der Arbeit die Wechselwirkungen, Reaktionen und thermischen Verhaltensweisen von Tanninsäure und Mixturen von Tanninsäure und Harnstoff bzw. Thioharnstoff untersucht, um daraus wichtige Erkenntnisse für die verschiedenen Kohlenstoffsynthesen zu gewinnen.
Durch die Verwendung eines polymeren Strukturierungsagenz Pluronic P123 konnten in einer ersten Kohlenstoffsynthese nachhaltige und dotierbare Kohlenstoffpartikel mit Durchmessern im Nanometerbereich aus Tanninsäure und Harnstoff hergestellt werden. Es konnte dabei gezeigt werden, dass durch die Modifikation der verschiedenen Syntheseparameter die Kohlenstoffnanopartikel gemäß ihres gemittelten Partikeldurchmessers, ihrer BET-Oberfläche, ihrer Komposition, ihrer Leitfähigkeit und ihrer chemischen Stabilität einstellbar sind. Dies eröffnete die Möglichkeit diese Kohlenstoffpartikel als alternatives und nachhaltiges Rußmaterial einzusetzen.
Weiterhin war es durch die ionothermale Templatierung möglich poröse, dotierte und kontrollierbare Kohlenstoffpartikel mit hohen spezifischen Oberflächen aus den gewählten Präkursorverbindungen zu synthetisieren, die sich für den Einsatz in Superkondensatoren eignen.
Auf diesen Erkenntnissen aufbauend konnten mittels der Rotationsbeschichtung poröse binderfreie und strukturierte Kohlenstofffilme synthetisiert werden, die eine spinodale Struktur aufwiesen. Anhand der Modifikation der Stammlösungskonzentration, der Rotationsgeschwindigkeit und der verwendeten Substrate konnten die Filmdicke (100-1000 nm), die Morphologie und Gesamtoberfläche gezielt beeinflusst werden. Die erweiterte elektrochemische Analyse zeigte außerdem ein sehr gut zugängliches Porensystem der porösen Kohlenstofffilme.
Allumfassend konnten demnach verschiedene Synthesewege für Kohlenstoffmaterialien aus Tanninen aufgezeigt werden, die verschiedenartig strukturiert und kontrolliert werden können und sich für diverse Anwendungsgebiete eignen.
Nowadays, graph data models are employed, when relationships between entities have to be stored and are in the scope of queries. For each entity, this graph data model locally stores relationships to adjacent entities. Users employ graph queries to query and modify these entities and relationships. These graph queries employ graph patterns to lookup all subgraphs in the graph data that satisfy certain graph structures. These subgraphs are called graph pattern matches. However, this graph pattern matching is NP-complete for subgraph isomorphism. Thus, graph queries can suffer a long response time, when the number of entities and relationships in the graph data or the graph patterns increases.
One possibility to improve the graph query performance is to employ graph views that keep ready graph pattern matches for complex graph queries for later retrieval. However, these graph views must be maintained by means of an incremental graph pattern matching to keep them consistent with the graph data from which they are derived, when the graph data changes. This maintenance adds subgraphs that satisfy a graph pattern to the graph views and removes subgraphs that do not satisfy a graph pattern anymore from the graph views.
Current approaches for incremental graph pattern matching employ Rete networks. Rete networks are discrimination networks that enumerate and maintain all graph pattern matches of certain graph queries by employing a network of condition tests, which implement partial graph patterns that together constitute the overall graph query. Each condition test stores all subgraphs that satisfy the partial graph pattern. Thus, Rete networks suffer high memory consumptions, because they store a large number of partial graph pattern matches. But, especially these partial graph pattern matches enable Rete networks to update the stored graph pattern matches efficiently, because the network maintenance exploits the already stored partial graph pattern matches to find new graph pattern matches. However, other kinds of discrimination networks exist that can perform better in time and space than Rete networks. Currently, these other kinds of networks are not used for incremental graph pattern matching.
This thesis employs generalized discrimination networks for incremental graph pattern matching. These discrimination networks permit a generalized network structure of condition tests to enable users to steer the trade-off between memory consumption and execution time for the incremental graph pattern matching. For that purpose, this thesis contributes a modeling language for the effective definition of generalized discrimination networks. Furthermore, this thesis contributes an efficient and scalable incremental maintenance algorithm, which updates the (partial) graph pattern matches that are stored by each condition test. Moreover, this thesis provides a modeling evaluation, which shows that the proposed modeling language enables the effective modeling of generalized discrimination networks. Furthermore, this thesis provides a performance evaluation, which shows that a) the incremental maintenance algorithm scales, when the graph data becomes large, and b) the generalized discrimination network structures can outperform Rete network structures in time and space at the same time for incremental graph pattern matching.
Research in legal decision making has demonstrated the tendency to blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator of sexual assault. This study examined the hypothesis of a special leniency bias in rape cases by comparing them to cases of robbery. N = 288 participants received descriptions of rape and robbery of a female victim by a male perpetrator and made ratings of victim and perpetrator blame. Case scenarios varied with respect to the prior relationship (strangers, acquaintances, ex-partners) and coercive strategy (force vs. exploiting victim intoxication). More blame was attributed to the victim and less blame was attributed to the perpetrator for rape than for robbery. Information about a prior relationship between victim and perpetrator increased ratings of victim blame and decreased perceptions of perpetrator blame in the rape cases, but not in the robbery cases. The findings support the notion of a special leniency bias in sexual assault cases.
This study aimed to determine the relative and absolute reliability of ultrasound (US) measurements of the thickness and echogenicity of the plantar fascia (PF) at different measurement stations along its length using a standardized protocol. Twelve healthy subjects (24 feet) were enrolled. The PF was imaged in the longitudinal plane. Subjects were assessed twice to evaluate the intra-rater reliability. A quantitative evaluation of the thickness and echogenicity of the plantar fascia was performed using Image J, a digital image analysis and viewer software. A sonography evaluation of the thickness and echogenicity of the PF showed a high relative reliability with an Intra class correlation coefficient of 0.88 at all measurement stations. However, the measurement stations for both the PF thickness and echogenicity which showed the highest intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCs) did not have the highest absolute reliability. Compared to other measurement stations, measuring the PF thickness at 3 cm distal and the echogenicity at a region of interest 1 cm to 2 cm distal from its insertion at the medial calcaneal tubercle showed the highest absolute reliability with the least systematic bias and random error. Also, the reliability was higher using a mean of three measurements compared to one measurement. To reduce discrepancies in the interpretation of the thickness and echogenicity measurements of the PF, the absolute reliability of the different measurement stations should be considered in clinical practice and research rather than the relative reliability with the ICC.