Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (509) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (328)
- Postprint (139)
- Other (12)
- Conference Proceeding (10)
- Habilitation Thesis (6)
- Master's Thesis (6)
- Article (3)
- Bachelor Thesis (2)
- Report (2)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (1)
Keywords
- Seismologie (20)
- Erdbeben (19)
- climate change (19)
- remote sensing (17)
- Fernerkundung (15)
- Anden (12)
- Andes (12)
- Klimawandel (12)
- Tektonik (11)
- earthquake (11)
- tectonics (11)
- climate (10)
- erosion (10)
- seismology (10)
- Argentinien (9)
- Erosion (9)
- Geomorphologie (9)
- Paläoklima (9)
- Seismology (9)
- geomorphology (9)
- numerische Modellierung (9)
- Argentina (8)
- Geophysik (8)
- Himalaya (8)
- Holocene (8)
- Klima (8)
- Naturgefahren (8)
- Subduktion (8)
- permafrost (8)
- thermochronology (8)
- Geologie (7)
- Holozän (7)
- InSAR (7)
- Modellierung (7)
- Neotektonik (7)
- Seesedimente (7)
- lake sediments (7)
- Magnetotellurik (6)
- Paläoklimatologie (6)
- Thermochronologie (6)
- geology (6)
- geophysics (6)
- modelling (6)
- natural hazards (6)
- stable isotopes (6)
- Arrayseismologie (5)
- Biomarker (5)
- Bodenfeuchte (5)
- Central Andes (5)
- Geochemie (5)
- Geodynamik (5)
- Momententensor (5)
- Monsun (5)
- Permafrost (5)
- Seismotektonik (5)
- Tsunami (5)
- Zeitreihenanalyse (5)
- Zentralanden (5)
- array seismology (5)
- biomarker (5)
- geochronology (5)
- kosmogene Nuklide (5)
- moment tensor (5)
- neotectonics (5)
- palaeoclimate (5)
- seismic noise (5)
- site effects (5)
- soil moisture (5)
- subduction (5)
- subduction zone (5)
- temperature (5)
- time series analysis (5)
- Arktis (4)
- Central Asia (4)
- Chile (4)
- Deformation (4)
- Earthquake (4)
- Erdmantel (4)
- Geochronologie (4)
- Geothermie (4)
- Himalaja (4)
- Hochwasser (4)
- Inversion (4)
- Iran (4)
- Paläolimnologie (4)
- Rheologie (4)
- Sedimentologie (4)
- Spektroskopie (4)
- Subduction (4)
- Subduktionszone (4)
- Tibetan Plateau (4)
- Vogtland (4)
- West Bohemia (4)
- floods (4)
- foreland basin (4)
- geochemistry (4)
- geodynamics (4)
- hyperspectral (4)
- imaging spectroscopy (4)
- induced seismicity (4)
- inversion (4)
- landslides (4)
- machine learning (4)
- monsoon (4)
- numerical modeling (4)
- numerical simulation (4)
- seismic hazard (4)
- simulation (4)
- stabile Isotope (4)
- water (4)
- Africa (3)
- Afrika (3)
- Arctic (3)
- Carbonate (3)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (3)
- East African Rift (3)
- East African Rift System (3)
- Erdrutsch (3)
- Georadar (3)
- Germany (3)
- Hydrologie (3)
- Kohlenstoff (3)
- Kosmogene Nuklide (3)
- Lake Van (3)
- Lake sediments (3)
- Landschaftsentwicklung (3)
- Nachbeben (3)
- Optische Fernerkundung (3)
- PHREEQC (3)
- Pollen (3)
- Rheology (3)
- Schadensmodellierung (3)
- Simulation (3)
- South America (3)
- Standorteffekte (3)
- Strukturgeologie (3)
- Südamerika (3)
- Vegetation (3)
- Zentralasien (3)
- arctic (3)
- carbon (3)
- carbon dioxide (3)
- climate-change (3)
- correlation (3)
- cosmogenic nuclides (3)
- damage (3)
- deep biosphere (3)
- deep learning (3)
- deformation (3)
- dynamics (3)
- events (3)
- exhumation (3)
- extension (3)
- extreme rainfall (3)
- faults (3)
- hydrologische Modellierung (3)
- hydrology (3)
- magnetotellurics (3)
- model (3)
- modeling (3)
- monitoring (3)
- numerical modelling (3)
- paleoclimate (3)
- plateau (3)
- record (3)
- runoff (3)
- seismisches Rauschen (3)
- seismotectonics (3)
- snow (3)
- soil organic carbon (3)
- spectroscopy (3)
- subsidence (3)
- suspended sediment (3)
- time-series (3)
- uncertainty (3)
- varved lake sediments (3)
- vegetation (3)
- warvierte Seesedimente (3)
- water balance (3)
- Abbildende Spektroskopie (2)
- Alborz (2)
- Alpen (2)
- Alps (2)
- Anisotropie (2)
- Anpassung (2)
- Antarktis (2)
- Aral Sea (2)
- Arava Fault (2)
- Arava-Störung (2)
- Arctic tundra (2)
- Argon (2)
- Array Seismology (2)
- Black Sea (2)
- Boden (2)
- Bodenbewegungsmodelle (2)
- Bodenhydrologie (2)
- Bodenunruhe (2)
- Bruchausbreitung (2)
- Carbo-Iron (2)
- Chinese loess (2)
- Climate (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Colombia (2)
- Dead Sea (2)
- Dead Sea Transform (2)
- Deformationsmechanismen (2)
- Denudation (2)
- Diatomeen (2)
- Dichtemodellierung (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Earth's magnetic field (2)
- East Antarctica (2)
- Eastern Cordillera (2)
- Elbe (2)
- Elburs (2)
- EnMAP (2)
- Erdbebenkatalog (2)
- Erdbebenschwarm 2008/09 (2)
- Erdbebenschwärme (2)
- Erdbebenvorhersage (2)
- Erdmagnetfeld (2)
- Europa (2)
- Fluid (2)
- GIS (2)
- GITEWS (2)
- GNSS (2)
- GPS (2)
- Gashydrate (2)
- Gewässerfernerkundung (2)
- Gletscher (2)
- Gravity (2)
- HVSR (2)
- Hangrutschungen (2)
- Helium (2)
- Hochdruck (2)
- Hyperspektral (2)
- Indien (2)
- Indischer Ozean (2)
- Indonesia (2)
- Kalahari (2)
- Karbonat (2)
- Karbonate (2)
- Kern-Mantel Grenze (2)
- Klimarekonstruktion (2)
- Klimaänderung (2)
- Kolumbien (2)
- Küstenerosion (2)
- LGM (2)
- Lagerstätte (2)
- Landnutzung (2)
- Landnutzungswandel (2)
- Landslide (2)
- Lithosphäre (2)
- Menderes Massif (2)
- Menderes Massiv (2)
- Methanhydrat (2)
- Migration (2)
- Miocene (2)
- Miozän (2)
- Momententensoren (2)
- Monsoon (2)
- NAO (2)
- Nanoeisen (2)
- Natural Hazards (2)
- Neon (2)
- Oberflächenprozesse (2)
- Opalinus Clay (2)
- Opalinuston (2)
- Orogen (2)
- Ostafrikanisches Grabensystem (2)
- Ostantarktis (2)
- Paleoclimatology (2)
- Paleoseismologie (2)
- Paläogeographie (2)
- Paläomagnetik (2)
- Paläoökologie (2)
- Pamir (2)
- Patagonia (2)
- Perm (2)
- Permian (2)
- Petrologie (2)
- Photogrammetrie (2)
- Photogrammetry (2)
- Pirquitas (2)
- Plateau (2)
- Puna (2)
- Quartär (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Randelementmethode (2)
- Reflexionsseismik (2)
- Remote sensing (2)
- Rift (2)
- Risikokommunikation (2)
- Riss (2)
- SAR (2)
- SWIM (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Schwarmbeben (2)
- Schwarzes Meer (2)
- Sedimentology (2)
- Sedimenttransport (2)
- Seen (2)
- Seesediment (2)
- Seitenverschiebung (2)
- Sentinel-1 (2)
- Siberia (2)
- Spannungsfeld (2)
- Stratigraphy (2)
- Tectonics (2)
- Thermokarst (2)
- Tibet Plateau (2)
- Tien Shan (2)
- Totes Meer Störungssystem (2)
- Tropen (2)
- UAV (2)
- Uncertainties (2)
- Unsicherheiten (2)
- Unsicherheitsanalyse (2)
- Verwerfungen (2)
- Vogtland/West Bohemia (2)
- Vogtland/Westböhmen (2)
- Vorhersage (2)
- Vorlandbecken (2)
- Vulkan (2)
- Vulnerabilität (2)
- Warven (2)
- Wasser (2)
- Wasserhaushalt (2)
- Wetterlagen (2)
- Wärmeleitfähigkeit (2)
- agriculture (2)
- anisotropy (2)
- arktische Tundra (2)
- attenuation tomography (2)
- classification (2)
- climate extremes (2)
- climate variability (2)
- coast (2)
- coastal erosion (2)
- coherence (2)
- crust (2)
- damage modeling (2)
- deep convection (2)
- diffusion (2)
- digital rock physics (2)
- displacement (2)
- earthquake catalog (2)
- earthquake interaction (2)
- earthquake modeling (2)
- earthquake swarm (2)
- earthquake swarm 2008/09 (2)
- earthquake swarms (2)
- earthquakes (2)
- eastern south–central Andes (2)
- eclogite (2)
- ecological modelling (2)
- ecosystems (2)
- electrical conductivity (2)
- elektrische Leitfähigkeit (2)
- event coincidence analysis (2)
- event synchronization (2)
- extreme events (2)
- flood risk (2)
- fluid flow (2)
- forecasting (2)
- geothermal energy (2)
- governance (2)
- hydraulic fracturing (2)
- hydrological modelling (2)
- hyporheic zone (2)
- hyporheische Zone (2)
- impacts (2)
- inverse theory (2)
- isotopes (2)
- karst (2)
- komplexes Netzwerk (2)
- lake (2)
- lake-level change (2)
- lakes (2)
- land use change (2)
- landscape evolution (2)
- landslide (2)
- lithosphere (2)
- local structure (2)
- lokale Struktur (2)
- mantle plumes (2)
- marine Terrassen (2)
- maschinelles Lernen (2)
- methane hydrate (2)
- micro-CT (2)
- microbial activity (2)
- microbial communities (2)
- mitigation (2)
- models (2)
- natural hazard (2)
- northern high latitudes (2)
- numerical model (2)
- numerische Simulation (2)
- ocean color remote sensing (2)
- oxygen (2)
- paleoclimatology (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- paleomagnetism (2)
- paleoseismology (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- playa (2)
- precipitation (2)
- preparedness (2)
- radiocarbon (2)
- rare earth elements (2)
- reactive transport (2)
- reaktiver Transport (2)
- rifting (2)
- risk communication (2)
- salt pan (2)
- scale (2)
- seismic risk (2)
- seismic tomography (2)
- seismische Gefährdung (2)
- seismisches Risiko (2)
- signal propagation (2)
- soil (2)
- source inversion (2)
- spectral analysis (2)
- strain localization (2)
- streamflow (2)
- stress field (2)
- strike-slip fault (2)
- structural geology (2)
- surface heat flow (2)
- surface processes (2)
- tectonic geomorphology (2)
- tektonische Geomorphologie (2)
- thermal field (2)
- thermal modeling (2)
- thermische Modellierung (2)
- thermokarst (2)
- time series (2)
- trace elements (2)
- tropics (2)
- uncertainty analysis (2)
- uplift (2)
- variability (2)
- varves (2)
- vulnerability (2)
- wavelet (2)
- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (1)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (1)
- (Alters-) Datierungen (1)
- 26Al/10Be cosmogenic radionuclides (1)
- 26Al/10Be kosmogene Radionuklide (1)
- 2D Numerical Modelling (1)
- 2D tomography (1)
- 3-D Modellierung (1)
- 3-D outcrop modeling (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D Finite Element (1)
- 3D geomechanical numerical model (1)
- 3D geomechanisch-nummerische Modellierung (1)
- 3D numerical models (1)
- 3D numerische Modelle (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- 40Ar-39Ar Datierungsmethode (1)
- 40Ar/39Ar (1)
- ALOS World 3D (1)
- ALOS/PALSAR (1)
- ASM (1)
- ASPECT (1)
- ASTER GDEM (1)
- ASTER Satellitendaten (1)
- ASTER satellite images (1)
- Abbaufrontkartierung (1)
- Abschiebungshorizonte (1)
- Abschätzung der Unsicherheiten (1)
- Absorptionseigenschaften (1)
- Accuracy Asseessment (1)
- Accuracy Assessment (1)
- Acidithiobacillus (1)
- Acidobactetiaceae (1)
- Acidothermus (1)
- Adana Basin (1)
- Adana Becken (1)
- Aeromagnetik (1)
- African climate (1)
- Afrikanisches Klima (1)
- AgI (1)
- Air-pollution (1)
- Akkumulationsraten (1)
- Alaunschiefer (1)
- Algorithm (1)
- Alkenone (1)
- AlpArray (1)
- Alpine Fault (1)
- Alterationsgeochemie (1)
- Altersdatierung mit kosmogenen Nukliden (1)
- Altersmodelierung (1)
- Altiplano (1)
- Altlasten (1)
- Alum shale (1)
- Amery Oasis (1)
- Amery-Oase (1)
- Amplifier Lakes (1)
- Analogmodell (1)
- Analogue Model (1)
- Analyse komponentenspezifischer Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Anatolia (1)
- Anatolien (1)
- Anden / Störung <Geologie> / Strukturgeologie / Magnetotellurik / Chile <Nord> (1)
- Andenplateau Puna (1)
- Andes Centrales (1)
- Angewandte Geophysik (1)
- Anisotrope Inversion (1)
- Anisotropie der Leitfähigkeit (1)
- Antarctic ice (1)
- Antarctica (1)
- Anthropogenic sources (1)
- Antwortspektren (1)
- Apatit-(U-Th)/He Datierung (1)
- Apatit-Spaltspurendatierung (1)
- Apatite (U-TH)/HE (1)
- Apatite (U-Th)/He, apatite fission track dating (1)
- Applied Geophysics (1)
- Ar-Ar geochronology (1)
- Arabian Plate (1)
- Arabische Platte (1)
- Aralsee (1)
- Archaeolithoporella (1)
- Archetyp (1)
- Archäomagnetismus (1)
- Arcitc (1)
- Arctic Ocean (1)
- Arctic Siberia (1)
- Arctic lakes (1)
- Arctic nearhore zone (1)
- Arctic ocean (1)
- Arctic tundra ecosystems (1)
- Argentine margine (1)
- Arktik (1)
- Array Seismologie (1)
- Array-Entwurf (1)
- Artem Erkomaishvili (1)
- Asia (1)
- Asian Summer Monsoon (1)
- Asian monsoon (1)
- Asiatischer Sommermonsun (1)
- Asien (1)
- Asthenosphäre (1)
- Attribut-Analysen (1)
- Attributanalyse (1)
- Attribute (1)
- Auenbereich (1)
- Aufenthaltsdauer (1)
- Aufschluss-Modellierung (1)
- Auftretensrate (1)
- August 2002 flood (1)
- Auslösemechanismus (1)
- Australia (1)
- Australien (1)
- BRDF (1)
- Bachstufen (1)
- Baikalsee (1)
- Baladeh (1)
- Baldeggersee (1)
- Band (1)
- Barents Sea (1)
- Baryt (1)
- Basalt-Vulkane (1)
- Bay of Bengal (1)
- Bayes (1)
- Bayes'sche Netze (1)
- Bayesian classification (1)
- Bayesian networks (1)
- Bayesianism (1)
- Bayesische Statistik (1)
- Beamforming (1)
- Beckenentwicklung (1)
- Beckenstruktur (1)
- Beobachtung von Erdbebenquellen (1)
- Bergsturz (1)
- Bergstürze (1)
- Beton (1)
- Beweidung (1)
- Big Naryn complex (1)
- Bildbearbeitung (1)
- Biodiversität (1)
- Biogeochemie (1)
- Biogeochemistry (1)
- Biogeowissenschaften (1)
- Blattverschiebung (1)
- Blattwachse (1)
- Blei (1)
- Blockgletscher (1)
- Bodenbewegung (1)
- Bodenbewegungsmodellierung (1)
- Bodenfeuchtigkeit (1)
- Bodenheterogenität (1)
- Bodenkohlenstoff (1)
- Bodenparameter (1)
- Bodenwasser (1)
- Bodenwassergehalt (1)
- Bohrlochmessungen (1)
- Bohrlochrandausbrüche (1)
- Bolivian tin belt (1)
- Bor (1)
- Bor-isotopen (1)
- Borisotope; Zentrale Anden; kontinentaler Arc-Vulkanismus; Across-arc Variation; Borisotopenfraktionierung; krustale Kontamination (1)
- Boron isotopes (1)
- Boron isotopes; Central Andes; continental arc volcanism; across-arc variation; boron isotope fractionation; crustal contamination (1)
- Boundary element method (1)
- Brandenburg (1)
- Braunsbach Sturzflut (1)
- Braunsbach flash flood (1)
- Bruchflaechenstruktur (1)
- Bruchmechanik (1)
- Bruchmodel (1)
- Bruchverfolgung (1)
- Bruchzähigkeit (1)
- Bucht von Bengalen (1)
- Buntsandstein (1)
- CDOM (1)
- CMIP5 models (1)
- CRS (1)
- CU (1)
- Caimancito oil field (1)
- Caimancito-Ölfeld (1)
- Calderas (1)
- Campo petrolero Caimancito (1)
- Canada (1)
- Carbo-Iron® (1)
- Carbonate-Silicate reactions (1)
- Carbonates (1)
- Carrara marble (1)
- Carrara-marmor (1)
- Causal structure (1)
- Cenozoic aridification (1)
- Cenral Andes (1)
- Central Europe (1)
- Central Mediterranean (1)
- Central andes (1)
- Central-Asia (1)
- Cerrado (1)
- Chaco-Paraná Becken (1)
- Chaco-Paraná basin (1)
- Changing World (1)
- Channel Transmission Losses (1)
- Charnockit (1)
- Chile Rücken (1)
- Chile ridge (1)
- Chilean Andes (1)
- China (1)
- Chirete (1)
- Cimmerian orogeny (1)
- Cinética de fases (1)
- Cinética del querógeno (1)
- Climate Adaptation (1)
- Climate Mitigation (1)
- Climate reconstruction (1)
- Code_Aster (1)
- Colorado (1)
- Common-Reflection-Surface (1)
- Compound dislocation models (CDMs) (1)
- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) (1)
- Congo Air Boundary (1)
- Connectivity (1)
- Contamination Control (1)
- Continental Rifts (1)
- Copernicus DEM (1)
- Core-mantle baundary (1)
- Cosmogenic Nuclides (1)
- Coulomb stress (1)
- Coulombspannung (1)
- Cretaceous (1)
- Cretaceous basin (1)
- Crustal density (1)
- Cuenca Cretácica (1)
- Cuenca intramontana (1)
- Cyclostratigraphy (1)
- Cyprus arc (1)
- D” Schicht (1)
- D” layer (1)
- DANSER (1)
- DAS (1)
- DEM noise (1)
- DNA preservation (1)
- Dabie Shan (1)
- Data-Mining (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Datenbearbeitung (1)
- Datenfilter (1)
- Dauer der Bodenbewegung (1)
- Dauerfrostboden (1)
- Deep Learning (1)
- Deformación cuaternaria (1)
- Deformationsquellenmodellierung (1)
- Dehnungsdeformation (1)
- Dendrobaena veneta (1)
- Dendroklimatologie (1)
- Denitrifikation (1)
- Density modelling (1)
- Denudationsraten (1)
- Deuterium Exzesses (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Diagenese (1)
- Diagenesis (1)
- Diaguita (1)
- Diamantstempelzelle (1)
- Diamantstempelzellen (1)
- Diatoms (1)
- Dichteheterogenitäten im oberen Mantel (1)
- Digital Elevation Model (1)
- Digital Elevation Models (1)
- Digitale Gesteinsphysik (1)
- Dike (1)
- Dinoflagellatenzyste (1)
- Discrete Element Method (1)
- Diskrete-Elemente-Methode (1)
- Dispersionskurven (1)
- Distally steepened ramps (1)
- Distribution functions with upper bound (1)
- Drohnen-Fernerkundung (1)
- Druck-Temperatur Bedingungen (1)
- Drucklösungsprozesse (1)
- Dryland Rivers (1)
- Dyke (1)
- Dämpfungstomographie (1)
- ENSO (1)
- ERA5 (1)
- EROEI (1)
- ETAS (1)
- ETAS Modell (1)
- ETAS model (1)
- EXAFS (1)
- Early Earth (1)
- Earth's mantle (1)
- Earthquake forecasting (1)
- Earthquake magnitude (1)
- Earthquakes (1)
- East African Plateau (1)
- Eastern Karoo Basin (1)
- Echtzeitanwendung (1)
- Edelgase (1)
- Edelgasisotope (1)
- Eifel (1)
- Eifel Depression (1)
- Eifeler Nord-Süd-Zone (1)
- Einengungsraten (1)
- Einsatzzeiten (1)
- Einzugsgebiet (1)
- Einzugsgebietshydrologie (1)
- Einzugsgebietsklassifizierung (1)
- Eisdamm (1)
- Eisdynamik (1)
- Eisenbahninfrastruktur (1)
- Eisenia fetida (1)
- Eismodell (1)
- Eklogite (1)
- Elastische Gesteinseigenschaften (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Elbe estuary (1)
- Elbe Ästuar (1)
- Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- Elektrische Widerstandstomographie (ERT) (1)
- EnGeoMAP 2.0 (1)
- EnMAP Satellit (1)
- EnMAP satellite (1)
- Endlagerung nuklearer Abfälle (1)
- Enhanced Geothermal Systems (1)
- Ensemble analysis (1)
- Ensemble-Analyse (1)
- Entwicklungsländer (1)
- Environmental sciences (1)
- Eocene (1)
- Eozän (1)
- Epithermal Ag-Sn deposits (1)
- Equatorial Pacific (1)
- Equatorial plasma irregularities (1)
- Erbeben (1)
- Erdbeben Modellierung (1)
- Erdbeben-Magnitude (1)
- Erdbebengefährdung (1)
- Erdbebengefährdungsabschätzungen (1)
- Erdbebeninteraktion (1)
- Erdbebenkatalogdaten (1)
- Erdbebenmodelierung (1)
- Erdbebenquellen-Array (1)
- Erdbebenquellinversion (1)
- Erdbebenschwarm 2008 (1)
- Erdbebenschäden (1)
- Erdbebenwechselwirkung (1)
- Erdbeeben (1)
- Erdbeobachtung (1)
- Erdfälle (1)
- Erdrutsche (1)
- Ereignissynchronisation (1)
- Error (1)
- Erz (1)
- Erzgebirge (1)
- Etendeka (1)
- Etna (1)
- Eulerian grid (1)
- Eulerische Gitter (1)
- Eurasian active margin (1)
- Eurasien (1)
- Eurasischer aktiver Kontinentalrand (1)
- Europe (1)
- European Alps (1)
- European basin system (1)
- Europäische Alpen (1)
- Event Koinzidenz Analyse (1)
- Exhumationsprozesse (1)
- Exhumationsraten (1)
- Exhumierung (1)
- Expositionsaltersdatierung (1)
- Expositionsmodellen (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extension (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extremereignisse (1)
- Extremniederschlag (1)
- Extremniederschläge (1)
- Falten (1)
- FastScape (1)
- Fault Healing (1)
- Fault architecture (1)
- Fault interaction (1)
- Fe-Mg-carpholite (1)
- Fehlerquellen der Modellierung (1)
- Feinsedimente (1)
- Feld (1)
- Feldarbeit (1)
- Feldspat (1)
- Felsmechanik (1)
- Fen complex (1)
- Fernerkundung an Vulkanen (1)
- Ferroperiklas (1)
- Festigkeit (1)
- Festigkeit des Schiefer (1)
- Finnmark Platform (1)
- Firmicutes (1)
- Fission-track thermochronology (1)
- Flache Subduktion (1)
- Flachwassercarbonate (1)
- Flat subduction (1)
- Flood Forecasting (1)
- Flood frequency analysis (1)
- Flood regionalisation (1)
- Floods Directive (1)
- Fluid Flow (1)
- Fluid inclusions (1)
- Fluid-Gesteins-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid-Gesteinswechselwirkungen (1)
- Fluid-Schmelze Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid-strömungen (1)
- Fluide (1)
- Fluidströmung (1)
- Fluoreszenzbildgebung (1)
- Flussbettmorphologie (1)
- Flussprozesse (1)
- Flussterrassen (1)
- Flutbasalt (1)
- Flüsse (1)
- Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse (1)
- Flüssigkeitsinklusionen (1)
- Folgenabschätzung (1)
- Foraminifera (1)
- Fore-Arc (1)
- Forecasting Framework (1)
- Foreland (1)
- Foreland basin (1)
- Foreland basins (1)
- Formación Yacoraite (1)
- Formationsschaden (1)
- Forschungsmethodik (1)
- Forstwirtschaft (1)
- Fotogrammetrie (1)
- Fourier analysis (1)
- Fourier spectra (1)
- Fourier-Spektren (1)
- Fracture mechanics (1)
- Freeze-Thaw-Cycles (1)
- Frost-Tau-Wechsel (1)
- Frühdiagenese (1)
- Frühe Erdgeschichte (1)
- Fundament (1)
- GDGT (1)
- GEDI (1)
- GLDAS (1)
- GMPE adjustment (1)
- GNSS-integrated water vapour (1)
- GRACE (1)
- Gabbro-Eklogit (1)
- Gangschwarm (1)
- Gasgeochemie (1)
- Gaylussite (1)
- Gebietszustand (1)
- Gebirgsbildung (1)
- Gebirgsbäche (1)
- Gebirgshydrologie (1)
- Gebäudenergiebedarf (1)
- Gefahren (1)
- Gefahrenanalyse (1)
- Gemmatimonadetes (1)
- Geochronology (1)
- Geodynamic Modeling (1)
- Geodynamic Modelling (1)
- Geodynamiche Modellierung (1)
- Geodynamics (1)
- Geodynamische Modellierung (1)
- Geodäsie (1)
- Geology (1)
- Geomagnetic activity (1)
- Geomagnetic index (1)
- Geomagnetic observatory (1)
- Geomagnetische Aktivität (1)
- Geomagnetischer Index (1)
- Geomagnetisches Observatorium (1)
- Geomechanical Model (1)
- Geomechanical Modelling (1)
- Geomechanik (1)
- Geomechanische Modellierung (1)
- Geomicrobiology (1)
- Geomikrobiologie (1)
- Geomorphology (1)
- Geophysics (1)
- Georgia (1)
- Georgian chant (1)
- Georgien (1)
- Georgische liturgische Gesänge (1)
- Geosciences (1)
- Geothermal monitoring (1)
- Geothermisches Monitoring (1)
- Geowissenschaften (1)
- Gerinne-Hang-Kopplung (1)
- Gerinnemorphologie (1)
- Geschiebetransport (1)
- Geschwindigkeitsmodell (1)
- Gestein-Wasser-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Gesteinsmagnetik (1)
- Glacial refugia (1)
- Glacier Mass Balances (1)
- Glaciers (1)
- Glasstruktur (1)
- Glazialisostasie (1)
- Gletschervorfeld (1)
- Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) (1)
- Global change (1)
- Global earthquake data (1)
- Global inversion (1)
- Globale Erdbebenkatalogdaten (1)
- Globale Inversion (1)
- Gläser (1)
- Gondwana (1)
- Grabenbruch (1)
- Grabenbrüche (1)
- Gravel-bed (1)
- Gravimetrie (1)
- Greenland ice cores (1)
- Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Grundgestein (1)
- Grundgesteinshöhe (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Grundwasserentwicklung (1)
- Grundwasserneubildung (1)
- Grundwassersanierung (1)
- Gulf of Mexico (1)
- H/V (1)
- HDAC (1)
- HP-HT Experimente (1)
- HP-HT experiments (1)
- HP/LT metamorphism (1)
- HP/LT-Metamorphose (1)
- Halobacteria (1)
- Halophile (1)
- Hangerosion (1)
- Hanghydrologie (1)
- Hangrutsch (1)
- Hauptspannungsachse (1)
- Haushalte (1)
- Hawaii (1)
- Hebung (1)
- Hebung des Plateaus (1)
- Hebungsgeschichte (1)
- Hebungsraten (1)
- Hercynian orogeny (1)
- Herdmechanismen (1)
- Herdzeit Parameter Abschätzung (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Heterozoan (1)
- Heterozoikum (1)
- Hidden Markov Model (HMM) (1)
- High-pressure/low-temperature rocks (1)
- Himalaja (Kaghan) (1)
- Himalaya (Kaghan Valley) (1)
- Himalaya-Tibet Orogen (1)
- Himalaya-Tibet orogen (1)
- Himalayas (1)
- Hitze (1)
- Hochdruck/Niedrigtemperatur Gesteine (1)
- Hochdruckrelikte (1)
- Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung (1)
- Hochland von Tibet (1)
- Hochplateau (1)
- Hochtemperatur Gesteinsdeformtion (1)
- Hochwasserregionalisierung (1)
- Hochwasserrekonstruktion (1)
- Hochwasserrisiko (1)
- Hochwasserrisikoanalysen (1)
- Hochwasserrisikokette (1)
- Hochwasserstatistik (1)
- Hochwassertypen (1)
- Hochwasservorhersage (1)
- Hohlzylinderversuche (1)
- Holzkompost (1)
- Home (1)
- Horizontal flux (1)
- Hotspot (1)
- HySpex (1)
- Hydratbildung (1)
- Hydrathabitus (1)
- Hydrogenase (1)
- Hydrogeophysics (1)
- Hydrogeopyhsik (1)
- Hydrogravimetrie (1)
- Hydrological Modelling (1)
- Hydrological extremes (1)
- Hydrus-2D (1)
- Hyperion (1)
- Hämmerlein (1)
- ICESat-2 (1)
- IHPV (1)
- IMPRESSIONS (1)
- Ice model (1)
- Iceland (1)
- Imaging spectroscopy (1)
- Impakt (1)
- In-Situ-Analyse (1)
- InSAR Datenanalyse (1)
- InSAR- Techniken (1)
- India (1)
- Indian Monsoon (1)
- Indian Monsoon Circulation (1)
- Indian Ocean (1)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (1)
- Indian summer monsoon (1)
- Indische Monsunzirkulation (1)
- Indische Sommer Monsun (1)
- Indischer Sommermonsun (1)
- Indonesien (1)
- Induzierte Seismizität (1)
- Injektion (1)
- Injektionsschema (1)
- Interaktion zwischen sich ausbreitenden Riftsegmenten (1)
- Interferometrie (1)
- Interseismic strain rates (1)
- Interseismiche Dehnungsraten (1)
- Intramontane basin (1)
- Intramontanes Becken (1)
- Inverse modelling (1)
- Inversions-Theorie (1)
- Inversionstheorie (1)
- Ion-Beam (FIB) (1)
- Ionic liquids (1)
- Ionosphäre (1)
- Island (1)
- Isotope (1)
- Isotopen (1)
- Isotopenfraktionierung (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Isábena Einzugsgebiet (1)
- Isábena catchment (1)
- Isótopos de Boro (1)
- Jaguaribe Basin (1)
- June 2013 flood (1)
- Kanada (1)
- Karakoram (1)
- Karakorum (1)
- Karbonat-Silikat-Reaktionen (1)
- Karbonat-Stabilität (1)
- Karbonatplattformen (1)
- Karbonatrampen (1)
- Karbonatschmelze (1)
- Karpholithe (1)
- Karst (1)
- Kausalstruktur (1)
- Kenia (1)
- Kenya (1)
- Kerguelen (1)
- Kerogenkinetik (1)
- Klimaanpassung (1)
- Klimadatenwissenschaften (1)
- Klimaschutz (1)
- Klimatologie (1)
- Klimavariabilität (1)
- Klimaveränderung (1)
- Klimaänderungen (1)
- Knickpoint (1)
- Knickpoint retreat (1)
- Knickpunkt (1)
- Knickpunkt-Rückzug (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kohlengrubenabraum (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Budget (1)
- Kohlenstoffdioxid (1)
- Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Kohlenstoffkreislauf (1)
- Kohlenstoffspeicher (1)
- Kolloidtransport (1)
- Kongo Luftmassengrenze (1)
- Konin region (1)
- Kontaminationskontrolle (1)
- Kontinentale Kollision (1)
- Kontinentalrand (1)
- Koppelung (1)
- Korallen (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Kreide (1)
- Kreidebecken (1)
- Kriecheigenschaften (1)
- Kruste (1)
- Krustenstruktur der Süd-Türkei (1)
- Krustenstruktur des Eratosthenes Seeberges (1)
- Krustenverformungen (1)
- Kugelflächenfunktionen (1)
- Kuilyu complex (1)
- Kultivierung (1)
- Kumamoto Erdbeben (1)
- Kumamoto earthquake (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- Kwajalein (1)
- Känozoische Aridifizierung (1)
- Küste (1)
- Küstenlinien (1)
- L-Asterisk (1)
- LA-ICP-MS (1)
- Lake Baikal (1)
- Lake Challa (1)
- Lake Mead (1)
- Lake Naivasha (1)
- Lake Towuti (1)
- Land use change (1)
- Landformen (1)
- Landnutzungsänderung (1)
- Landsat (1)
- Landsat. (1)
- Landscape Evolution (1)
- Landscape Response (1)
- Landschaftseffekte (1)
- Landschaftspräferenzen (1)
- Landslide inventory (1)
- Landslide susceptibility (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Laptev Sea region (1)
- Larix larch (1)
- Laser ablation (1)
- Laserheizsystem (1)
- Last Glacial (1)
- Late Quaternary (1)
- Lateglacial (1)
- Laufzeitresiduen (1)
- Lava dome (1)
- Lavadom (1)
- Lavafontänen (1)
- Lawinen (1)
- Lena Delta (1)
- Lena delta (1)
- Letztes Glazial (1)
- Lichenometrie (1)
- Liguride Complex (1)
- Limnologie (1)
- Liquiñe-Ofqui Störungszone (1)
- Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone (1)
- Lithium (1)
- Lithospheric Deformation (1)
- Lithospheric strength (1)
- Lithospheric structure (1)
- Lithosphärenfestigkeit (1)
- Lithosphärische Deformation (1)
- Llaima Vulkan (1)
- Llaima volcano (1)
- Lokalisierte Deformation (1)
- Lokalisierung von Deformation (1)
- Lokalisierung von Verformung (1)
- Lonar lake (1)
- Lonarsee (1)
- Long-Term (1)
- Loppa High (1)
- Lower Devonian (1)
- Lumineszenz (1)
- Lusatia (1)
- Luxembourg (1)
- Luxemburg (1)
- Lycian Nappes (1)
- Lykischen Decken (1)
- Lysimeter (1)
- MC-ICP-MS (1)
- MO (1)
- MSPAC (1)
- Mackenzie Delta (1)
- Mackenzie-Delta (1)
- Magma-Entgasung (1)
- Magmagänge (1)
- Magmatismus (1)
- Magnesit (1)
- Magnetostratigraphie (1)
- Magnetotelluric (1)
- Magnetotellurics (1)
- Mahalanobis distance (1)
- Mahalanobis-Distanz (1)
- Malta (1)
- Mantel (1)
- Mantel Plume (1)
- Mantelplumes (1)
- Mantle (1)
- Mantle Plume (1)
- Mantleplumes (1)
- Marmarameer (1)
- Martinez del Tineo (1)
- Massenaussterben (1)
- Massenversatzprozesse (1)
- Mediterranes Tiefdrucksystem (1)
- Meditteranean sea (1)
- Meeressedimente (1)
- Melilitit (1)
- Melt inclusions (1)
- Merapi (1)
- Mesozoic (1)
- Mesozoikum (1)
- Metamorphism (1)
- Metamorphose (1)
- Metasomatism (1)
- Metasomatose (1)
- Methan (1)
- Methodology (1)
- Mexico (1)
- Mexiko (1)
- Middle East (1)
- Middle Eocene deformation (1)
- Middle Strand (1)
- Mikro-CT (1)
- Mikrobieller Abbau von organischen Material (1)
- Mikroplatte (1)
- Mikrostruktur (1)
- Mikrostrukturelle (1)
- Mikrostrukturen (1)
- Mikrozonierung (1)
- Mineralogie (1)
- Mineralreaktion (1)
- Mineralverwitterungsreaktionen (1)
- Mineralzusammensetzung (1)
- Mittelmeer (1)
- Mittelmeerraum (1)
- Mixmodelle (1)
- Mobile Belts (1)
- Model (1)
- Modell (1)
- Modellanpassung (1)
- Modellierung der Wassertrübung (1)
- Modellierung des seismischen Zyklus (1)
- Molybdän (1)
- Moment tensor inversion (1)
- Momententensorinversion (1)
- Monazit (1)
- Mondsee (1)
- Mongolei (1)
- Mongolia (1)
- Morphometrie (1)
- Morphometry (1)
- Multi-Hazard (1)
- Multiproxy-Untersuchung (1)
- Multiskalen Netzwerk (1)
- Multivariate Analyse (1)
- Multivariate statistic (1)
- Muscovit (1)
- Muster der Bodenfeuchte (1)
- Mustererkennung (1)
- NE Pamir (1)
- NEG (1)
- NO2 (1)
- NW Argentina (1)
- NW Himalaja (1)
- NW Himalaya (1)
- NW Turkey (1)
- Naher Osten (1)
- Naivasha See (1)
- Namche Barwa (1)
- Namibia (1)
- NatRiskChange (1)
- Naturrisiken (1)
- Natürliche Staudämme (1)
- Near-surface geophysics (1)
- Nearshore zone (1)
- Neotectonics (1)
- Nettorotation der Lithosphäre (1)
- Neutronen (1)
- Nevado Coropuna (1)
- Nicht-Einmaligkeit (1)
- Niederschlag (1)
- Niedrigwasser (1)
- Niger (1)
- Niger River (1)
- Non-uniqueness (1)
- Nordanatolische Störungszone (1)
- Nordeste (1)
- Nordostdeutsches Becken (1)
- Nordostdeutsches Tiefland (1)
- North Anatolian Fault (1)
- North Anatolian Fault Zone (1)
- North Calabrian Unit (1)
- North-East German Plain (1)
- Northeast German Basin (1)
- Northern Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Northwestern Anatolia (1)
- Nuklide (1)
- Numerische 2D Modellierung (1)
- Nährstoffe (1)
- Nährstoffeinträge (1)
- Nährstoffretention (1)
- ODP Leg 194 (1)
- OSL (1)
- Oberfläche (1)
- Oberflächenexpositionsdatierung (1)
- Oberflächennahe Geophysik (1)
- Oberflächenwärmefluss (1)
- Oberflächenwärmefluß (1)
- Ocean Colour satellite data (1)
- Ocean color remote sensing (1)
- Ocean sciences (1)
- Oligo-Miocene (1)
- Oligozän-Miozän-Grenze (1)
- OpenForecast (1)
- OpenStreetMap (1)
- Optical remote sensing (1)
- Optical sensor (1)
- Optische Sensoren (1)
- Organic matter mineralization (1)
- Organofazies (1)
- Ortscharakterisierung (1)
- Ortseffekte (1)
- Ostafrika (1)
- Ostafrikanisches Rift (1)
- Ostafrikanisches Riftsystem (1)
- Ostafrikansches Rift (1)
- Ostkordillere (1)
- PLA (1)
- PM10, PM2, PM1 (1)
- PPGIS (1)
- Palaeoecology (1)
- Palaeoklima (1)
- Paleoclimate (1)
- Paleoclimate dynamics (1)
- Paleofloods (1)
- Paleogeography (1)
- Paleolimnology (1)
- Paleomagnetism (1)
- Paleomagnetismus (1)
- Paläo-See Mweru (1)
- Paläo-Strain-Berechnung (1)
- Paläoaltimetrie (1)
- Paläohochwasser (1)
- Paläohydrologie (1)
- Paläointensität (1)
- Paläoklimadynamik (1)
- Paläomagnetismus (1)
- Paläosekularvariation (1)
- Paläotektonik (1)
- Paläotopographie (1)
- Pamir-Tien Shan (1)
- Panasqueira (1)
- Parallel Seismik (1)
- Paris Basin (1)
- Pariser Becken (1)
- Particle swarm optimization (1)
- Partikel Swarm Optimierung (1)
- Partikelschwarm-Optimierung (1)
- Passive Kontinentalränder (1)
- Passive margins (1)
- Patagonien (1)
- Patagonien ; Neogen ; Hebung ; Subduktion ; Anden (1)
- Pattern Recognition (1)
- Patterns (1)
- Periglazial (1)
- Periglazialgeomorphologie (1)
- Permafrost-Taustörungen (1)
- Permafrostdegradation (1)
- Permafrostlandschaften (1)
- Permafrostsedimente (1)
- Permeabilität (1)
- Permeabilitätsentwicklung (1)
- Petrology (1)
- Pfadanalysen (1)
- Pfahl (1)
- Pflanzen-Habitat Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzenwachs (1)
- Pflanzenwachstum (1)
- Pflanzenwasserzustand (1)
- Pflaume (1)
- PhaseKinetics (1)
- PhasePaPy (1)
- Phasenkinetik (1)
- Phasenpicker (1)
- Photozoan (1)
- Photozoikum (1)
- Phytoplankton (1)
- Piano delle Concazze (1)
- Picker (1)
- Pinus pinaster (1)
- Plattenbewegungen (1)
- Plattentektonik (1)
- Playa (1)
- Plume-Rücken Interaktion (1)
- Poland (1)
- Polarimetrie (1)
- Polarimetry (1)
- Polen (1)
- Pollenanalyse (1)
- Pollenproduktivitätsschätzungen (1)
- Polynia (1)
- Pontiden (1)
- Pontides (1)
- Porentypen in Karbonate (1)
- Porphyrische Kupferlagerstätte (1)
- Posidonia shale (1)
- Posidonienschiefer (1)
- Potsdam (1)
- Precipitation (1)
- Probabilistic regional envelope curves (1)
- Probabilistische Regionale Hüllkurven (1)
- Probenahmestrategie (1)
- Procrustes rotation analysis (1)
- Prokrustes Analyse (1)
- Prozessidentifikation (1)
- Präzision Gartenbau (1)
- Prüfköpfe (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Pull-Apart (1)
- Puna Plateau (1)
- Puna plateau (1)
- Qilian mountains (1)
- Quantitative Daten (1)
- Quartäre Deformation (1)
- Quaternary (1)
- Quaternary deformation (1)
- Quell-Array optimales Design (1)
- Quellarray (1)
- Quelle Inversion (1)
- Quellenparameter (1)
- Quellenumkehr (1)
- Quercus ilex (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- RCP scenarios (1)
- REVEALS (1)
- Radar-Satelliteninterferometrie (1)
- Radiokarbondatierung (1)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Ramos X-11 (1)
- Rauheit (1)
- Raumwellen (1)
- Reaktionspfadmodellierung (1)
- Reaktivierung von Störungszonen (1)
- Receiver Function (1)
- Receiver Functions (1)
- Receiver Funktionen (1)
- Recurrence network (1)
- Recurrence plot (1)
- Reflectivity (1)
- Regensturm (1)
- Region Konin (1)
- Regional Climate Model (1)
- Regressionsanalyse (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Reibung an Plattengrenzen (1)
- Reifegradbezogene Biomarker (1)
- Remote Sensing (1)
- Reservoir Networks (1)
- Rhenohercynian Zone (1)
- Rhenohercynische Zone (1)
- Rheological modeling (1)
- Rheologische Modellierung (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Riff (1)
- Ringstörungen (1)
- Risikoanalyse (1)
- Risikobewertung von Vulkanausbrüchen (1)
- Rissmechanik (1)
- Risstransmissivität (1)
- River (1)
- River Incision Model (1)
- Rupture Propagation (1)
- Russia (1)
- Russian Arctic (1)
- Réunion (1)
- Río Pescado (1)
- Röntgenabsorptionspektroskopie (1)
- Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Rückenkollision (1)
- Rückensubduktion (1)
- S Phase (1)
- S-Phase (1)
- SEC (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SIO₂ (1)
- SPAC (1)
- SRTM (1)
- Sachsengängerei (1)
- Sahel (1)
- Salt Range (1)
- Salt pan (1)
- Salta Rift (1)
- Salta basin (1)
- Salta-Becken (1)
- Salzgestein (1)
- Salzpfanne (1)
- Samara (1)
- San Andreas Fault (1)
- San Andreas Verwerfung (1)
- Sandstein (1)
- Santa Cruz formation (1)
- Santa-Barbara system (1)
- Saprolit (1)
- Sardinia (1)
- Sardinien (1)
- Satelliten-Fernerkundung (1)
- Satellitenbilder (1)
- Satellitenmission Swarm (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Sauerstoffisotope (1)
- Savannen-Ökologie (1)
- Saxo-Thuringia (1)
- Scaling (1)
- Schaden (1)
- Schadensabschätzung (1)
- Schallemissionen (1)
- Scherzonen (1)
- Schmelzeinschlüsse (1)
- Schmelzstruktur (1)
- Schnee (1)
- Schwemmfächer (1)
- Schwerkraft (1)
- Sea of Marmara (1)
- SeaWiFS Ocean-Colour Satellitendaten (1)
- Sediment Fingerprinting (1)
- Sediment Flux (1)
- Sediment Transport (1)
- Sedimentationsdynamik (1)
- Sedimentbecken (1)
- Sedimente (1)
- Sedimentenabfolge (1)
- Sedimentfalle (1)
- Sedimentfazies (1)
- Sedimentfracht (1)
- Sedimentmächtigkeit (1)
- Sedimentquellenidentifizierung (1)
- Sedimenttransportsystem (1)
- Sedimentvolumen (1)
- Seeausbrüche (1)
- Seedurchmischung (1)
- Seespiegelschwankungen (1)
- Seestandsänderung (1)
- Seesystemreaktionen (1)
- Seewasserhaushalt (1)
- SeisComP3 (1)
- Seismic Array Methods (1)
- Seismic arrays (1)
- Seismik (1)
- Seismische Arrays (1)
- Seismische Geschwindigkeiten (1)
- Seismische Interferometrie (1)
- Seismische Tomographie (1)
- Seismizität und Tektonik (1)
- Seismizitätsmodellierung (1)
- Seltenerdelemente (1)
- Sentinel 2 (1)
- Sentinel-2 MSI (1)
- Shear Zone (1)
- Shortening (1)
- Shortening rates (1)
- Shyok Fluss (1)
- Shyok River (1)
- Siberian larch (1)
- Sibirien (1)
- Sibirien <Nord> (1)
- Sibirienhoch (1)
- Sichuan (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Signalbildung (1)
- Signalweiterleitung (1)
- Silikatschmelze (1)
- Silikatverwitterung (1)
- Sinkholes (1)
- Skala (1)
- Skalierung (1)
- Skarn (1)
- Slip Distribution (1)
- Slope (1)
- Sn (1)
- Software (1)
- Soil hydrology (1)
- Soil moisture (1)
- Solar irradiation (1)
- Solare Austrahlung (1)
- Solid Earth sciences (1)
- Sorption (1)
- South Chile (1)
- South Eifel (1)
- Southatlantic (1)
- Southeast Asia (1)
- Southern Apennines (1)
- Southern Kyrgyzstan (1)
- Soziale Medien (1)
- Space climate (1)
- Space weather (1)
- Spalt Spuren (1)
- Spalteneruption (1)
- Spannung (1)
- Spannungsfeld des späten Känozoikums (1)
- Spannungsmessung (1)
- Spannungsmuster (1)
- Spannungsänderungen (1)
- Spektralanalyse (1)
- Spiti valley (1)
- Spitsbergen (1)
- Spity Valley (1)
- Spitzbergen (1)
- Spread F (1)
- Spröde Vorläufer (1)
- Spurenelement-Partitionierung (1)
- Spurenelementverteilung (1)
- Spätglazial (1)
- Spätquartär (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stabile Isotope (1)
- Stabile Isotopen (1)
- Stabile Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Stadtentwicklung (1)
- Stalagmiten (1)
- Standort des Streuers (1)
- Starkregen (1)
- Statistical seismology (1)
- Statistische Seismologie (1)
- Steilwinkel-Analyse von PcP (1)
- Stochastischer Algorithmus (1)
- Strahlung und chemische Eigenschaften (1)
- Strain Localisation (1)
- Strain Localization (1)
- Stratigrafie (1)
- Stratigraphie (1)
- Stream Power Law (1)
- Stressmodellierung (1)
- Strike-Slip Störungen (1)
- Strike-slip fault (1)
- Stromsektor (1)
- Structure-from-motion (1)
- Strukturmodellierung (1)
- Sturzflut (1)
- Sturzfluten (1)
- Städe (1)
- Städte Effizienz (1)
- Störungen (1)
- Störungsbau (1)
- Störungsinteraktion (1)
- Störungszonen (1)
- Störungszonenarchitektur (1)
- Subduktionsbeben (1)
- Subsidenzgeschichte (1)
- Subsurface Biosphere (1)
- Suguta Tal (1)
- Suguta Valley (1)
- Suigetsu (1)
- Sulfatreduktion (1)
- Sumatra (1)
- Sumatra Störung (1)
- Sumatra fault (1)
- Superconducting gravimetry (1)
- Supraleit-Gravimetrie (1)
- Supraleitender Gravimeter (SG) (1)
- Suspendsionsfracht (1)
- Swarm constellation (1)
- Sweet (1)
- Synchronisation von Ereignissen (1)
- Syntaxe (1)
- Synthetic Aperture Radar (1)
- Synthetische Sandsteine (1)
- Süd Chile (1)
- Süd-Türkei (1)
- Südatlantik (1)
- Südeifel (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- TDR (1)
- TIME-GCM (1)
- TRMM (1)
- Taifune (1)
- TanDEM-X (1)
- Tarim Basin (1)
- Tarutung (1)
- Tasas de acortamiento (1)
- Taylor’s law (1)
- Tectona grandis (1)
- Tectonic Evolution (1)
- Tectonic geomorphology (1)
- Tektonische Geomorphologie (1)
- Temperatur (1)
- Temperaturfeld (1)
- Tendürek Vulkan (1)
- Tendürek volcano (1)
- Teteriv (1)
- Thermal (1)
- Thermal modeling (1)
- Thermal-conductivity (1)
- Thermisch (1)
- Thermische Modellierung (1)
- Thermokarstprozesse (1)
- Tian Shan (1)
- Tian-Shan (1)
- Tianshan orogenic belt (1)
- Tibet (1)
- Tiefbeben und Kernexplosionen (1)
- Tiefendeformation (1)
- Tiefenversickerung (1)
- Tiefer See (1)
- Tien-Shan (1)
- Tiltmeter (1)
- Time series analysis (1)
- Tomographie (1)
- Tomographie des elektrischen Widerstands (1)
- Tonian–Cryogenian (1)
- Tonmineralien (1)
- Topographie (1)
- Torsion Experiments (1)
- Torsionsexperimente (1)
- Tote Meer (1)
- Totes Meer (1)
- Transferverluste in Flüssen (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Transformation hydrologischer Signale (1)
- Transformstörung (1)
- Transnationalismus (1)
- Treibhausgase (1)
- Trendanalysen (1)
- Triangular dislocations (TDs) (1)
- Trier-Luxembourg Basin (1)
- Trier-Luxembourg Embayment (1)
- Trier-Luxemburger Becken (1)
- Trier-Luxemburger Bucht (1)
- Tritium Assay (1)
- Tritium Versuchsanordnung (1)
- Trockenflüsse (1)
- Tropospheric nitrogen-dioxide (1)
- Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem (1)
- Tsunami-Risiko (1)
- Turbidite (1)
- Turbidites (1)
- Turbidity retrieval (1)
- Turmalin (1)
- Twitter (1)
- U-Pb Geochronologie (1)
- U-Pb geochronology (1)
- UHI (1)
- UHP (1)
- UV fs laser ablation (1)
- UV-Lasermikrodissektion (1)
- UV-laser microdissection (1)
- Ukraine (1)
- Uk’37 (1)
- Ultra-Niedriggeschwindigkeitszonen (1)
- Ultraschall (1)
- Umweltmonitoring (1)
- Umweltrekonstruktion (1)
- Uncertainty Analysis (1)
- Uncertainty Processor (1)
- Unsupervised Learning (1)
- Unterdevon (1)
- Untergrund (1)
- Untergrunduntersuchung der Biosphäre (1)
- Unterrichtsmethoden (1)
- Untertage-Kohlevergasung (1)
- Unüberwachtes Lernen (1)
- Uplift Rates (1)
- Uran (1)
- Uran-Blei-Datierung (1)
- VI (1)
- VIIRS DNB (1)
- Validation (1)
- Vansee (1)
- Variabilität (1)
- Variabilität von Bodenbewegung (1)
- Variscan orogeny (1)
- Vegetationsbedeckung (1)
- Verarbeitung seismischer Daten (1)
- Verdichtung (1)
- Verformungslokalisierung (1)
- Verkürzung (1)
- Verschüttungsaltersdatierung (1)
- Verteilungsfunktionen mit einer oberen Grenze (1)
- Vertical flux (1)
- Vertreibung (1)
- Verwitterungsfeedback (1)
- Videoanalyse (1)
- Viskositätsstruktur im oberen Mantel (1)
- Volcano (1)
- Volcano deformation modelling (1)
- Vorelandbecken (1)
- Vorland (1)
- Vorlandbeckenentwicklung (1)
- Vorlanddeformation (1)
- Vs Profile (1)
- Vs profiles (1)
- Vulcano (1)
- Vulkan Verformung (1)
- Vulkaniklastika (1)
- Vulkanismus (1)
- Vulkanologie (1)
- Vulkanverformungsmodellierung (1)
- Vulkanüberwachung (1)
- WGHM (1)
- Waldbewirtschaftung (1)
- Waldumbau (1)
- Warve (1)
- Warves (1)
- Wasser-Gesteins-Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Wasser-Monitoring (1)
- Wasserdampf (1)
- Wassergütemodellierung (1)
- Wasserpflanzen (1)
- Wasserqualität (1)
- Wasserspeicheränderungen (1)
- Water Availability (1)
- Water resources (1)
- Wavelet (1)
- Weather (1)
- Weilerbach-Mulde (1)
- Well-log analysis (1)
- Wellenausbreitung (1)
- Wellenbrechung und Diffraktion (1)
- Wellengeschwindigkeit (1)
- Wellengeschwindigkeiten (1)
- Wellenleiter (1)
- Weltraumklima (1)
- Weltraumwetter (1)
- Wenchuan (1)
- West Fault Zone (1)
- West Turkey (1)
- West Türkei (1)
- Westböhmen (1)
- Western Bug (1)
- Western Interior Basin (1)
- Western Qaidam Basin (1)
- Wiederkehr (1)
- Windböen (1)
- Winddynamik (1)
- Winderosion (1)
- Wirtsgesteinsskala (1)
- Wittlicher Senke (1)
- Wofram-Zinn Lagerstätte (1)
- WorldDEM (1)
- WorldView-2 (1)
- Wuchiapingian (1)
- Wuchiapingium (1)
- Würzburg (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- XANES (1)
- XAS (1)
- XRF (1)
- Yacoraite Formation (1)
- Yamal (1)
- Yarlung-Tsangpo Gorge (1)
- Yarlung-Tsangpo Schlucht (1)
- Yatta (1)
- Young's modulus (1)
- Younger Dryas (1)
- Zeitanhängig (1)
- Zeitserie (1)
- Zeitskala (1)
- Zentral Asien (1)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (1)
- Zink (1)
- Zinn (1)
- Zipf’s law (1)
- Zusammengesetztes Dislokationsmodel (CDM) (1)
- Zustands-Übergangs-Modelle (1)
- Zyklostratigraphie (1)
- Zypernbogen (1)
- accumulation (1)
- accumulation rates (1)
- acidophilic microorganisms (1)
- acoustic emissions (1)
- activ continental margin (1)
- active faulting (1)
- active seismic (1)
- active source data (1)
- adapation (1)
- adaptation (1)
- adaption measure (1)
- aero (1)
- aftershock (1)
- aftershock sequence (1)
- aftershocks (1)
- age modeling (1)
- age-related biomarkers (1)
- airglow (1)
- aktive Quelldaten (1)
- aktive Seismik (1)
- aktive Verwerfungen (1)
- aktive Weitewinkel-Seismik (1)
- aktiver Kontinentalrand (1)
- alaskan tundra (1)
- alkenones (1)
- allochthon (1)
- alluvial (1)
- alluvial channel morphology (1)
- alpine (1)
- alpine catchments (1)
- alps (1)
- alteration geochemistry (1)
- ambient vibration (1)
- anaerobe Inkubationensexperimente (1)
- anaerobic incubation experiments (1)
- analysis of pathways (1)
- angewandte Geophysik (1)
- anisotropic inversion (1)
- annually laminated sediments (1)
- antecedent conditions (1)
- applied geophysics (1)
- aquatic ecosystems (1)
- aquatischen Ökosystemen (1)
- archeomagnetism (1)
- archetype (1)
- architecture (1)
- arctic water bodies (1)
- area (1)
- argentina (1)
- argon (1)
- arktische Gewässer (1)
- arktischer Nahküstenbereich (1)
- array design (1)
- artificial light (1)
- artificial mixtures (1)
- artificial neural networks (1)
- assimilation (1)
- asthenosphere (1)
- asthenospheric slab-window (1)
- asthenospherisches "slab-window" (1)
- astronomical calibration (1)
- asymmetric pair distribution function (1)
- attribute analysis (1)
- attributes (1)
- authigene Mineralbildung (1)
- authigenic mineral formation (1)
- autochthon (1)
- automatic classification (1)
- automatic processing (1)
- automatische Klassifizierung (1)
- b-Wert Kartierung (1)
- b-value map (1)
- barite (1)
- barrow (1)
- basaltic volcanoes (1)
- basement rock (1)
- basin evolution (1)
- basin structure (1)
- bat fatalities (1)
- beam forming (1)
- bedload transport (1)
- bedrock elevation (1)
- beginnende Kontinent-Kontinent Kollision (1)
- beobachtende Seismologie (1)
- biodegradación (1)
- biodegradation (1)
- biodiversity (1)
- biodiversity decline (1)
- bioenergy (1)
- biofuel (1)
- biogeoscience (1)
- biologischer Abbau (1)
- biomarcadores diagnósticos de edad (1)
- biomarcadores diagnósticos de madurez (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- blueSeis-3A sensors (1)
- body waves (1)
- bolivianischen Zinngürtels (1)
- boreal forests (1)
- borehole breakouts (1)
- borehole leakage (1)
- boron (1)
- bottom water (1)
- bottom waters (1)
- boundary element method (1)
- brittle deformation (1)
- brittle precursors (1)
- burial dating (1)
- calc-alkaline (1)
- calcium phosphate (1)
- calcium phosphate hybrid material (1)
- calibration (1)
- campo de esfuerzo del Cenozoico tardío (1)
- canopy height (1)
- carbon budget (1)
- carbon cycling (1)
- carbon dioxide exchange (1)
- carbon export (1)
- carbon isotopes (1)
- carbon-cycle (1)
- carbonate (1)
- carbonate melt (1)
- carbonate platforms (1)
- carbonate pore types (1)
- carbonate ramps (1)
- carbonate stability (1)
- carbonate systems (1)
- carbonates (1)
- carpholite (1)
- catchment (1)
- catchment classification (1)
- catchment hydrology (1)
- catchment state (1)
- catchments (1)
- cell counts (1)
- cellulose (1)
- cement (1)
- central Andes (1)
- central Mediterranean (1)
- central Poland (1)
- central south island (1)
- central-eastern Beringia (1)
- change detection (1)
- channel steps (1)
- channel-hillslope coupling (1)
- charnockite (1)
- chemical dating (1)
- chemical weathering (1)
- chemical-mechanical interaction (1)
- chemische Datierung (1)
- chemische Verwitterung (1)
- chilenische Anden (1)
- chitosan (1)
- chronology (AICC2012) (1)
- circular statistics (1)
- circulation (1)
- cirrus detection (1)
- cities (1)
- city clusters (1)
- city of Potsdam (1)
- city of Wuerzburg (1)
- clay mineral (1)
- clima (1)
- climate change adaptation (1)
- climate change impact (1)
- climate data science (1)
- climate dynamics (1)
- climate extreme events (1)
- climate global and local patterns (1)
- climate impacts (1)
- climate networks (1)
- climate reconstruction (1)
- climatic change (1)
- climatolgoy (1)
- clinopyroxenite (1)
- closed chamber method (1)
- cloud detection (1)
- coal mine waste (1)
- coesite (1)
- coherency (1)
- coherent noise (1)
- collapse (1)
- colloid transport (1)
- combinatorial inverse modelling (1)
- complex network (1)
- complex networks (1)
- complex systems (1)
- complexes (1)
- composite properties (1)
- compound-specific stable carbon isotope analyses (1)
- compression (1)
- computational ethnomusicology (1)
- computational seismology (1)
- computergestützte Musikethnologie (1)
- computergestützte Seismologie (1)
- concrete (1)
- conductivity anisotropy (1)
- conflict (1)
- continental breakup (1)
- continental collision (1)
- continental collision zones (1)
- continental lithosphere (1)
- continental margins (1)
- controlled source wide angle seismic (1)
- controlo estrutural (1)
- convective available potential energy (1)
- convective available potential energy (CAPE) (1)
- convolutional neural network (1)
- copper (1)
- corals (1)
- core-mantle boundary (1)
- cosmic rays (1)
- cosmic-ray (1)
- cosmogenic (1)
- cosmogenic AL-26 (1)
- cosmogenic nuclide dating (1)
- cosmogenic radionuclide-based dating (1)
- cosmogenic radionuclides (1)
- counterclockwise block rotation between overlapping rift segments (1)
- coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- coupling (1)
- crack (1)
- creep properties (1)
- critical meteorological condition (1)
- critical zone (1)
- crop modeling (1)
- crustal deformations (1)
- crustal stress (1)
- crustal structure of south central Turkey (1)
- crustal structure of the Eratosthenes Seamount (1)
- crystalline (1)
- cuenca intermontana (1)
- cultivation (1)
- d-excess (1)
- damage assessment (1)
- damage modelling (1)
- data analysis (1)
- data filtering (1)
- data fusion (1)
- data processing (1)
- data science (1)
- data-mining (1)
- decision tree (1)
- decision trees (1)
- deep carbon (1)
- deep crust (1)
- deep earthquakes and nuclear explosions (1)
- deep permafrost carbon (1)
- deep seated landslide (1)
- deep seepage (1)
- deforestation (1)
- deformation mechanisms (1)
- deformation monitoring (1)
- deformation source modeling (1)
- degradation (1)
- delta-c-13 (1)
- dendroclimatology (1)
- dendrometer measurements (1)
- denitrification (1)
- density modeling (1)
- density-driven flow (1)
- denudation (1)
- denudation processes (1)
- denudation rates (1)
- deposits (1)
- depósitos de volfrâmio-estanho (1)
- der Städtische Wärmeinseleffekt (1)
- der Urbane Hitzeinsel Effekt (1)
- der Urbane Hitzeinsel Effekt basierend auf Landoberflächentemperatur (1)
- detrital carbonate (1)
- developing countries (1)
- dew-point temperature (1)
- diagenesis (1)
- diagenetische Prozesse (1)
- diamond anvil cell (1)
- diamond anvil cells (1)
- diatoms (1)
- dichtegetriebene Strömung (1)
- die Stadtform (1)
- digital image analysis (1)
- digitale Bildanalyse (1)
- dike pathways (1)
- dip-coating (1)
- dispersion curves (1)
- dissolution (1)
- distal steil ansteigende Rampen (1)
- ditch irrigation (1)
- diversity (1)
- drained lake basins (1)
- dreieckige Dislokationen (TDs) (1)
- drought (1)
- duration (1)
- dust sources (1)
- dynamic topography (1)
- dynamische Topographie (1)
- décollement (1)
- early diagenesis (1)
- early earth tectonics (1)
- early eocene (1)
- early warning (1)
- earth mantle (1)
- earth system model (1)
- earth system models (1)
- earth's mantle (1)
- earthquake bulletin data (1)
- earthquake damage (1)
- earthquake forecasting (1)
- earthquake location (1)
- earthquake source array (1)
- earthquake source observations (1)
- eclogite (UHP) (1)
- eco-hydrological modelling (1)
- ecohydrology (1)
- ecological genetics (1)
- economic impacts (1)
- effective porosity (1)
- effektive Porosität (1)
- elastic properties (1)
- elastic rock properties (1)
- electric and magnetic fields (1)
- electrons (1)
- elektrische und magnetische Felder (1)
- elevated CO2 concentration (1)
- emergency response (1)
- energy demand (1)
- energy efficiency (1)
- enhanced geothermal system (1)
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (1)
- environmental monitoring (1)
- environmental reconstruction (1)
- environmental seismology (1)
- eocene thermal maximum (1)
- epithermale Zinn-Silber-lagerstätte (1)
- equatorial electrojet (1)
- equatorial plasma depletions (1)
- ererbte Strukturen (1)
- erosion rates (1)
- estuary (1)
- evaporite minerals (1)
- evaporites (1)
- evapotranspiration (1)
- evolution (1)
- exhumation processes (1)
- exhumation rates (1)
- exposure (1)
- exposure age dating (1)
- extinction event (1)
- extracellular DNA (1)
- extreme Ereignisse (1)
- extreme Klimaereignisse (1)
- extreme hydro-meteorologische Ereignisse (1)
- extreme hydrometeorological events (1)
- extreme precipitation (1)
- failed rift (1)
- fallamiento activo (1)
- faltendes neuronales Netzwerk (1)
- fan (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fault (1)
- fault bend fold (1)
- fault healing (1)
- fault plane structure (1)
- fault reactivation (1)
- fault zone architecture (1)
- feldspar (1)
- ferropericlase (1)
- fieldwork (1)
- finite Differenzen (1)
- finite Elemente (1)
- finite difference simulation (1)
- finite differences (1)
- finite elements (1)
- fire emissions (1)
- fire history (1)
- fission track (1)
- fissure eruption (1)
- flash flood (1)
- flash floods (1)
- flat-slab subduction (1)
- flood (1)
- flood adaptation (1)
- flood events (1)
- flood mitigation (1)
- flood reconstruction (1)
- flood risk analysis (1)
- flood types (1)
- flood volcanism (1)
- flooding (1)
- floodplain (1)
- floodplain inundation (1)
- floodplains (1)
- fluctuations (1)
- fluid (1)
- fluid inclusions (1)
- fluid rock interaction (1)
- fluid-melt interaction (1)
- fluid-rock interactions (1)
- fluorescence imaging (1)
- fluvial fill terraces (1)
- fluvial incision (1)
- fluviale Einschneidung (1)
- flux tracking (1)
- fluxo de fluidos (1)
- focal mechanisms (1)
- folds (1)
- food web (1)
- foraminifera (1)
- fore-arc (1)
- forecast (1)
- foreland deformation (1)
- forest (1)
- forest conversion (1)
- forest management (1)
- forest structure (1)
- forestry (1)
- formation damage (1)
- foundation (1)
- fracture growth (1)
- fracture mechanics (1)
- fracture toughness (1)
- fracture transmissivity (1)
- fracture-controlled (1)
- frequency analysis (1)
- frictional properties (1)
- fundamental frequency (1)
- gabbros (1)
- gas geochemistry (1)
- gas hydrates (1)
- gas production (1)
- geführte Wellen (1)
- gegen den Uhrzeigersinn gerichtete Rotation von Krustenblöcken zwischen zwei überlappenden Riftsegmenten (1)
- gekoppelter Fluid-und Wärmetransport (1)
- gelatin (1)
- gemeinsame Inversion (1)
- geo-bio interaction (1)
- geodesy (1)
- geodynamic modeling (1)
- geodynamic models (1)
- geodynamische Modelle (1)
- geodynamische Modellierung (1)
- geohazards (1)
- geologic fault (1)
- geological hyperspectral image classification (1)
- geologische Störungen (1)
- geologische Verwerfung (1)
- geologische hyperspektrale Bildklassifikation (1)
- geomagnetic excursions (1)
- geomagnetic observatory data (1)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (1)
- geomagnetische Exkursionen (1)
- geomechanical modelling (1)
- geomechanics (1)
- geomechanische Modellierung (1)
- geophyics (1)
- geophysical methods (1)
- geophysikalische Methoden (1)
- geoquímica da alteração hidrotermal (1)
- geothermal (1)
- geothermal exploration (1)
- geothermal monitoring (1)
- geothermics (1)
- geothermische Exploration (1)
- geothermische Überwachung (1)
- geothermischer Reservoire (1)
- geschlossene Haubenmessmethode (1)
- gestreute Phasen (1)
- glacial hazards (1)
- glacial incision (1)
- glacial isostatic adjustment (1)
- glacial lake outburst floods (1)
- glacier (1)
- glacier forefield (1)
- glaciers (1)
- glass (1)
- glass structure (1)
- glasses (1)
- glaziale Einschneidung (1)
- global (1)
- global change (1)
- global flood model (1)
- global inversion (1)
- global monsoon (1)
- global navigation satellite systems (1)
- global vegetation model (1)
- globale Inversion (1)
- globale und lokale Muster des Klimas (1)
- globales Navigationssatellitensystem (1)
- globales Positionsbestimmungssystem (1)
- globales Überschwemmungsmodell (1)
- grain-size distribution (1)
- grandes movimientos en masa (1)
- granulite (1)
- graphite (1)
- gravimetry (1)
- grazing (1)
- green-green dilemma (1)
- greenhouse gases (1)
- gross primary production (1)
- ground motion modeling (1)
- ground motion variability (1)
- ground motions (1)
- ground penetrating radar (1)
- ground-motion modelling (1)
- ground-motion models (1)
- ground-penetrating radar (1)
- ground-penetration radar (1)
- groundwater evolution (1)
- groundwater level (1)
- groundwater recharge (1)
- groundwater surface water interaction (1)
- groundwater vulnerability (1)
- growing season (1)
- growth response (1)
- große Massenbewegungen (1)
- guided waves (1)
- gulf coastal plain (1)
- half-life (1)
- halophiles (1)
- hanging wall (1)
- hazard (1)
- hazard assessments (1)
- hazards (1)
- heat (1)
- heat-stress (1)
- helium (1)
- herzynische Orogenese (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- heterozoan carbonates (1)
- heterozoisch (1)
- heuristic analysis (1)
- high latitudes (1)
- high pressure (1)
- high pressure relicts (1)
- high temperature rock deformation (1)
- high-P metamorphism (1)
- high-intensity industrialized agricultural production systems (1)
- high-pressure (1)
- high-pressure incubation system (1)
- high-pressure metasediments (1)
- high-resolution record (1)
- hillslope diffusion (1)
- hillslope hydrology (1)
- historical earthquakes (1)
- historical geomagnetic storms (1)
- historische Erdbeben (1)
- hochdruckmetamorphe Sedimente (1)
- hollow cylinder experiments (1)
- holocene (1)
- horizontal-vertikales Spektralverhältnis (1)
- horizontaler Fluss (1)
- host rock scale (1)
- huddle test (1)
- human impact (1)
- hybrid modelling (1)
- hydrate (1)
- hydrate formation (1)
- hydrate habitus (1)
- hydraulic simulation (1)
- hydraulische Risserzeugung (1)
- hydraulisches Aufbrechen (1)
- hydro-meteorological risk (1)
- hydro-meteorologische Risiken (1)
- hydro-meterological hazards (1)
- hydroclimatology (1)
- hydrogel (1)
- hydrogenase (1)
- hydrogeology (1)
- hydrogravimetry (1)
- hydrological flow paths (1)
- hydrological modeling (1)
- hydrological monitoring and modelling (1)
- hydrologische Fließpfade (1)
- hydrologische Vorbedingungen (1)
- hydropower (1)
- hydrothermal (1)
- hydrothermal systems (1)
- hydrothermale Alteration (1)
- hydrothermale Systeme (1)
- hyperspectral remote sensing (1)
- hyperspektral (1)
- hyperspektral Fernerkundung (1)
- ice (1)
- ice dam (1)
- ice dynamics (1)
- ice sheet (1)
- identifying influential nodes (1)
- image processing (1)
- impact (1)
- impact assessment (1)
- in-situ analysis (1)
- in-situ remediation (1)
- in-stream processes (1)
- incipient continent-continent collision (1)
- indischer Monsun (1)
- induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (1)
- induzierte Seismizität (1)
- induzierten Seismizität (1)
- inherited structures (1)
- injection (1)
- injection scheme (1)
- innovation (1)
- insights (1)
- instrumental seismology (1)
- instrumentelle Seismologie (1)
- insurance (1)
- inter- and intra-station variability (1)
- interferometric SAR (InSAR) (1)
- interferometry (1)
- intermontane Becken (1)
- intermontane Talverfüllungen (1)
- intermontane basin (1)
- intermontane valley fill (1)
- internal structure (1)
- introgression (1)
- inundation (1)
- inverse Modellierung (1)
- inverse Modellirung (1)
- inverse modeling (1)
- ionic conductivity (1)
- ionosphere (1)
- ionospheric scale lengths (1)
- iron reduction (1)
- iron-rich sediment (1)
- isostatic uplift (1)
- isostatische Hebung (1)
- isotopic composition (1)
- isotopic fractionation (1)
- isturbance tracking (1)
- joint inversion (1)
- kerogen kinetics (1)
- kimmerische Orogenese (1)
- kombinatorische inverse Modellierung (1)
- komplexe Systeme (1)
- kontinuierlicher Simulationsansatz (1)
- kosmische Neutronenstrahlung (1)
- kosmische Strahlung (1)
- kosmogen (1)
- kosmogene Radionuklid-basierte Datierung (1)
- kritische Zone (1)
- krustale Spannungen (1)
- künstliche neurale Netzwerke (1)
- lacustrine record (1)
- lacustrine sediment (1)
- lake Donggi Cona (1)
- lake Meerfelder Maar (1)
- lake basins (1)
- lake catchments (1)
- lake drainage (1)
- lake mixing (1)
- lake sediment (1)
- lake system responses (1)
- lake systems (1)
- lakes water balance (1)
- lakustrine Abfolge (1)
- lamprophyre (1)
- land cover change (1)
- land use (1)
- land-use change (1)
- landforms (1)
- landscape preferences (1)
- landscape effects (1)
- landscape hydrology (1)
- landscape transience (1)
- larch species (1)
- large mass movements (1)
- laser heating (1)
- laser-geheizte Diamantstempelzelle (1)
- laser-heated Diamond Anvil Cell (1)
- last glacial period (1)
- late cenozoic stress field (1)
- late holocene (1)
- latitude ionosphere (1)
- lava fountains (1)
- lead (1)
- leaf wax (1)
- length measurements (1)
- lichenometry (1)
- lidar (1)
- lineare spektrale Entmischung (1)
- lipid biomarkers (1)
- lithium (1)
- lithosphere net rotation (1)
- lithosphere stress field (1)
- lithosphärisches Spannungsfeld (1)
- local Seismicity (1)
- localized deformation (1)
- localized flooding (1)
- logistic regression (1)
- lokale Seismitität (1)
- low flow (1)
- low molecular weight organic acids (1)
- low-intensity eco-agricultural production systems (1)
- lower crustal bodies (1)
- lower mantle (1)
- lower thermosphere (1)
- lunar tides (1)
- lunare Gezeiten (1)
- lysimeter (1)
- ländliche Entwicklung (1)
- macrophytes (1)
- magma assisted continental rifting (1)
- magma degassing (1)
- magma-poor (1)
- magmagestütztes kontinentales Rifting (1)
- magmatic (1)
- magmatic arc (1)
- magmatic-hydrothermal systems (1)
- magmatisch (1)
- magmatisch-hydrothermale Systeme (1)
- magmatism (1)
- magnesite (1)
- magnetic field (1)
- magnetic polarisation direction (1)
- magnetische Polarisationsrichtung (1)
- magnetosphere (1)
- magnetostratigraphy (1)
- magnetotelluric (1)
- manaderos de petróleo (1)
- mantle (1)
- margins (1)
- marine sediments (1)
- marine terrace (1)
- marine terraces (1)
- mass (1)
- mass extinction (1)
- mass wasting (1)
- matríz mineral (1)
- maturity-related biomarkers (1)
- mecanismos de disparo (1)
- mehrfache Stressfaktoren (1)
- melilitite (1)
- melt inclusions (1)
- melt structure (1)
- menschliche Einflüsse (1)
- metagenomic analysis (1)
- metal recycling plants (1)
- metaophiolite (1)
- metasomatism (1)
- meteoric 10Be (1)
- methane (1)
- microbial methane oxidation (1)
- microplate (1)
- microseismicity (1)
- microsructure (1)
- microstructural deformation mechanisms (1)
- microstructures (1)
- microtopography (1)
- microzonation (1)
- mid-latitude Westerlies (1)
- middle Miocene (1)
- middle atmosphere (1)
- migration (1)
- mikrobielle Gemeinschaften (1)
- mikrobielle aerobe Methanoxidation (1)
- mine face mapping (1)
- mineral composition (1)
- mineral mapping (1)
- mineral matrix (1)
- mineral reaction (1)
- mineral weathering reactions (1)
- mineralische Matrix (1)
- mitochondrial haplotypes (1)
- mittleres Miozän (1)
- mixture models (1)
- modelling error sources (1)
- modifizierte räumliche Autkorrelationsmethode (1)
- molecular biomarkers (1)
- molekulare Biomarker (1)
- molybdenum (1)
- moment tensors (1)
- monazite (1)
- mountain geomorphology (1)
- mountain hydrology (1)
- mountain rivers (1)
- mountainous rivers (1)
- multi-equilibrium thermobarometry (1)
- multi-hazard (1)
- multi-proxy approach (1)
- multi-slab (1)
- multi-stage exhumation (1)
- multiple stress factors (1)
- multiscale network (1)
- multispectral (1)
- multitemporal (1)
- multivariate Statistik (1)
- multivariate statistics (1)
- muscovite (1)
- music information retrieval (1)
- musical scales (1)
- musikalische Tonleitern (1)
- n-alkane (1)
- n-alkanes (1)
- nZVI (1)
- nachaltige Städteentwicklung (1)
- nachhaltige Entwicklung (1)
- nano zero-valent iron (1)
- nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) (1)
- natural dams (1)
- natural hazard management (1)
- natural risks (1)
- natürlichen Ölaustritten (1)
- near-surface geophysics (1)
- near-vertical seismic reflection (1)
- nearshore zone (1)
- neodymium (1)
- neogene (1)
- neon (1)
- net ecosystem exchange (1)
- network (1)
- neutron field (1)
- neutrons (1)
- next generation sequencing (1)
- nicht-monetäre Bewertung (1)
- nichtisothermer Mehrphasenfluss (1)
- nightlights (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- noble gas (1)
- noble gas isotopes (1)
- noise cross (1)
- noise reduction (1)
- non-destructive testing (1)
- non-isothermal multiphase flow (1)
- non-monetary valuation (1)
- nonstationarity (1)
- normal faulting (1)
- north-atlantic (1)
- northern Andes (1)
- northern seward peninsula (1)
- nuclear waste disposal (1)
- nuclides (1)
- numerical (1)
- numerical models (1)
- numerisch (1)
- numerische Modelle (1)
- numerische Strömungsmechanik (1)
- nutrient emissions (1)
- nutrient retention (1)
- nutrients (1)
- nördliche Anden (1)
- nördliche hohe Breitengrade (1)
- oberflächennahe Geophysik (1)
- oberflächennahe Geophysík (1)
- object based image analysis (1)
- object-based damage modeling (1)
- object-based image analysis (1)
- objektbasierte Bildanalyse (1)
- observational seismology (1)
- occurrence rate (1)
- ocean acidification (1)
- oceanic crust (1)
- offene Daten (1)
- offener Tagebau (1)
- oil seeps (1)
- oligocene climate (1)
- onset times (1)
- open (1)
- open data (1)
- open pit mining (1)
- operational service (1)
- ophiolite (1)
- opinion (1)
- optical data (1)
- optical properties (1)
- optimal array configuration (1)
- optimale Array-Konfiguration (1)
- optische Eigenschaften (1)
- ore (1)
- ore deposit (1)
- organic carbon (1)
- organic matter (1)
- organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- organisches Material (1)
- organofacies (1)
- origination (1)
- orogenic evolution (1)
- orogenic peridotite (1)
- orogeny (1)
- ortsverteile faseroptische Dehnungsmessung (1)
- ostafrikanisches Riftsystem (1)
- outburst floods (1)
- oxygen and carbon stable isotopes (1)
- oxygen isotope (1)
- oxygen isotopes (1)
- ozeanische Kruste (1)
- pH (1)
- palaeoclimatology (1)
- palaeoecology (1)
- palaeointensity (1)
- palaeolimnology (1)
- palaeomagnetism (1)
- paleo-lake Mweru (1)
- paleo-sediment (1)
- paleo-strain calculation (1)
- paleo-topography (1)
- paleoaltimetry (1)
- paleofloods (1)
- paleogeography (1)
- paleohydrology (1)
- paleolimnology (1)
- paleosecular variations (1)
- paleosol sequence (1)
- paleotemperature (1)
- panafrican orogeny (1)
- panafrikanische Orogenese (1)
- parallel seismic (1)
- part 1 (1)
- participatory mapping (1)
- particle swarm optimisation (1)
- passive Seismik (1)
- passive microwave (1)
- passive seismic (1)
- pattern recognition (1)
- patterns (1)
- percolation (1)
- periglacial landscape evolution (1)
- periglacial landscapes (1)
- periglaziale Landschaften (1)
- periglaziale Landschaftsentwicklung (1)
- permafrost degradation (1)
- permafrost disturbances (1)
- permafrost ecosystems (1)
- permafrost landscapes (1)
- permafrost regions (1)
- permafrost sediments (1)
- permafrost thaw (1)
- permafrost thaw disturbances (1)
- permanent deformation (1)
- permanente Verformung (1)
- permeability (1)
- permeability evolution (1)
- permeability test (1)
- petrology (1)
- petrothermal systems (1)
- petrothermale Systeme (1)
- petrothermales System (EGS) (1)
- phasepicker (1)
- phytoplankton distribution (1)
- picker (1)
- pile (1)
- plant ecology (1)
- plant waxes (1)
- plant-habitat interactions (1)
- plate boundary friction (1)
- plate motions (1)
- plate tectonics (1)
- plateau uplift (1)
- plum (1)
- plume (1)
- plume-ridge interaction (1)
- pluvial flooding (1)
- pluvial floods (1)
- plötzliche stratosphärische Erwärmungsereignisse (1)
- point cloud (1)
- polar ice (1)
- polares Eis (1)
- polarimetric decompositions (1)
- polarimetrische Dekompositionen (1)
- pollen (1)
- pollution (1)
- pollution indices (1)
- poly(lactic acid) (1)
- polymictic lakes (1)
- polymiktische Seen (1)
- polynya (1)
- porphyry copper deposit (1)
- potentially affected areas (PAA) (1)
- potentially toxic elements (1)
- precision horticulture (1)
- pressure solution (1)
- pressures (1)
- principal components (1)
- prior derivation (1)
- probabilistic approach (1)
- probabilistic approaches (1)
- probabilistischer Ansatz (1)
- process identification (1)
- production rates (1)
- productivity (1)
- propagation (1)
- psychology (1)
- quantitative data (1)
- quartäre Geochronologie (1)
- quaternary (1)
- radar satellite interferometry (1)
- radiación y propiedades químicas (1)
- radial flow (1)
- radiale Strömung (1)
- radiation and chemical properties (1)
- radiation-damage (1)
- radiocarbon age dating (1)
- radiogene Wärmeproduktion (1)
- radiogenic heat production (1)
- radiogenic heat-production (1)
- radiogenic isotopes (1)
- radiolyse (1)
- radiolysis (1)
- radiólisis (1)
- railway infrastructure (1)
- railway transportation (1)
- rainfall (1)
- rainstorm (1)
- ramp (1)
- random vibration (1)
- range shifts (1)
- rapid damage mapping (1)
- rapid earthquake impact assessment (1)
- rate-state friction (1)
- reaction path modelling (1)
- reactivation (1)
- reactive transport groundwater model (1)
- reactive transport simulation (1)
- reaktive Transportsimulation (1)
- reaktives Grundwassermodell (1)
- real-time application (1)
- recovery (1)
- recurrence (1)
- recurrence network (1)
- recurrence plot (1)
- recycling (1)
- reduction (1)
- reef (1)
- reflection (1)
- reflection seismics (1)
- reflection seismology (1)
- regimes (1)
- regionale Hydrologie (1)
- regionales Klimamodell (1)
- regression analysis (1)
- regularization (1)
- release (1)
- remediation (1)
- remote sensing data (1)
- renewable energy (1)
- required minimum runoff (1)
- reservoir (1)
- residential buildings (1)
- residuals (1)
- resources (1)
- response spectra (1)
- response time (1)
- retrogressive thaw slump (1)
- retrogressiven Auftaurutschungen (1)
- rheology (1)
- rhizosphere (1)
- ridge subduction (1)
- ridge-collision (1)
- rift (1)
- rift segments interaction (1)
- ring-fault (1)
- riparian zone (1)
- risk analysis (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk management cycle (1)
- risk model chain (1)
- river discharge (1)
- river sediment (1)
- rivers (1)
- rock fracture (1)
- rock glaciers (1)
- rock mass (1)
- rock mechanics (1)
- rock-water interaction (1)
- rockmagnetism (1)
- rockslide (1)
- rotation (1)
- rotational seismology (1)
- roughness (1)
- rupture (1)
- rural development (1)
- russische Arktis (1)
- rutile-type (1)
- räumlich explizit (1)
- räumliche Aggregation (1)
- räumliche Analyse (1)
- räumliche Autkorrelationsmethode (1)
- räumliche Autokorrelation (1)
- räumliche Kalibrierung (1)
- räumliche Variabilität (1)
- räumliche Wiederkehr (1)
- saisonale Arbeitsmigration (1)
- saline Seen (1)
- saline lakes (1)
- saline pan (1)
- saline pan cycle (1)
- salt dissolution (1)
- salt rock (1)
- san andreas fault (1)
- sandstones (1)
- saprolite (1)
- satellite images (1)
- savanna (1)
- savanna ecology (1)
- scattered phases (1)
- scatterer location (1)
- scenario (1)
- schnelle Einschätzung von Erdbebenauswirkungen (1)
- sea (1)
- sea-level projections (1)
- seasonal labor migration (1)
- seasonality (1)
- sedaDNA (1)
- sediment (1)
- sediment fingerprinting (1)
- sediment routing (1)
- sediment source fingerprinting (1)
- sediment thickness (1)
- sediment transit time (1)
- sediment transport (1)
- sediment transport modelling (1)
- sediment trap (1)
- sediment volume (1)
- sediment-routing system (1)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (1)
- sedimentary basin (1)
- sedimentary basins (1)
- sedimentary dynamics (1)
- sedimentary environments (1)
- sedimentary facies (1)
- sedimentary microbes (1)
- sedimentary organic matter (1)
- sedimentary record (1)
- sedimentation pattern (1)
- sedimentology (1)
- sediments (1)
- sedimentäre Systeme (1)
- sedimentäre alte DNA (1)
- seismic (1)
- seismic array (1)
- seismic attenuation (1)
- seismic attributes (1)
- seismic cycle modeling (1)
- seismic event localization (1)
- seismic imaging (1)
- seismic interferometry (1)
- seismic interpretation (1)
- seismic measurements (1)
- seismic monitoring (1)
- seismic sequence stratigraphy (1)
- seismic signal processing (1)
- seismic source inversion (1)
- seismic source-time function estimation (1)
- seismic velocities (1)
- seismic velocity (1)
- seismicity and tectonics (1)
- seismicity modelling (1)
- seismics (1)
- seismische Attribute (1)
- seismische Dämpfung (1)
- seismische Ereignislokalisierung (1)
- seismische Geschwindigkeit (1)
- seismische Geschwindigkeiten (1)
- seismische Interpretation (1)
- seismische Messungen (1)
- seismische Rauschen (1)
- seismische Sequenzstratigraphie (1)
- seismische Stapelungs-Methode (1)
- seismische Tomographie (1)
- seismisches Array (1)
- seismogene Kopplungszone (1)
- seismogenic coupling zone (1)
- seismology ; PKP caustic point B ; diffraction of PKP core phases ; decay spectra of waveform data ; transition zone to the earth's inner core ; Germa (1)
- seismotectonic (1)
- seltene Erden (1)
- sensors (1)
- shadow detection (1)
- shale strength (1)
- shallow geophysics (1)
- shallow-water carbonates (1)
- shear zones (1)
- shoreline (1)
- shorelines (1)
- shotgun sequencing (1)
- signal formation (1)
- silicate melt (1)
- silicate melts (1)
- silicate weathering (1)
- silicon (1)
- silikatische Schmelzen (1)
- simulation on a day-to-day-basis (1)
- simulation-based attribution (1)
- simulações numéricas (1)
- singleslab (1)
- sistemas magmático-hidrotermais (1)
- site characterization (1)
- skarn (1)
- skill (1)
- slags (1)
- slope failure (1)
- small baseline subset (SBAS) (1)
- snow avalanches (1)
- snow detection (1)
- social (1)
- soil constituents mapping (1)
- soil heterogeneity (1)
- soil hydrology (1)
- soil landscape (1)
- soil moisture patterns (1)
- soil water content (1)
- soils (1)
- sorption (1)
- source array (1)
- source array optimal design (1)
- source direction (1)
- source duration (1)
- source model (1)
- source parameters (1)
- source-to-sink (1)
- southern Turkey (1)
- spatial aggregation (1)
- spatial analyses (1)
- spatial autocorrelation (1)
- spatial calibration (1)
- spatial correlation (1)
- spatial recurrence (1)
- spatial scales (1)
- spatial variability (1)
- spatial-distribution (1)
- spatially explicit (1)
- special sensor microwave imager (1)
- special sensor microwave imager/sounder (1)
- spectral adjustment (1)
- spectral unmixing (1)
- spectro-directional (1)
- spektro-direktional (1)
- spherical harmonics (1)
- spread F (1)
- spröde Deformation (1)
- spätes Holozän (1)
- stabilen Isotopen (1)
- stable isotope (1)
- stalagmites (1)
- starker Konvektion (1)
- state-transition models (1)
- statistical seismology (1)
- statistische Seismologie (1)
- steep-angle analysis of PcP (1)
- stochastic algorithms (1)
- stratigraphic forward modelling (1)
- stratigraphische Vorwärtsmodellierung (1)
- stratigraphy (1)
- streambed morphology (1)
- streamflow variability (1)
- strength (1)
- stress (1)
- stress changes (1)
- stress measurement (1)
- stress modeling (1)
- stress partitioning (1)
- stress pattern (1)
- strike-slip (1)
- strike-slip faults (1)
- structural inheritance (1)
- structural modelling (1)
- structure from motion (1)
- strukturelle Kontrolle (1)
- subduction earthquake (1)
- subduction-accretionary complexes (1)
- subduktions-akkretions Komplexe (1)
- subrosion (1)
- subsidence analysis (1)
- subsidence history (1)
- subsurface (1)
- subsurface biosphere (1)
- sudden stratospheric warming (1)
- sulfate reduction (1)
- sulphate reduction (1)
- summer monsoon (1)
- superconducting gravimeter (SG) (1)
- supervised machine learning (1)
- surface (1)
- surface evolution (1)
- surface exposure dating (1)
- surface reflectance (1)
- surface urban heat island effect (1)
- surface water flooding (1)
- susceptibility of the European electricity sector (1)
- suspended sediments (1)
- sustainable development (1)
- sustainable urban development (1)
- sustained casing pressure (1)
- suture zones (1)
- swarm mission (1)
- switzerland (1)
- synchronization (1)
- syntaxis (1)
- synthetic array beam power (1)
- synthetic hydrate samples (1)
- synthetic sandstone (1)
- synthetic seismograms (1)
- synthetische Array-Strahlleistung (1)
- synthetische Hydratproben (1)
- synthetische Seismogramme (1)
- systems (1)
- tagesaktuelle Simulation (1)
- tectonic evolution (1)
- tectonic inversion (1)
- tectonic stress (1)
- tectonic uplift (1)
- tektonische Hebung (1)
- tektonische Spannungen (1)
- teleseismic rupture tracking (1)
- teleseismische Bruchverfolgung (1)
- temperature changes (1)
- temperature field analysis (1)
- temporal gravity variations (1)
- tensile Anteile (1)
- tensile earthquake (1)
- tensile earthquakes (1)
- terrigenous input (1)
- theory (1)
- thermal conductivity (1)
- thermal model (1)
- thermal modelling (1)
- thermal properties (1)
- thermisches Feld (1)
- thermisches Modell (1)
- thermo-mechanical modeling (1)
- thermo-mechanics (1)
- thermo-mechanische Modellierung (1)
- thermobarometry (1)
- thermochemical mantle convection (1)
- thermochemischer Mantelkonvektion (1)
- thermodynamic and kinetic properties (1)
- thermodynamic modelling (1)
- thermodynamische Modellierungen (1)
- thermodynamische und kinetische Eigenschaften (1)
- thermoerosion (1)
- thermokarst lakes (1)
- thermokarst processes (1)
- thickness-displacement relationships (1)
- thrust belts (1)
- tibetan plateau (1)
- tide gauge observations (1)
- tiefer Kohlenstoff (1)
- tiefes Lernen (1)
- time dependent (1)
- time scale (1)
- time-scale (1)
- time-series analysis (1)
- time-series mapping (1)
- tin (1)
- tomography (1)
- topography (1)
- tourmaline (1)
- trace element partitioning (1)
- traditional Georgian music (1)
- traditionelle Georgische Musik (1)
- transferability (1)
- transform fault (1)
- transformation of hydrological signals (1)
- transient earthquake patterns (1)
- transiente Erdbebenmuster (1)
- transit-time (1)
- transnational migration (1)
- transnationale Migration (1)
- transnationalism (1)
- transport processes (1)
- travel time distributions (1)
- traveltime (1)
- tree water status (1)
- treeline (1)
- trend analyses (1)
- trend attribution (1)
- trend detection (1)
- trend drivers (1)
- triaxial deformation experiments (1)
- triaxiale Deformationsexperimente (1)
- trigger mechanism (1)
- tritium assay (1)
- tropical biodiversity (1)
- tropical swamp (1)
- tsunami early warning (1)
- tsunami risk (1)
- tundra (1)
- tundra–taiga ecotone (1)
- tungsten-tin deposits (1)
- turbidity modelling (1)
- turmalina (1)
- typhoons (1)
- ultra-low velocity zones (1)
- ultrasound (1)
- uncertainties (1)
- uncertainty estimation (1)
- unconventional shale (1)
- underground coal gasification (1)
- united states (1)
- unkonventionelle Schiefer (1)
- unterer Mantel (1)
- upper mantle density heterogeneities (1)
- upper mantle viscosity structure (1)
- uranium (1)
- uranium-lead-dating (1)
- urban development (1)
- urban efficiency (1)
- urban form (1)
- urban heat island effect (1)
- urban infill development (1)
- varve (1)
- varved sediments (1)
- vegetation cover (1)
- vegetation history (1)
- vegetation states (1)
- vegetation trajectories (1)
- vegetation-climate feedbacks (1)
- vegetation‐climate‐fire‐soil feedbacks (1)
- velocity model (1)
- velocity structure (1)
- verbesserte geothermische Systeme (1)
- verstärkende Seen (1)
- vertical coupling (1)
- vertikale Kuppelung (1)
- vertikaler Fluss (1)
- very slow moving landslide (1)
- video analysis (1)
- virtual active seismic (1)
- virtuelle aktive Seismik (1)
- volcanic glass (1)
- volcanic hazard assessment (1)
- volcanic hydrothermal systems (1)
- volcanic seismology (1)
- volcanic tremor (1)
- volcaniclastics (1)
- volcanism (1)
- volcano deformation (1)
- volcano remote sensing (1)
- volcano seismology (1)
- volcanology (1)
- voring basin (1)
- vulkanische Entgasungs-und Hydrothermalsysteme (1)
- vulkanische Entgasungssysteme (1)
- vulkanischer Gläser (1)
- vulkanischer Tremor (1)
- wasting (1)
- water age (1)
- water balance model (1)
- water budget (1)
- water fluxes (1)
- water monitoring (1)
- water quality (1)
- water quality modelling (1)
- water resources (1)
- water rock interactions (1)
- water storage changes (1)
- water vapour (1)
- wave scattering and diffraction (1)
- wave velocities (1)
- weakening mechanisms (1)
- weather (1)
- weather pattern (1)
- weather patterns (1)
- weathering feedback (1)
- wetland (1)
- wetlands (1)
- wind energy production (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity (1)
- wind gusts (1)
- winderosion (1)
- winds (1)
- winter (1)
- wood compost (1)
- x-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- zeitabhängige Gravitationsvariation (1)
- zentral-östliches Beringia (1)
- zentrale Anden (1)
- zentralen Anden (1)
- zinc (1)
- zirkulare Statistik (1)
- Ästuar (1)
- Ätna (1)
- Ökohydrologie (1)
- Östliches Karoo-Becken (1)
- Überschwemmungen (1)
- Überschwemmungsflächen (1)
- Überwachung (1)
- Þeistareykir Iceland (1)
- Þeistareykir Island (1)
- äquatorialen Plasma-Verarmungen (1)
- äquatorialer Elektrojet (1)
- ökohydrologische Modellierung (1)
- ökologische Modellierung (1)
- ökonomische Auswirkungen (1)
- östlich-südzentrale Anden (1)
- östliche Kordillere (1)
- δ18O and δ13C stabile Isotope (1)
- δ18O and δ13C stable isotopes (1)
Institute
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (509) (remove)
A comprehensive study on seismic hazard and earthquake triggering is crucial for effective mitigation of earthquake risks. The destructive nature of earthquakes motivates researchers to work on forecasting despite the apparent randomness of the earthquake occurrences. Understanding their underlying mechanisms and patterns is vital, given their potential for widespread devastation and loss of life. This thesis combines methodologies, including Coulomb stress calculations and aftershock analysis, to shed light on earthquake complexities, ultimately enhancing seismic hazard assessment.
The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) criterion is widely used to predict the spatial distributions of aftershocks following large earthquakes. However, uncertainties associated with CFS calculations arise from non-unique slip inversions and unknown fault networks, particularly due to the choice of the assumed aftershocks (receiver) mechanisms. Recent studies have proposed alternative stress quantities and deep neural network approaches as superior to CFS with predefined receiver mechanisms. To challenge these propositions, I utilized 289 slip inversions from the SRCMOD database to calculate more realistic CFS values for a layered-half space and variable receiver mechanisms. The analysis also investigates the impact of magnitude cutoff, grid size variation, and aftershock duration on the ranking of stress metrics using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results reveal the performance of stress metrics significantly improves after accounting for receiver variability and for larger aftershocks and shorter time periods, without altering the relative ranking of the different stress metrics.
To corroborate Coulomb stress calculations with the findings of earthquake source studies in more detail, I studied the source properties of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and its aftershocks, aiming to unravel the seismotectonics of the NW Himalayan syntaxis. I simultaneously relocated the mainshock and its largest aftershocks using phase data, followed by a comprehensive analysis of Coulomb stress changes on the aftershock planes. By computing the Coulomb failure stress changes on the aftershock faults, I found that all large aftershocks lie in regions of positive stress change, indicating triggering by either co-seismic or post-seismic slip on the mainshock fault.
Finally, I investigated the relationship between mainshock-induced stress changes and associated seismicity parameters, in particular those of the frequency-magnitude (Gutenberg-Richter) distribution and the temporal aftershock decay (Omori-Utsu law). For that purpose, I used my global data set of 127 mainshock-aftershock sequences with the calculated Coulomb Stress (ΔCFS) and the alternative receiver-independent stress metrics in the vicinity of the mainshocks and analyzed the aftershocks properties depend on the stress values. Surprisingly, the results show a clear positive correlation between the Gutenberg-Richter b-value and induced stress, contrary to expectations from laboratory experiments. This observation highlights the significance of structural heterogeneity and strength variations in seismicity patterns. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that aftershock productivity increases nonlinearly with stress, while the Omori-Utsu parameters c and p systematically decrease with increasing stress changes. These partly unexpected findings have significant implications for future estimations of aftershock hazard.
The findings in this thesis provides valuable insights into earthquake triggering mechanisms by examining the relationship between stress changes and aftershock occurrence. The results contribute to improved understanding of earthquake behavior and can aid in the development of more accurate probabilistic-seismic hazard forecasts and risk reduction strategies.
Strong hydroclimatic controls on vulnerability to subsurface nitrate contamination across Europe
(2020)
Subsurface contamination due to excessive nutrient surpluses is a persistent and widespread problem in agricultural areas across Europe. The vulnerability of a particular location to pollution from reactive solutes, such as nitrate, is determined by the interplay between hydrologic transport and biogeochemical transformations. Current studies on the controls of subsurface vulnerability do not consider the transient behaviour of transport dynamics in the root zone. Here, using state-of-the-art hydrologic simulations driven by observed hydroclimatic forcing, we demonstrate the strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity of hydrologic transport dynamics and reveal that these dynamics are primarily controlled by the hydroclimatic gradient of the aridity index across Europe. Contrasting the space-time dynamics of transport times with reactive timescales of denitrification in soil indicate that similar to 75% of the cultivated areas across Europe are potentially vulnerable to nitrate leaching for at least onethird of the year. We find that neglecting the transient nature of transport and reaction timescale results in a great underestimation of the extent of vulnerable regions by almost 50%. Therefore, future vulnerability and risk assessment studies must account for the transient behaviour of transport and biogeochemical transformation processes.
Rapidly growing seismic and macroseismic databases and simplified access to advanced machine learning methods have in recent years opened up vast opportunities to address challenges in engineering and strong motion seismology from novel, datacentric perspectives. In this thesis, I explore the opportunities of such perspectives for the tasks of ground motion modeling and rapid earthquake impact assessment, tasks with major implications for long-term earthquake disaster mitigation.
In my first study, I utilize the rich strong motion database from the Kanto basin, Japan, and apply the U-Net artificial neural network architecture to develop a deep learning based ground motion model. The operational prototype provides statistical estimates of expected ground shaking, given descriptions of a specific earthquake source, wave propagation paths, and geophysical site conditions. The U-Net interprets ground motion data in its spatial context, potentially taking into account, for example, the geological properties in the vicinity of observation sites. Predictions of ground motion intensity are thereby calibrated to individual observation sites and earthquake locations.
The second study addresses the explicit incorporation of rupture forward directivity into ground motion modeling. Incorporation of this phenomenon, causing strong, pulse like ground shaking in the vicinity of earthquake sources, is usually associated with an intolerable increase in computational demand during probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) calculations. I suggest an approach in which I utilize an artificial neural network to efficiently approximate the average, directivity-related adjustment to ground motion predictions for earthquake ruptures from the 2022 New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model. The practical implementation in an actual PSHA calculation demonstrates the efficiency and operational readiness of my model. In a follow-up study, I present a proof of concept for an alternative strategy in which I target the generalizing applicability to ruptures other than those from the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model.
In the third study, I address the usability of pseudo-intensity reports obtained from macroseismic observations by non-expert citizens for rapid impact assessment. I demonstrate that the statistical properties of pseudo-intensity collections describing the intensity of shaking are correlated with the societal impact of earthquakes. In a second step, I develop a probabilistic model that, within minutes of an event, quantifies the probability of an earthquake to cause considerable societal impact. Under certain conditions, such a quick and preliminary method might be useful to support decision makers in their efforts to organize auxiliary measures for earthquake disaster response while results from more elaborate impact assessment frameworks are not yet available.
The application of machine learning methods to datasets that only partially reveal characteristics of Big Data, qualify the majority of results obtained in this thesis as explorative insights rather than ready-to-use solutions to real world problems. The practical usefulness of this work will be better assessed in the future by applying the approaches developed to growing and increasingly complex data sets.
We present a new set of global and local sea‐level projections at example tide gauge locations under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios. Compared to the CMIP5‐based sea‐level projections presented in IPCC AR5, we introduce a number of methodological innovations, including (i) more comprehensive treatment of uncertainties, (ii) direct traceability between global and local projections, and (iii) exploratory extended projections to 2300 based on emulation of individual CMIP5 models. Combining the projections with observed tide gauge records, we explore the contribution to total variance that arises from sea‐level variability, different emissions scenarios, and model uncertainty. For the period out to 2300 we further breakdown the model uncertainty by sea‐level component and consider the dependence on geographic location, time horizon, and emissions scenario. Our analysis highlights the importance of local variability for sea‐level change in the coming decades and the potential value of annual‐to‐decadal predictions of local sea‐level change. Projections to 2300 show a substantial degree of committed sea‐level rise under all emissions scenarios considered and highlight the reduced future risk associated with RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 compared to RCP8.5. Tide gauge locations can show large ( > 50%) departures from the global average, in some cases even reversing the sign of the change. While uncertainty in projections of the future Antarctic ice dynamic response tends to dominate post‐2100, we see substantial differences in the breakdown of model variance as a function of location, time scale, and emissions scenario.
Lake sediments are increasingly explored as reliable paleoflood archives. In addition to established flood proxies including detrital layer thickness, chemical composition, and grain size, we explore stable oxygen and carbon isotope data as paleoflood proxies for lakes in catchments with carbonate bedrock geology. In a case study from Lake Mondsee (Austria), we integrate high-resolution sediment trapping at a proximal and a distal location and stable isotope analyses of varved lake sediments to investigate flood-triggered detrital sediment flux. First, we demonstrate a relation between runoff, detrital sediment flux, and isotope values in the sediment trap record covering the period 2011-2013 CE including 22 events with daily (hourly) peak runoff ranging from 10 (24) m(3) s(-1) to 79 (110) m(3) s(-1). The three- to ten-fold lower flood-triggered detrital sediment deposition in the distal trap is well reflected by attenuated peaks in the stable isotope values of trapped sediments. Next, we show that all nine flood-triggered detrital layers deposited in a sediment record from 1988 to 2013 have elevated isotope values compared with endogenic calcite. In addition, even two runoff events that did not cause the deposition of visible detrital layers are distinguished by higher isotope values. Empirical thresholds in the isotope data allow estimation of magnitudes of the majority of floods, although in some cases flood magnitudes are overestimated because local effects can result in too-high isotope values. Hence we present a proof of concept for stable isotopes as reliable tool for reconstructing flood frequency and, although with some limitations, even for flood magnitudes.
Diet analysis of bats killed at wind turbines suggests large-scale losses of trophic interactions
(2022)
Agricultural practice has led to landscape simplification and biodiversity decline, yet recently, energy-producing infrastructures, such as wind turbines, have been added to these simplified agroecosystems, turning them into multi-functional energy-agroecosystems. Here, we studied the trophic interactions of bats killed at wind turbines using a DNA metabarcoding approach to shed light on how turbine-related bat fatalities may possibly affect local habitats. Specifically, we identified insect DNA in the stomachs of common noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) killed by wind turbines in Germany to infer in which habitats these bats hunted. Common noctule bats consumed a wide variety of insects from different habitats, ranging from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., wetlands, farmland, forests, and grasslands). Agricultural and silvicultural pest insects made up about 20% of insect species consumed by the studied bats. Our study suggests that the potential damage of wind energy production goes beyond the loss of bats and the decline of bat populations. Bat fatalities at wind turbines may lead to the loss of trophic interactions and ecosystem services provided by bats, which may add to the functional simplification and impaired crop production, respectively, in multi-functional ecosystems.
The sediment profile from Lake Goscia(z) over dot in central Poland comprises a continuous, seasonally resolved and exceptionally well-preserved archive of the Younger Dryas (YD) climate variation. This provides a unique opportunity for detailed investigation of lake system responses during periods of rapid climate cooling (YD onset) and warming (YD termination). The new varve record of Lake Goscia(z) over dot presented here spans 1662 years from the late Allerod (AL) to the early Preboreal (PB). Microscopic varve counting provides an independent chronology with a YD duration of 1149+14/-22 years, which confirms previous results of 1140 +/- 40 years. We link stable oxygen isotopes and chironomid-based air temperature reconstructions with the response of various geochemical and varve microfacies proxies especially focusing on the onset and termination of the YD. Cooling at the YD onset lasted similar to 180 years, which is about a century longer than the terminal warming that was completed in similar to 70 years. During the AL/YD transition, environmental proxy data lagged the onset of cooling by similar to 90 years and revealed an increase of lake productivity and internal lake re-suspension as well as slightly higher detrital sediment input. In contrast, rapid warming and environmental changes during the YD/PB transition occurred simultaneously. However, initial changes such as declining diatom deposition and detrital input occurred already a few centuries before the rapid warming at the YD/PB transition. These environmental changes likely reflect a gradual increase in summer air temperatures already during the YD. Our data indicate complex and differing environmental responses to the major climate changes related to the YD, which involve different proxy sensitivities and threshold processes.
Large rock slope failures play a pivotal role in long-term landscape evolution and are a major concern in land use planning and hazard aspects. While the failure phase and the time immediately prior to failure are increasingly well studied, the nature of the preparation phase remains enigmatic. This knowledge gap is due, to a large degree, to difficulties associated with instrumenting high mountain terrain and the local nature of classic monitoring methods, which does not allow integral observation of large rock volumes. Here, we analyse data from a small network of up to seven seismic sensors installed during July-October 2018 (with 43 days of data loss) at the summit of the Hochvogel, a 2592 m high Alpine peak. We develop proxy time series indicative of cyclic and progressive changes of the summit. Modal analysis, horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio data and end-member modelling analysis reveal diurnal cycles of increasing and decreasing coupling stiffness of a 260,000 m(3) large, instable rock volume, due to thermal forcing. Relative seismic wave velocity changes also indicate diurnal accumulation and release of stress within the rock mass. At longer time scales, there is a systematic superimposed pattern of stress increased over multiple days and episodic stress release within a few days, expressed in an increased emission of short seismic pulses indicative of rock cracking. Our data provide essential first order information on the development of large-scale slope instabilities towards catastrophic failure. (c) 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
The Big Naryn Complex (BNC) in the East Djetim-Too Range of the Kyrgyz Middle Tianshan block is a tectonized, at least 2 km thick sequence of predominantly felsic to intermediate volcanic rocks intruded by porphyric rhyolite sills. It overlies a basement of metamorphic rocks and is overlain by late Neoproterozoic Djetim-Too Formation sediments; these also occur as tectonic intercalations in the BNC. The up to ca. 1100 m thick Lower Member is composed of predominantly rhyolites-to-dacites and minor basalts, while the at least 900 m thick pyroclastic Upper Member is dominated by rhyolitic-to-dacitic ignimbrites. Porphyric rhyolite sills are concentrated at the top of the Lower Member. A Lower Member rhyolite and a sill sample have LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon crystallization ages of 726.1 +/- 2.2 Ma and 720.3 +/- 6.5 Ma, respectively, showing that most of the magmatism occurred within a short time span in the late Tonian-early Cryogenian. Inherited zircons in the sill sample have Neoarchean (2.63, 2.64 Ga), Paleo- (2.33-1.81 Ga), Meso- (1.55 Ga), and Neoproterozoic (ca. 815 Ma) ages, and were derived from a heterogeneous Kuilyu Complex basement. A 1751 +/- 7 Ma Ar-40/Ar-39 age for amphibole from metagabbro is the age of cooling subsequent to Paleoproterozoic metamorphism of the Kuilyu Complex. The large amount of pyroclastic rocks, and their major and trace element compositions, the presence of Neoarchean to Neoproterozoic inherited zircons and a depositional basement of metamorphic rocks point to formation of the BNC in a continental magmatic arc setting.
The Salt Range in Pakistan exposes Precambrian to Pleistocene strata outcropping along the Salt Range Thrust (SRT). To better understand the in-situ Cambrian and Pliocene tectonic evolution of the Pakistan Subhimalaya, we have conducted low-temperature thermochronological analysis using apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He and fission track dating. We combine cooling ages from different samples located along the thrust front of the SRT into a thermal model that shows two major cooling events associated with rifting and regional erosion in the Late Palaeozoic and SRT activity since the Pliocene. Our results suggest that the SRT maintained a long-term average shortening rate of similar to 5-6 mm/yr and a high exhumation rate above the SRT ramp since similar to 4 Ma.
The simulation of broad-band (0.1 to 10 + Hz) ground-shaking over deep and spatially extended sedimentary basins at regional scales is challenging. We evaluate the ground-shaking of a potential M 6.5 earthquake in the southern Lower Rhine Embayment, one of the most important areas of earthquake recurrence north of the Alps, close to the city of Cologne in Germany. In a first step, information from geological investigations, seismic experiments and boreholes is combined for deriving a harmonized 3D velocity and attenuation model of the sedimentary layers. Three alternative approaches are then applied and compared to evaluate the impact of the sedimentary cover on ground-motion amplification. The first approach builds on existing response spectra ground-motion models whose amplification factors empirically take into account the influence of the sedimentary layers through a standard parameterization. In the second approach, site-specific 1D amplification functions are computed from the 3D basin model. Using a random vibration theory approach, we adjust the empirical response spectra predicted for soft rock conditions by local site amplification factors: amplifications and associated ground-motions are predicted both in the Fourier and in the response spectra domain. In the third approach, hybrid physics-based ground-motion simulations are used to predict time histories for soft rock conditions which are subsequently modified using the 1D site-specific amplification functions computed in method 2. For large distances and at short periods, the differences between the three approaches become less notable due to the significant attenuation of the sedimentary layers. At intermediate and long periods, generic empirical ground-motion models provide lower levels of amplification from sedimentary soils compared to methods taking into account site-specific 1D amplification functions. In the near-source region, hybrid physics-based ground-motions models illustrate the potentially large variability of ground-motion due to finite source effects.
Borehole leakage is a common and complex issue. Understanding the fluid flow characteristics of a cemented area inside a borehole is crucial to monitor and quantify the wellbore integrity as well as to find solutions to minimise existing leakages. In order to improve our understanding of the flow behaviour of cemented boreholes, we investigated experimental data of a large-scale borehole leakage tests by means of numerical modelling using three different conceptual models. The experiment was performed with an autoclave system consisting of two vessels bridged by a cement-filled casing. After a partial bleed-off at the well-head, a sustained casing pressure was observed due to fluid flow through the cementsteel composite. The aim of our simulations is to investigate and quantify the permeability of the cement-steel composite. From our model results, we conclude that the flow occurred along a preferential flow path at the cement-steel interface. Thus, the inner part of the cement core was impermeable during the duration of the experiment. The preferential flow path can be described as a highly permeable and highly porous area with an aperture of about 5 mu m and a permeability of 3 . 10(-12) m(2) (3 Darcy). It follows that the fluid flow characteristics of a cemented area inside a borehole cannot be described using one permeability value for the entire cement-steel composite. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the quality of the cement and the filling process regarding the cement-steel interface is crucial to minimize possible well leakages.
The southern Central Andes (SCA) (between 27 degrees S and 40 degrees S) is bordered to the west by the convergent margin between the continental South American Plate and the oceanic Nazca Plate. The subduction angle along this margin is variable, as is the deformation of the upper plate. Between 33 degrees S and 35 degrees S, the subduction angle of the Nazca plate increases from sub-horizontal (< 5 degrees) in the north to relatively steep (similar to 30 degrees) in the south. The SCA contain inherited lithological and structural heterogeneities within the crust that have been reactivated and overprinted since the onset of subduction and associated Cenozoic deformation within the Andean orogen. The distribution of the deformation within the SCA has often been attributed to the variations in the subduction angle and the reactivation of these inherited heterogeneities. However, the possible influence that the thickness and composition of the continental crust have had on both short-term and long-term deformation of the SCA is yet to be thoroughly investigated. For our investigations, we have derived density distributions and thicknesses for various layers that make up the lithosphere and evaluated their relationships with tectonic events that occurred over the history of the Andean orogeny and, in particular, investigated the short- and long-term nature of the present-day deformation processes. We established a 3D model of lithosphere beneath the orogen and its foreland (29 degrees S-39 degrees S) that is consistent with currently available geological and geophysical data, including the gravity data. The modelled crustal configuration and density distribution reveal spatial relationships with different tectonic domains: the crystalline crust in the orogen (the magmatic arc and the main orogenic wedge) is thicker (similar to 55 km) and less dense (similar to 2900 kg/m(3)) than in the forearc (similar to 35 km, similar to 2975 kg/m(3)) and foreland (similar to 30 km, similar to 3000 kg/m(3)). Crustal thickening in the orogen probably occurred as a result of stacking of low-density domains, while density and thickness variations beneath the forearc and foreland most likely reflect differences in the tectonic evolution of each area following crustal accretion. No clear spatial relationship exists between the density distribution within the lithosphere and previously proposed boundaries of crustal terranes accreted during the early Paleozoic. Areas with ongoing deformation show a spatial correlation with those areas that have the highest topographic gradients and where there are abrupt changes in the average crustal-density contrast. This suggests that the short-term deformation within the interior of the Andean orogen and its foreland is fundamentally influenced by the crustal composition and the relative thickness of different crustal layers. A thicker, denser, and potentially stronger lithosphere beneath the northern part of the SCA foreland is interpreted to have favoured a strong coupling between the Nazca and South American plates, facilitating the development of a sub-horizontal slab.
Dentro de la cuenca intermontana de Quito-Guay llabamba de Ecuador, se han identificado y analizado en este estudio, cinco depósitos coluviales inusualmente grandes de antiguos deslizamientos. El gran deslizamiento rotacional MM-5 Guayllabamba es el más extenso, con un volumen de 1183 millones de m3. Las mega avalanchas de escombros MM-1 Conocoto, MM-3 Oyacoto, y MM-4 San Francisco fueron desencadenadas originalmente por una ruptura inicial que estuvo asociada a un deslizamiento rotacional, los depósitos correspondientes tienen volúmenes entre 399 a 317 millones de m3. Finalmente, el depósito de menor volumen, el deslizamiento rotacional y caída de detritos MM-2 Batán, tiene un volumen de 8,7 millones de m3. En esta tesis, se realizó un estudio detallado de estos grandes movimientos en masa utilizando métodos neotectónicos y lito-tefrostratigráficos para comprender las condiciones geológicas y geomorfológicas de contorno que podrían ser relevantes para desencadenar estos movimientos en masa. La parte neotectónica del estudio se basó en el análisis geomorfológico cualitativo y cuantitativo de estos grandes depósitos de movimientos en masa, a través de la caracterización estructural de anticlinales ubicados al este de la subcuenca de Quito y sus flancos colapsados que constituyen las áreas de ruptura. Esta parte del análisis fue además apoyada por la aplicación de diferentes índices morfométricos para revelar procesos de evolución del paisaje forzados tectónicamente que pueden haber contribuido a la generación de movimientos en masa. La parte lito-tefrostratigráfica del estudio se basó en el análisis de las características petrográficas, geoquímicas y geocronológicas de los horizontes del suelo y de las cenizas volcánicas intercaladas, con el objetivo de restringir la cronología de los eventos individuales de movimientos en masa y su posible de correlación. Los resultados se integraron en esquemas cronoestratigráficos utilizando superficies de ruptura, relaciones transversales y de superposición de depósitos de deslizamiento y estratos posteriores para comprender los movimientos en masa en el contexto tectónico y temporal del entorno de la cuenca intermontana, así como para identificar los mecanismos desencadenantes de cada evento. El movimiento en masa MM-5 Guayllabamba es el resultado del colapso de la ladera suroeste del volcán Mojanda y fue desencadenado por la interacción de condiciones geológicas y morfológicas hace aproximadamente 0,81 Ma. El primer episodio de avalancha de escombros de los movimientos en masa MM-3 Oyacoto y MM-4 San Francisco podría estar relacionado con condiciones tanto geológicas como morfológicas, dadas las rocas altamente fracturadas y el levantamiento del anticlinal Bellavista-Catequilla que posteriormente fue inciso al pie de la ladera por la erosión fluvial. Este primer episodio de colapso probablemente ocurrió alrededor de los 0,8 Ma. El movimiento en masa MM-2 Batán posiblemente también fue desencadenado por una combinación de condiciones geológicas y morfológicas, asociadas a una reducción de los esfuerzos litostáticos que afectaron a las formaciones Chiche y Machángara y a un aumento de los esfuerzos de cizalla durante procesos de socavación fluvial lateral en los flancos de las áreas de origen. Esto apunta a un proceso vinculado entre la erosión fluvial y los procesos de levantamiento asociados a la evolución del anticlinal El Batán-La Bota que podría haber ocurrido entre 0,5 y 0,25 Ma. La voluminosa avalancha de escombros MM-1 Conocoto, así como el segundo episodio de avalancha de escombros que generó los movimientos en masa MM-3 Oyacoto y MM-4 San Francisco, fueron provocados por el colapso gravitacional de las formaciones Mojanda y Cangahua que se caracterizan por la intercalación de cenizas volcánicas. La falla del flanco oriental de los anticlinales probablemente estuvo asociada al incremento de la humedad disponible relacionada con las variaciones climáticas regionales del Holoceno. Los resultados de la cronología de los paleosuelos combinados con los datos cronoestratigráficos y paleoclimáticos regionales sugieren que estas avalanchas de escombros se desencadenaron entre 5 y 4 ka.
La tectónica activa ha modelado los rasgos morfológicos de la cuenca intermontana Quito-Guayllabamba. El desencadenamiento de movimientos en masa en este ambiente está asociado a rupturas en litologías del Pleistoceno (sedimentos lacustres, depósitos aluviales y volcánicos) sometidas a procesos de deformación, actividad sísmica y episodios superpuestos de variabilidad climática. El Distrito Metropolitano de Quito es parte integral de este complejo entorno y de las condiciones geológicas, climáticas y topográficas que continúan influyendo en el espacio geográfico urbano dentro de esta cuenca intermontana. La ciudad de Quito comprende el área de mayor consolidación urbana incluyendo las subcuencas de Quito y San Antonio, con una población de 2,872 millones de habitantes, lo que refleja la importancia del estudio de las amenazas geológicas y climáticas inherentes a esta región.
Arctic lakes located in permafrost regions are susceptible to catastrophic drainage. In this study, we reconstructed historical lake drainage events on the western Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska between 1955 and 2017 using USGS topographic maps, historical aerial photography (1955), and Landsat Imagery (ca. 1975, ca. 2000, and annually since 2000). We identified 98 lakes larger than 10 ha that partially (>25% of area) or completely drained during the 62-year period. Decadal-scale lake drainage rates progressively declined from 2.0 lakes/yr (1955-1975), to 1.6 lakes/yr (1975-2000), and to 1.2 lakes/yr (2000-2017) in the ~30,000-km(2) study area. Detailed Landsat trend analysis between 2000 and 2017 identified two years, 2004 and 2006, with a cluster (five or more) of lake drainages probably associated with bank overtopping or headward erosion. To identify future potential lake drainages, we combined the historical lake drainage observations with a geospatial dataset describing lake elevation, hydrologic connectivity, and adjacent lake margin topographic gradients developed with a 5-m-resolution digital surface model. We identified ~1900 lakes likely to be prone to drainage in the future. Of the 20 lakes that drained in the most recent study period, 85% were identified in this future lake drainage potential dataset. Our assessment of historical lake drainage magnitude, mechanisms and pathways, and identification of potential future lake drainages provides insights into how arctic lowland landscapes may change and evolve in the coming decades to centuries.
Due to the high concentration of people and infrastructures in European cities, the possible impacts of climate change are particularly high (cities' social, economic and technical vulnerabilities). Adaptation measures to reduce the sensitivity of a city to climate risks are therefore of particular importance. Nevertheless, it is also common to develop compact and dense urban areas to reduce urban sprawl. Urban infill development and sustainable spatial climate policies are thus in apparent conflict with each other. This article examines how German cities deal with the tensions between these two policy fields. Using six case studies, a new heuristic analysis method is applied. This study identifies three key governance aspects that are essential for promoting the joint implementation: instruments, organisation and interaction. Based on our case studies, we conclude that successful implementation can only be achieved through integrative governance including all three domains.
The Central Andean region is characterized by diverse climate zones with sharp transitions between them. In this work, the area of interest is the South-Central Andes in northwestern Argentina that borders with Bolivia and Chile. The focus is the observation of soil moisture and water vapour with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote-sensing methodologies. Because of the rapid temporal and spatial variations of water vapour and moisture circulations, monitoring this part of the hydrological cycle is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that control the local climate. Moreover, GNSS-based techniques have previously shown high potential and are appropriate for further investigation. This study includes both logistic-organization effort and data analysis. As for the prior, three GNSS ground stations were installed in remote locations in northwestern Argentina to acquire observations, where there was no availability of third-party data.
The methodological development for the observation of the climate variables of soil moisture and water vapour is independent and relies on different approaches. The soil-moisture estimation with GNSS reflectometry is an approximation that has demonstrated promising results, but it has yet to be operationally employed. Thus, a more advanced algorithm that exploits more observations from multiple satellite constellations was developed using data from two pilot stations in Germany. Additionally, this algorithm was slightly modified and used in a sea-level measurement campaign. Although the objective of this application is not related to monitoring hydrological parameters, its methodology is based on the same principles and helps to evaluate the core algorithm. On the other hand, water-vapour monitoring with GNSS observations is a well-established technique that is utilized operationally. Hence, the scope of this study is conducting a meteorological analysis by examining the along-the-zenith air-moisture levels and introducing indices related to the azimuthal gradient.
The results of the experiments indicate higher-quality soil moisture observations with the new algorithm. Furthermore, the analysis using the stations in northwestern Argentina illustrates the limits of this technology because of varying soil conditions and shows future research directions. The water-vapour analysis points out the strong influence of the topography on atmospheric moisture circulation and rainfall generation. Moreover, the GNSS time series allows for the identification of seasonal signatures, and the azimuthal-gradient indices permit the detection of main circulation pathways.
The hyperthermal events of the Cenozoic, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, provide an opportunity to investigate the potential effects of climate warming on marine ecosystems. Here, we examine the shallow benthic marine communities preserved in the late Cretaceous to Eocene strata on the Gulf Coastal Plain (United States). In stark contrast to the ecological shifts following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, our data show that the early Cenozoic hyperthermals did not have a long-term impact on the generic diversity nor composition of the Gulf Coastal Plain molluscan communities. We propose that these communities were resilient to climate change because molluscs are better adapted to high temperatures than other taxa, as demonstrated by their physiology and evolutionary history. In terms of resilience, these communities differ from other shallow-water carbonate ecosystems, such as reef communities, which record significant changes during the early Cenozoic hyperthermals. These data highlight the strikingly different responses of community types, i.e., the almost imperceptible response of molluscs versus the marked turnover of foraminifera and reef faunas. The impact on molluscan communities may have been low because detrimental conditions did not devastate the entire Gulf Coastal Plain, allowing molluscs to rapidly recolonise vacated areas once harsh environmental conditions ameliorated.
The origin of Asian monsoons
(2020)
The Cenozoic inception and development of the Asian monsoons remain unclear and have generated much debate, as several hypotheses regarding circulation patterns at work in Asia during the Eocene have been proposed in the few last decades. These include (a) the existence of modern-like monsoons since the early Eocene; (b) that of a weak South Asian monsoon (SAM) and little to no East Asian monsoon (EAM); or (c) a prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations, also referred to as Indonesian-Australian monsoon (I-AM). As SAM and EAM are supposed to have been triggered or enhanced primarily by Asian palaeogeographic changes, their possible inception in the very dynamic Eocene palaeogeographic context remains an open question, both in the modelling and field-based communities. We investigate here Eocene Asian climate conditions using the IPSL-CM5A2 (Sepulchre et al., 2019) earth system model and revised palaeogeographies. Our Eocene climate simulation yields atmospheric circulation patterns in Asia substantially different from modern conditions. A large high-pressure area is simulated over the Tethys ocean, which generates intense low tropospheric winds blowing southward along the western flank of the proto-Himalayan-Tibetan plateau (HTP) system. This low-level wind system blocks, to latitudes lower than 10 degrees N, the migration of humid and warm air masses coming from the Indian Ocean. This strongly contrasts with the modern SAM, during which equatorial air masses reach a latitude of 20-25 degrees N over India and southeastern China. Another specific feature of our Eocene simulation is the widespread subsidence taking place over northern India in the midtroposphere (around 5000 m), preventing deep convective updraught that would transport water vapour up to the condensation level. Both processes lead to the onset of a broad arid region located over northern India and over the HTP. More humid regions of high seasonality in precipitation encircle this arid area, due to the prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations (or Indonesian-Australian monsoon, I-AM) rather than monsoons. Although the existence of this central arid region may partly result from the specifics of our simulation (model dependence and palaeogeographic uncertainties) and has yet to be confirmed by proxy records, most of the observational evidence for Eocene monsoons are located in the highly seasonal transition zone between the arid area and the more humid surroundings. We thus suggest that a zonal arid climate prevailed over Asia before the initiation of monsoons that most likely occurred following Eocene palaeogeographic changes. Our results also show that precipitation seasonality should be used with caution to infer the presence of a monsoonal circulation and that the collection of new data in this arid area is of paramount importance to allow the debate to move forward.
Groundwater levels are monitored by environmental agencies to support the sustainable use of groundwater resources. For this purpose continuous and spatially comprehensive monitoring in high spatial and temporal resolution is desired. This leads to large datasets that have to be checked for quality and analysed to distinguish local anthropogenic influences from natural variability of the groundwater level dynamics at each well. Both technical problems with the measurements as well as local anthropogenic influences can lead to local anomalies in the hydrographs. We suggest a fast and efficient screening method for the identification of well-specific peculiarities in hydrographs of groundwater head monitoring networks. The only information required is a set of time series of groundwater heads all measured at the same instants of time. For each well of the monitoring network a reference hydrograph is calculated, describing expected “normal” behaviour at the respective well as is typical for the monitored region. The reference hydrograph is calculated by multiple linear regression of the observed hydrograph with the “stable” principal components (PCs) of a principal component analysis of all groundwater head series of the network as predictor variables. The stable PCs are those PCs which were found in a random subsampling procedure to be rather insensitive to the specific selection of the analysed observation wells, i.e. complete series, and to the specific selection of measurement dates. Hence they can be considered to be representative for the monitored region in the respective period. The residuals of the reference hydrograph describe local deviations from the normal behaviour. Peculiarities in the residuals allow the data to be checked for measurement errors and the wells with a possible anthropogenic influence to be identified. The approach was tested with 141 groundwater head time series from the state authority groundwater monitoring network in northeastern Germany covering the period from 1993 to 2013 at an approximately weekly frequency of measurement.
New Zealand's Alpine Fault is a large, platebounding strike-slip fault, which ruptures in large (M-w > 8) earthquakes. We conducted field and laboratory analyses of fault rocks to assess its fault zone architecture. Results reveal that the Alpine Fault Zone has a complex geometry, comprising an anastomosing network of multiple slip planes that have accommodated different amounts of displacement. This contrasts with the previous perception of the Alpine Fault Zone, which assumes a single principal slip zone accommodated all displacement. This interpretation is supported by results of drilling projects and geophysical investigations. Furthermore, observations presented here show that the young, largely unconsolidated sediments that constitute the footwall at shallow depths have a significant influence on fault gouge rheological properties and structure.
Much of contemporary landslide research is concerned with predicting and mapping susceptibility to slope failure. Many studies rely on generalised linear models with environmental predictors that are trained with data collected from within and outside of the margins of mapped landslides. Whether and how the performance of these models depends on sample size, location, or time remains largely untested. We address this question by exploring the sensitivity of a multivariate logistic regression-one of the most widely used susceptibility models-to data sampled from different portions of landslides in two independent inventories (i.e. a historic and a multi-temporal) covering parts of the eastern rim of the Fergana Basin, Kyrgyzstan. We find that considering only areas on lower parts of landslides, and hence most likely their deposits, can improve the model performance by >10% over the reference case that uses the entire landslide areas, especially for landslides of intermediate size. Hence, using landslide toe areas may suffice for this particular model and come in useful where landslide scars are vague or hidden in this part of Central Asia. The model performance marginally varied after progressively updating and adding more landslides data through time. We conclude that landslide susceptibility estimates for the study area remain largely insensitive to changes in data over about a decade. Spatial or temporal stratified sampling contributes only minor variations to model performance. Our findings call for more extensive testing of the concept of dynamic susceptibility and its interpretation in data-driven models, especially within the broader framework of landslide risk assessment under environmental and land-use change.
Watershed management requires an understanding of key hydrochemical processes. The Pra Basin is one of the five major river basins in Ghana with a population of over 4.2 million people. Currently, water resources management faces challenges due to surface water pollution caused by the unregulated release of untreated household and industrial waste into aquatic ecosystems and illegal mining activities. This has increased the need for groundwater as the most reliable water supply. Our understanding of groundwater recharge mechanisms and chemical evolution in the basin has been inadequate, making effective management difficult. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to gain insight into the processes that determine the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater quality in the Pra Basin. The combined use of stable isotope, hydrochemistry, and water level data provides the basis for conceptualizing the chemical evolution of groundwater in the Pra Basin. For this purpose, the origin and evaporation rates of water infiltrating into the unsaturated zone were evaluated. In addition, Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) and Water Table Fluctuations (WTF) were considered to quantify groundwater recharge for the basin. Indices such as water quality index (WQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Wilcox diagram, and salinity (USSL) were used in this study to determine the quality of the resource for use as drinking water and for irrigation purposes. Due to the heterogeneity of the hydrochemical data, the statistical techniques of hierarchical cluster and factor analysis were applied to subdivide the data according to their spatial correlation. A conceptual hydrogeochemical model was developed and subsequently validated by applying combinatorial inverse and reaction pathway-based geochemical models to determine plausible mineral assemblages that control the chemical composition of the groundwater. The interactions between water and rock determine the groundwater quality in the Pra Basin. The results underline that the groundwater is of good quality and can be used for drinking water and irrigation purposes. It was demonstrated that there is a large groundwater potential to meet the entire Pra Basin’s current and future water demands. The main recharge area was identified as the northern zone, while the southern zone is the discharge area. The predominant influence of weathering of silicate minerals plays a key role in the chemical evolution of the groundwater. The work presented here provides fundamental insights into the hydrochemistry of the Pra Basin and provides data important to water managers for informed decision-making in planning and allocating water resources for various purposes. A novel inverse modelling approach was used in this study to identify different mineral compositions that determine the chemical evolution of groundwater in the Pra Basin. This modelling technique has the potential to simulate the composition of groundwater at the basin scale with large hydrochemical heterogeneity, using average water composition to represent established spatial groupings of water chemistry.
Volcanic hydrothermal systems are an integral part of most volcanoes and typically involve a heat source, adequate fluid supply, and fracture or pore systems through which the fluids can circulate within the volcanic edifice. Associated with this are subtle but powerful processes that can significantly influence the evolution of volcanic activity or the stability of the near-surface volcanic system through mechanical weakening, permeability reduction, and sealing of the affected volcanic rock. These processes are well constrained for rock samples by laboratory analyses but are still difficult to extrapolate and evaluate at the scale of an entire volcano. Advances in unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), sensor technology, and photogrammetric processing routines now allow us to image volcanic surfaces at the centimeter scale and thus study volcanic hydrothermal systems in great detail. This thesis aims to explore the potential of UAS approaches for studying the structures, processes, and dynamics of volcanic hydrothermal systems but also to develop methodological approaches to uncover secondary information hidden in the data, capable of indicating spatiotemporal dynamics or potentially critical developments associated with hydrothermal alteration. To accomplish this, the thesis describes the investigation of two near-surface volcanic hydrothermal systems, the El Tatio geyser field in Chile and the fumarole field of La Fossa di Vulcano (Italy), both of which are among the best-studied sites of their kind. Through image analysis, statistical, and spatial analyses we have been able to provide the most detailed structural images of both study sites to date, with new insights into the driving forces of such systems but also revealing new potential controls, which are summarized in conceptual site-specific models. Furthermore, the thesis explores methodological remote sensing approaches to detect, classify and constrain hydrothermal alteration and surface degassing from UAS-derived data, evaluated them by mineralogical and chemical ground-truthing, and compares the alteration pattern with the present-day degassing activity. A significant contribution of the often neglected diffuse degassing activity to the total amount of degassing is revealed and constrains secondary processes and dynamics associated with hydrothermal alteration that lead to potentially critical developments like surface sealing. The results and methods used provide new approaches for alteration research, for the monitoring of degassing and alteration effects, and for thermal monitoring of fumarole fields, with the potential to be incorporated into volcano monitoring routines.
With Arctic ground as a huge and temperature-sensitive carbon reservoir, maintaining low ground temperatures and frozen conditions to prevent further carbon emissions that contrib-ute to global climate warming is a key element in humankind’s fight to maintain habitable con-ditions on earth. Former studies showed that during the late Pleistocene, Arctic ground condi-tions were generally colder and more stable as the result of an ecosystem dominated by large herbivorous mammals and vast extents of graminoid vegetation – the mammoth steppe. Characterised by high plant productivity (grassland) and low ground insulation due to animal-caused compression and removal of snow, this ecosystem enabled deep permafrost aggrad-ation. Now, with tundra and shrub vegetation common in the terrestrial Arctic, these effects are not in place anymore. However, it appears to be possible to recreate this ecosystem local-ly by artificially increasing animal numbers, and hence keep Arctic ground cold to reduce or-ganic matter decomposition and carbon release into the atmosphere.
By measuring thaw depth, total organic carbon and total nitrogen content, stable carbon iso-tope ratio, radiocarbon age, n-alkane and alcohol characteristics and assessing dominant vegetation types along grazing intensity transects in two contrasting Arctic areas, it was found that recreating conditions locally, similar to the mammoth steppe, seems to be possible. For permafrost-affected soil, it was shown that intensive grazing in direct comparison to non-grazed areas reduces active layer depth and leads to higher TOC contents in the active layer soil. For soil only frozen on top in winter, an increase of TOC with grazing intensity could not be found, most likely because of confounding factors such as vertical water and carbon movement, which is not possible with an impermeable layer in permafrost. In both areas, high animal activity led to a vegetation transformation towards species-poor graminoid-dominated landscapes with less shrubs. Lipid biomarker analysis revealed that, even though the available organic material is different between the study areas, in both permafrost-affected and sea-sonally frozen soils the organic material in sites affected by high animal activity was less de-composed than under less intensive grazing pressure. In conclusion, high animal activity af-fects decomposition processes in Arctic soils and the ground thermal regime, visible from reduced active layer depth in permafrost areas. Therefore, grazing management might be utilised to locally stabilise permafrost and reduce Arctic carbon emissions in the future, but is likely not scalable to the entire permafrost region.
Large parts of the Earth’s interior are inaccessible to direct observation, yet global geodynamic processes are governed by the physical material properties under extreme pressure and temperature conditions. It is therefore essential to investigate the deep Earth’s physical properties through in-situ laboratory experiments. With this goal in mind, the optical properties of mantle minerals at high pressure offer a unique way to determine a variety of physical properties, in a straight-forward, reproducible, and time-effective manner, thus providing valuable insights into the physical processes of the deep Earth. This thesis focusses on the system Mg-Fe-O, specifically on the optical properties of periclase (MgO) and its iron-bearing variant ferropericlase ((Mg,Fe)O), forming a major planetary building block. The primary objective is to establish links between physical material properties and optical properties. In particular the spin transition in ferropericlase, the second-most abundant phase of the lower mantle, is known to change the physical material properties. Although the spin transition region likely extends down to the core-mantle boundary, the ef-fects of the mixed-spin state, where both high- and low-spin state are present, remains poorly constrained.
In the studies presented herein, we show how optical properties are linked to physical properties such as electrical conductivity, radiative thermal conductivity and viscosity. We also show how the optical properties reveal changes in the chemical bonding. Furthermore, we unveil how the chemical bonding, the optical and other physical properties are affected by the iron spin transition. We find opposing trends in the pres-sure dependence of the refractive index of MgO and (Mg,Fe)O. From 1 atm to ~140 GPa, the refractive index of MgO decreases by ~2.4% from 1.737 to 1.696 (±0.017). In contrast, the refractive index of (Mg0.87Fe0.13)O (Fp13) and (Mg0.76Fe0.24)O (Fp24) ferropericlase increases with pressure, likely because Fe Fe interactions between adjacent iron sites hinder a strong decrease of polarizability, as it is observed with increasing density in the case of pure MgO. An analysis of the index dispersion in MgO (decreasing by ~23% from 1 atm to ~103 GPa) reflects a widening of the band gap from ~7.4 eV at 1 atm to ~8.5 (±0.6) eV at ~103 GPa. The index dispersion (between 550 and 870 nm) of Fp13 reveals a decrease by a factor of ~3 over the spin transition range (~44–100 GPa). We show that the electrical band gap of ferropericlase significantly widens up to ~4.7 eV in the mixed spin region, equivalent to an increase by a factor of ~1.7. We propose that this is due to a lower electron mobility between adjacent Fe2+ sites of opposite spin, explaining the previously observed low electrical conductivity in the mixed spin region. From the study of absorbance spectra in Fp13, we show an increasing covalency of the Fe-O bond with pressure for high-spin ferropericlase, whereas in the low-spin state a trend to a more ionic nature of the Fe-O bond is observed, indicating a bond weakening effect of the spin transition. We found that the spin transition is ultimately caused by both an increase of the ligand field-splitting energy and a decreasing spin-pairing energy of high-spin Fe2+.
Mountain ranges can fundamentally influence the physical and and chemical processes that shape Earths’ surface. With elevations of up to several kilometers they create climatic enclaves by interacting with atmospheric circulation and hydrologic systems, thus leading to a specific distribution of flora and fauna. As a result, the interiors of many Cenozoic mountain ranges are characterized by an arid climate, internally drained and sediment-filled basins, as well as unique ecosystems that are isolated from the adjacent humid, low-elevation regions along their flanks and forelands. These high-altitude interiors of orogens are often characterized by low relief and coalesced sedimentary basins, commonly referred to as plateaus, tectono-geomorphic entities that result from the complex interactions between mantle-driven geological and tectonic conditions and superposed atmospheric and hydrological processes. The efficiency of these processes and the fate of orogenic plateaus is therefore closely tied to the balance of constructive and destructive processes – tectonic uplift and erosion, respectively. In numerous geological studies it has been shown that mountain ranges are delicate systems that can be obliterated by an imbalance of these underlying forces. As such, Cenozoic mountain ranges might not persist on long geological timescales and will be destroyed by erosion or tectonic collapse. Advancing headward erosion of river systems that drain the flanks of the orogen may ultimately sever the internal drainage conditions and the maintenance of storage of sediments within the plateau, leading to destruction of plateau morphology and connectivity with the foreland. Orogenic collapse may be associated with the changeover from a compressional stress field with regional shortening and topographic growth, to a tensional stress field with regional extensional deformation and ensuing incision of the plateau. While the latter case is well-expressed by active extensional faults in the interior parts of the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya, for example, the former has been attributed to have breached the internally drained areas of the high-elevation sectors of the Iranian Plateau.
In the case of the Andes of South America and their internally drained Altiplano-Puna Plateau, signs of both processes have been previously described. However, in the orogenic collapse scenario the nature of the extensional structures had been primarily investigated in the northern and southern terminations of the plateau; in some cases, the extensional faults were even regarded to be inactive. After a shallow earthquake in 2020 within the Eastern Cordillera of Argentina that was associated with extensional deformation, the state of active deformation and the character of the stress field in the central parts of the plateau received renewed interest to explain a series of extensional structures in the northernmost sectors of the plateau in north-western Argentina. This study addresses (1) the issue of tectonic orogenic collapse of the Andes and the destruction of plateau morphology by studying the fill and erosion history of the central eastern Andean Plateau using sedimentological and geochronological data and (2) the kinematics, timing and magnitude of extensional structures that form well-expressed fault scarps in sediments of the regional San Juan del Oro surface, which is an integral part of the Andean Plateau and adjacent morphotectonic provinces to the east.
Importantly, sediment properties and depositional ages document that the San Juan del Oro Surface was not part of the internally-drained Andean Plateau, but rather associated with a foreland-directed drainage system, which was modified by the Andean orogeny and that became successively incorporated into the orogen by the eastward-migration of the Andean deformation front during late Miocene – Pliocene time. Structural and geomorphic observations within the plateau indicate that extensional processes must have been repeatedly active between the late Miocene and Holocene supporting the notion of plateau-wide extensional processes, potentially associated with Mw ~ 7 earthquakes. The close relationship between extensional joints and fault orientations underscores that 3 was oriented horizontally in NW-SE direction and 1 was vertical. This unambiguously documents that the observed deformation is related to gravitational forces that drive the orogenic collapse of the plateau. Applied geochronological analyses suggest that normal faulting in the northern Puna was active at about 3 Ma, based on paired cosmogenic nuclide dating of sediment fill units. Possibly due to regional normal faulting the drainage system within the plateau was modified, promoting fluvial incision.
El plateau Andino es el segundo plateau orogénico más grande del mundo y se ubica en los Andes Centrales, desarrollado en un sistema orogénico no colisional. Se extiende desde el sur del Perú (15°S), hasta el norte de Argentina y Chile (27°30´S). A partir de los 24°S y prologándose hacia el sur, el plateau Andino se denomina Puna y está caracterizado por un sistema de cuencas endorreicas y salares delimitados por cordones montañosos. Entre los 26° y 27°30´S, la Puna encuentra su límite austral en una zona de transición entre una zona de subducción normal y una zona de subducción plana o “flat slab” que se prolonga hasta los 33°S. Diversos estudios documentan la ocurrencia de un aumento del espesor cortical, y levantamiento episódico y diacrónico del relieve, alcanzando su configuración actual durante el Mioceno tardío. Posteriormente, el plateau habría experimentado un cambio en el estilo de deformación dominado por procesos extensionales evidenciado por fallas y terremotos de cinemática normal. Sin embargo, en el borde sur del plateau de la Puna y en las áreas delimitadas con el resto del orógeno, la variación del campo de esfuerzo no está del todo comprendida, reflejando una excelente oportunidad para evaluar cómo el campo de esfuerzo puede evolucionar durante el desarrollo del orógeno y cómo puede verse afectado por la presencia/ausencia de un plateau orogénico, así como también por la existencia de anisotropías estructurales propias de cada unidad morfotectónica.
Esta Tesis investiga la relación entre la deformación cortical somera y la evolución en tiempo y espacio del campo de esfuerzos en el sector sur del plateau Andino, durante el cenozoico tardío. Para realizar esta investigación, se utilizaron técnicas de obtención de edades radiométricas con el método Uranio-Plomo (U-Pb), análisis de fallas mesoscópicas para la obtención de tensores de esfuerzos y delimitación de la orientación de los ejes principales de esfuerzos, análisis de anisotropía de susceptibilidad magnética en rocas sedimentarias y volcanoclásticas para estimar direcciones de acortamiento o direcciones de transporte sedimentario, técnicas de modelado cinemático para llegar a una aproximación de las estructuras corticales profundas asociadas a la deformación allí registrada, y un análisis morfométrico para la identificación de indicadores geomorfológicos asociados a deformación producto de la actividad tectónica cuaternaria.
Combinando estos resultados con los antecedentes previamente documentados, el estudio revela una compleja variación del campo de esfuerzo caracterizado por cambios en la orientación y permutaciones verticales de los ejes principales de esfuerzos, durante cada régimen de deformación, durante los últimos ~24 Ma. La evolución del campo de esfuerzos puede ser asociada temporalmente a tres fases orogénicas involucradas con la evolución de los Andes Centrales en esta latitud: (1) una primera fase con un régimen de esfuerzos compresivos de acortamiento E-O documentado desde el Eoceno, Oligoceno tardío hasta el Mioceno medio en el área, coincide con la fase de construcción andina, engrosamiento y crecimiento de la corteza y levantamiento topográfico; (2) una segunda fase caracterizada por un régimen de esfuerzos de transcurrencia, a partir de los ~11 Ma en el borde occidental y compresión y transcurrencia a los~5 Ma en el borde oriental del plateau de la Puna, y un régimen de esfuerzo compresivos en Famatina y las Sierras Pampeanas interpretado como una transición entre la construcción orogénica del Neógeno y la máxima acumulación de deformación y el alzamiento topográfico del plateau de la Puna, y (3) una tercera fase donde el régimen se caracteriza por la transcurrencia en la Puna y en su borde occidental y en su borde oriental con las Sierras Pampeanas, después de ~5-4 Ma, interpretado como un régimen de esfuerzos controlados por el engrosamiento cortical desarrollado a lo largo del borde sur del plateau Altiplano/Puna, previo a un colapso orogénico. Los resultados dejan en evidencia que el borde del plateau experimentó el paso desde un régimen compresivo hacia uno transcurrente, que se diferencia de la extensión documentada hacia el norte en el plateau Andino para el mismo período. Cambios en los esfuerzos similares han sido documentado durante la construcción del plateau Tibetano, en donde un régimen de esfuerzo predominantemente compresivo cambió a un régimen de transcurrente cuando el plateau habría alcanzado la mitad de su elevación actual, y que posteriormente derivó en un régimen extensional, entre 14 y 4 Ma, cuando la altitud del plateau fue superior al 80% respecto a su actitud actual, lo que podría estar indicando que los regímenes transcurrentes representan etapas transicionales entre las zonas externas del plateau bajo compresión y las zonas internas, en las que los regímenes extensionales son más viables de ocurrir.
Earthquake modeling is the key to a profound understanding of a rupture. Its kinematics or dynamics are derived from advanced rupture models that allow, for example, to reconstruct the direction and velocity of the rupture front or the evolving slip distribution behind the rupture front. Such models are often parameterized by a lattice of interacting sub-faults with many degrees of freedom, where, for example, the time history of the slip and rake on each sub-fault are inverted. To avoid overfitting or other numerical instabilities during a finite-fault estimation, most models are stabilized by geometric rather than physical constraints such as smoothing.
As a basis for the inversion approach of this study, we build on a new pseudo-dynamic rupture model (PDR) with only a few free parameters and a simple geometry as a physics-based solution of an earthquake rupture. The PDR derives the instantaneous slip from a given stress drop on the fault plane, with boundary conditions on the developing crack surface guaranteed at all times via a boundary element approach. As a side product, the source time function on each point on the rupture plane is not constraint and develops by itself without additional parametrization. The code was made publicly available as part of the Pyrocko and Grond Python packages. The approach was compared with conventional modeling for different earthquakes. For example, for the Mw 7.1 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake, the effects of geometric changes in the rupture surface on the slip and slip rate distributions could be reproduced by simply projecting stress vectors. For the Mw 7.5 2018 Palu, Indonesia, strike-slip earthquake, we also modelled rupture propagation using the 2D Eikonal equation and assuming a linear relationship between rupture and shear wave velocity. This allowed us to give a deeper and faster propagating rupture front and the resulting upward refraction as a new possible explanation for the apparent supershear observed at the Earth's surface.
The thesis investigates three aspects of earthquake inversion using PDR: (1) to test whether implementing a simplified rupture model with few parameters into a probabilistic Bayesian scheme without constraining geometric parameters is feasible, and whether this leads to fast and robust results that can be used for subsequent fast information systems (e.g., ground motion predictions). (2) To investigate whether combining broadband and strong-motion seismic records together with near-field ground deformation data improves the reliability of estimated rupture models in a Bayesian inversion. (3) To investigate whether a complex rupture can be represented by the inversion of multiple PDR sources and for what type of earthquakes this is recommended.
I developed the PDR inversion approach and applied the joint data inversions to two seismic sequences in different tectonic settings. Using multiple frequency bands and a multiple source inversion approach, I captured the multi-modal behaviour of the Mw 8.2 2021 South Sandwich subduction earthquake with a large, curved and slow rupturing shallow earthquake bounded by two faster and deeper smaller events. I could cross-validate the results with other methods, i.e., P-wave energy back-projection, a clustering analysis of aftershocks and a simple tsunami forward model.
The joint analysis of ground deformation and seismic data within a multiple source inversion also shed light on an earthquake triplet, which occurred in July 2022 in SE Iran. From the inversion and aftershock relocalization, I found indications for a vertical separation between the shallower mainshocks within the sedimentary cover and deeper aftershocks at the sediment-basement interface. The vertical offset could be caused by the ductile response of the evident salt layer to stress perturbations from the mainshocks.
The applications highlight the versatility of the simple PDR in probabilistic seismic source inversion capturing features of rather different, complex earthquakes. Limitations, as the evident focus on the major slip patches of the rupture are discussed as well as differences to other finite fault modeling methods.
The deformation style of mountain belts is greatly influenced by the upper plate architecture created during preceding deformation phases. The Mesozoic Salta Rift extensional phase has created a dominant structural and lithological framework that controls Cenozoic deformation and exhumation patterns in the Central Andes. Studying the nature of these pre-existing anisotropies is a key to understanding the spatiotemporal distribution of exhumation and its controlling factors. The Eastern Cordillera in particular, has a structural grain that is in part controlled by Salta Rift structures and their orientation relative to Andean shortening. As a result, there are areas in which Andean deformation prevails and areas where the influence of the Salta Rift is the main control on deformation patterns.
Between 23 and 24°S, lithological and structural heterogeneities imposed by the Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin (Salta Rift basin) affect the development of the Eastern Cordillera fold-and-thrust belt. The inverted northern margin of the sub-basin now forms the southern boundary of the intermontane Cianzo basin. The former western margin of the sub-basin is located at the confluence of the Subandean Zone, the Santa Barbara System and the Eastern Cordillera. Here, the Salta Rift basin architecture is responsible for the distribution of these morphotectonic provinces. In this study we use a multi-method approach consisting of low-temperature (U-Th-Sm)/He and apatite fission track thermochronology, detrital geochronology, structural and sedimentological analyses to investigate the Mesozoic structural inheritance of the Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin and Cenozoic exhumation patterns.
Characterization of the extension-related Tacurú Group as an intermediate succession between Paleozoic basement and the syn-rift infill of the Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin reveals a Jurassic maximum depositional age. Zircon (U-Th-Sm)/He cooling ages record a pre-Cretaceous onset of exhumation for the rift shoulders in the northern part of the sub-basin, whereas the western shoulder shows a more recent onset (140–115 Ma). Variations in the sedimentary thickness of syn- and post-rift strata document the evolution of accommodation space in the sub-basin. While the thickness of syn-rift strata increases rapidly toward the northern basin margin, the post-rift strata thickness decreases toward the margin and forms a condensed section on the rift shoulder.
Inversion of Salta Rift structures commenced between the late Oligocene and Miocene (24–15 Ma) in the ranges surrounding the Cianzo basin. The eastern and western limbs of the Cianzo syncline, located in the hanging wall of the basin-bounding Hornocal fault, show diachronous exhumation. At the same time, western fault blocks of Tilcara Range, south of the Cianzo basin, began exhuming in the late Oligocene to early Miocene (26–16 Ma). Eastward propagation to the frontal thrust and to the Paleozoic strata east of the Tilcara Range occurred in the middle Miocene (22–10 Ma) and the late Miocene–early Pliocene (10–4 Ma), respectively.
Both horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratios and the spatial autocorrelation method (SPAC) have proven to be valuable tools to gain insight into local site effects by ambient noise measurements. Here, the two methods are employed to assess the subsurface velocity structure at the Piano delle Concazze area on Mt Etna. Volcanic tremor records from an array of 26 broadband seismometers is processed and a strong variability of H/V ratios during periods of increased volcanic activity is found. From the spatial distribution of H/V peak frequencies, a geologic structure in the north-east of Piano delle Concazze is imaged which is interpreted as the Ellittico caldera rim. The method is extended to include both velocity data from the broadband stations and distributed acoustic sensing data from a co-located 1.5 km long fibre optic cable. High maximum amplitude values of the resulting ratios along the trajectory of the cable coincide with known faults. The outcome also indicates previously unmapped parts of a fault. The geologic interpretation is in good agreement with inversion results from magnetic survey data. Using the neighborhood algorithm, spatial autocorrelation curves obtained from the modified SPAC are inverted alone and jointly with the H/V peak frequencies for 1D shear wave velocity profiles. The obtained models are largely consistent with published models and were able to validate the results from the fibre optic cable.
Volcanic hazard assessment relies on physics-based models of hazards, such as lava flows and pyroclastic density currents, whose outcomes are very sensitive to the location where future eruptions will occur. On the contrary, forecast of vent opening locations in volcanic areas typically relies on purely data-driven approaches, where the spatial density of past eruptive vents informs the probability maps of future vent opening. Such techniques may be suboptimal in volcanic systems with missing or scarce data, and where the controls on magma pathways may change over time. An alternative approach was recently proposed, relying on a model of stress-driven pathways of magmatic dikes. In that approach, the crustal stress was optimized so that dike trajectories linked consistently the location of the magma chamber to that of past vents. The retrieved information on the stress state was then used to forecast future dike trajectories. The validation of such an approach requires extensive application to nature. Before doing so, however, several important limitations need to be removed, most importantly the two-dimensional (2D) character of the models and theoretical concepts. In this thesis, I develop methods and tools so that a physics-based strategy of stress inversion and eruptive vent forecast in volcanoes can be applied to three dimensional (3D) problems. In the first part, I test the stress inversion and vent forecast strategy on analog models, still within a 2D framework, but improving on the efficiency of the stress optimization. In the second part, I discuss how to correctly account for gravitational loading/unloading due to complex 3D topography with a Boundary-Element numerical model. Then, I develop a new, simplified but fast model of dike pathways in 3D, designed for running large numbers of simulations at minimal computational cost, and able to backtrack dike trajectories from vents on the surface. Finally, I combine the stress and dike models to simulate dike pathways in synthetic calderas. In the third part, I describe a framework of stress inversion and vent forecast strategy in 3D for calderas. The stress inversion relies on, first, describing the magma storage below a caldera in terms of a probability density function. Next, dike trajectories are backtracked from the known locations of past vents down through the crust, and the optimization algorithm seeks for the stress models which lead trajectories through the regions of highest probability. I apply the new strategy to the synthetic scenarios presented in the second part, and I exploit the results from the stress inversions to produce probability maps of future vent locations for some of those scenarios. In the fourth part, I present the inversion of different deformation source models applied to the ongoing ground deformation observed across the Rhenish Massif in Central Europe. The region includes the Eifel Volcanic Fields in Germany, a potential application case for the vent forecast strategy. The results show how the observed deformation may be due to melt accumulation in sub-horizontal structures in the lower crust or upper mantle. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the stress inversion and vent forecast strategy, its limitations and applicability to real volcanoes. Potential developments of the modeling tools and concepts presented here are also discussed, as well as possible applications to other geophysical problems.
Magmatic-hydrothermal systems form a variety of ore deposits at different proximities to upper-crustal hydrous magma chambers, ranging from greisenization in the roof zone of the intrusion, porphyry mineralization at intermediate depths to epithermal vein deposits near the surface. The physical transport processes and chemical precipitation mechanisms vary between deposit types and are often still debated.
The majority of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits are located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, whose eastern part is characterized by the Mesozoic to Cenozoic orogenic belts of the western North and South Americas, namely the American Cordillera. Major magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits along the American Cordillera include (i) porphyry Cu(-Mo-Au) deposits (along the western cordilleras of Mexico, the western U.S., Canada, Chile, Peru, and Argentina); (ii) Climax- (and sub−) type Mo deposits (Colorado Mineral Belt and northern New Mexico); and (iii) porphyry and IS-type epithermal Sn(-W-Ag) deposits of the Central Andean Tin Belt (Bolivia, Peru and northern Argentina).
The individual studies presented in this thesis primarily focus on the formation of different styles of mineralization located at different proximities to the intrusion in magmatic-hydrothermal systems along the American Cordillera. This includes (i) two individual geochemical studies on the Sweet Home Mine in the Colorado Mineral Belt (potential endmember of peripheral Climax-type mineralization); (ii) one numerical modeling study setup in a generic porphyry Cu-environment; and (iii) a numerical modeling study on the Central Andean Tin Belt-type Pirquitas Mine in NW Argentina.
Microthermometric data of fluid inclusions trapped in greisen quartz and fluorite from the Sweet Home Mine (Detroit City Portal) suggest that the early-stage mineralization precipitated from low- to medium-salinity (1.5-11.5 wt.% equiv. NaCl), CO2-bearing fluids at temperatures between 360 and 415°C and at depths of at least 3.5 km. Stable isotope and noble gas isotope data indicate that greisen formation and base metal mineralization at the Sweet Home Mine was related to fluids of different origins. Early magmatic fluids were the principal source for mantle-derived volatiles (CO2, H2S/SO2, noble gases), which subsequently mixed with significant amounts of heated meteoric water. Mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric water is constrained by δ2Hw-δ18Ow relationships of fluid inclusions. The deep hydrothermal mineralization at the Sweet Home Mine shows features similar to deep hydrothermal vein mineralization at Climax-type Mo deposits or on their periphery. This suggests that fluid migration and the deposition of ore and gangue minerals in the Sweet Home Mine was triggered by a deep-seated magmatic intrusion.
The second study on the Sweet Home Mine presents Re-Os molybdenite ages of 65.86±0.30 Ma from a Mo-mineralized major normal fault, namely the Contact Structure, and multimineral Rb-Sr isochron ages of 26.26±0.38 Ma and 25.3±3.0 Ma from gangue minerals in greisen assemblages. The age data imply that mineralization at the Sweet Home Mine formed in two separate events: Late Cretaceous (Laramide-related) and Oligocene (Rio Grande Rift-related). Thus, the age of Mo mineralization at the Sweet Home Mine clearly predates that of the Oligocene Climax-type deposits elsewhere in the Colorado Mineral Belt. The Re-Os and Rb-Sr ages also constrain the age of the latest deformation along the Contact Structure to between 62.77±0.50 Ma and 26.26±0.38 Ma, which was employed and/or crosscut by Late Cretaceous and Oligocene fluids. Along the Contact Structure Late Cretaceous molybdenite is spatially associated with Oligocene minerals in the same vein system, a feature that precludes molybdenite recrystallization or reprecipitation by Oligocene ore fluids.
Ore precipitation in porphyry copper systems is generally characterized by metal zoning (Cu-Mo to Zn-Pb-Ag), which is suggested to be variably related to solubility decreases during fluid cooling, fluid-rock interactions, partitioning during fluid phase separation and mixing with external fluids. The numerical modeling study setup in a generic porphyry Cu-environment presents new advances of a numerical process model by considering published constraints on the temperature- and salinity-dependent solubility of Cu, Pb and Zn in the ore fluid. This study investigates the roles of vapor-brine separation, halite saturation, initial metal contents, fluid mixing, and remobilization as first-order controls of the physical hydrology on ore formation. The results show that the magmatic vapor and brine phases ascend with different residence times but as miscible fluid mixtures, with salinity increases generating metal-undersaturated bulk fluids. The release rates of magmatic fluids affect the location of the thermohaline fronts, leading to contrasting mechanisms for ore precipitation: higher rates result in halite saturation without significant metal zoning, lower rates produce zoned ore shells due to mixing with meteoric water. Varying metal contents can affect the order of the final metal precipitation sequence. Redissolution of precipitated metals results in zoned ore shell patterns in more peripheral locations and also decouples halite saturation from ore precipitation.
The epithermal Pirquitas Sn-Ag-Pb-Zn mine in NW Argentina is hosted in a domain of metamorphosed sediments without geological evidence for volcanic activity within a distance of about 10 km from the deposit. However, recent geochemical studies of ore-stage fluid inclusions indicate a significant contribution of magmatic volatiles. This study tested different formation models by applying an existing numerical process model for porphyry-epithermal systems with a magmatic intrusion located either at a distance of about 10 km underneath the nearest active volcano or hidden underneath the deposit. The results show that the migration of the ore fluid over a 10-km distance results in metal precipitation by cooling before the deposit site is reached. In contrast, simulations with a hidden magmatic intrusion beneath the Pirquitas deposit are in line with field observations, which include mineralized hydrothermal breccias in the deposit area.
Volcanoes are one of the Earth’s most dynamic zones and responsible for many changes in our planet. Volcano seismology aims to provide an understanding of the physical processes in volcanic systems and anticipate the style and timing of eruptions by analyzing the seismic records. Volcanic tremor signals are usually observed in the seismic records before or during volcanic eruptions. Their analysis contributes to evaluate the evolving volcanic activity and potentially predict eruptions. Years of continuous seismic monitoring now provide useful information for operational eruption forecasting. The continuously growing amount of seismic recordings, however, poses a challenge for analysis, information extraction, and interpretation, to support timely decision making during volcanic crises. Furthermore, the complexity of eruption processes and precursory activities makes the analysis challenging.
A challenge in studying seismic signals of volcanic origin is the coexistence of transient signal swarms and long-lasting volcanic tremor signals. Separating transient events from volcanic tremors can, therefore, contribute to improving our understanding of the underlying physical processes. Some similar issues (data reduction, source separation, extraction, and classification) are addressed in the context of music information retrieval (MIR). The signal characteristics of acoustic and seismic recordings comprise a number of similarities. This thesis is going beyond classical signal analysis techniques usually employed in seismology by exploiting similarities of seismic and acoustic signals and building the information retrieval strategy on the expertise developed in the field of MIR.
First, inspired by the idea of harmonic–percussive separation (HPS) in musical signal processing, I have developed a method to extract harmonic volcanic tremor signals and to detect transient events from seismic recordings. This provides a clean tremor signal suitable for tremor investigation along with a characteristic function suitable for earthquake detection. Second, using HPS algorithms, I have developed a noise reduction technique for seismic signals. This method is especially useful for denoising ocean bottom seismometers, which are highly contaminated by noise. The advantage of this method compared to other denoising techniques is that it doesn’t introduce distortion to the broadband earthquake waveforms, which makes it reliable for different applications in passive seismological analysis. Third, to address the challenge of extracting information from high-dimensional data and investigating the complex eruptive phases, I have developed an advanced machine learning model that results in a comprehensive signal processing scheme for volcanic tremors. Using this method seismic signatures of major eruptive phases can be automatically detected. This helps to provide a chronology of the volcanic system. Also, this model is capable to detect weak precursory volcanic tremors prior to the eruption, which could be used as an indicator of imminent eruptive activity. The extracted patterns of seismicity and their temporal variations finally provide an explanation for the transition mechanism between eruptive phases.
Continental rifts are key geodynamic regions where the complex interplay of magmatism and faulting activity can be studied to understand the driving forces of extension and the formation of new divergent plate boundaries. Well-preserved rift morphology can provide a wealth of information on the growth, interaction, and linkage of normal-fault systems through time. If rift basins are preserved over longer geologic time periods, sedimentary archives generated during extensional processes may mirror tectonic and climatic influences on erosional and sedimentary processes that have varied over time. Rift basins are furthermore strategic areas for hydrocarbon and geothermal energy exploration, and they play a central role in species dispersal and evolution as well as providing or inhibiting hydrologic connectivity along basins at emerging plate boundaries.
The Cenozoic East African rift system (EARS) is one of the most important continental extension zones, reflecting a range of evolutionary stages from an early rift stage with isolated basins in Malawi to an advanced stage of continental extension in southern Afar. Consequently, the EARS is an ideal natural laboratory that lends itself to the study of different stages in the breakup of a continent. The volcanically and seismically active eastern branch of the EARS is characterized by multiple, laterally offset tectonic and magmatic segments where adjacent extensional basins facilitate crustal extension either across a broad deformation zone or via major transfer faulting. The Broadly Rifted Zone (BRZ) in southern Ethiopia is an integral part of the eastern branch of the EARS; in this region, rift segments of the southern Ethiopian Rift (sMER) and northern Kenyan Rift (nKR) propagate in opposite directions in a region with one of the earliest manifestations of volcanism and extensional tectonism in East Africa. The basin margins of the Chew-Bahir Basin and the Gofa Province, characterized by a semi-arid climate and largely uniform lithology, provide ideal conditions for studying the tectonic and geomorphologic features of this complex kinematic transfer zone, but more importantly, this area is suitable for characterizing and quantifying the overlap between the propagating structures of the sMER and nKR and the resulting deformation patterns of the BRZ transfer zones.
In this study, I have combined data from thermochronology, thermal modeling, morphometry, paleomagnetic analysis, geochronology, and geomorphological field observations with information from published studies to reconstruct the spatiotemporal relationship between volcanism and fault activity in the BRZ and quantify the deformation patterns of the overlapping rift segments. I present the following results: (1) new thermochronological data from the en-échelon basin margins and footwall blocks of the rift flanks and morphometric results verified in the field to link different phases of magmatism and faulting during extension and infer geomorphological landscape features related to the current tectonic interaction between the nKR and the sMER; (2) temporally constrained paleomagnetic data from the BRZ overlap zone between the Ethiopian and Kenyan rifts to quantitatively determine block rotation between the two segments. Combining the collected data, time-temperature histories of thermal modeling results from representative samples show well-defined deformation phases between 25–20 Ma, 15–9Ma, and ~5 Ma to the present. Each deformation phase is characterized by the onset of rapid cooling (>2°C/Ma) of the crust associated with uplift or exhumation of the rift shoulder. After an initial, spatially very diffuse phase of extension, the rift has gradually evolved into a system of connected structures formed in an increasingly focused rift zone during the last 5 Ma. Regarding the morphometric analysis of the rift structures, it can be shown that normalized slope indices of the river courses, spatial arrangement of knickpoints in the river longitudinal profiles of the footwall blocks, local relief values, and the average maximum values of the slope of the river profiles indicate a gradual increase in the extension rate from north (Sawula basin: mature) to south (Chew Bahir: young). The complexity of the structural evolution of the BRZ overlap zone between nKR and sMER is further emphasized by the documentation of crustal blocks around a vertical axis. A comparison of the mean directions obtained for the Eo-Oligocene (Ds=352.6°, Is=-17.0°, N=18, α95=5.5°) and Miocene (Ds=2.9°, Is=0.9°, N=9, α95=12.4°) volcanics relative to the pole for stable South Africa and with respect to the corresponding ages of the analyzed units record a significant counterclockwise rotation of ~11.1°± 6.4° and insignificant CCW rotation of ~3.2° ± 11.5°, respectively.
The Andes reflect Cenozoic deformation and uplift along the South American margin in the context of regional shortening associated with the interaction between the subducting Nazca plate and the overriding continental South American plate. Simultaneously, multiple levels of uplifted marine terraces constitute laterally continuous geomorphic features related to the accumulation of permanent forearc deformation in the coastal realm. However, the mechanisms responsible for permanent coastal uplift and the persistency of current/decadal deformation patterns over millennial timescales are still not fully understood. This dissertation presents a continental-scale database of last interglacial terrace elevations and uplift rates along the South American coast that provides the basis for an analysis of a variety of mechanisms that are possibly responsible for the accumulation of permanent coastal uplift. Regional-scale mapping and analysis of multiple, late Pleistocene terrace levels in central Chile furthermore provide valuable insights regarding the persistency of current seismic asperities, the role of upper-plate faulting, and the impact of bathymetric ridges on permanent forearc deformation.
The database of last interglacial terrace elevations reveals an almost continuous signal of background-uplift rates along the South American coast at ~0.22 mm/yr that is modified by various short- to long-wavelength changes. Spatial correlations with crustal faults and subducted bathymetric ridges suggest long-term deformation to be affected by these features, while the latitudinal variability of climate forcing factors has a profound impact on the generation and preservation of marine terraces. Systematic wavelength analyses and comparisons of the terrace-uplift rate signal with different tectonic parameters reveal short-wavelength deformation to result from crustal faulting, while intermediate- to long-wavelength deformation might indicate various extents of long-term seismotectonic segments on the megathrust, which are at least partially controlled by the subduction of bathymetric anomalies. The observed signal of background-uplift rate is likely accumulated by moderate earthquakes near the Moho, suggesting multiple, spatiotemporally distinct phases of uplift that manifest as a continuous uplift signal over millennial timescales.
Various levels of late Pleistocene marine terraces in the 2015 M8.3 Illapel-earthquake area reveal a range of uplift rates between 0.1 and 0.6 mm/yr and indicate decreasing uplift rates since ~400 ka. These glacial-cycle uplift rates do not correlate with current or decadal estimates of coastal deformation suggesting seismic asperities not to be persistent features on the megathrust that control the accumulation of permanent forearc deformation over long timescales of 105 years. Trench-parallel, crustal normal faults modulate the characteristics of permanent forearc-deformation; upper-plate extension likely represents a second-order phenomenon resulting from subduction erosion and subsequent underplating that lead to regional tectonic uplift and local gravitational collapse of the forearc. In addition, variable activity with respect to the subduction of the Juan Fernández Ridge can be detected in the upper plate over the course of multiple interglacial periods, emphasizing the role of bathymetric anomalies in causing local increases in terrace-uplift rate. This thesis therefore provides new insights into the current understanding of subduction-zone processes and the dynamics of coastal forearc deformation, whose different interacting forcing factors impact the topographic and geomorphic evolution of the western South American coast.
Extreme flooding displaces an average of 12 million people every year. Marginalized populations in low-income countries are in particular at high risk, but also industrialized countries are susceptible to displacement and its inherent societal impacts. The risk of being displaced results from a complex interaction of flood hazard, population exposed in the floodplains, and socio-economic vulnerability. Ongoing global warming changes the intensity, frequency, and duration of flood hazards, undermining existing protection measures. Meanwhile, settlements in attractive yet hazardous flood-prone areas have led to a higher degree of population exposure. Finally, the vulnerability to displacement is altered by demographic and social change, shifting economic power, urbanization, and technological development. These risk components have been investigated intensively in the context of loss of life and economic damage, however, only little is known about the risk of displacement under global change.
This thesis aims to improve our understanding of flood-induced displacement risk under global climate change and socio-economic change. This objective is tackled by addressing the following three research questions. First, by focusing on the choice of input data, how well can a global flood modeling chain reproduce flood hazards of historic events that lead to displacement? Second, what are the socio-economic characteristics that shape the vulnerability to displacement? Finally, to what degree has climate change potentially contributed to recent flood-induced displacement events?
To answer the first question, a global flood modeling chain is evaluated by comparing simulated flood extent with satellite-derived inundation information for eight major flood events. A focus is set on the sensitivity to different combinations of the underlying climate reanalysis datasets and global hydrological models which serve as an input for the global hydraulic model. An evaluation scheme of performance scores shows that simulated flood extent is mostly overestimated without the consideration of flood protection and only for a few events dependent on the choice of global hydrological models. Results are more sensitive to the underlying climate forcing, with two datasets differing substantially from a third one. In contrast, the incorporation of flood protection standards results in an underestimation of flood extent, pointing to potential deficiencies in the protection level estimates or the flood frequency distribution within the modeling chain.
Following the analysis of a physical flood hazard model, the socio-economic drivers of vulnerability to displacement are investigated in the next step. For this purpose, a satellite- based, global collection of flood footprints is linked with two disaster inventories to match societal impacts with the corresponding flood hazard. For each event the number of affected population, assets, and critical infrastructure, as well as socio-economic indicators are computed. The resulting datasets are made publicly available and contain 335 displacement events and 695 mortality/damage events. Based on this new data product, event-specific displacement vulnerabilities are determined and multiple (national) dependencies with the socio-economic predictors are derived. The results suggest that economic prosperity only partially shapes vulnerability to displacement; urbanization, infant mortality rate, the share of elderly, population density and critical infrastructure exhibit a stronger functional relationship, suggesting that higher levels of development are generally associated with lower vulnerability.
Besides examining the contextual drivers of vulnerability, the role of climate change in the context of human displacement is also being explored. An impact attribution approach is applied on the example of Cyclone Idai and associated extreme coastal flooding in Mozambique. A combination of coastal flood modeling and satellite imagery is used to construct factual and counterfactual flood events. This storyline-type attribution method allows investigating the isolated or combined effects of sea level rise and the intensification of cyclone wind speeds on coastal flooding. The results suggest that displacement risk has increased by 3.1 to 3.5% due to the total effects of climate change on coastal flooding, with the effects of increasing wind speed being the dominant factor.
In conclusion, this thesis highlights the potentials and challenges of modeling flood- induced displacement risk. While this work explores the sensitivity of global flood modeling to the choice of input data, new questions arise on how to effectively improve the reproduction of flood return periods and the representation of protection levels. It is also demonstrated that disentangling displacement vulnerabilities is feasible, with the results providing useful information for risk assessments, effective humanitarian aid, and disaster relief. The impact attribution study is a first step in assessing the effects of global warming on displacement risk, leading to new research challenges, e.g., coupling fluvial and coastal flood models or the attribution of other hazard types and displacement events. This thesis is one of the first to address flood-induced displacement risk from a global perspective. The findings motivate for further development of the global flood modeling chain to improve our understanding of displacement vulnerability and the effects of global warming.
During the Cenozoic, global cooling and uplift of the Tian Shan, Pamir, and Tibetan plateau modified atmospheric circulation and reduced moisture supply to Central Asia. These changes led to aridification in the region during the Neogene. Afterwards, Quaternary glaciations led to modification of the landscape and runoff.
In the Issyk-Kul basin of the Kyrgyz Tian Shan, the sedimentary sequences reflect the development of the adjacent ranges and local climatic conditions. In this work, I reconstruct the late Miocene – early Pleistocene depositional environment, climate, and lake development in the Issyk-Kul basin using facies analyses and stable δ18O and δ13C isotopic records from sedimentary sections dated by magnetostratigraphy and 26Al/10Be isochron burial dating. Also, I present 10Be-derived millennial-scale modern and paleo-denudation rates from across the Kyrgyz Tian Shan and long-term exhumation rates calculated from published thermochronology data. This allows me to examine spatial and temporal changes in surface processes in the Kyrgyz Tian Shan.
In the Issyk-Kul basin, the style of fluvial deposition changed at ca. 7 Ma, and aridification in the basin commenced concurrently, as shown by magnetostratigraphy and the δ18O and δ13C data. Lake formation commenced on the southern side of the basin at ca. 5 Ma, followed by a ca. 2 Ma local depositional hiatus. 26Al/10Be isochron burial dating and paleocurrent analysis show that the Kungey range to the north of the basin grew eastward, leading to a change from fluvial-alluvial deposits to proximal alluvial fan conglomerates at 5-4 Ma in the easternmost part of the basin. This transition occurred at 2.6-2.8 Ma on the southern side of the basin, synchronously with the intensification of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The paleo-denudation rates from 2.7-2.0 Ma are as low as long-term exhumation rates, and only the millennial-scale denudation rates record an acceleration of denudation.
This work concludes that the growth of the ranges to the north of the basin led to creation of the topographic barrier at ca. 7 Ma and a subsequent aridification in the Issyk-Kul basin. Increased subsidence and local tectonically-induced river system reorganization on the southern side of the basin enabled lake formation at ca. 5 Ma, while growth of the Kungey range blocked westward-draining rivers and led to sediment starvation and lake expansion. Denudational response of the Kyrgyz Tian Shan landscape is delayed due to aridity and only substantial cooling during the late Quaternary glacial cycles led to notable acceleration of denudation. Currently, increased glacier reduction and runoff controls a more rapid denudation of the northern slope of the Terskey range compared to other ranges of the Kyrgyz Tian Shan.
Advances in hydrogravimetry
(2023)
The interest of the hydrological community in the gravimetric method has steadily increased within the last decade. This is reflected by numerous studies from many different groups with a broad range of approaches and foci. Many of those are traditionally rather hydrology-oriented groups who recognized gravimetry as a potential added value for their hydrological investigations. While this resulted in a variety of interesting and useful findings, contributing to extend the respective knowledge and confirming the methodological potential, on the other hand, many interesting and unresolved questions emerged.
This thesis manifests efforts, analyses and solutions carried out in this regard. Addressing and evaluating many of those unresolved questions, the research contributes to advancing hydrogravimetry, the combination of gravimetric and hydrological methods, in showing how gravimeters are a highly useful tool for applied hydrological field research.
In the first part of the thesis, traditional setups of stationary terrestrial superconducting gravimeters are addressed. They are commonly installed within a dedicated building, the impermeable structure of which shields the underlying soil from natural exchange of water masses (infiltration, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge). As gravimeters are most sensitive to mass changes directly beneath the meter, this could impede their suitability for local hydrological process investigations, especially for near-surface water storage changes (WSC). By studying temporal local hydrological dynamics at a dedicated site equipped with traditional hydrological measurement devices, both below and next to the building, the impact of these absent natural dynamics on the gravity observations were quantified. A comprehensive analysis with both a data-based and model-based approach led to the development of an alternative method for dealing with this limitation. Based on determinable parameters, this approach can be transferred to a broad range of measurement sites where gravimeters are deployed in similar structures. Furthermore, the extensive considerations on this topic enabled a more profound understanding of this so called umbrella effect.
The second part of the thesis is a pilot study about the field deployment of a superconducting gravimeter. A newly developed field enclosure for this gravimeter was tested in an outdoor installation adjacent to the building used to investigate the umbrella effect. Analyzing and comparing the gravity observations from both indoor and outdoor gravimeters showed performance with respect to noise and stable environmental conditions was equivalent while the sensitivity to near-surface WSC was highly increased for the field deployed instrument. Furthermore it was demonstrated that the latter setup showed gravity changes independent of the depth where mass changes occurred, given their sufficiently wide horizontal extent. As a consequence, the field setup suits monitoring of WSC for both short and longer time periods much better. Based on a coupled data-modeling approach, its gravity time series was successfully used to infer and quantify local water budget components (evapotranspiration, lateral subsurface discharge) on the daily to annual time scale.
The third part of the thesis applies data from a gravimeter field deployment for applied hydrological process investigations. To this end, again at the same site, a sprinkling experiment was conducted in a 15 x 15 m area around the gravimeter. A simple hydro-gravimetric model was developed for calculating the gravity response resulting from water redistribution in the subsurface. It was found that, from a theoretical point of view, different subsurface water distribution processes (macro pore flow, preferential flow, wetting front advancement, bypass flow and perched water table rise) lead to a characteristic shape of their resulting gravity response curve. Although by using this approach it was possible to identify a dominating subsurface water distribution process for this site, some clear limitations stood out. Despite the advantage for field installations that gravimetry is a non-invasive and integral method, the problem of non-uniqueness could only be overcome by additional measurements (soil moisture, electric resistivity tomography) within a joint evaluation. Furthermore, the simple hydrological model was efficient for theoretical considerations but lacked the capability to resolve some heterogeneous spatial structures of water distribution up to a needed scale. Nevertheless, this unique setup for plot to small scale hydrological process research underlines the high potential of gravimetery and the benefit of a field deployment.
The fourth and last part is dedicated to the evaluation of potential uncertainties arising from the processing of gravity observations. The gravimeter senses all mass variations in an integral way, with the gravitational attraction being directly proportional to the magnitude of the change and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the change. Consequently, all gravity effects (for example, tides, atmosphere, non-tidal ocean loading, polar motion, global hydrology and local hydrology) are included in an aggregated manner. To isolate the signal components of interest for a particular investigation, all non-desired effects have to be removed from the observations. This process is called reduction. The large-scale effects (tides, atmosphere, non-tidal ocean loading and global hydrology) cannot be measured directly and global model data is used to describe and quantify each effect. Within the reduction process, model errors and uncertainties propagate into the residual, the result of the reduction. The focus of this part of the thesis is quantifying the resulting, propagated uncertainty for each individual correction. Different superconducting gravimeter installations were evaluated with respect to their topography, distance to the ocean and the climate regime. Furthermore, different time periods of aggregated gravity observation data were assessed, ranging from 1 hour up to 12 months. It was found that uncertainties were highest for a frequency of 6 months and smallest for hourly frequencies. Distance to the ocean influences the uncertainty of the non-tidal ocean loading component, while geographical latitude affects uncertainties of the global hydrological component. It is important to highlight that the resulting correction-induced uncertainties in the residual have the potential to mask the signal of interest, depending on the signal magnitude and its frequency. These findings can be used to assess the value of gravity data across a range of applications and geographic settings.
In an overarching synthesis all results and findings are discussed with a general focus on their added value for bringing hydrogravimetric field research to a new level. The conceptual and applied methodological benefits for hydrological studies are highlighted. Within an outlook for future setups and study designs, it was once again shown what enormous potential is offered by gravimeters as hydrological field tools.
The Andean Cordillera is a mountain range located at the western South American margin and is part of the Eastern- Circum-Pacific orogenic Belt. The ~7000 km long mountain range is one of the longest on Earth and hosts the second largest orogenic plateau in the world, the Altiplano-Puna plateau. The Andes are known as a non-collisional subduction-type orogen which developed as a result of the interaction between the subducted oceanic Nazca plate and the South American continental plate. The different Andean segments exhibit along-strike variations of morphotectonic provinces characterized by different elevations, volcanic activity, deformation styles, crustal thickness, shortening magnitude and oceanic plate geometry. Most of the present-day elevation can be explained by crustal shortening in the last ~50 Ma, with the shortening magnitude decreasing from ~300 km in the central (15°S-30°S) segment to less than half that in the southern part (30°S-40°S). Several factors were proposed that might control the magnitude and acceleration of shortening of the Central Andes in the last 15 Ma. One important factor is likely the slab geometry. At 27-33°S, the slab dips horizontally at ~100 km depth due to the subduction of the buoyant Juan Fernandez Ridge, forming the Pampean flat-slab. This horizontal subduction is thought to influence the thermo-mechanical state of the Sierras Pampeanas foreland, for instance, by strengthening the lithosphere and promoting the thick-skinned propagation of deformation to the east, resulting in the uplift of the Sierras Pampeanas basement blocks. The flat-slab has migrated southwards from the Altiplano latitude at ~30 Ma to its present-day position and the processes and consequences associated to its passage on the contemporaneous acceleration of the shortening rate in Central Andes remain unclear. Although the passage of the flat-slab could offer an explanation to the acceleration of the shortening, the timing does not explain the two pulses of shortening at about 15 Ma and 4 Ma that are suggested from geological observations. I hypothesize that deformation in the Central Andes is controlled by a complex interaction between the subduction dynamics of the Nazca plate and the dynamic strengthening and weakening of the South American plate due to several upper plate processes. To test this hypothesis, a detailed investigation into the role of the flat-slab, the structural inheritance of the continental plate, and the subduction dynamics in the Andes is needed. Therefore, I have built two classes of numerical thermo-mechanical models: (i) The first class of models are a series of generic E-W-oriented high-resolution 2D subduction models thatinclude flat subduction in order to investigate the role of the subduction dynamics on the temporal variability of the shortening rate in the Central Andes at Altiplano latitudes (~21°S). The shortening rate from the models was then validated with the observed tectonic shortening rate in the Central Andes. (ii) The second class of models are a series of 3D data-driven models of the present-day Pampean flat-slab configuration and the Sierras Pampeanas (26-42°S). The models aim to investigate the relative contribution of the present-day flat subduction and inherited structures in the continental lithosphere on the strain localization. Both model classes were built using the advanced finite element geodynamic code ASPECT.
The first main finding of this work is to suggest that the temporal variability of shortening in the Central Andes is primarily controlled by the subduction dynamics of the Nazca plate while it penetrates into the mantle transition zone. These dynamics depends on the westward velocity of the South American plate that provides the main crustal shortening force to the Andes and forces the trench to retreat. When the subducting plate reaches the lower mantle, it buckles on it-self until the forced trench retreat causes the slab to steepen in the upper mantle in contrast with the classical slab-anchoring model. The steepening of the slab hinders the trench causing it to resist the advancing South American plate, resulting in the pulsatile shortening. This buckling and steepening subduction regime could have been initiated because of the overall decrease in the westwards velocity of the South American plate. In addition, the passage of the flat-slab is required to promote the shortening of the continental plate because flat subduction scrapes the mantle lithosphere, thus weakening the continental plate. This process contributes to the efficient shortening when the trench is hindered, followed by mantle lithosphere delamination at ~20 Ma. Finally, the underthrusting of the Brazilian cratonic shield beneath the orogen occurs at ~11 Ma due to the mechanical weakening of the thick sediments covered the shield margin, and due to the decreasing resistance of the weakened lithosphere of the orogen.
The second main finding of this work is to suggest that the cold flat-slab strengthens the overriding continental lithosphere and prevents strain localization. Therefore, the deformation is transmitted to the eastern front of the flat-slab segment by the shear stress operating at the subduction interface, thus the flat-slab acts like an indenter that “bulldozes” the mantle-keel of the continental lithosphere. The offset in the propagation of deformation to the east between the flat and steeper slab segments in the south causes the formation of a transpressive dextral shear zone. Here, inherited faults of past tectonic events are reactivated and further localize the deformation in an en-echelon strike-slip shear zone, through a mechanism that I refer to as “flat-slab conveyor”. Specifically, the shallowing of the flat-slab causes the lateral deformation, which explains the timing of multiple geological events preceding the arrival of the flat-slab at 33°S. These include the onset of the compression and of the transition between thin to thick-skinned deformation styles resulting from the crustal contraction of the crust in the Sierras Pampeanas some 10 and 6 Myr before the Juan Fernandez Ridge collision at that latitude, respectively.
The shallow Earth’s layers are at the interplay of many physical processes: some being driven by atmospheric forcing (precipitation, temperature...) whereas others take their origins at depth, for instance ground shaking due to seismic activity. These forcings cause the subsurface to continuously change its mechanical properties, therefore modulating the strength of the surface geomaterials and hydrological fluxes. Because our societies settle and rely on the layers hosting these time-dependent properties, constraining the hydro-mechanical dynamics of the shallow subsurface is crucial for our future geographical development. One way to investigate the ever-changing physical changes occurring under our feet is through the inference of seismic velocity changes from ambient noise, a technique called seismic interferometry. In this dissertation, I use this method to monitor the evolution of groundwater storage and damage induced by earthquakes. Two research lines are investigated that comprise the key controls of groundwater recharge in steep landscapes and the predictability and duration of the transient physical properties due to earthquake ground shaking. These two types of dynamics modulate each other and influence the velocity changes in ways that are challenging to disentangle. A part of my doctoral research also addresses this interaction. Seismic data from a range of field settings spanning several climatic conditions (wet to arid climate) in various seismic-prone areas are considered. I constrain the obtained seismic velocity time-series using simple physical models, independent dataset, geophysical tools and nonlinear analysis. Additionally, a methodological development is proposed to improve the time-resolution of passive seismic monitoring.
Carbonates carried in subducting slabs may play a major role in sourcing and storing carbon in the deep Earth’s interior. Current estimates indicate that between 40 to 66 million tons of carbon per year enter subduction zones, but it is uncertain how much of it reaches the lower mantle. It appears that most of this carbon might be extracted from subducting slabs at the mantle wedge and only a limited amount continues deeper and eventually reaches the deep mantle. However, estimations on deeply subducted carbon broadly range from 0.0001 to 52 million tons of carbon per year. This disparity is primarily due to the limited understanding of the survival of carbonate minerals during their transport to deep mantle conditions. Indeed, carbon has very low solubility in mantle silicates, therefore it is expected to be stored primarily in accessory phases such as carbonates. Among those carbonates, magnesite (MgCO3), as a single phase, is the most stable under all mantle conditions. However, experimental investigation on the stability of magnesite in contact with SiO2 at lower mantle conditions suggests that magnesite is stable only along a cold subducted slab geotherm. Furthermore, our understanding of magnesite’s stability when interacting with more complex mantle silicate phases remains incomplete. In the first part of this dissertation, laser-heated diamond anvil cells and multi-anvil apparatus experiments were performed to investigate the stability of magnesite in contact with iron-bearing mantle silicates. Sub-solidus reactions, melting, decarbonation and diamond formation were examined from shallow to mid-lower mantle conditions (25 to 68 GPa; 1300 to 2000 K). Multi-anvil experiments at 25 GPa show the formation of carbonate-rich melt, bridgmanite, and stishovite with melting occurring at a temperature corresponding to all geotherms except the coldest one. In situ X-ray diffraction, in laser-heating diamond anvil cells experiments, shows crystallization of bridgmanite and stishovite but no melt phase was detected in situ at high temperatures. To detect decarbonation phases such as diamond, Raman spectroscopy was used. Crystallization of diamonds is observed as a sub-solidus process even at temperatures relevant and lower than the coldest slab geotherm (1350 K at 33 GPa). Data obtained from this work suggest that magnesite is unstable in contact with the surrounding peridotite mantle in the upper-most lower mantle. The presence of magnesite instead induces melting under oxidized conditions and/or foster diamond formation under more reduced conditions, at depths ∼700 km. Consequently, carbonates will be removed from the carbonate-rich slabs at shallow lower mantle conditions, where subducted slabs can stagnate. Therefore, the transport of carbonate to deeper depths will be restricted, supporting the presence of a barrier for carbon subduction at the top of the lower mantle. Moreover, the reduction of magnesite, forming diamonds provides additional evidence that super-deep diamond crystallization is related to the reduction of carbonates or carbonated-rich melt.
The second part of this dissertation presents the development of a portable laser-heating system optimized for X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) or nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) spectroscopy with signal collection at near 90◦. The laser-heated diamond anvil cell is the only static pressure device that can replicate the pressure and temperatures of the Earth’s lower mantle and core. The high temperatures are reached by using high-powered lasers focused on the sample contained between the diamond anvils. Moreover, diamonds’ transparency to X-rays enables in situ X-ray spectroscopy measurements that can probe the sample under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Therefore, the development of portable laser-heating systems has linked high-pressure and temperature research with high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy techniques to synchrotron beamlines that do not have a dedicated, permanent, laser-heating system. A general description of the system is provided, as well as details on the use of a parabolic mirror as a reflective imaging objective for on-axis laser heating and radiospectrometric temperature measurements with zero attenuation of incoming X-rays. The parabolic mirror improves the accuracy of temperature measurements free from chromatic aberrations in a wide spectral range and its perforation permits in situ X-rays measurement at synchrotron facilities. The parabolic mirror is a well-suited alternative to refractive objectives in laser heating systems, which will facilitate future applications in the use of CO2 lasers.
A new solid-state material, N-butyl pyridinium diiodido argentate(I), is synthesized using a simple and effective one-pot approach. In the solid state, the compound exhibits 1D ([AgI2](-))(n) chains that are stabilized by the N-butyl pyridinium cation. The 1D structure is further manifested by the formation of long, needle-like crystals, as revealed from electron microscopy. As the general composition is derived from metal halide-based ionic liquids, the compound has a low melting point of 100-101 degrees C, as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. Most importantly, the compound has a conductivity of 10(-6) S cm(-1) at room temperature. At higher temperatures the conductivity increases and reaches to 10(-4 )S cm(-1) at 70 degrees C. In contrast to AgI, however, the current material has a highly anisotropic 1D arrangement of the ionic domains. This provides direct and tuneable access to fast and anisotropic ionic conduction. The material is thus a significant step forward beyond current ion conductors and a highly promising prototype for the rational design of highly conductive ionic solid-state conductors for battery or solar cell applications.
Alfred Wegeners ideas on continental drift were doubted for several decades until the discovery of polarization changes at the Atlantic seafloor and the seismic catalogs imaging oceanic subduction underneath the continental crust (Wadati-Benioff Zone). It took another 20 years until plate motion could be directly observed and quantified by using space geodesy. Since then, it is unthinkable to do neotectonic research without the use of satellite-based methods.
Thanks to a tremendeous increase of instrumental observations in space and time over the last decades we significantly increased our knowledge on the complexity of the seismic cycle, that is, the interplay of tectonic stress build up and release. Our classical assumption, earthquakes were the only significant phenomena of strain release previously accumulated in a linear fashion, is outdated. We now know that this concept is actually decorated with a wide range of slow and fast processes such as triggered slip, afterslip, post-seismic and visco-elastic relaxation of the lower crust, dynamic pore-pressure changes in the elastic crust, aseismic creep, slow slip events and seismic swarms. On the basis of eleven peer-reviewed papers studies I here present the diversity of crustal deformation processes. Based on time-series analyses of radar imagery and satellited-based positioning data I quantify tectonic surface deformation and use numerical and analytical models and independent geologic and seismologic data to better understand the underlying crustal processes.
The main part of my work focuses on the deformation observed in the Pamir, the Hindu Kush and the Tian Shan that together build the highly active continental collision zone between Northwest-India and Eurasia. Centered around the Sarez earthquake that ruptured the center of the Pamir in 2015 I present diverse examples of crustal deformation phenomena. Driver of the deformation is the Indian indenter, bulldozing into the Pamir, compressing the orogen that then collapses westward into the Tajik depression. A second natural observatory of mine to study tectonic deformation is the oceanic subduction zone in Chile that repeatedly hosts large earthquakes of magnitude 8 and more. These are best to study post-seismic relaxation processes and coupling of large earthquake.
My findings nicely illustrate how complex fashion and how much the different deformation phenomena are coupled in space and time. My publications contribute to the awareness that the classical concept of the seismic cycle needs to be revised, which, in turn, has a large influence in the classical, probabilistic seismic hazard assessment that primarily relies on statistically solid recurrence times.
Natural gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline compounds containing water cavities that trap natural gas molecules like methane (CH4), which is a potent greenhouse gas with high energy density. The Mallik site at the Mackenzie Delta in the Canadian Arctic contains a large volume of technically recoverable CH4 hydrate beneath the base of the permafrost. Understanding how the sub-permafrost hydrate is distributed can aid in searching for the ideal locations for deploying CH4 production wells to develop the hydrate as a cleaner alternative to crude oil or coal. Globally, atmospheric warming driving permafrost thaw results in sub-permafrost hydrate dissociation, releasing CH4 into the atmosphere to intensify global warming. It is therefore crucial to evaluate the potential risk of hydrate dissociation due to permafrost degradation. To quantitatively predict hydrate distribution and volume in complex sub-permafrost environments, a numerical framework was developed to simulate sub-permafrost hydrate formation by coupling the equilibrium CH4-hydrate formation approach with a fluid flow and transport simulator (TRANSPORTSE). In addition, integrating the equations of state describing ice melting and forming with TRANSPORTSE enabled this framework to simulate the permafrost evolution during the sub-permafrost hydrate formation. A modified sub-permafrost hydrate formation mechanism for the Mallik site is presented in this study. According to this mechanism, the CH4-rich fluids have been vertically transported since the Late Pleistocene from deep overpressurized zones via geologic fault networks to form the observed hydrate deposits in the Kugmallit–Mackenzie Bay Sequences. The established numerical framework was verified by a benchmark of hydrate formation via dissolved methane. Model calibration was performed based on laboratory data measured during a multi-stage hydrate formation experiment undertaken in the LArge scale Reservoir Simulator (LARS). As the temporal and spatial evolution of simulated and observed hydrate saturation matched well, the LARS model was therefore validated. This laboratory-scale model was then upscaled to a field-scale 2D model generated from a seismic transect across the Mallik site. The simulation confirmed the feasibility of the introduced sub-permafrost hydrate formation mechanism by demonstrating consistency with field observations. The 2D model was extended to the first 3D model of the Mallik site by using well-logs and seismic profiles, to investigate the geologic controls on the spatial hydrate distribution. An assessment of this simulation revealed the hydraulic contribution of each geological element, including relevant fault networks and sedimentary sequences. Based on the simulation results, the observed heterogeneous distribution of sub-permafrost hydrate resulted from the combined factors of the source-gas generation rate, subsurface temperature, and the permeability of geologic elements. Analysis of the results revealed that the Mallik permafrost was heated by 0.8–1.3 °C, induced by the global temperature increase of 0.44 °C and accelerated by Arctic amplification from the early 1970s to the mid-2000s. This study presents a numerical framework that can be applied to study the formation of the permafrost-hydrate system from laboratory to field scales, across timescales ranging from hours to millions of years. Overall, these simulations deepen the knowledge about the dominant factors controlling the spatial hydrate distribution in sub-permafrost environments with heterogeneous geologic elements. The framework can support improving the design of hydrate formation experiments and provide valuable contributions to future industrial hydrate exploration and exploitation activities.
The East African Rift System (EARS) is a significant example of active tectonics, which provides opportunities to examine the stages of continental faulting and landscape evolution. The southwest extension of the EARS is one of the most significant examples of active tectonics nowadays, however, seismotectonic research in the area has been scarce, despite the fundamental importance of neotectonics. Our first study area is located between the Northern Province of Zambia and the southeastern Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Lakes Mweru and Mweru Wantipa are part of the southwest extension of the EARS. Fault analysis reveals that, since the Miocene, movements along the active Mweru-Mweru Wantipa Fault System (MMFS) have been largely responsible for the reorganization of the landscape and the drainage patterns across the southwestern branch of the EARS. To investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of fluvial-lacustrine landscape development, we determined in-situ cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al in a total of twenty-six quartzitic bedrock samples that were collected from knickpoints across the Mporokoso Plateau (south of Lake Mweru) and the eastern part of the Kundelungu Plateau (north of Lake Mweru). Samples from the Mporokoso Plateau and close to the MMFS provide evidence of temporary burial. By contrast, surfaces located far from the MMFS appear to have remained uncovered since their initial exposure as they show consistent 10Be and 26Al exposure ages ranging up to ~830 ka. Reconciliation of the observed burial patterns with morphotectonic and stratigraphic analysis reveals the existence of an extensive paleo-lake during the Pleistocene. Through hypsometric analyses of the dated knickpoints, the potential maximum water level of the paleo-lake is constrained to ~1200 m asl (present lake lavel: 917 m asl). High denudation rates (up to ~40 mm ka-1) along the eastern Kundelungu Plateau suggest that footwall uplift, resulting from normal faulting, caused river incision, possibly controlling paleo-lake drainage. The lake level was reduced gradually reaching its current level at ~350 ka.
Parallel to the MMFS in the north, the Upemba Fault System (UFS) extends across the southeastern Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. This part of our research is focused on the geomorphological behavior of the Kiubo Waterfalls. The waterfalls are the currently active knickpoint of the Lufira River, which flows into the Upemba Depression. Eleven bedrock samples along the Lufira River and its tributary stream, Luvilombo River, were collected. In-situ cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al were used in order to constrain the K constant of the Stream Power Law equation. Constraining the K constant allowed us to calculate the knickpoint retreat rate of the Kiubo Waterfalls at ~0.096 m a-1. Combining the calculated retreat rate of the knickpoint with DNA sequencing from fish populations, we managed to present extrapolation models and estimate the location of the onset of the Kiubo Waterfalls, revealing its connection to the seismicity of the UFS.
OpenForecast
(2019)
The development and deployment of new operational runoff forecasting systems are a strong focus of the scientific community due to the crucial importance of reliable and timely runoff predictions for early warnings of floods and flashfloods for local businesses and communities. OpenForecast, the first operational runoff forecasting system in Russia, open for public use, is presented in this study. We developed OpenForecast based only on open-source software and data-GR4J hydrological model, ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis, and ICON deterministic short-range meteorological forecasts. Daily forecasts were generated for two basins in the European part of Russia. Simulation results showed a limited efficiency in reproducing the spring flood of 2019. Although the simulations managed to capture the timing of flood peaks, they failed in estimating flood volume. However, further implementation of the parsimonious data assimilation technique significantly alleviates simulation errors. The revealed limitations of the proposed operational runoff forecasting system provided a foundation to outline its further development and improvement.
Forest structure is a crucial component in the assessment of whether a forest is likely to act as a carbon sink under changing climate. Detailed 3D structural information about the tundra–taiga ecotone of Siberia is mostly missing and still underrepresented in current research due to the remoteness and restricted accessibility. Field based, high-resolution remote sensing can provide important knowledge for the understanding of vegetation properties and dynamics. In this study, we test the applicability of consumer-grade Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for rapid calculation of stand metrics in treeline forests. We reconstructed high-resolution photogrammetric point clouds and derived canopy height models for 10 study sites from NE Chukotka and SW Yakutia. Subsequently, we detected individual tree tops using a variable-window size local maximum filter and applied a marker-controlled watershed segmentation for the delineation of tree crowns. With this, we successfully detected 67.1% of the validation individuals. Simple linear regressions of observed and detected metrics show a better correlation (R2) and lower relative root mean square percentage error (RMSE%) for tree heights (mean R2 = 0.77, mean RMSE% = 18.46%) than for crown diameters (mean R2 = 0.46, mean RMSE% = 24.9%). The comparison between detected and observed tree height distributions revealed that our tree detection method was unable to representatively identify trees <2 m. Our results show that plot sizes for vegetation surveys in the tundra–taiga ecotone should be adapted to the forest structure and have a radius of >15–20 m to capture homogeneous and representative forest stands. Additionally, we identify sources of omission and commission errors and give recommendations for their mitigation. In summary, the efficiency of the used method depends on the complexity of the forest’s stand structure.
The North Pamir, part of the India-Asia collision zone, essentially formed during the late Paleozoic to late Triassic–early Jurassic. Coeval to the subduction of the Turkestan ocean—during the Carboniferous Hercynian orogeny in the Tien Shan—a portion of the Paleo-Tethys ocean subducted northward and lead to the formation and obduction of a volcanic arc. This Carboniferous North Pamir arc is of Andean style in the western Darvaz segment and trends towards an intraoceanic arc in the eastern, Oytag segment. A suite of arc-volcanic rocks and intercalated, marine sediments together with intruded voluminous plagiogranites (trondhjemite and tonalite) and granodiorites was uplifted and eroded during the Permian, as demonstrated by widespread sedimentary unconformities. Today it constitutes a major portion of the North Pamir.
In this work, the first comprehensive Uranium-Lead (U-Pb) laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) radiometric age data are presented along with geochemical data from the volcanic and plutonic rocks of the North Pamir volcanic arc. Zircon U-Pb data indicate a major intrusive phase between 340 and 320 Ma. The magmatic rocks show an arc-signature, with more primitive signatures in the Oytag segment compared to the Darvaz segment. Volcanic rocks in the Chinese North Pamir were indirectly dated by determining the age of ocean floor alteration. We investigate calcite filled vesicles and show that oxidative sea water and the basaltic host rock are major trace element sources. The age of ocean floor alteration, within a range of 25 Ma, constrains the extrusion age of the volcanic rocks. In the Chinese Pamir, arc-volcanic basalts have been dated to the Visean-Serpukhovian boundary. This relates the North Pamir volcanic arc to coeval units in the Tien Shan. Our findings further question the idea of a continuous Tarim-Tajik continent in the Paleozoic.
From the Permian (Guadalupian) on, a progressive sea-retreat led to continental conditions in the northeastern Pamir. Large parts of Central Asia were affected by transcurrent tectonics, while subduction of the Paleo-Tethys went on south of the accreted North Pamir arc, likely forming an accretionary wedge, representing an early stage of the later Karakul-Mazar tectonic unit. Graben systems dissected the Permian carbonate platforms, that formed on top of the uplifted Carboniferous arc in the central and western North Pamir. A continental graben formed in the eastern North Pamir. Zircon U-Pb dating suggest initiation of volcanic activity at ~260 Ma. Extensional tectonics prevailed throughout the Triassic, forming the Hindukush-North Pamir rift system. New geochemistry and zircon U-Pb data tie volcanic rocks, found in the Chinese Pamir, to coeval arc-related plutonic rocks found within the Karakul-Mazar arc-accretionary complex. The sedimentary environment in the continental North Pamir rift evolved from an alluvial plain, lake dominated environment in the Guadalupian to a coarser-clastic, alluvial, braided river dominated in the Triassic. Volcanic activity terminated in the early Jurassic. We conducted Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) fine-fraction dating on the Shala Tala thrust fault, a major structure juxtaposing Paleozoic marine units of lower greenschist to amphibolite facies conditions against continental Permian deposits. Fault slip under epizonal conditions is dated to 204.8 ± 3.7 Ma (2σ), implying Rhaetian nappe emplacement. This pinpoints the Central–North Pamir collision, since the Shala Tala thrust was a back-thrust at that time.
In this study, we analyze interactions in lake and lake catchment systems of a continuous permafrost area. We assessed colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption at 440 nm (a(440)(CDOM)) and absorption slope (S300-500) in lakes using field sampling and optical remote sensing data for an area of 350 km(2) in Central Yamal, Siberia. Applying a CDOM algorithm (ratio of green and red band reflectance) for two high spatial resolution multispectral GeoEye-1 and Worldview-2 satellite images, we were able to extrapolate the a()(CDOM) data from 18 lakes sampled in the field to 356 lakes in the study area (model R-2 = 0.79). Values of a(440)(CDOM) in 356 lakes varied from 0.48 to 8.35 m(-1) with a median of 1.43 m(-1). This a()(CDOM) dataset was used to relate lake CDOM to 17 lake and lake catchment parameters derived from optical and radar remote sensing data and from digital elevation model analysis in order to establish the parameters controlling CDOM in lakes on the Yamal Peninsula. Regression tree model and boosted regression tree analysis showed that the activity of cryogenic processes (thermocirques) in the lake shores and lake water level were the two most important controls, explaining 48.4% and 28.4% of lake CDOM, respectively (R-2 = 0.61). Activation of thermocirques led to a large input of terrestrial organic matter and sediments from catchments and thawed permafrost to lakes (n = 15, mean a(440)(CDOM) = 5.3 m(-1)). Large lakes on the floodplain with a connection to Mordy-Yakha River received more CDOM (n = 7, mean a(440)(CDOM) = 3.8 m(-1)) compared to lakes located on higher terraces.