Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (2231)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (2231) (remove)
Language
- English (2231) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (2231)
Keywords
- Conformational analysis (14)
- biomaterials (13)
- nanoparticles (13)
- fluorescence (12)
- Palladium (11)
- singlet oxygen (11)
- Fluorescence (10)
- SERS (10)
- block copolymers (10)
- conformational analysis (10)
- metathesis (10)
- photochemistry (10)
- self-assembly (10)
- DNA origami (9)
- NMR spectroscopy (9)
- ruthenium (9)
- Arenes (8)
- DFT calculations (8)
- NICS (8)
- NMR (8)
- Theoretical calculations (8)
- Through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS) (8)
- electrochemistry (8)
- fluorescent probes (8)
- ionic liquids (8)
- Ion mobility spectrometry (7)
- Ionic liquids (7)
- LIBS (7)
- Nanoparticles (7)
- Ring current effect (7)
- Synthetic methods (7)
- crystal structure (7)
- density functional calculations (7)
- gold nanoparticles (7)
- nanostructures (7)
- polymer (7)
- polymerization (7)
- potassium (7)
- ring-opening polymerization (7)
- Anisotropy effect (6)
- Dynamic NMR (6)
- Hydrogel (6)
- Kinetics (6)
- Oxygen heterocycles (6)
- Polymer (6)
- X-ray structure (6)
- carbohydrates (6)
- click chemistry (6)
- isomerization (6)
- radical polymerization (6)
- shape-memory effect (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- surface chemistry (6)
- surface plasmon resonance (6)
- Adsorption (5)
- Aromaticity (5)
- Block copolymers (5)
- Click chemistry (5)
- EPR (5)
- FRET (5)
- Heterocycles (5)
- Janus emulsions (5)
- Lactones (5)
- Metathesis (5)
- Organic Chemistry (5)
- Quantum chemical calculations (5)
- Raman spectroscopy (5)
- Ruthenium (5)
- X-ray (5)
- adsorption (5)
- anthracenes (5)
- azobenzene (5)
- biomaterial (5)
- copper (5)
- crown compounds (5)
- crystallization (5)
- dissociative electron attachment (5)
- heterocycles (5)
- hybrid materials (5)
- ionic liquid (5)
- luminescence (5)
- polymers (5)
- quantum chemical calculations (5)
- silver nanoparticles (5)
- Antiplasmodial (4)
- Biaryls (4)
- Biomaterial (4)
- Carbohydrates (4)
- Cross-coupling (4)
- Crystal structure (4)
- Cytotoxicity (4)
- DNA radiation damage (4)
- Density functional calculations (4)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (4)
- ICSS (4)
- Lactams (4)
- Leguminosae (4)
- Photochemistry (4)
- SAXS (4)
- TSNMRS (4)
- Water (4)
- X-ray diffraction (4)
- antiplasmodial (4)
- arenes (4)
- charge transfer (4)
- cytotoxicity (4)
- dynamic NMR (4)
- electron transfer (4)
- gold (4)
- hydrogel (4)
- ion mobility spectrometry (4)
- liposomes (4)
- low-energy electrons (4)
- membranes (4)
- molecular rods (4)
- morphology (4)
- multiblock copolymer (4)
- oxidative stress (4)
- peroxides (4)
- poly(ethylene glycol) (4)
- porous carbon (4)
- sensors (4)
- shape memory (4)
- sodium (4)
- synthesis (4)
- Absorption (3)
- Bacteria (3)
- Base pairing (3)
- Bioelectrocatalysis (3)
- Birch reduction (3)
- C-C coupling (3)
- Carbene ligands (3)
- Conformational equilibrium (3)
- Cryo-SEM (3)
- Cycloaddition (3)
- DFT (3)
- DNA (3)
- DNA strand breaks (3)
- Degradation (3)
- Direct electron transfer (3)
- EPR spectroscopy (3)
- GIAO (3)
- Gas phase electron diffraction (3)
- Gold nanoparticles (3)
- HPLC (3)
- HRTEM (3)
- Hydrogenation (3)
- IR-MALDI (3)
- Imaging (3)
- Langmuir monolayer (3)
- Light scattering (3)
- Magnetic properties (3)
- Mass spectrometry (3)
- Microemulsions (3)
- Molecular dynamics (3)
- Molecular dynamics simulations (3)
- Molecular modeling (3)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3)
- NBO analysis (3)
- Platinum group metals (3)
- RAFT polymerization (3)
- Rheology (3)
- SANS (3)
- Scattering (3)
- Second-Year Undergraduate (3)
- Solid-phase extraction (3)
- Structure elucidation (3)
- Sulfonamides (3)
- Surfactant micelles (3)
- Synthesis (3)
- Thermoresponsive (3)
- Thin film (3)
- ToF-SIMS (3)
- Trifluoromethanesulfonamide (3)
- X-ray scattering (3)
- ab initio calculations (3)
- actuation (3)
- anomalous diffusion (3)
- atomic force microscopy (3)
- batteries (3)
- biodegradable polymers (3)
- cell adhesion (3)
- chitosan (3)
- copper(II) (3)
- cycloaddition (3)
- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (3)
- electron paramagnetic resonance (3)
- electrospinning (3)
- emulsion polymerization (3)
- endothelial cells (3)
- energy storage (3)
- energy transfer (3)
- enzyme catalysis (3)
- enzymes (3)
- hemocompatibility (3)
- heteroatoms (3)
- hydrogels (3)
- inverse micelles (3)
- kinetics (3)
- lithium-sulfur batteries (3)
- living cells (3)
- macrocycles (3)
- manganese (3)
- mass spectrometry (3)
- membrane (3)
- mesenchymal stem cells (3)
- microcontact printing (3)
- microgels (3)
- microparticles (3)
- microwave irradiation (3)
- nanocomposite (3)
- nanotriangles (3)
- oxidation (3)
- palladium (3)
- peptides (3)
- photooxygenation (3)
- photophysics (3)
- plasmonics (3)
- poly(lactic acid) (3)
- polyelectrolyte (3)
- probes (3)
- properties (3)
- protein self-assembly (3)
- quantum dots (3)
- radicals (3)
- reaction mechanisms (3)
- rearrangement (3)
- regioselectivity (3)
- spectroscopy (3)
- sulfur (3)
- surfactants (3)
- tandem reaction (3)
- tandem reactions (3)
- thermoresponsive polymers (3)
- thin films (3)
- water (3)
- water-soluble polymers (3)
- (Anti)aromaticity (2)
- 3D printing (2)
- 4-nitrophenol (2)
- AFM (2)
- APCI (2)
- Actuation (2)
- Alkylpyridinium salts (2)
- Alkynes (2)
- Amides (2)
- Anisotropic effect (2)
- Anisotropy (2)
- Anthraquinone (2)
- Antimicrobial (2)
- Antiplasmodial activity (2)
- Arenesulfonamides (2)
- Asphodelaceae (2)
- Asteraceae (2)
- Barrier to ring inversion (2)
- Biomaterials (2)
- Biomimetic (2)
- Biopolymer (2)
- Boric acid (2)
- Calcium phosphates (2)
- Carbenes (2)
- Charge transfer (2)
- Chitosan (2)
- Copper (2)
- Copper(II) (2)
- DBD dyes (2)
- DNA nanotechnology (2)
- DR-UV-Vis (2)
- Degradable (2)
- Depsipeptide (2)
- Diastereoselectivity (2)
- Drug design (2)
- Dynamic NMR spectroscopy (2)
- ESR (2)
- Electrochemistry (2)
- Electrospinning (2)
- Electrospray ionization (2)
- Energy (2)
- Energy storage (2)
- Escherichia coli (2)
- Europium (2)
- Extraction (2)
- FhuA (2)
- Fiber (2)
- Flavone (2)
- Fragmentation (2)
- Gold (2)
- H-1 NMR (2)
- Heck reaction (2)
- Homogeneous catalysis (2)
- Hyaluronic acid (2)
- Hydrocarbons (2)
- Hydrogels (2)
- Hypoxia (2)
- Interfacial tension (2)
- Ionic Liquid (2)
- Ionic liquid (2)
- Ionization (2)
- Iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSS) (2)
- Isoflavone (2)
- Kaolinite (2)
- LCST (2)
- LCST behavior (2)
- Laser (2)
- Laser-SNMS (2)
- Ligand design (2)
- Macrocycles (2)
- Maltose-modified PEI (2)
- Maltose-modified poly(ethyleneimine) (2)
- Mars (2)
- Mechanical properties (2)
- Membrane (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Michael addition (2)
- Microemulsion (2)
- Microwave chemistry (2)
- Mixtures (2)
- Molecular orientation (2)
- Multiple light scattering (2)
- N ligands (2)
- N-2 reduction (2)
- NCA (2)
- NHCs (2)
- Nanostructure (2)
- Nanostructures (2)
- Nanotechnology (2)
- Natural products (2)
- Network structure (2)
- Nicotinamide (2)
- Niobium (2)
- Oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Organic chemistry (2)
- Oxidation (2)
- P ligands (2)
- PCA (2)
- Perylene (2)
- Phase morphology (2)
- Phase transitions (2)
- Photon Density Wave spectroscopy (2)
- Photon density wave spectroscopy (2)
- Photosynthesis (2)
- Pickering emulsions (2)
- Plasmodium falciparum (2)
- Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Polyethyleneimine (2)
- Polymers (2)
- Porous silicon (2)
- Porphyrins (2)
- Process analytical technology (2)
- Protein (2)
- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- Quantum dots (2)
- Quantum dynamics (2)
- RAFT (2)
- REMPI (2)
- Raman (2)
- Rearrangement (2)
- Regeneration (2)
- Renewable resources (2)
- Ring-opening polymerization (2)
- Roots (2)
- SPR (2)
- Self-assembly (2)
- Shape memory (2)
- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
- Solvent effects (2)
- Solvothermal synthesis (2)
- Spectroscopy (2)
- Spin probes (2)
- Steric effect (2)
- Sulphoxide (2)
- Supramolecular chemistry (2)
- Surface exudates (2)
- Surface functionalization (2)
- TD-DFT (2)
- TEM (2)
- TRLFS (2)
- Taft equation (2)
- Temperature-memory effect (2)
- Tephrosia purpurea (2)
- Ti4O7 (2)
- UV (2)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- XPS (2)
- Zinc (2)
- [4+2] cycloaddition (2)
- ab initio (2)
- activated carbon (2)
- aldehydes (2)
- ammonia synthesis (2)
- anisotropic effects (2)
- anodes (2)
- anthracene (2)
- antifouling (2)
- antimicrobial polymers (2)
- antioxidants (2)
- aromaticity (2)
- arsenolipids present (2)
- artificial muscles (2)
- auxiliary control (2)
- azobenzenes (2)
- biomarker (2)
- biomineralization (2)
- bottlebrush copolymers (2)
- bottom-up (2)
- bottom-up fabrication (2)
- calcium (2)
- calcium phosphate (2)
- cancer (2)
- carotenoids (2)
- catalysis (2)
- catalysts (2)
- cluster (2)
- cod-liver (2)
- configuration (2)
- conformation (2)
- copolymerization (2)
- core-shell (2)
- coumarins (2)
- crosslinking (2)
- crystal structures (2)
- crystallization behavior (2)
- cyclic voltammetry (2)
- degradation (2)
- dendrimers (2)
- diazo compounds (2)
- diblock copolymers (2)
- dielectric spectroscopy (2)
- dienes (2)
- dimerization (2)
- drug discovery (2)
- dye removal (2)
- dyes/pigments (2)
- electrostatic interactions (2)
- ellipsometry (2)
- endoperoxides (2)
- enzyme (2)
- erosion (2)
- excited states (2)
- fatty-acids (2)
- fibers (2)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (2)
- fluorescence lifetime (2)
- fluorescent dyes (2)
- gas chromatography (2)
- gas sensing (2)
- gelatin (2)
- gels (2)
- glycopolymers (2)
- gold nanostructures (2)
- gold nanotriangles (2)
- green (2)
- hydrogen (2)
- hydrogen bonds (2)
- identification (2)
- interactions (2)
- interfaces (2)
- interferometry (2)
- ion exchange (2)
- ionic liquid crystals (2)
- ionic liquid precursors (2)
- iron (2)
- ketones (2)
- lactones (2)
- lanthanides (2)
- ligands (2)
- liquids (2)
- lithium-sulfur battery (2)
- lithography (2)
- low-temperature NMR spectroscopy (2)
- maleimide (2)
- mechanical (2)
- metal coordination (2)
- metal-organic frameworks (2)
- methyl orange (2)
- methylene blue (2)
- methylmercury (2)
- micelles (2)
- microemulsion (2)
- microstructure (2)
- minerals (2)
- modeling (2)
- modified Mannich reaction (2)
- monolayer formation (2)
- monomers (2)
- mu-DSC (2)
- multiple light scattering (2)
- nanocomposites (2)
- nanolenses (2)
- nanoparticle dimers (2)
- nanoreactor (2)
- naphthalenes (2)
- nitrogen-doped carbon (2)
- oligodepsipeptides (2)
- oxygen (2)
- oxygen heterocycles (2)
- palmitoylation (2)
- phase morphology (2)
- phase transfer (2)
- phenols (2)
- photocatalysis (2)
- photochromism (2)
- photofragmentation (2)
- photon density wave spectroscopy (2)
- photonic crystals (2)
- photoswitches (2)
- physiological consequences (2)
- platelets (2)
- poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- polyampholytes (2)
- polyester (2)
- polyesterurethanes (2)
- polymersomes (2)
- polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (2)
- polyzwitterions (2)
- porous silicon (2)
- precision agriculture (2)
- protein adsorption (2)
- protein carbonyls (2)
- protein-phenol interactions (2)
- proteins (2)
- radiation therapy (2)
- radiosensitizers (2)
- reaction monitoring (2)
- reactive oxygen species (2)
- redox polymers (2)
- roughness (2)
- self-healing (2)
- shape-memory polymers (2)
- shieldings (TSNMRS) (2)
- smart materials (2)
- sodium hydroxide etching (2)
- soft actuators (2)
- soft robotics (2)
- soft-templating (2)
- soil (2)
- solubility (2)
- sorption (2)
- spectroscopic ellipsometry (2)
- spider silk (2)
- stability (2)
- stereoselectivity (2)
- stokes shift (2)
- structure elucidation (2)
- substituent effects (2)
- surface (2)
- surface functionalization (2)
- surface modification (2)
- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (2)
- sustainability (2)
- systems (2)
- temperature (2)
- tetrabromidocuprate(II) (2)
- tetrapyrroles (2)
- thermal properties (2)
- thermoplastics (2)
- thermoresponsive (2)
- thermoresponsive materials (2)
- time-dependent configuration interaction (2)
- tin-rich ITO (2)
- upconversion nanoparticles (2)
- visible-light (2)
- water treatment (2)
- wettability (2)
- yolk@shell materials (2)
- "water-in-salt" (1)
- (+)-Tephrodin (1)
- (1)H NMR (1)
- (13)C NMR (1)
- (NMR) (1)
- (TSNMRS) (1)
- ) (1)
- -Acetoxy esters (1)
- 1 (1)
- 1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrosiline (1)
- 1,2,3-triazoles (1)
- 1,2,4-Dithiazole (1)
- 1,2-Disulfonamides (1)
- 1,2-Dithiole (1)
- 1,2-Dithiosquarate,1,2-Dithiosquaratonickelate (1)
- 1,2-diboretane-3-ylidene (1)
- 1,2-dithiosquarate (1)
- 1,2-dithiosquaratometalate (1)
- 1,3-Azasilinanes (1)
- 1,3-Dienes (1)
- 1,3-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-1,3-azasilinane (1)
- 1,3-Oxasilinanes (1)
- 1,4,2-Oxazasilinanes (1)
- 1,5-Dienes (1)
- 1-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-silacyclohexane (1)
- 1-Methylthio-1-phenyl-1-silacyclohexane (1)
- 10-Methoxy-10,7 '-(chrysophanol anthrone)-chrysophanol (1)
- 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (1)
- 1D structures (1)
- 2 (1)
- 2'-bipyridine (1)
- 2,10-Bis-(3-aminopropyloxy)dibenzo[aj]perylene-8,16-dione (1)
- 2,2-Disubstituted adamantane derivatives (1)
- 2-Alkylidene-4-oxothiazolidine (1)
- 2-Azaspiro[4.5]deca-1-ones (1)
- 2-Dicyanoethene-1 (1)
- 2-Dithiooxalate (1)
- 2-Dithiosquarate (1)
- 2-Hydroxyethylammonium 1-R-indol-3-ylsulfanylacetates (1)
- 2-Substituted adamantane derivatives (1)
- 2-dithiolate (1)
- 2-oxazoline (1)
- 2D films (1)
- 2D materials (1)
- 2P cross section (1)
- 3,4-Dihydroisoquinoline (1)
- 3,4-Propylenedioxythiophene (1)
- 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (1)
- 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran (1)
- 3,6-Diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes (1)
- 3,8-Diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (1)
- 3-Fluoro-3-methyl-3-silatetrahydropyran (1)
- 3-Hydroxyisoflavanone (1)
- 3-Oxo-14 alpha, 15 alpha-epoxyschizozygine (1)
- 3-Silatetrahydropyrans (1)
- 3-color fret (1)
- 3-mercaptopropionic acid (1)
- 3-silathianes (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D electrode structures (1)
- 3D flower superstructures (1)
- 3D printed flow-cell (1)
- 3D structure (1)
- 3D-printing (1)
- 3c,2e-bonding (1)
- 4 (1)
- 4'-Bis(tert-butyl)-2 (1)
- 4,4 '-Bis(tert-butyl)-2,2 '-bipyridine (1)
- 4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-thiasiline (1)
- 4-Nitrophenol (1)
- 4-Oxothiazolidine (1)
- 4-Substituted cyclohexanones (1)
- 4-methylene-cyclohexyl pivalate (1)
- 4-silapiperidines (1)
- 4-silathianes (1)
- 4D NOESY (1)
- 4D-actuation (1)
- 5-Hexadecanoylaminofluorescein (1)
- 5-Hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione 5,8-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione (1)
- 6 alpha-Hydroxy-alpha-toxicarol (1)
- 6-Mercaptopurine (1)
- 6-disilamorpholines (1)
- 8-oxohobartine (1)
- 9-Arylfluorenes (1)
- A-values of COOAr on cyclohexane (1)
- ADC(2) (1)
- ADMET (1)
- ADMET polymerization (1)
- ALTONA equation (1)
- AM1 calculations (1)
- AOT (1)
- AOT bilayer (1)
- AOT/BDAC micelles (1)
- ATCUN motif (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Ab initio MO computations (1)
- Ab initio quantum chemical methods and calculations (1)
- Ab-initio calculations (1)
- Acetone process (1)
- Acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases (1)
- Activation parameters (1)
- Actuators (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Additivity of conformational energies (1)
- Adipocyte (1)
- Adsorbent (1)
- Adsorption isotherm (1)
- Adsorption kinetic (1)
- Adsorption models (1)
- Adsorption of uremic toxins (1)
- Aerophobicity (1)
- Ag nanoparticles (1)
- Ag/peptide@SiO(2) nanostructures (1)
- AgAu alloy nanoparticles (1)
- AgI (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Air bubble repellence (1)
- Alcohols (1)
- Aldehydes (1)
- Aldol condensation (1)
- Alkenes (1)
- Alkenyl cyclohexanone (1)
- Alkenyl cyclohexenone (1)
- Alkylation (1)
- Alkyls (1)
- Allylamides (1)
- Allylic compounds (1)
- Allylic oxidation (1)
- Aloe secundiflora (1)
- Aloesaponarin I (1)
- Alternating polyampholytes (1)
- Alumina (1)
- Amines (1)
- Amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (1)
- Amino acids (1)
- Aminonaphthol (1)
- Aminonaphthols (1)
- Amphiphiles (1)
- Analogies/Transfer (1)
- Analysis scattering kernel (1)
- Angle-dependent X-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Anionic surfactant (1)
- Anisotropic gold nanoplatelets (1)
- Annelation effect (1)
- Anodes (1)
- Anomerization (1)
- Anserine (1)
- Anthracene (1)
- Anti-HIV (1)
- Anti-Plasmodial activity (1)
- Anti-aromaticity (1)
- Anti-inflammatory (1)
- Antibody (1)
- Antibody binding (1)
- Anticancer (1)
- Antileishmanial (1)
- Antimalarial drug detection (1)
- Antimalarial plants (1)
- Antimicrobial activities (1)
- Antimicrobial activity (1)
- Antioxidant (1)
- Antiretroviral drugs (1)
- Antiviral (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Aptamer (1)
- Arabica coffee (1)
- Arabidopsis (1)
- Aristotelia chilensis (1)
- Aromatic compounds (1)
- Artemisinin (1)
- Aryllithium compounds (1)
- Assignment of stereochemistry (1)
- Atropisomerism (1)
- Atropselecrivity (1)
- Au nanoarrays (1)
- Au-Pd nanorods (1)
- Auger electron spectroscopy (1)
- Automated data evaluation (1)
- Axial chirality (1)
- Azadironolide (1)
- Azobenzene (1)
- B,N heterocycles (1)
- B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) calculations (1)
- B3LYP/6-311++G** (1)
- BBTP (1)
- Ball milling (1)
- Band structure (1)
- Barrier to rotation about C-N bond (1)
- Basis sets (1)
- BeWo b30 (1)
- Beer mashing (1)
- Bentonite clay (1)
- Benzazepine (1)
- Benzenoid structure (1)
- Benzenoid structures (1)
- Benzoic acid esters (1)
- Benzyne-allene or cumulene-like structure (1)
- Betaines (1)
- Biflavonoid (1)
- Bifunctional catalysts (1)
- Binding assay (1)
- Biochemistry (1)
- Biocompatible polymers (1)
- Biological Sciences (1)
- Biomass (1)
- Biomineralization (1)
- Biomolecular interactions (1)
- Biomolecules coupling (1)
- Biophysical chemistry (1)
- Biopolymer material (1)
- Biopolymers (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Birth Weight (1)
- Bombyx mori silk (1)
- Bone repair material (1)
- Books (1)
- Born-Oppenheimer MD (1)
- Boron exposure (1)
- Bottom-up fabrication (1)
- Bound states (1)
- Bragg coherent x-ray diffractive imaging (1)
- Breakthrough (1)
- Breakthrough curve (1)
- Breakthrough time (1)
- Brewster angle microscopy (1)
- Bulbine frutescens (1)
- Bulk-mediated diffusion (1)
- C (1)
- C-13 (1)
- C-13 NMR (1)
- C-13 NMR spectroscopy (1)
- C-13 chemical shift (1)
- C-13 chemical shift difference Delta delta(C C) (1)
- C-13 chemical shifts (1)
- C-H activation (1)
- C-reactive protein (1)
- C. bonducella (1)
- C1N1 (1)
- C2N (1)
- C3N (1)
- C3N5 (1)
- C?H oxidation (1)
- CAACs (1)
- CAL-72 osteoblasts (1)
- CAM-B3LYP (1)
- CC2 calculations (1)
- CH center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds (1)
- CO 2 reduction reaction (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CXNY (1)
- Cadmium (1)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (1)
- Calcium phosphate (1)
- Campylobacter jejuni (1)
- Cancer (1)
- Car-Parrinello (1)
- Carbamoyl tetrazoles (1)
- Carbazole (1)
- Carbene or zwitterions (1)
- Carboxyfluorescein (1)
- Carboxylic -acids (1)
- Carboxyrhodamine (1)
- Carica papaya seeds (1)
- Cartilage repair (1)
- Carvotacetones (1)
- Cassiamin A (1)
- Cassiamin B (1)
- Castor oil (1)
- Catalysts (1)
- Catalytic reaction (1)
- Cation exchange Capacity (1)
- Cationic surfactants (1)
- Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (1)
- Cd-free (1)
- Ce/Zr (1)
- Celastraceae (1)
- Cell staining (1)
- Cellular uptake (1)
- Cellulose (1)
- Chelates (1)
- Chelation effect (1)
- Chelatoaromaticity (1)
- Chemical calculations (1)
- Chemical dynamics (1)
- Chemical shift assignment (1)
- Chemotaxonomy (1)
- Chiral auxiliaries (1)
- Chiral dopants (1)
- Chitooligosaccharides (1)
- Chitosanase (1)
- Chlorophyll b (1)
- Chromophores (1)
- Chronic kidney disease (1)
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) (1)
- Cinnamylidene acetic acid (1)
- Cis- and trans-form (1)
- Claisen rearrangement (1)
- Classical MD (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Cluster chemistry (1)
- Cluster model (1)
- Co-expression (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Coffee beans (1)
- Coherences (1)
- Coherent states (1)
- Collaborative/Cooperative Learning (1)
- Collagen-binding peptide (1)
- Colloidal lithography (1)
- Composite adsorbents (1)
- Composite hydrogels (1)
- Composites (1)
- Computational chemistry (1)
- Condensed thiazolidines (1)
- Configuration (1)
- Confocal microscopy (1)
- Conformation (1)
- Conformation analysis (1)
- Conformational equilibria (1)
- Contact angle (1)
- Continuum properties (1)
- Coordination modes (1)
- Coordination polymers (1)
- Copper Metal Complexes (1)
- Copper(II) complexes (1)
- Core-shell-corona micelles (1)
- Correlation function (1)
- Corylus avellana L. (1)
- Coumaronochromone (1)
- Coumestan (1)
- Counterions (1)
- Cross coupling (1)
- Cross-coupling reactions (1)
- Cross-metathesis (1)
- Crosslinking (1)
- Cryo-TEM (1)
- Crystal and molecular structure (1)
- Crystal packing (1)
- Crystal structures (1)
- Crystallization (1)
- CuO (1)
- Curriculum (1)
- Cyanine/merocyanine-like structures (1)
- Cyclazines (1)
- Cyclic GMP (1)
- Cyclobutylcarbene (1)
- Cyclodienes (1)
- Cyclohexyl esters (1)
- Cyclophanes (1)
- Cyclotella (1)
- C− H activation (1)
- D. melleri (1)
- DELLA (1)
- DFT and MP2 calculations (1)
- DFT and MP2 simulation (1)
- DFT calculation (1)
- DFT theoretical calculations (1)
- DLS (1)
- DMSO (1)
- DNA complexation (1)
- DNA copolymers (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA damage response (1)
- DNA origami nanostructures (1)
- DNA polyplexes (1)
- DNA recognition (1)
- DNA release (1)
- DNA repair (1)
- DNA-PEI polyplexes (1)
- DOHaD (1)
- DOPA (1)
- DSC (1)
- Dalbergia melanoxylon (1)
- Dark reactions (1)
- Dative vs. coordinative NHC -> BR3 bond (1)
- Decontamination (1)
- Defects (1)
- Deformation (1)
- Dehydration (1)
- Dehydro[n]annulenes (1)
- Delta-Kohn Sham method (1)
- Delta-Kohn-Sham (1)
- Density functional theory (1)
- Density-matrix (1)
- Densityfunctional theory (1)
- Dependent light scattering (1)
- Depolymerization (1)
- Depth profiling (1)
- Desorption kinetics (1)
- Desymmetrization (1)
- Detergents (1)
- Diagnostics (1)
- Diaminomaleonitrile (1)
- Dianellin (1)
- Diatom (1)
- Diazonium salts (1)
- Dielectric properties (1)
- Diffusion processes (1)
- Dimer (1)
- Dimeric anthraquinone (1)
- Diode laser (1)
- Discrete variable representation (1)
- Dispersion (1)
- Distance (1)
- Distance Learning (1)
- Diterpenoid (1)
- Docking (1)
- Docking study (1)
- Dodonaea angustifolia (1)
- Domino reactions (1)
- Doping (1)
- Double exponential model (1)
- Drop morphology (1)
- Drop profile analysis tensiometry (1)
- Drug loading (1)
- Dual Scale Factors (1)
- Dual scale factors (1)
- Dual-Responsiveness (1)
- Dynamic H-1-NMR (1)
- Dynamic HPLC (1)
- Dynamic equilibrium (1)
- Dynamic light scattering (1)
- E. coli (1)
- E. schliebenii (1)
- EIS (1)
- ERF (1)
- ESI (1)
- ESI-MS (1)
- ESR spectroscopy (1)
- Ecological risk assessment (1)
- Ecotoxicology (1)
- Electrical conductivity (1)
- Electro-synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (1)
- Electroactive Conjugated Polymer (1)
- Electrochemical impedance (1)
- Electrochemical sensor (1)
- Electrodeposition (1)
- Electron dynamics (1)
- Electrosensing (1)
- Electrospray Ionization (1)
- Electrostatic effects (1)
- Ellipsometry (1)
- Emulsification (1)
- Emulsion destabilization (1)
- Emulsions (1)
- Enantioselectivity (1)
- Energy transfer (1)
- Energy-transfer probe (1)
- Enzymatic degradation (1)
- Enzymatic milk coagulation (1)
- Enzymatic polymer degradation (1)
- Enzyme catalysis (1)
- Enzymes (1)
- Equilibrium (1)
- Equilibrium constants (1)
- Ethers (1)
- European pear (1)
- Eutectic mixture (1)
- Excimer (1)
- Exciplex (1)
- Excited state proton transfer (1)
- Excited-state calculations; (1)
- External mass transfer (1)
- Extraction system development (1)
- F(4)TCNQ (1)
- F-19 (1)
- F-C coupling constants (1)
- F12 methods (1)
- FAPbBr(3) (1)
- FLIM (1)
- FLNS (1)
- FSH (1)
- Fabry-Perot etalon (1)
- Fastener (1)
- Fatty acids (1)
- Fiber-optical spectroscopy (1)
- Field flow fractionation (1)
- Filtration (1)
- First-Year Undergraduate/General (1)
- Fixed bed (1)
- Flavanone (1)
- Flavonoids (1)
- Flexible linker (1)
- Fluorescence anisotropy (1)
- Fluorescence correlation (1)
- Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- Fluorescence imaging (1)
- Fluorescence life time (1)
- Fluorescence lifetime (1)
- Fluorescence lifetime probes (1)
- Fluorescent dyes (1)
- Fluorescent nanoconjugate (1)
- Fluorescent probes (1)
- Fluoroassay (1)
- Fokker-Planck equations (1)
- Formation constant (1)
- Formic acid (1)
- Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) (1)
- Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) system (1)
- Forster resonance energy transfer(FRET) (1)
- Fourier-transform infrared (1)
- Fruit quality (1)
- Function by design (1)
- Functional groups (1)
- Functional organic materials (1)
- Functionalization (1)
- Furans (1)
- Fusarium proliferatum (1)
- Fusicoccane diterpenes (1)
- G-quadruplexes (1)
- GC-MS (1)
- GIAO calculations (1)
- GOIP (1)
- GP2 isoform alpha (1)
- Games; (1)
- Gas chromatography (1)
- Gas phase (1)
- Gas sorption (1)
- Gas-phase electron diffraction (1)
- Gas-sorption (1)
- Gaseous Ions (1)
- Gate-effects (1)
- Gel polymer (1)
- Gelatin (1)
- Gelatin-chitosan composites (1)
- Gelatin-chitosan scaffolds (1)
- Generalized Langevin oscillator model (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Gestational diabetes (1)
- Glycol podands (1)
- Glycosidation (1)
- Glycosides (1)
- Gold cluster (1)
- Gold nanostructure (1)
- Gold nanotriangles (1)
- Gold surface (1)
- Gold surfaces (1)
- Gold triangles (1)
- Grafting-from polymerization (1)
- Graphene derivates (1)
- Graphene oxide (1)
- Green rust (1)
- Green synthesis (1)
- Gripper (1)
- Grotthuss mechanism (1)
- Guatemala (1)
- H-1 (1)
- H-1 NMR spectroscopy (1)
- H. pubescens (1)
- H2O2 (1)
- HAART (1)
- HALS (1)
- HDAC1 (1)
- HIV (1)
- HMF oxidation (1)
- Halogenation (1)
- Hammett-Brown plots (1)
- Hapten (1)
- Hard carbons (1)
- Hard sphere model in the Percus-Yevick Approximation (1)
- Heavy metal ions (1)
- Heck coupling (1)
- Heck reactions (1)
- Hemiporphyrazines (1)
- Heparin (1)
- Herbicide (1)
- Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (1)
- Hexagons and nanorods (1)
- High School/Introductory Chemistry (1)
- High-cell-density culture (1)
- High-harmonic generation (1)
- High-power lasers (1)
- High-resolution spectrometer (1)
- High-throughput (1)
- Highly functionalized dimeric triglycerides (1)
- Histone deacetylases (1)
- Hofmeister effect (1)
- Human donor blood (1)
- Human sulfite oxidase (1)
- Humic acid (1)
- Humic substances (1)
- Humor (1)
- Humor/Puzzles/Games (1)
- Hybrid clay (1)
- Hybrid materials (1)
- Hydrogel disks (1)
- Hydrogel microparticles (1)
- Hydrogel microspheres (1)
- Hydrogen Bonds (1)
- Hydrogen Production (1)
- Hydrogen activation (1)
- Hydrogen bonds (1)
- Hydrogen peroxide (1)
- Hydrogen sulfide (1)
- Hydrogen-bonding (1)
- Hydrolytic degradation (1)
- Hydrolytic stability (1)
- Hydrophobic (1)
- Hydrophobin (1)
- Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) (1)
- Hypertension (1)
- Hypoestes verticillaris (1)
- Hypoosmotic stress (1)
- IFT (1)
- IMS (1)
- IR and Raman spectra (1)
- ITC (1)
- Ibuprofen (1)
- Imidazolate Frameworks Potsdam (1)
- Imidazole (1)
- Immobilization (1)
- Immunoactive properties (1)
- In situ (1)
- In situ coating (1)
- In vivo imaging system (IVIS) (1)
- In vivo-in vitro correlation (1)
- In-line monitoring (1)
- In-situ neutron reflectivity (1)
- InP (1)
- InP nanowires (1)
- InPZnS (1)
- Inflammation (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Ink (1)
- Insulating films (1)
- Interchain interactions (1)
- Interfacial capacitance (1)
- Interfacial equilibrium (1)
- Internet (1)
- Interphase behavior (1)
- Intracellular bacteria (1)
- Ion exchange (1)
- Ionic conductivity (1)
- Ionic selectivity (1)
- Ionic strength (1)
- Ionogel (1)
- Ionogels (1)
- Iron (1)
- Iron oxide (1)
- Iron/silver microflowers (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Iso-chemical shielding surfaces (ICSS) (1)
- Isocyanates (1)
- Isoflavanones (1)
- Isolations (1)
- Isothiocyanic acid (1)
- Isotope detection (1)
- Isotope effect (1)
- Isotope exchange (1)
- Jahn-Teller distortion (1)
- Janus droplets (1)
- Janus drops (1)
- Janus emulsion (1)
- Journals (1)
- Kenusanone F 7-methyl ether (1)
- Ki67 (1)
- Kinetic analysis (1)
- Kinetic model (1)
- Kinetically controlled nanocrystal growth (1)
- Kniphofia foliosa (1)
- Knipholone cyclooxanthrone (1)
- L-929 fibroblasts (1)
- L-Cysteine (1)
- L-selectin (1)
- LC composites (1)
- LC polymer (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LC−MS/MS (1)
- LED (1)
- LH (1)
- LSPR (1)
- Lactose (1)
- Lake Peten-Itza (1)
- Langmuir layers (1)
- Langmuir monolayer degradation technique (1)
- Langmuir monolayers (1)
- Langmuir technique (1)
- Langmuir thin-films (1)
- Langmuir-Schafer films (1)
- Lannea rivae (1)
- Lannea schweinfurthii (1)
- Lanthanide (1)
- Lanthanide ions (1)
- Lanthanides (1)
- Laponite (1)
- Large Stokes shifts (1)
- Large Stokes-shifts (1)
- Large-size (1)
- Laser ablation (1)
- Laser induced desorption (1)
- Laser ionization (1)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (1)
- Lasers (1)
- Lattice Boltzmann methods (1)
- Layer-by-layer (1)
- Learning/Chemistry Education Research (1)
- Lectin (1)
- Leishmania (1)
- Levy flights (1)
- Li deposition (1)
- Li dissolution (1)
- Li metal (1)
- Li-S (1)
- Light-harvesting complex II (1)
- Lignans (1)
- Limonoid (1)
- Lipid domain (1)
- Liquid chromatography (1)
- Liquids (1)
- Lithium ion battery (1)
- Lobelia tupa (1)
- Local density friction approximation (1)
- Localized surface plasmon resonance (1)
- Low field MRI (1)
- Low temperature NMR spectroscopy (1)
- Low-temperature C-13 and Si-29 NMR (1)
- Low-temperature NMR (1)
- Low-temperature d-NMR (1)
- Lucigenin (1)
- Luminescence (1)
- Luminescence spectroscopy (1)
- Lysophosphatidylcholine (1)
- Lysotrackers (1)
- Lysozyme (1)
- M062X/6-311G** calculations (1)
- MACE (1)
- MALDI-ToF MS (1)
- MAPbX3 (1)
- MD simulations (1)
- MOF-derived catalysts (1)
- MP2 (1)
- MP2 and CCSD(T) calculations (1)
- MP2 calculations (1)
- MQAE (1)
- MS (1)
- MSDA (1)
- Macrocyclic li-gands (1)
- Macrophage (1)
- Magnetic composites (1)
- Magnetic-responsive (1)
- Magnetite and gold nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetite nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetite-gold nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetization measurements (1)
- Main text (1)
- Malaria (1)
- Male (1)
- Mammea usambarensis (1)
- Mammea-type coumarins (1)
- Manipulation of Emulsion Stability (1)
- Markov processes (1)
- Mass transfer (1)
- Mass transfer zone (1)
- Matrix IR spectrum (1)
- Matrix metalloproteinase (1)
- Matsuda-Heck reaction (1)
- Maytenus boaria (1)
- Maytenus disticha (1)
- Maytenus spp. (1)
- Mechanism (1)
- Melt crystallization (1)
- Mesh size (1)
- Mesh ultra-thin layer (1)
- Mesomeric equilibrium of carbene/zwitterion (1)
- Mesomerism (1)
- Mesopores (1)
- Mesoporous materials (1)
- Metal complexation (1)
- Metal-proton exchange reaction (1)
- Metalation (1)
- Methacrylate (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methanogens (1)
- Methylmercury (1)
- Microfluidics (1)
- Microindentation (1)
- Microparticles Reagentless assay (1)
- Microperoxidase (1)
- Micropolarity (1)
- Micropores (1)
- Microporosity (1)
- Microstructure (1)
- Microviscosity (1)
- Millettia dura (1)
- Millettia dura; (1)
- Millettia lasiantha (1)
- Millettia leucantha (1)
- Millettia micans (1)
- Millettia oblata ssp teitensis (1)
- Mineralization (1)
- Miniaturized cultivations (1)
- Mitochondrial ROS (1)
- Mixed-valent compounds (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modified Mannich reaction (1)
- Modified polymer resin (1)
- Molecular (1)
- Molecular Probe (1)
- Molecular biophysics (1)
- Molecular diversity (1)
- Molecular dynamics simulation (1)
- Molecular dynamics with friction (1)
- Molecular interaction design (1)
- Molecular rod (1)
- Molecular rods (1)
- Molecular structure (1)
- Molecular weight (1)
- Molecules (1)
- Monolayer (1)
- Monomers (1)
- Monte Carlo (1)
- Monte-Carlo (1)
- Monte-Carlo simulations (1)
- Morpholindione (1)
- Morphology (1)
- Multi-drug resistance (1)
- Multiblock copolymer (1)
- Multiblock copolymers (1)
- Multicompartment micelles (1)
- Multifunctional polyester networks (1)
- Multifunctionality (1)
- Multilayers (1)
- Multiple NHC(CAAC)-Boron bonds (1)
- Multivariate data analysis (1)
- Mundulea sericea (1)
- N (1)
- N-2 fixation (1)
- N-acetyl cysteine (1)
- N-acetyl glucosamine derivatives (1)
- N-azobenzylchitosan (1)
- N-butylpyridinium bromide (1)
- N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) (1)
- N-methylnicotinamide (1)
- N-triflyl guanidines (1)
- N-unsubstituted (primary)S-thiocarbamates (1)
- N-unsubstituted(primary)O-thiocarbamates (1)
- NBO and STERIC analyses (1)
- NBO/NCS analysis (1)
- NICE-2014 (1)
- NIPAAm (1)
- NMR structure (1)
- NTF (1)
- Na+ homeostasis (1)
- Na+-K+-2Cl(-) cotransporter (1)
- Nano-bioextractant (1)
- Nanocrystal growth (1)
- Nanofiber (1)
- Nanofibers (1)
- Nanohybrid (1)
- Nanorods (1)
- Nanosensor (1)
- Nanostructured (1)
- Nanotoxicity (1)
- Nanotriangle stacking and welding (1)
- Naphthoquinone (1)
- Naphthoxazinoquinazolines (1)
- Naphthoxazinoquinazolinones (1)
- Naphthyridine receptor (1)
- Naphthyridines (1)
- Nauclea diderrichii (1)
- Navicula perminuta (1)
- Near infra-red (1)
- Near infrared light triggered shape-recovery (1)
- Negative control (1)
- Neuroleptics (1)
- Neutron spin echo (1)
- Neutron spin-echo spectroscopy (1)
- Neutron tomography (1)
- Ni nanodots (1)
- Ni-O4 electrocatalysts (1)
- Ni2F5 (1)
- Nickel (1)
- Nickel oxide (1)
- Nitroxides (1)
- Noble carbon (1)
- Non-adiabatic transitions (1)
- Non-destructive (1)
- Nonadiabatic effects (1)
- Nonenzymatic (1)
- Nontarget terrestrial plants (1)
- Novozym 435 (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1)
- Nucleophilic addition (1)
- Nucleotide nanosensor (1)
- Numerical propagation (1)
- ORMOCER (R) (1)
- OTDR (1)
- Occupation quotient pi*/pi (1)
- Olefin isomerization (1)
- Olefin self- and cross-metathesis (1)
- Oligo(ethylene glycol) (1)
- Oligo(omega-pentadecalactone) (1)
- Oligodepsipeptide (1)
- Oligoglycerols (1)
- Oligomers (1)
- Oligosaccharides (1)
- On-demand release (1)
- One-cycle laser pulses (1)
- Open quantum systems (1)
- Optical fiber (1)
- Optical oxygen sensor (1)
- Optical parameter set (1)
- Optical sensor (1)
- Ordering transitions (1)
- Organic electrode (1)
- Organic structure (1)
- Ormocarpum kirkii (1)
- Oxygen sensing (1)
- PCM (1)
- PDA (1)
- PDLLGA (1)
- PDMS surface grafting (1)
- PEG6000 (1)
- PEI coating (1)
- PHA-depolymerases (1)
- PISA (1)
- PLA (1)
- PLS regression (1)
- PLSR (1)
- PQQ-GDH (1)
- PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (1)
- Packaging (1)
- Palladium ion (1)
- Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of arenediazonium salts with organoindium or organobismuth reagents (1)
- Paratope (1)
- Partial least squares regression (PLSR) (1)
- Particle shape (1)
- Particle size (1)
- Pastillation (1)
- Pd catalysis (1)
- Pear (1)
- Pendant drop tensiometry (1)
- Penicillium digitatum (1)
- Pentylsedinine (1)
- Peptide coating (1)
- Percolation (1)
- Peripheral ring current (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Phagocytosis (1)
- Phantoms (1)
- Phenols (1)
- Phenylacetylide (1)
- Phenylanthraquinone (1)
- Phosphate (1)
- Phosphate recovery (1)
- Phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl C 32:1 (1)
- Phospholipid (1)
- Phospholipids (1)
- Phosphorescence lifetime (1)
- Photo-Dehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (1)
- Photodynamics (1)
- Photoinduced optical anisotropy (1)
- Photoresponsive polymers (1)
- Physical Network (1)
- Physical chemistry (1)
- Pi interactions (1)
- Pickering interfacial catalysis (1)
- Piperidine alkaloid (1)
- Plant Material (1)
- Plant community model (1)
- Plant reproduction (1)
- Plasmid DNA production (1)
- Platelet (1)
- Platycelphium voense (1)
- Platyisoflavanone (1)
- Pleistocene (1)
- Pleurotus ostreatus (1)
- Plume (1)
- Pluronics (1)
- Podanthus mitiqui (1)
- Polar effect (1)
- Polar substituent constant (1)
- Polarization elements (1)
- Poly vinyl alcohol (1)
- Poly(allyl alcohol)s (1)
- Poly(carbonate-urea-urethane)s (1)
- Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) networks (1)
- Poly(ether imide) (1)
- Poly(ionic liquid) (1)
- Poly(n-butyl acrylate) (1)
- Poly(trimethylsilylpropyne) matrix (1)
- Poly-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes (1)
- Poly-epsilon-caprolactone (1)
- PolyNIPAM (1)
- Polyampholytes (1)
- Polyaromatic fragments (1)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1)
- Polyelectrolytes (1)
- Polyesterurethane (1)
- Polyether ether ketone (1)
- Polyethylene imine (1)
- Polyimides (1)
- Polylactide stereocomplex (1)
- Polymer architecture (1)
- Polymer capped gold nanoparticles (1)
- Polymer dispersions (1)
- Polymer functionalization (1)
- Polymer micronetwork colloids (1)
- Polymer network properties (1)
- Polymer networks (1)
- Polymer-clay composite (1)
- Polymer-coating (1)
- Polymeric substrate (1)
- Polymerization (1)
- Polymerized ionic liquids (1)
- Polypeptide (1)
- Polypeptoid (1)
- Polypeptoids (1)
- Polyplexes (1)
- Polystyrene-divinylbenzene (1)
- Porosimetry (1)
- Porous (1)
- Porous poly(ether imide) microparticulate absorbers (1)
- Porous scaffold (1)
- Post-polymerization modification (1)
- Potato (1)
- Principal component analysis (PCA) (1)
- Process (1)
- Proline (1)
- Protein delivery (1)
- Protein structure (1)
- Protein voltammetry (1)
- Protein-polymer conjugate (1)
- Proteins (1)
- Protic 2-hydroxyethylammonium ionic liquids (1)
- Proton transfer reaction (1)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1)
- Pterocarpan (1)
- Pulse duration (1)
- Pulsed interleaved excitation (1)
- Push-pull alkynes (1)
- Push-pull allenes (1)
- Puzzles (1)
- Pyrene (1)
- Pyrimidines (1)
- QDs (1)
- QuEChERS (1)
- Quality (1)
- Quantification of contrast agent (1)
- Quantum Chemical Calculations (1)
- Quantum chemistry (1)
- Quantum mechanics (1)
- Quasi-aromaticity (1)
- Quinonoid structure (1)
- Quotient method (1)
- RA-intramolecular hydrogen bond (1)
- RAFT dispersion polymerization (1)
- RGD peptides (1)
- RGD-peptide (1)
- ROMP (1)
- RP-HPLC (1)
- RUNX2 (1)
- Radiative transport (1)
- Radical polymerization (1)
- Radicals (1)
- Random copolymer (1)
- Rapeseed cake (1)
- Rapeseed oil (1)
- Rare-earth elements (1)
- Reaction mechanisms (1)
- Reaction monitoring (1)
- Reaction products (1)
- Reactive adsorption (1)
- Reactive foaming (1)
- Reagents (1)
- Rearrangement to trithiaazapentalene (1)
- Redox chemistry (1)
- Redox polymer (1)
- Reduced scattering coefficient (1)
- Reduction (1)
- Regioselectivity (1)
- Release (1)
- Release studies (1)
- Reproductive toxicity (1)
- Residual dipolar couplings (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Responsive polymers (1)
- Responsivity (1)
- Reversibility (1)
- Rhodamine 6G (1)
- Rhodium (1)
- Ring method (1)
- Ring tensiometry (1)
- Robotic synthesis (1)
- Robotics (1)
- Root zone processes (1)
- Rotational barriers (1)
- RuBisCO (1)
- Ruthenium complexes (1)
- S li-gands (1)
- S ligands (1)
- SAM (1)
- SBFI (1)
- SDS (1)
- SDS inverse micelle (1)
- SEM (1)
- SERS enhancement factor (1)
- SOD (1)
- SQM FF (1)
- SQM-FF (1)
- SRG formation in polymer brushes (1)
- STM-induced reactions (1)
- Salicylic acid (1)
- Satellite hybrid (1)
- Scaffold contraction (1)
- Scaffold degradation (1)
- Scaffold stiffness (1)
- Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) (1)
- Schizozygane indoline alkaloid (1)
- Schizozygia coffaeoides (1)
- Schrodinger equation (1)
- Science and Mathematics (1)
- Second-Year undergraduate (1)
- Selenium (1)
- Self Instruction (1)
- Semen parameters (1)
- Senecio roseiflorus (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Sequence analysis (1)
- Sequence structure (1)
- Sex (1)
- Shadowgraphy (1)
- Shape-memory (1)
- Si(111)-7x7 (1)
- Silacyclohexanes (1)
- Silaheterocyclohexanes (1)
- Silanes (1)
- Silica Determination (1)
- Silica sulfuric acid (1)
- Silicon Content (1)
- Silver (1)
- Silver nanoparticles (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Simulation of H-1 NMR spectra (1)
- Simulation of polymer XPS (1)
- Single molecule fluorescence (1)
- Single-molecule FRET (1)
- Small angle neutron scattering (1)
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (1)
- Small-angle neutron scattering (1)
- Sn(IV) alkoxide (1)
- SnAr reaction (1)
- Sodium transport (1)
- Sodium-ion batteries (1)
- Soil (1)
- Solanum tuberosum (1)
- Solid acid (1)
- Solid phase (1)
- Solid polymer electrolyte (1)
- Solubility (1)
- Solute transport (1)
- Solvent extraction (1)
- Solvent-free (1)
- Sophoronol-7-methyl ether (1)
- Spatial NICS (1)
- Spatially resolved spectroscopy (1)
- Sphaeranthus bullatus (1)
- Spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (1)
- Spinning drop (1)
- Spiro compound (1)
- Spiro compounds (1)
- Spiropyrane (1)
- Staphylococcus aureus (1)
- Stem (1)
- Stem bark (1)
- Stereochemistry (1)
- Steric effects (1)
- Steric hindrance (1)
- Steric substituent constant (1)
- Stripping (1)
- Strontium (1)
- Structural investigations (1)
- Structure (1)
- Structure Determination (1)
- Structure revision (1)
- Students (1)
- Styrene (1)
- Sub-zero temperature (Celsius) (1)
- Subambient pressure (1)
- Submicron particles (1)
- Substituent chemical shifts (1)
- Substituent effects (1)
- Substrate effect (1)
- Sulfated polymer (1)
- Sulfonated polyaniline (1)
- Sulfoxide (1)
- Supercapacitor (1)
- Superoxide (1)
- Superparamagnetic (1)
- Superparamagnetic magnetite (1)
- Supramolecular ball structure (1)
- Surface chemistry (1)
- Surface complexes (1)
- Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) (1)
- Surface plasmon resonance (1)
- Surface properties (1)
- Surface reaction (1)
- Surface relief grating (1)
- Surface removal (1)
- Surface science (1)
- Surface-initiated atom-transfer radical (1)
- Surfactant (1)
- Surfactants (1)
- Sustainable (1)
- Suzuki coupling (1)
- Swelling behavior (1)
- Switchable Surfactants (1)
- Switchable wettability (1)
- Synchrotron radiation XPS (1)
- Synthesis and processing (1)
- T1 mapping (1)
- TBTU (1)
- TCP (1)
- TE interactions (1)
- TG/DTA (1)
- THP-1 cells (1)
- TOF-SIMS (1)
- Tandem mass spectrometry (1)
- Tautomerism (1)
- Telechel (1)
- Template phase (1)
- Template reaction (1)
- Templated self-assembly (1)
- Tephrosia aequilata (1)
- Tephrosia subtriflora (1)
- Tephrosia villosa (1)
- Terbium (1)
- Terpurinflavone (1)
- Testosterone (1)
- Tetraoxo[8]circulenes (1)
- Tetraphenylethene Bioassay Fluorescent dye (1)
- Tetrapyrroles (1)
- Theoretical chemistry (1)
- Thermal behavior (1)
- Thermal broadening effects (1)
- Thermo-responsive (1)
- Thermo-responsive polymer (1)
- Thermochemical properties (1)
- Thermomechanical history (1)
- Thermosensitivity (1)
- Thienopyridine (1)
- Thioether ligands (1)
- Thiol-X (1)
- Thiol-ene (1)
- Thiol-ene addition (1)
- Thiol-ene click chemistry (1)
- Thioredoxin (1)
- Thiouracil (1)
- Threshold (1)
- Through -space NMR (1)
- Through-space NMR (1)
- TiO2 nanoparticles (1)
- TiO2 nanotubes (1)
- Time-resolved spectroscopy (1)
- Tin octanoate (1)
- Toonacilin (1)
- Toonapubesins F (1)
- Torque (1)
- Total synthesis (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Transient absorption (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Transmembrane protein (1)
- Triiodide "network" (1)
- Triphilic block copolymers (1)
- Trithiapentalene (1)
- Trough-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS) (1)
- Tube-like template phase (1)
- Tuber (1)
- Tubular network structure (1)
- Turbid media (1)
- Turraea nilotica (1)
- Turraea robusta (1)
- Twisted double bonds (1)
- Two dimensional materials (1)
- Two-dimensional separations (1)
- Type 2 Diabetes (1)
- UV-VIS Spectroscopy (1)
- UV-Vis-NIR (1)
- UVB reduction (1)
- UVR (1)
- Ugi reaction (1)
- Ultra-low (1)
- Ulva linza (1)
- Untreated agricultural wastes (1)
- Upconversion luminescence (1)
- Uracil (1)
- Uremic toxins (1)
- VEGF (1)
- Vacuum drying (1)
- Vanadium pentoxide (1)
- Vesicle (1)
- Vesicles (1)
- Vibrational states (1)
- Vibrio cholerae (1)
- Vibronic spectrum (1)
- Vinylogous N-acyliminium ion (1)
- Violaxanthin (1)
- Vis spectroscopy (1)
- WAXS (1)
- Wacker reaction (1)
- Water splitting (1)
- Water treatment (1)
- Water vapor (1)
- Wavelength modulation gas spectroscopy (1)
- Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (laser spectroscopy) (1)
- Web-Based Learning (1)
- Winsor phases (1)
- X-ray absorption (1)
- X-ray analysis (1)
- X-ray crystallography (1)
- Xanthone (1)
- Y-aromaticity (1)
- Ylide (1)
- Yukawa model in the Mean Spherical Approximation (1)
- Zanthoxylum holstzianum (1)
- Zanthoxylum leprieurii (1)
- Zwitterionic surfactant (1)
- a (1)
- absolute-configuration (1)
- absorbtion fine-structure (1)
- absorption (1)
- acetanilides (1)
- acidic ionic liquids (1)
- acidity constants (1)
- acids (1)
- acinar-cells (1)
- actin cytoskeleton (1)
- actinide (1)
- activated urethane derivatives (1)
- active polymer (1)
- active scaffold (1)
- activity (1)
- acute pancreatitis (1)
- addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (1)
- adduct formation (1)
- adhesives (1)
- adsorption kinetics (1)
- advanced characterization (1)
- aequichalcone A (1)
- aequichalcone B (1)
- aequichalcone C (1)
- alcohols (1)
- aldol reaction (1)
- alignments (1)
- alkaloid (1)
- alkyl nitrates (1)
- alkynes (1)
- allyl alcohols (1)
- alpha,omega-Dienes (1)
- amide ligand (1)
- amides (1)
- amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) (1)
- amorphous carbon (1)
- amorphous polymers (1)
- amphiphilic particles (1)
- amphiphilic polymer assembly (1)
- amphiphilic surface (1)
- analytical methods (1)
- analytical technology (1)
- anchor peptides (1)
- anion substitution (1)
- anionic polymerization (1)
- anisotropic structures (1)
- anti-HIV (1)
- anti-fouling materials (1)
- anti-inflammatory therapy (1)
- anti-polyelectrolyte effect (1)
- antifouling coatings (1)
- antileishmanial (1)
- antimicrobial peptide (1)
- antimycobacterial activity (1)
- aptamers (1)
- aqueous dispersion (1)
- aridity (1)
- arsenious acid (1)
- articulated rods (1)
- assemblies (1)
- assembly capabilities (1)
- asymmetric catalysis (1)
- atmospheric effects (1)
- atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) (1)
- atomic force microscopy (AFM) (1)
- atropisomerism (1)
- attachment (1)
- augmented-wave method (1)
- azides (1)
- azobenzene containing surfactants (1)
- azobenzene trimethylammonium bromide (1)
- bandgap (1)
- barrier to ring inversion (1)
- basement membrane (1)
- basis sets (1)
- bending stiffness (1)
- benzenoid structures (1)
- benzofurans (1)
- benzophenanthridine alkaloid (1)
- beta-(acyloxy)alkylrear (1)
- beta-dihydroagarofuran-type sesquiterpene (1)
- beta-galactosidase (1)
- bicontinuous phase (1)
- bilayer (1)
- bio-based (1)
- bio-inspired (1)
- biocompatibility (1)
- biodiversity (1)
- bioelectrochemistry (1)
- biofunctionalization (1)
- bioinspired materials (1)
- bioinstructive implants (1)
- bioinstructive materials (1)
- biological applications of polymers (1)
- biological membrane (1)
- biomass (1)
- biomaterial-tissue interface (1)
- biomedical (1)
- biomimetic (chemical reaction) (1)
- biopolymer (1)
- bioprinting (1)
- biorecognition reactions (1)
- biorefineries (1)
- biosensor (1)
- biphasic catalysis (1)
- bismuth (1)
- bladder-cancer (1)
- blend (1)
- block copolymer (1)
- body temperature (1)
- bone tissue engineering (1)
- borates (1)
- bound phenolic compounds (1)
- brewster angle microscopy (1)
- broad melting temperature range (1)
- brominated (1)
- brownian-motion (1)
- brushes (1)
- cGMP (1)
- cadmium (1)
- cadmium-free (1)
- calcination (1)
- calcium carbonate (1)
- calcium carbonate biomineralization (1)
- calcium influx (1)
- calcium phosphate hybrid material (1)
- cancer radiation therapy (1)
- capillary-active substrates (1)
- carbene electron deficiency (1)
- carbene ligands (1)
- carbenes (1)
- carbohydrate derivatives (1)
- carbohydrate derivatives (1)
- carbohydrate recognition (1)
- carbohydrate-protein interactions (1)
- carbohydrate‐ based (1)
- carbon (1)
- carbon dots (1)
- carbon fibers (1)
- carbon nitride (1)
- carbon nitrides (1)
- carboxyanhydrides (1)
- carcinogen exposure (1)
- cardiac regeneration (1)
- cardiovascular disease (1)
- cardiovascular implant (1)
- carotenoid (1)
- cascade reactions (1)
- catalyst (1)
- catanionic surfactant bilayer (1)
- catanionic surfactants (1)
- catechol (1)
- cathode (1)
- cation miscibility (1)
- cationic ring-opening polymerization (1)
- cations (1)
- cavitation-based mechanical force (1)
- cell agglutination (1)
- cell culture device (1)
- cell cycle inhibitors (1)
- cell-death (1)
- cell-material interaction (1)
- cells (1)
- cellular uptake (1)
- cellulose (1)
- cement admixtures (1)
- cement hydration (1)
- cementitious material (1)
- cereals (1)
- ceria (1)
- cesium cation (1)
- chain mobility (1)
- chain-extended (1)
- chalcogens (1)
- chalcone (1)
- charge transport (1)
- chemical interface damping (1)
- chemical modification (1)
- chemical synthesis (1)
- chemical vapor deposition (1)
- chemistry (1)
- chemodosimeter (1)
- chemoradiation therapy (1)
- chiral carbon (1)
- chiral nanoparticles (1)
- chiral recognition (1)
- chirality (1)
- chlorophyll (1)
- cholesteric phase (1)
- cholesteric scaffolds (1)
- chromanes (1)
- chromenes (1)
- chromoionophore (1)
- chromophores (1)
- chronic kidney disease (CKD) (1)
- chronic pancreatitis (1)
- ciprofloxacin (1)
- circular dichroism (1)
- cis (1)
- cis,cis-Tricyclo[5.3.0.0(2,6)]dec-3-enes (1)
- citrate displacement (1)
- citric acid (1)
- classification (1)
- clay (1)
- click triazoles (1)
- cluster models (1)
- co-nonsolvency (1)
- coating (1)
- coatings (1)
- cobalt nanoparticles (1)
- cobamides (1)
- cockroach salivary-glands (1)
- coexisting phases (1)
- coffee by-products (1)
- coffee phenolic compounds (1)
- coffee processing (1)
- cold (1)
- collagen (1)
- collagen-IV (1)
- colloidal aggregation (1)
- colloidal chemistry (1)
- colloidal quantum dots (1)
- colloids (1)
- colorimetric detection (1)
- coloring agents (1)
- column operation mode (1)
- comb poly(beta-myrcene)-graft-poly(l-lactide) copolymers (1)
- common species (1)
- complexes (1)
- composite (1)
- composite electrodes (1)
- composite materials (1)
- composites (1)
- computational chemistry (1)
- computer-based (1)
- concrete (1)
- conductive polymer (1)
- configuration interaction (1)
- configuration interactions (1)
- confocal Raman microscopy (1)
- conformational equilibrium (1)
- conformational transitions (1)
- conjugated microporous polymers (1)
- cononsolvency (1)
- construction (1)
- control body weight (1)
- controlled release (1)
- convenient synthesis (1)
- coordination bonds (1)
- copolymer networks (1)
- copolymers (1)
- copper complex (1)
- copper minerals (1)
- copper-bearing minerals (1)
- copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (1)
- core excited states (1)
- core-shell materials (1)
- core-shell nanoparticles (1)
- core-shell structures (1)
- coupled-cluster (1)
- covalent organic frameworks (1)
- critical micellation temperature (1)
- critical solution temperature (1)
- cross-linking (1)
- cryo-electron (1)
- cryo-electron microscopy (1)
- cryogel (1)
- crystal structure prediction (1)
- crystalline (1)
- crystallinity (1)
- crystals (1)
- ct-DNA (1)
- cyano anchor group (1)
- cyclic imines (1)
- cyclic olefin copolymer (1)
- cyclic thermomechanical testing (1)
- cyclization (1)
- cyclodextrin (1)
- cyclooligomers (1)
- cyclopropanation (1)
- cytidine (1)
- cytochrome P450 (1)
- cytosine methylation (1)
- cytosolic sodium (1)
- cytotoxic (1)
- damage (1)
- de novo synthesis (1)
- deacetylation (1)
- dedifferentiation (1)
- degradable (1)
- degradable polyester (1)
- degradable polymers (1)
- dendritic cells (1)
- density functional theory (1)
- density functional theory (DFT) (1)
- derivatives (1)
- deuteration (1)
- di(ethylene glycol) methy ether methacrylate (1)
- diazonium salts (1)
- dibenzocyclooctane (1)
- dibenzoeilatin (1)
- dibenzylbutane (1)
- differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (1)
- diffractive elements (1)
- dihydro-beta-agarofuran (1)
- dihydromyricetin (1)
- dihydromyricetin-3-O-beta-glucoside (1)
- diimine-complexes (1)
- dimer (1)
- dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (1)
- dip-coating (1)
- dipole-dipole interaction (1)
- direct bioelectrocatalysis (1)
- direct electron transfer (1)
- disinfection (1)
- dispersion (1)
- dissipative dynamics (1)
- distance learning/self instruction (1)
- disulfide (1)
- diversiform structures (1)
- dna coiling (1)
- docking (1)
- donor-acceptor systems (1)
- drought (1)
- drought tolerance (1)
- drug carrier system (1)
- drug delivery system (1)
- drugs (1)
- dual non-covalent interactions (1)
- dual thermoresponsive (1)
- dye adsorption (1)
- dye mixture (1)
- dynamic HPLC (1)
- dynamic NMR spectroscopy (1)
- dynamics (1)
- echinoderm skeleton (1)
- ecosystem function (1)
- effect of alkyl side chains (1)
- elastomers (1)
- electric fields (1)
- electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- electrically switchable gratings. (1)
- electrochromism (1)
- electrode materials (1)
- electrodes (1)
- electrolytes (1)
- electromagnetic field enhancement (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- electron-transfer (1)
- electropolymerization (1)
- electrospray ionization (1)
- electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and modeling (1)
- electrostatic assembly (1)
- electrostatics (1)
- elegans (1)
- elemental composition (1)
- elimination (1)
- ellipsometric mapping (1)
- emulsion (1)
- emulsion inversion (1)
- emulsion microscopy (1)
- enantiomers (1)
- endo-Mode cyclization (1)
- endothelial basement membrane (1)
- energy materials (1)
- energy-transfer (1)
- engineering (1)
- enthalpy-entropy compensation (EEC) (1)
- environmental remediation (1)
- enzymatic sensors (1)
- enzymatic-degradation (1)
- enzyme inhibitors (1)
- enzyme-polymer conjugates (1)
- ephedrine/pseudoephedrine (1)
- epithelial ion transport (1)
- epoxidation (1)
- equilibrium topology (1)
- esters (1)
- etanercept (1)
- ethanolamine phosphate (1)
- ethers (1)
- ethylene oxide (1)
- europium complex (1)
- evolution (1)
- excimer UV light (1)
- excision-repair (1)
- excitation (1)
- exciton (1)
- excluded volume (1)
- exo-methylene conformational effect at cyclohexane (1)
- explosives (1)
- exposure (1)
- extracellular matrix modifying enzymes (1)
- fatty acids (1)
- feature selection (1)
- ferrocene (1)
- ferromagnetic (1)
- fiber Bragg gratings (1)
- fiber actuators (1)
- fiber etching (1)
- fiber meshes (1)
- fiber optic sensors (1)
- fiber sensors (1)
- fiber-optical sensors (1)
- fiber-optical spectroscopy (1)
- fibrinogen (1)
- fibroblast (1)
- field test (1)
- first-year undergraduate/general (1)
- fish (1)
- flavanonol (1)
- flavonoid (1)
- flavonoids (1)
- flavonol (1)
- flight search patterns (1)
- flow photochemistry (1)
- fluctuation-dissipation theorem (1)
- fludarabine (1)
- fluorescence anisotropy (1)
- fluorescence enhancement (1)
- fluorescence label (1)
- fluorescence photobleaching recovery (1)
- fluorescence stimuli‐ responsivity (1)
- fluorescent dyemonomers (1)
- fluorinated olefins (1)
- fluoropolymers (1)
- foam (1)
- focal adhesion (1)
- folding kinetics (1)
- food contact material (1)
- form stability (1)
- formal synthesis (1)
- fouling release (1)
- fractal kinetics (1)
- fractional dynamics approach (1)
- frameworks (1)
- fronts (1)
- fumaronitrile (1)
- function by structure; (1)
- functional (1)
- functionalization (1)
- functionalization of polymers (1)
- functionalizing proteins (1)
- fungus (1)
- g-quadruplex (1)
- galactose-decorated monomer (1)
- galactosylceramide (1)
- galectin (1)
- galectin-3 (1)
- gas (1)
- gas adsorption (1)
- gas permeation (1)
- gas supply conditions (1)
- gas-phase (1)
- gas-phase reactions (1)
- gaussian processes (1)
- gelatin-based hydrogels (1)
- gelatin/chitosan hydrogel scaffold (1)
- gemini surfactant (1)
- gene silencing (1)
- gene-expression (1)
- gene-regulation kinetics (1)
- generation of higher and lower harmonics (1)
- genomic dna methylation (1)
- germacrane sesquiterpene lactone (1)
- glass (1)
- glass transition (1)
- glass transition temperature (1)
- glucose homeostasis (1)
- glucose oxidation (1)
- glucosinolates (1)
- glycals (1)
- glyco-inside nano-assemblies (1)
- glycolipids (1)
- glycomaterials (1)
- glycosynthases (1)
- gold electrodes (1)
- gold nanoparticle assembly (1)
- gold surface (1)
- gold-polymer hybrid shell (1)
- grafting-from (1)
- graphene (1)
- graphene oxide (1)
- graphite (1)
- grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (1)
- green polymers (1)
- groove binding (1)
- group-subgroup relationships (1)
- habitat (1)
- halide (1)
- hazelnut cultivars (1)
- head-to-tail surfactant associates (1)
- heat measurement (1)
- hela-cells (1)
- helicenes (1)
- hemibond (1)
- hemodialysis (1)
- hepcidin-25 (1)
- heterocyclic ligand (1)
- hexafluoropropene (1)
- hierarchical self-assembly (1)
- hierarchical structuring (1)
- hierarchically porous carbon (1)
- high pressure (1)
- high-throughput screening (1)
- hole array (1)
- hole scavengers (1)
- hollow nanospheres (1)
- hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (1)
- holography (1)
- holstzianoquinoline; (1)
- homogeneous catalysis (1)
- hot electrons (1)
- hot-electrons (1)
- human monocytic (THP-1) cells (1)
- human-cells (1)
- humic acid (1)
- hyaluronic acid (1)
- hybrid nanomaterials (1)
- hybrid perovskite (1)
- hybrid perovskites (1)
- hydrate formation (1)
- hydrate formation process (1)
- hydration layer (1)
- hydrogen bonding (1)
- hydrogen isotopes (1)
- hydrogen-2 (1)
- hydrogenation (1)
- hydrolases (1)
- hydrolysis (1)
- hydrophilic polymers (1)
- hydrophilic-to-lipophilic balance (1)
- hydrophobic mismatch (1)
- hydrophobic uremic toxins (1)
- hydroxycinnamic acids (1)
- hydroxyl radical (1)
- hydroxyl-functional poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (1)
- hypothalamus (1)
- hysteresis (1)
- iPLS regression (1)
- identity hypothesis (1)
- imaging (1)
- imidazole (1)
- imidazolium (1)
- imines (1)
- immobilization (1)
- immunoassay (1)
- immunosensors (1)
- impedance spectroscopy (1)
- in (1)
- in situ (1)
- in situ fluorescence microscopy (1)
- in vitro thrombogenicity testing (1)
- in-vitro (1)
- inclusion complex (1)
- incomplete surface passivation (1)
- indicators (1)
- indium (1)
- indole alkaloids (1)
- induced malignant-transformation (1)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (1)
- infection pathway (1)
- infrared: general (1)
- inhibition AChE (1)
- initio molecular-dynamics (1)
- inorganic perovskites (1)
- instrumentation: miscellaneous (1)
- interaction potential (1)
- intercalations (1)
- intermediates (1)
- intermittent chaotic systems (1)
- intermolecular interactions (1)
- intracellular na+ (1)
- intracellular pH indicator (1)
- inverse (1)
- inverse opals (1)
- ion beam (1)
- ion optodes (1)
- ion transport (1)
- ionic conductivity (1)
- ionic strength (1)
- ionogel (1)
- ionogels (1)
- ionophore (1)
- iron nitride (1)
- isomer resolution (1)
- isomerisation (1)
- isomerism (1)
- isoprene (1)
- isotope ecology (1)
- isotope effect (1)
- isotope effects (1)
- isotope separation (1)
- janus emulsions (1)
- keratin (1)
- kinetic models (1)
- kinetic of cis-trans isomerization (1)
- kinetic water transfer (1)
- kinetics (polym (1)
- kinetics (polym) (1)
- kinetics (polym.) (1)
- l-cysteine (1)
- labile peroxides (1)
- lactate (1)
- land use (1)
- langevin equation (1)
- langmuir monolayer (1)
- lanthanide ions (1)
- lanthanoid migration (1)
- laser chemistry (1)
- laser resonators (1)
- laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- lasso (1)
- layer-by-layer self-assembly (1)
- layer-by-layer stacking (1)
- leaf wax (1)
- learning (1)
- leguminosae (1)
- levy flights (1)
- libraries (1)
- library (1)
- life cycle assessment (1)
- life sciences (1)
- lifetime microscopy (1)
- ligand exchange (1)
- light (1)
- light-programmable viscosity (1)
- lignans (1)
- lignocellulosic biomass (1)
- linear assemblies (1)
- lipase release (1)
- lipases (1)
- lipid (1)
- lipid monolayer (1)
- lipidomics (1)
- liquid crystal (1)
- liquid crystal polymer (1)
- liquid crystalline polymer (1)
- liquid-crystalline polymers (1)
- liquid-phase catalysis (1)
- lithium sulfides (1)
- lithium-ion batteries (1)
- lithium-ion capacitors (1)
- living radical polymerization (LRP) (1)
- lone-pair-pi interactions (1)
- low temperature NMR spectroscopy (1)
- low-energy electron (1)
- low-temperature experiments (1)
- lower (1)
- lower critical solution temperature (1)
- lubricant (1)
- lupin (1)
- mAb (1)
- machine learning (1)
- macroITO (1)
- macrocyclic compounds (1)
- macrosurfactants (1)
- magnesium (1)
- magnetic (1)
- magnetic manipulation (1)
- magnetic nanoparticles (1)
- magnetite nanoparticles (1)
- magnetosensitivity (1)
- maleonitrile (1)
- maltose-modified poly(ethyleneimine) (1)
- maltosylated poly(ethyleneimine) (1)
- manganese monoxide (1)
- marine biofouling (1)
- marine oils (1)
- marker compound (1)
- mass (1)
- mass-spectrometry (1)
- material characterization (1)
- materials science (1)
- mechanical property (1)
- mechanical strength (1)
- mechanism (1)
- mechanistic understanding (1)
- medicinal mushrooms (1)
- melt (1)
- melt-recrystallization (1)
- mercaptocarboxylic acids (1)
- meso-tetrakisphenylporphyrins (1)
- mesocrystal (1)
- mesogen mesophases (1)
- mesoporous carbon (1)
- mesoporous materials (1)
- metabolite markers (1)
- metabolites (1)
- metal (1)
- metal complex (1)
- metal peptide (1)
- metal species (1)
- metal-containing ionic (1)
- metal-containing ionic liquids; (1)
- metal-free crosslinking (1)
- metal-organic mesocrystals (1)
- metal-to-ligand charge transfer (1)
- metallic nanolattices (1)
- metallo-supramolecular polymers (1)
- metallocarbohydrates (1)
- metallopeptide (1)
- metalloprotein (1)
- methacrylates (1)
- methane hydrate (1)
- methyl cellulose (1)
- methyltransferases dnmt3a (1)
- miRNA inhibitors (1)
- miRNA seed region (1)
- miRNA-Argonaute 2 protein complex (1)
- micro/mesoporous (1)
- microRNA (1)
- microbial activity (1)
- microchip (1)
- microemulsions (1)
- microfluidics (1)
- microgel (1)
- microgel arrays (1)
- microgreen (1)
- microporous (1)
- microporous organic polymers (1)
- microwave (1)
- microwave chemistry (1)
- mild reaction conditions (1)
- mimics (1)
- miscibility (1)
- miscibility gap (1)
- mitochondria (1)
- mitsunobu (1)
- mixed gas hydrates (1)
- mixed quantum-classical methodology (1)
- mixtures (1)
- models (1)
- modified mycotoxins (1)
- modulation of in vivo regeneration (1)
- mold (1)
- mold fungi (1)
- molecular dynamics simulations (1)
- molecular imprinted polymers (1)
- molecular modeling (1)
- molecular oxygen (1)
- molecular simulations (1)
- molecular structure (1)
- molecular thermometers (1)
- molecular weight (1)
- molecular-mechanisms (1)
- molecularly imprinted polymers (1)
- molecules (1)
- monomer (1)
- mu CT imaging (1)
- multi-mycotoxin analysis (1)
- multiblock copolymers (1)
- multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (1)
- multifunctional biomaterials (1)
- multifunctional polymers (1)
- multilayer film (1)
- multiphoton processes (1)
- multiple emulsion preparation (1)
- multiple functions (1)
- multishell (1)
- multitrophic (1)
- multivalency (1)
- multivalent ions (1)
- multivariate methods (1)
- mussel byssus (1)
- mutants (1)
- myrcen (1)
- n-alkanes (1)
- nAChR (1)
- nano clay (1)
- nano-optics (1)
- nanoarray (1)
- nanobioconjugate (1)
- nanoclusters (1)
- nanocomposite material (1)
- nanofillers (1)
- nanoflowers (1)
- nanohole arrays (1)
- nanoimprint (1)
- nanomedicine (1)
- nanoparticle assemblies (1)
- nanoparticle characterization (1)
- nanosilver (1)
- nanostructure (1)
- nanostructure fabrication (1)
- nanoswitches (1)
- nanovesicles (1)
- naphthalene (1)
- naphthalenophanes (1)
- naphthalimide (1)
- natural products (1)
- natural-products (1)
- near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (1)
- near-infrared absorption (1)
- negative ions (1)
- nematic phase (1)
- networks (1)
- neurodegenerative diseases (1)
- neuroleptics (1)
- neurons (1)
- neuropeptides (1)
- neurotoxicity (1)
- neutron (1)
- neutron powder diffraction (1)
- neutron reflectometry (1)
- nickel (1)
- niobium (1)
- nitride materials (1)
- nitriles (1)
- nitrogen heterocycles (1)
- non-metal catalysis (1)
- non-noble metal catalysts (1)
- nonlinear optics (1)
- norcaesalpin D (1)
- norcobamide biosynthesis (1)
- nucleation polymerization (1)
- nucleus-independent chemical shift (1)
- nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) (1)
- numerical simulation (1)
- nutrient composition (1)
- nutrients (1)
- o-Phenylenediamine (1)
- oak tree (1)
- oil (1)
- olefin metathesis (1)
- olefination (1)
- oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (1)
- oligomeric (1)
- oligosaccharides (1)
- oligospiroketals (1)
- on demand particle release (1)
- onformational analysis (1)
- ontogeny (1)
- operando (1)
- optical (1)
- optical imaging (1)
- optical sensing (1)
- optical sensor (1)
- optical sensors (1)
- optical spectra (1)
- optical-properties (1)
- ordering process (1)
- organic chenlistry (1)
- organic compounds (1)
- organic compounds adsorption (1)
- organic dye pigments (1)
- organic ligand (1)
- organic light-emitting diodes (1)
- organic-inorganic composite material (1)
- organic–inorganic hybrid (1)
- organocatalytic polymerization (1)
- organosilica (1)
- organosulfur (1)
- orientational memory (1)
- ortho-quinone methide (o-QMs) (1)
- osteogenic differentiation (1)
- oxaloacetic acid (1)
- oxygen plasma (1)
- oxygenation (1)
- p-Hydroxycinnamic acids (1)
- p16 (1)
- p21 (1)
- pH sensing (1)
- pH-Dependent Photoresponsivity (1)
- pH-responsive (1)
- pH-sensitive liposome (1)
- palmitic acid (1)
- pancreatic neoplasms (1)
- paper (1)
- para-Nitro-pyridine N-oxides (1)
- parchment (1)
- particle sizing (1)
- particulate (1)
- patchy particles (1)
- pea (1)
- peptide biomarkers (1)
- peptide-templated materials (1)
- perfluorocarbon emulsion (1)
- periplaneta-americana (1)
- perovskite solar cells (1)
- pesticides (1)
- phagocytosis (1)
- phase behavior (1)
- phase transitions (1)
- phenolic acid (1)
- phenolic compounds (1)
- phonons (1)
- phosgene-free synthesis (1)
- phosphate (1)
- phosphide (1)
- phospholipids (1)
- photo-crosslinked (1)
- photo-dehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (1)
- photo-iniferter reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (1)
- photo-mediated polymerization (1)
- photobioreactor (1)
- photocatalysts (1)
- photocatalytic water splitting (1)
- photocycloaddition (1)
- photodehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (1)
- photodynamic therapy (1)
- photoinduced radical polymerization (1)
- photoionization (1)
- photoisomerization (1)
- photoluminescence (1)
- photolytic ablation (1)
- photon density wave (1)
- photon-counting statistics (1)
- photonic crystal (1)
- photonic wires (1)
- photooxidation (1)
- photopolymerization (1)
- photosensitive azobenzene containing surfactant (1)
- photosensitive polymer brushes (1)
- photothermal conversion (1)
- phototunable optical properties (1)
- phytomedicine (1)
- pi interactions (1)
- pi-Electron delocalization (1)
- pi-Stacking (1)
- pi-pi stacking (1)
- pickering emulsion (1)
- placental transfer (1)
- plasmon spectroscopy (1)
- plasmon-driven catalysis (1)
- plasmonic (1)
- plasmonic chemistry (1)
- plasmonic nanohole arrays (1)
- platelet activation (1)
- platelet adhesion (1)
- platelet aging (1)
- platelet function (1)
- platelet rich plasma (1)
- platelet storage (1)
- platelet-rich plasma (1)
- platinum (1)
- polarizable drift gases (1)
- polarization diffraction grating (1)
- polarization gratings (1)
- poly(2-ethyl-2oxazoline) (1)
- poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (1)
- poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (1)
- poly(acrylamide) hydrogels (1)
- poly(dimethylsiloxane) (1)
- poly(e-caprolactone) (1)
- poly(epsilon-caprolactone) methacrylate (1)
- poly(ether imide) (1)
- poly(ether imide) microparticles (1)
- poly(ionic liquid) (1)
- poly(ionic liquid) nanoparticles (1)
- poly(ionic liquid)s (1)
- poly(n-butyl acrylate) (1)
- poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS-P2VP) (1)
- poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (1)
- poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide] (1)
- polyacrylamide (1)
- polyamides (1)
- polyamines (1)
- polybutadiene (1)
- polycaprolactone (1)
- polydepsipeptide (1)
- polydimethylsiloxane (1)
- polydimethylsiloxane wrinkles (1)
- polyelectrolyte adsorption (1)
- polyelectrolyte brushes (1)
- polyelectrolyte inks (1)
- polyelectrolytes (1)
- polyesters (1)
- polyesterurethane (1)
- polyglycerol (1)
- polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) (1)
- polyimides (1)
- polylactide (1)
- polymer actuators (1)
- polymer amphiphile (1)
- polymer coating (1)
- polymer crystallization (1)
- polymer degradation (1)
- polymer fillers (1)
- polymer micelles (1)
- polymer modification (1)
- polymer physics (1)
- polymer solutions (1)
- polymer surface (1)
- polymer/LC composites (1)
- polymeric materials (1)
- polymeric sensors (1)
- polymersome spreading (1)
- polymyrcene (1)
- polypeptides (1)
- polypeptoid (1)
- polypeptoids (1)
- polypropylene (1)
- polysaccharides (1)
- polysiloxane (1)
- polysiloxanes (1)
- polystyrene (1)
- polystyrenes (1)
- polysulfabetaine (1)
- polysulfides (1)
- polysulfobetaine (1)
- polyvinyl acetate (1)
- polyzwitterion (1)
- poly‐ ε ‐ caprolactone (1)
- population doubling time (1)
- pore templating (1)
- porosity (1)
- porous carbon materials (1)
- porous materials (1)
- porous particles (1)
- porous structure (1)
- porphyrazine (1)
- porphyrinoids (1)
- porphyrins (1)
- post-laser-field electronic oscillations (1)
- potato (Solanum tuberosum) (1)
- pouch cell (1)
- powder diffraction (1)
- prediction models (1)
- prenylated flavanonol (1)
- printing (1)
- pristimerin (1)
- process analytical technology (1)
- processing (1)
- programmable adhesion (1)
- propargyl (1)
- protecting groups (1)
- protein (1)
- protein analysis (1)
- protein imprinting (1)
- protein modification (1)
- protein-protein interactions (1)
- proton conductivity (1)
- proton hopping (1)
- protonation (1)
- proximal soil sensing (1)
- pterocarpene (1)
- pulse laser initiated polymerization (1)
- pump-probe (1)
- purines (1)
- purity (1)
- pyrene excimer (1)
- pyrochlore (1)
- quantum chemistry (1)
- quantum control (1)
- quantum dynamics (1)
- quantum sieving (1)
- quartz crystal microbalance (1)
- quinoid structures (1)
- quinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones (1)
- racemization (1)
- radical addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (1)
- random-walks (1)
- rangement (1)
- rare earth elements (1)
- rare earths (1)
- rat (1)
- rate constants (1)
- ratiometric (1)
- ratiometric sensing (1)
- ratiometric sensors (1)
- reaction mechanism (1)
- reactive (1)
- reactive intermediates (1)
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) (1)
- reactivity (1)
- recognition (1)
- recombinant protein (1)
- redox chemistry (1)
- reduction (1)
- reference (1)
- reference material (1)
- reflection grating (1)
- reflectivity (1)
- relaxation NMR spectroscopy (1)
- reliability (1)
- renewable (1)
- renewable resource (1)
- renewable resources (1)
- reorientation (1)
- repair (1)
- reshaping abilities (1)
- resistive heating (1)
- resonance Raman (1)
- resonance energy-transfer (1)
- resonant formation (1)
- responsive (1)
- responsive materials (1)
- responsive polymers (1)
- responsive systems (1)
- responsivity (1)
- restricted N-S rotation (1)
- retrochalcone (1)
- reversibility (1)
- reversible (1)
- reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (1)
- reversible and irreversible structuring of polymer brushes (1)
- reversible bidirectional shape-memory polymer (1)
- reversible chain extension (1)
- reversible shape-memory actuator (1)
- reversible shape-memory effect (1)
- rheology (1)
- rhodium(I)– phosphine (1)
- rhodium-phosphine coordination bonds (1)
- ring closing metathesis (1)
- ring opening polymerization (1)
- ring-opening (1)
- root mean square roughness (1)
- rotational diffusion (1)
- rp-hplc (1)
- rubidium cation (1)
- rutaceae (1)
- sacrificial bonds (1)
- samples (1)
- sandwich complexes (1)
- sandwich microcontact printing (1)
- scale (1)
- scale-up (1)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (1)
- scatchard plot (1)
- scattering (1)
- seco-Anthraquinone (1)
- sediment (1)
- selective drug release (1)
- selective light reflection (1)
- selective oxidations (1)
- selective syntheses (1)
- selectivity (1)
- self-assembled micelles (1)
- self-assembled monolayers (1)
- self-healing materials (1)
- self-organization (1)
- semi-IPN hydrogels (1)
- semi-crystalline (1)
- semiconductor lasers (1)
- semiempirical calculations (1)
- senescence-associated (1)
- sensitivity (1)
- sensitizers (1)
- sensor (1)
- separation (1)
- sequence dependence (1)
- sequence structures (1)
- serine phosphate decarboxylase (1)
- sers (1)
- sesquiterpene (1)
- severe acute pancreatitis (1)
- shape analysis (1)
- shape change (1)
- shape shifting materials (1)
- shape-memory (1)
- shape-memory hydrogel (1)
- shape-memory polymer (1)
- shape-memory polymer actuators (1)
- shape-memory properties (1)
- shape-persistent macrocycles (1)
- shape‐memory polymer actuators (1)
- shuttled RAFT-polymerization (1)
- side reaction (1)
- side-chains functionalization (1)
- silacyclohexanes (1)
- silane chemistry (1)
- silapiperidines (1)
- silica (1)
- silica nanoparticles (1)
- silkworm silk (1)
- siloxanes (1)
- silver(1) complexes (1)
- simulations (1)
- single particle analysis (1)
- single-particle tracking (1)
- single-strand breaks (1)
- situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- size (1)
- skeletal elements (1)
- skin equivalents (1)
- small-angle neutron scattering (1)
- sodium green (1)
- sodium storage mechanism (1)
- sodium-ion (1)
- sodium-ion capacitors (1)
- soft X-radiation (1)
- soft X-ray (1)
- soft matter micro- and nanowires (1)
- soil nutrients (1)
- sol-gel processes (1)
- solar (1)
- solid electrolyte interphase (1)
- solid phase (1)
- solid-electrolyte-interphase (1)
- solid-phase extraction (1)
- solid-state NMR (1)
- solid-supported biomimetic membranes (1)
- solvatochromism (1)
- solvent effect (1)
- solvent influence (1)
- solvent resistance (1)
- solvent vapor annealing (1)
- solvents (1)
- sortase-mediated ligation (1)
- spatial-organization (1)
- specific ion effects (1)
- spectro-electrochemistry (1)
- spectrometry (1)
- spent coffee (1)
- spent coffee grounds (1)
- sperical (1)
- spherical polyelectrolyte (1)
- spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) (1)
- spiked and crumble gold nanotriangles (1)
- spin-orbit coupling (1)
- spiro compounds (1)
- spirocycles (1)
- sponge (1)
- spray imaging (1)
- sputtering (1)
- star-block copolymers (1)
- statistical copolymer (1)
- statistical copolymers (1)
- stem cell adhesion (1)
- step (1)
- stepwise complexation (1)
- stereocomplexation (1)
- stereocomplexes (1)
- stereoselective-synthesis (1)
- steric hindrance (1)
- sterilization (1)
- stimuli-sensitive materials (1)
- stochastic processes (1)
- storage capacity (1)
- storage proteins (1)
- strain field (1)
- strand breakage (1)
- streptavidin (1)
- strong field (1)
- strong polyelectrolyte brush (1)
- studies (1)
- styrenes (1)
- subtriflavanonol (1)
- sugars (1)
- sulfation (1)
- sulfides (1)
- sulfimides (1)
- sulfobetaine (1)
- sulfones (1)
- sulfoxide (1)
- sulfur heterocycles (1)
- sulfur host (1)
- supercapacitor (1)
- supercapacitors (1)
- supercritical CO(2) (1)
- supercritical carbon dioxide (1)
- superheated water (1)
- superlattices (1)
- superparamagnetic (1)
- supported catalyst (1)
- supported gold (1)
- supramolecular chemistry (1)
- supramolecular interactions (1)
- supramolecular polymer network (1)
- surface charge (1)
- surface coating (1)
- surface enhanced spectroscopy (1)
- surface hopping (1)
- surface interaction (1)
- surface patterning (1)
- surface plasmon (1)
- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (1)
- surface-initiated photopolymerization (1)
- sustainable chemistry (1)
- swelling of polymers (1)
- switch (1)
- switchable retarder (1)
- switches (1)
- synthetic methods (1)
- synthosomes (1)
- tandem sequence (1)
- tandem solar cells (1)
- tannic acid (1)
- telechelics (1)
- telomeric DNA (1)
- temperature effect (1)
- temperature sensor (1)
- temperature-memory effect (1)
- temperature-memory polymers (1)
- terminal alkynes (1)
- termination (1)
- tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (1)
- tetrachloridocuprate(II) (1)
- tetrahalido metallates (1)
- tetrahalidometallates (1)
- theoretical simulation (1)
- thermal isomerization (1)
- thermal processing of food (1)
- thermal transformation mechanism (1)
- thermal treatments (1)
- thermo-responsive polymers (1)
- thermo-sensitivity (1)
- thermochemistry (1)
- thermodynamics (1)
- thermomechanical properties (1)
- thermomorphism (1)
- thermoplastic elastomer (1)
- thermoplastic elastomer synthesis (1)
- thermoresponsive substrates (1)
- thermoresponsive-nanogel (1)
- thermosensitive (1)
- thimerosal (1)
- thin film (1)
- thio-dimethylarsinic acid (1)
- thiol (1)
- thiol passivation (1)
- thiol-ene (1)
- thiol-ene reactions (1)
- thiols (1)
- thiophenes (1)
- three-dimensional depth profiling (1)
- thrombocyte adhesion (1)
- thrombogenicity (1)
- through space NMR shieldings (1)
- tight-binding (1)
- time random-walks (1)
- time-resolved fluorescence (1)
- time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (1)
- time-resolved measurements (1)
- tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (1)
- tissue (1)
- titania (1)
- tocopherols (1)
- tomato (1)
- tomography (1)
- topical (1)
- trans-fagaramide (1)
- transcript markers (1)
- transcription factor (1)
- transferhydrogenation (1)
- transition (1)
- transition density matrix (1)
- transition metals (1)
- transition-potential method (1)
- translational diffusion (1)
- traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (1)
- triangular-[4] phenylene (1)
- triblock copolymers (1)
- triple-shape effect (1)
- trivalent (1)
- trophoblasts (1)
- tuberculosis (1)
- two dimensional network (1)
- two-dimensional phases (1)
- two-photon (1)
- two-photon absorption (1)
- ultra-fast laser inscription (1)
- ultrafast (1)
- ultrafast dynamics (1)
- ultrafast reactions (1)
- ultrasound (1)
- underpotential deposition (1)
- undulated (1)
- undulated nanoplatelets (1)
- upconversion (1)
- upper critical solution temperature (1)
- uremia (1)
- vacuum-UV radiation (1)
- validation (1)
- valorization (1)
- van der Waals forces (1)
- vanillin (1)
- vascular graft (1)
- vascular grafts (1)
- ventricular myocytes (1)
- vesicles (1)
- viability (1)
- vinylidene fluoride (1)
- vis spectroscopy (1)
- viscosity (1)
- visible light (1)
- vitro toxicological characterization (1)
- volatile organic compounds (1)
- water remediation (1)
- water vapor (1)
- water/decane contact angle (1)
- wavelength (1)
- weak ergodicity breaking (1)
- weakly coordinating ions (1)
- whey proteins (1)
- whole blood (1)
- wide angle x‐ ray scattering (1)
- wrinkled stamps (1)
- wurtzite type (1)
- xanthenes (1)
- xanthophylls (1)
- yarns (1)
- ylides (1)
- yolk-shell (1)
- yolk-shell nanoparticles (1)
- zinc (1)
- zirconia (1)
- zwitterionic (1)
- zwitterions (1)
- zymogen granule membrane glycoprotein GP2 (1)
- β‐myrcene (1)
Institute
- Institut für Chemie (2231) (remove)
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)s are commercially available degradable implant materials, which are typically selected based on specifications given by the manufacturer, one of which is their molecular weight. Here, we address the question whether variations in the chain length and their distribution affect the degradation behavior of Poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide]s (PDLLGA). The hydrolysis was studied in ultrathin films at the air-water interface in order to rule out any morphological effects. We found that both for purely hydrolytic degradation as well as under enzymatic catalysis, the molecular weight has very little effect on the overall degradation kinetics of PDLLGAs. The quantitative analysis suggested a random scission mechanism. The monolayer experiments showed that an acidic micro-pH does not accelerate the degradation of PDLLGAs, in contrast to alkaline conditions. The degradation experiments were combined with interfacial rheology measurements, which showed a drastic decrease of the viscosity at little mass loss. The extrapolated molecular weight behaved similar to the viscosity, dropping to a value near to the solubility limit of PDLLGA oligomers before mass loss set in. This observation suggests a solubility controlled degradation of PDLLGA. Conclusively, the molecular weight affects the degradation of PDLLGA devices mostly in indirect ways, e.g. by determining their morphology and porosity during fabrication. Our study demonstrates the relevance of the presented Langmuir degradation method for the design of controlled release systems.
The electronic structure of the metal-organic interface of isolated ligand coated gold nanoparticles
(2022)
Light induced electron transfer reactions of molecules on the surface of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) depend significantly on the electronic properties of the metal-organic interface. Hybridized metal-molecule states and dipoles at the interface alter the work function and facilitate or hinder electron transfer between the NPs and ligand. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements of isolated AuNPs coated with thiolated ligands in a vacuum have been performed as a function of photon energy, and the depth dependent information of the metal-organic interface has been obtained. The role of surface dipoles in the XPS measurements of isolated ligand coated NPs is discussed and the binding energy of the Au 4f states is shifted by around 0.8 eV in the outer atomic layers of 4-nitrothiophenol coated AuNPs, facilitating electron transport towards the molecules. Moreover, the influence of the interface dipole depends significantly on the adsorbed ligand molecules. The present study paves the way towards the engineering of the electronic properties of the nanoparticle surface, which is of utmost importance for the application of plasmonic nanoparticles in the fields of heterogeneous catalysis and solar energy conversion.
Ionic liquids are well known for their high gas absorption capacity. It is shown that this is not a solvent constant, but can be enhanced by another factor of 10 by pore confinement, here of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimOAc) in the pores of carbon materials. A matrix of four different carbon compounds with micro- and mesopores as well as with and without nitrogen doping is utilized to investigate the influence of the carbons structure on the nitrogen uptake in the pore-confined EmimOAc. In general, the absorption is most improved for IL in micropores and in nitrogen-doped carbon. This effect is so large that it is already seen in TGA and DSC experiments. Due to the low vapor pressure of the IL, standard volumetric sorption experiments can be used to quantify details of this effect. It is reasoned that it is the change of the molecular arrangement of the ions in the restricted space of the pores that creates additional free volume to host molecular nitrogen.
Spherical particles from shape-memory polymers (SMP) can be stretched to ellipsoids with high aspect ratio (AR) and temporarily stabilized. They can switch back to low AR upon thermal stimulation. Here, the creation of an alternative shape-switching capability of particles from low to high AR is introduced, where a SMP matrix from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is used to create crosslinked high AR particles and to program the embedded micrometer-sized particles from a second SMP (oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) micronetworks, MN) with a low switching temperature T-sw. This programming proceeds through shape-recovery of the PVA matrix, from which the MN are harvested by PVA matrix dissolution. The use of a dissolvable SMP matrix may be a general strategy to efficiently create systems with complex moving capabilities.
Insufficient endothelialization of cardiovascular grafts is a major hurdle in vascular surgery and regenerative medicine, bearing a risk for early graft thrombosis. Neither of the numerous strategies pursued to solve these problems were conclusive. Endothelialization is regulated by the endothelial basement membrane (EBM), a highly specialized part of the vascular extracellular matrix. Thus, a detailed understanding of the structure-function interrelations of the EBM components is fundamental for designing biomimetic materials aiming to mimic EBM functions. In this review, a detailed description of the structure and functions of the EBM are provided, including the luminal and abluminal interactions with adjacent cell types, such as vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, in vivo as well as in vitro strategies to build or renew EBM are summarized and critically discussed. The spectrum of methods includes vessel decellularization and implant biofunctionalization strategies as well as tissue engineering-based approaches and bioprinting. Finally, the limitations of these methods are highlighted, and future directions are suggested to help improve future design strategies for EBM-inspired materials in the cardiovascular field.
The LArge-scale Reservoir Simulator (LARS) has been previously developed to study hydrate dissociation in hydrate-bearing systems under in-situ conditions. In the present study, a numerical framework of equations of state describing hydrate formation at equilibrium conditions has been elaborated and integrated with a numerical flow and transport simulator to investigate a multi-stage hydrate formation experiment undertaken in LARS. A verification of the implemented modeling framework has been carried out by benchmarking it against another established numerical code. Three-dimensional (3D) model calibration has been performed based on laboratory data available from temperature sensors, fluid sampling, and electrical resistivity tomography. The simulation results demonstrate that temperature profiles, spatial hydrate distribution, and bulk hydrate saturation are consistent with the observations. Furthermore, our numerical framework can be applied to calibrate geophysical measurements, optimize post-processing workflows for monitoring data, improve the design of hydrate formation experiments, and investigate the temporal evolution of sub-permafrost methane hydrate reservoirs.
Using hot charge carriers far from a plasmonic nanoparticle surface is very attractive for many applications in catalysis and nanomedicine and will lead to a better understanding of plasmon-induced processes, such as hot-charge-carrier- or heat-driven chemical reactions. Herein we show that DNA is able to transfer hot electrons generated by a silver nanoparticle over several nanometers to drive a chemical reaction in a molecule nonadsorbed on the surface. For this we use 8-bromo-adenosine introduced in different positions within a double-stranded DNA oligonucleotide. The DNA is also used to assemble the nanoparticles into nanoparticles ensembles enabling the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering to track the decomposition reaction. To prove the DNA-mediated transfer, the probe molecule was insulated from the source of charge carriers, which hindered the reaction. The results indicate that DNA can be used to study the transfer of hot electrons and the mechanisms of advanced plasmonic catalysts.
There is an ongoing interest in O-1(2) sensitizers, whose activity is selectively controlled by their interaction with DNA. To this end, we synthesized three isomeric pyridinium alkynylanthracenes 2 o-p and a water-soluble trapping reagent for O-1(2). In water and in the absence of DNA, these dyes show a poor efficiency to sensitize the photooxygenation of the trapping reagent as they decompose due to electron transfer processes. In contrast, in the presence of DNA O-1(2) is generated from the excited DNA-bound ligand. The interactions of 2 o-p with DNA were investigated by thermal DNA melting studies, UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and linear and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Our studies revealed an intercalative binding with an orientation of the long pyridyl-alkynyl axis parallel to the main axis of the DNA base pairs. In the presence of poly(dA : dT), all three isomers show an enhanced formation of singlet oxygen, as indicated by the reaction of the latter with the trapping reagent. With green light irradiation of isomer 2 o in poly(dA : dT), the conversion rate of the trapping reagent is enhanced by a factor >10. The formation of O-1(2) was confirmed by control experiments under anaerobic conditions, in deuterated solvents, or by addition of O-1(2) quenchers. When bound to poly(dG : dC), the opposite effect was observed only for isomers 2 o and 2 m, namely the trapping reagent reacted significantly slower. Overall, we showed that pyridinium alkynylanthracenes are very useful intercalators, that exhibit an enhanced photochemical O-1(2) generation in the DNA-bound state.
We study the underdamped motion of a passive particle in an active environment. Using the phase space path integral method we find the probability distribution function of position and velocity for a free and a harmonically bound particle. The environment is characterized by an active noise which is described as the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process (OUP). Taking two similar, yet slightly different OUP models, it is shown how inertia along with other relevant parameters affect the dynamics of the particle. Further we investigate the work fluctuations of a harmonically trapped particle by considering the trap center being pulled at a constant speed. Finally, the fluctuation theorem of work is validated with an effective temperature in the steady-state limit.
Li-S battery has been considered as the next-generation energy storage device, which still suffers from the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). In this work, mesoporous hollow carbon-coated MnO nanospheres (C@MnO) have been designed and synthesized using spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) as template, KMnO4 as MnO precursor, and polydopamine as carbon source to improve the electrochemical performance of Li-S battery. The hollow C@MnO nanospheres enable the combination of physical confinement and chemical adsorption of the LiPSs. The thin carbon coating layer can provide good electrical conductivity and additional physical confinement to polysulfides. Moreover, the encapsulated MnO inside the carbon shell exhibits strong chemical adsorption to polysulfides. The constructed C@MnO/S cathode shows the discharge capacity of 1026 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 C with 79% capacity retention after 80 cycles. The synthesized hollow C@MnO nanoparticles can work as highly efficient sulfur host materials, providing an effective solution to suppress the shuttle effect in Li-S battery.
Vibrational dynamics of adsorbates near surfaces plays both an important role for applied surface science and as a model lab for studying fundamental problems of open quantum systems. We employ a previously developed model for the relaxation of a D-Si-Si bending mode at a D:Si(100)-(2 x 1) surface, induced by a "bath " of more than 2000 phonon modes [Lorenz and P. Saalfrank, Chem. Phys. 482, 69 (2017)], to extend previous work along various directions. First, we use a Hierarchical Effective Mode (HEM) model [Fischer et al., J. Chem. Phys. 153, 064704 (2020)] to study relaxation of higher excited vibrational states than hitherto done by solving a high-dimensional system-bath time-dependent Schrodinger equation (TDSE). In the HEM approach, (many) real bath modes are replaced by (much less) effective bath modes. Accordingly, we are able to examine scaling laws for vibrational relaxation lifetimes for a realistic surface science problem. Second, we compare the performance of the multilayer multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH) approach with that of the recently developed coherent-state-based multi-Davydov-D2 Ansatz [Zhou et al., J. Chem. Phys. 143, 014113 (2015)]. Both approaches work well, with some computational advantages for the latter in the presented context. Third, we apply open-system density matrix theory in comparison with basically "exact " solutions of the multi-mode TDSEs. Specifically, we use an open-system Liouville-von Neumann (LvN) equation treating vibration-phonon coupling as Markovian dissipation in Lindblad form to quantify effects beyond the Born-Markov approximation. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 5 '-O-methacryloylcytidine Using the Immobilized Lipase Novozym 435
(2022)
Nucleobase building blocks have been demonstrated to be strong candidates when it comes to DNA/RNA-like materials by benefiting from hydrogen bond interactions as physical properties. Modifying at the 5 ' position is the simplest way to develop nucleobase-based structures by transesterification using the lipase Novozym 435. Herein, we describe the optimization of the lipase-catalyzed synthesis of the monomer 5 '-O-methacryloylcytidine with the assistance of microwave irradiation. Variable reaction parameters, such as enzyme concentration, molar ratio of the substrate, reaction temperature and reaction time, were investigated to find the optimum reaction condition in terms of obtaining the highest yield.
Enzymes can support the synthesis or degradation of biomacromolecules in natural processes. Here, we demonstrate that enzymes can induce a macroscopic-directed movement of microstructured hydrogels following a mechanism that we call a "Jack-in-the-box" effect. The material's design is based on the formation of internal stresses induced by a deformation load on an architectured microscale, which are kinetically frozen by the generation of polyester locking domains, similar to a Jack-in-thebox toy (i.e., a compressed spring stabilized by a closed box lid). To induce the controlled macroscopic movement, the locking domains are equipped with enzyme-specific cleavable bonds (i.e., a box with a lock and key system). As a result of enzymatic reaction, a transformed shape is achieved by the release of internal stresses. There is an increase in entropy in combination with a swelling-supported stretching of polymer chains within the microarchitectured hydrogel (i.e., the encased clown pops-up with a pre-stressed movement when the box is unlocked). This utilization of an enzyme as a physiological stimulus may offer new approaches to create interactive and enzyme-specific materials for different applications such as an optical indicator of the enzyme's presence or actuators and sensors in biotechnology and in fermentation processes.
Hydrogel forming physical networks based on gelatin are an attractive approach toward multifunctional biomaterials with the option of reshaping, self-healing, and stimuli-sensitivity. However, it is challenging to design such gelatin-based hydrogels to be stable at body temperature. Here, gelatin functionalized with desaminotyrosine (DAT) or desaminotyrosyl tyrosine (DATT) side chains is crosslinked with cyclodextrin (CD) dimers under formation of inclusions complexes. The supramolecular networks displayed at room temperature decreased water uptake (200-600 wt% for DAT-based systems, 200 wt% for DATT based systems), and increased storage moduli up to 25.6 kPa determined by rheology compared to DAT(T) gelatin. The gel-sol transition temperature increased from 33 up to 42 degrees C. The presented system that is completely based on natural building blocks may form the basis for materials that may potentially respond by dissolution or changes of properties to changes in environmental conditions or to the presence of CD guest molecules.
Fifteen N-butylpyridinium salts - five monometallic [C4Py](2)[MBr4] and ten bimetallic [C4Py](2)[(M0.5M0.5Br4)-M-a-Br-b] (M=Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn) - were synthesized, and their structures and thermal and electrochemical properties were studied. All the compounds are ionic liquids (ILs) with melting points between 64 and 101 degrees C. Powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction show that all ILs are isostructural. The electrochemical stability windows of the ILs are between 2 and 3 V. The conductivities at room temperature are between 10(-5) and 10(-6) S cm(-1). At elevated temperatures, the conductivities reach up to 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 70 degrees C. The structures and properties of the current bromide-based ILs were also compared with those of previous examples using chloride ligands, which illustrated differences and similarities between the two groups of ILs.
A simple experimental setup for temperature dependent mass spectrometric measurements has been constructed. It consists of a heated sample chamber and a mass spectrometer and allows for measurements under inert gas and ambient air. Based on initial measurements on two extruded polystyrene (XPS) samples a methodology for the data analysis has been developed. With this methodology the outgassing temperature of volatile compounds, which were used as blowing agents, has been identified. Furthermore, the composition of the blowing agents has been analyzed by temperature dependent mass spectra. The results indicate the use of ambient air in one material and a mixture of the banned blowing agents R142b and R22, both hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), in the other material. The here described methodology provides an easy to use approach to identify such compounds, for example as part of environmental or quality control.
A multi-component particle system was developed that combines the properties of white color, white light emission and strong magnetism on the macroscopic and microscopic scale. The system is constituted by combination of an inorganic white core with either hard or soft magnetic properties and a white light emitting MOF. The key towards this achievement is the supraparticulate character constituted by a magnetic core, of either magnetite or alpha-Fe, surrounded by titania and silica nanoparticles of a certain size in a loose structural shell-arrangement as white components and finally the white light emitting metal-organic framework (MOF) EuTb@IFP-1 as building blocks of a core-shell structure. The supraparticles are created by forced assembly of the inorganic compounds and by combining spray-drying and postsynthetic modification by solvothermal chemistry. Thereby, the gap is bridged that homogenous compounds are either strongly magnetic, white in appearance or white light emitting. The composites presented herein inherit these properties intrinsically as electronic properties. The white characteristics are based on all optical properties that enable white: light reflection, refraction, and light emission. This work shifts the paradigm that strong magnetic materials are always expected to be intrinsically dark.
By adding hyaluronic acid (HA) to dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT)-stabilized gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) with an average thickness of 7.5 +/- 1 nm and an edge length of about 175 +/- 17 nm, the AOT bilayer is replaced by a polymeric HA-layer leading to biocompatible nanoplatelets. The subsequent reduction process of tetrachloroauric acid in the HA-shell surrounding the AuNTs leads to the formation of spherical gold nanoparticles on the platelet surface. With increasing tetrachloroauric acid concentration, the decoration with gold nanoparticles can be tuned. SAXS measurements reveal an increase of the platelet thickness up to around 14.5 nm, twice the initial value of bare AuNTs. HRTEM micrographs show welding phenomena between densely packed particles on the platelet surface, leading to a crumble formation while preserving the original crystal structure. Crumbles crystallized on top of the platelets enhance the Raman signal by a factor of around 20, and intensify the plasmon-driven dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) to 4,4 '-dimercaptoazobenzene in a yield of up to 50 %. The resulting crumbled nanotriangles, with a biopolymer shell and the absorption maximum in the second window for in vivo imaging, are promising candidates for biomedical sensing.
Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill. and Perr. (Rutaceae) stem bark is used locally in Uganda for treating tuberculosis (TB) and cough-related infections. Lupeol (1), sesamin (2), trans-fagaramide (3), arnottianamide (4), (S)-marmesinin (5), and hesperidin (6) were isolated from the chloroform/methanol (1:1) extract of Z. leprieurii stem bark. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with literature data. Furthermore, the extract and isolated compounds were subjected to antimycobacterial activity. The extract exhibited moderate activity against the susceptible (H(37)Rv) TB strain, but weak activity against the multidrug resistant (MDR)-TB strain with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 586.0 and 1172.0 mu g/mL, respectively. Compound 3 (trans-fagaramide) showed significant antimycobacterial activity against the susceptible (H(37)Rv) TB strain (MIC 6 mu g/mL), but moderate activity against the MDR-TB strain (MIC 12.2 mu g/mL). Compounds 2, 5, 6, and 1 showed moderate activities against the susceptible (H(37)Rv) strain (MIC 12.2-98.0 mu g/mL) and moderate to weak activities against the MDR-TB strain (MIC 24.4-195.0 mu g/mL). This study reports for the first time the isolation of compounds 1 to 6 from the stem bark of Z leprieurii. trans-Fagaramide (3) may present a vital template in pursuit of novel and highly effective TB drugs.
Objective Due to multiple light scattering that occurs inside and between cells, quantitative optical spectroscopy in turbid biological suspensions is still a major challenge. This includes also optical inline determination of biomass in bioprocessing. Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy, a technique based on multiple light scattering, enables the independent and absolute determination of optical key parameters of concentrated cell suspensions, which allow to determine biomass during cultivation. Results A unique reactor type, called "mesh ultra-thin layer photobioreactor" was used to create a highly concentrated algal suspension. PDW spectroscopy measurements were carried out continuously in the reactor without any need of sampling or sample preparation, over 3 weeks, and with 10-min time resolution. Conventional dry matter content and coulter counter measurements have been employed as established offline reference analysis. The PBR allowed peak cell dry weight (CDW) of 33.4 g L-1. It is shown that the reduced scattering coefficient determined by PDW spectroscopy is strongly correlated with the biomass concentration in suspension and is thus suitable for process understanding. The reactor in combination with the fiber-optical measurement approach will lead to a better process management.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an effective and widely used technique to study chemical reactions induced or catalyzed by plasmonic substrates, since the experimental setup allows us to trigger and track the reaction simultaneously and identify the products. However, on substrates with plasmonic hotspots, the total signal mainly originates from these nanoscopic volumes with high reactivity and the information about the overall consumption remains obscure in SERS measurements. This has important implications; for example, the apparent reaction order in SERS measurements does not correlate with the real reaction order, whereas the apparent reaction rates are proportional to the real reaction rates as demonstrated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. We determined the electric field enhancement distribution of a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) monolayer and calculated the SERS intensities in light-driven reactions in an adsorbed self-assembled molecular monolayer on the AuNP surface. Accordingly, even if a high conversion is observed in SERS due to the high reactivity in the hotspots, most of the adsorbed molecules on the AuNP surface remain unreacted. The theoretical findings are compared with the hot-electron-induced dehalogenation of 4-bromothiophenol, indicating a time dependency of the hot-carrier concentration in plasmon-mediated reactions. To fit the kinetics of plasmon-mediated reactions in plasmonic hotspots, fractal-like kinetics are well suited to account for the inhomogeneity of reactive sites on the substrates, whereas also modified standard kinetics model allows equally well fits. The outcomes of this study are on the one hand essential to derive a mechanistic understanding of reactions on plasmonic substrates by SERS measurements and on the other hand to drive plasmonic reactions with high local precision and facilitate the engineering of chemistry on a nanoscale.
The base pairing property and the "melting" behavior of oligonucleotides can take advantage to develop new smart thermoresponsive and programmable materials. Complementary cytidine- (C) and guanosine- (G) based monomers were blockcopolymerized using RAFT polymerization technique with poly-(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (pHPMA) as the hydrophilic macro chain transfer agent (macro-CTA). C-C, G-G and C-G hydrogen bond interactions of blockcopolymers with respectively C and G moieties have been investigated using SEM, DLS and UV-Vis. Mixing and heating both complementary copolymers resulted in reforming new aggregates. Due to the ribose moiety of the isolated nucleoside-bearing blockcopolymers, the polarity is increased for better solubility. Self-assembly investigations of these bioinspired compounds are the crucial basis for the development of potential future drug delivery systems.
The compound [Nb6Cl14(pyrazine)(4)]center dot 2CH(2)Cl(2) (1) was investigated for its suitability as a starting compound for new ligand-supported hexanuclear niobium cluster compounds. The synthesis, stability to air and increased temperature, solubility and usability for subsequent reactions of 1, and purification and separation of the reaction products are discussed. The compounds with cluster units [Nb6Cl14L4], where L = iso-quinoline N-oxides (2), 1,1-dimethylethylenediamines (3), or thiazoles (4), and [Nb6Cl14(PEt3)(3.76)(Et3PO)(0.24)]-[Nb6Cl14(MeCN)(4)]center dot 4MeCN (5) are presented as follow-up products. The crystal structures of compounds 1-5 are analyzed, and the structures are discussed with respect to their intraand intermolecular bonding situations and crystal packing. In addition to hydrogen bonds and pi-pi interactions, the appearance of chalcogen and halogen bonds and lone pair-pi interactions between Nb-6 cluster units was observed for the first time.
Molecular excitons play a central role in processes of solar energy conversion, both natural and artificial. It is therefore no wonder that numerous experimental and theoretical investigations in the last decade, employing state-of-the-art spectroscopic techniques and computational methods, have been driven by the common aim to unravel exciton dynamics in multichromophoric systems. Theoretically, exciton (de)localization and transfer dynamics are most often modelled using either mixed quantum-classical approaches (e.g., trajectory surface hopping) or fully quantum mechanical treatments (either using model diabatic Hamiltonians or direct dynamics). Yet, the terms such as "exciton localization" or "exciton transfer" may bear different meanings in different works depending on the method in use (quantum-classical vs. fully quantum). Here, we relate different views on exciton (de)localization. For this purpose, we perform molecular surface hopping simulations on several tetracene dimers differing by a magnitude of exciton coupling and carry out quantum dynamical as well as surface hopping calculations on a relevant model system. The molecular surface hopping simulations are done using efficient long-range corrected time-dependent density functional tight binding electronic structure method, allowing us to gain insight into different regimes of exciton dynamics in the studied systems.
It has been experimentally demonstrated that reaction rates for molecules embedded in microfluidic optical cavities are altered when compared to rates observed under "ordinary" reaction conditions. However, precise mechanisms of how strong coupling of an optical cavity mode to molecular vibrations affects the reactivity and how resonance behavior emerges are still under dispute. In the present work, we approach these mechanistic issues from the perspective of a thermal model reaction, the inversion of ammonia along the umbrella mode, in the presence of a single-cavity mode of varying frequency and coupling strength. A topological analysis of the related cavity Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surface in combination with quantum mechanical and transition state theory rate calculations reveals two quantum effects, leading to decelerated reaction rates in qualitative agreement with experiments: the stiffening of quantized modes perpendicular to the reaction path at the transition state, which reduces the number of thermally accessible reaction channels, and the broadening of the barrier region, which attenuates tunneling. We find these two effects to be very robust in a fluctuating environment, causing statistical variations of potential parameters, such as the barrier height. Furthermore, by solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in the vibrational strong coupling regime, we identify a resonance behavior, in qualitative agreement with experimental and earlier theoretical work. The latter manifests as reduced reaction probability when the cavity frequency omega(c) is tuned resonant to a molecular reactant frequency. We find this effect to be based on the dynamical localization of the vibro-polaritonic wavepacket in the reactant well.
A cationic surfactant containing a spiropyrane unit is prepared exhibiting a dual-responsive adjustability of its surface-active characteristics. The switching mechanism of the system relies on the reversible conversion of the non-ionic spiropyrane (SP) to a zwitterionic merocyanine (MC) and can be controlled by adjusting the pH value and via light, resulting in a pH-dependent photoactivity: While the compound possesses a pronounced difference in surface activity between both forms under acidic conditions, this behavior is suppressed at a neutral pH level. The underlying switching processes are investigated in detail, and a thermodynamic explanation based on a combination of theoretical and experimental results is provided. This complex stimuli-responsive behavior enables remote-control of colloidal systems. To demonstrate its applicability, the surfactant is utilized for the pH-dependent manipulation of oil-in-water emulsions.
Quantum dynamics of the photoinduced charge separation in a symmetric donor-acceptor-donor triad
(2022)
The photoinduced charge separation in a symmetric donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) triad is studied quantum mechanically using a realistic diabatic vibronic coupling model. The model includes a locally excited DA*D state and two charge-transfer states D(+)A(-)D and DA(-)D(+) and is constructed according to a procedure generally applicable to semirigid D-A-D structures and based on energies, forces, and force constants obtained by quantum chemical calculations. In this case, the electronic structure is described by time-dependent density functional theory, and the corrected linear response is used in conjunction with the polarizable continuum model to account for state-specific solvent effects. The multimode dynamics following the photoexcitation to the locally excited state are simulated by the hybrid Gaussian-multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method, and temperature effects are included using thermo field theory. The dynamics are connected to the transient absorption spectrum obtained in recent experiments, which is simulated and fully assigned from first principles. It is found that the charge separation is mediated by symmetry-breaking vibrations of relatively low frequency, which implies that temperature should be accounted for to obtain reliable estimates of the charge transfer rate.
Bio-interactive hydrogel formation in situ requires sensory capabilities toward physiologically relevant stimuli. Here, we report on pH-controlled in situ hydrogel formation relying on latent cross-linkers, which transform from pH sensors to reactive molecules. In particular, thiopeptolide/thio-depsipeptides were capable of pH-sensitive thiol-thioester exchange reactions to yield a,co-dithiols, which react with maleimide-functionalized multi-arm polyethylene glycol to polymer networks. Their water solubility and diffusibility qualify thiol/thioester-containing peptide mimetics as sensory precursors to drive in situ localized hydrogel formation with potential applications in tissue regeneration such as treatment of inflamed tissues of the urinary tract.
Numerous nanostructured materials have been reported as efficient sulfur hosts to suppress the problematic "shuttling" of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. However, direct comparison of these materials in their efficiency of suppressing LiPSs shuttling is challenging, owing to the structural and morphological differences between individual materials. This study introduces a simple route to synthesize a series of sulfur host materials with the same yolk-shell nanospindle morphology but tunable compositions (Fe3O4, FeS, or FeS2), which allows for a systematic investigation into the specific effect of chemical composition on the electrochemical performances of Li-S batteries. Among them, the S/FeS2-C electrode exhibits the best performance and delivers an initial capacity of 877.6 mAh g(-1) at 0.5 C with a retention ratio of 86.7 % after 350 cycles. This approach can also be extended to the optimization of materials for other functionalities and applications.
Sorption measurements of water vapor on an isoreticular series of Imidazolate Frameworks Potsdam (IFP), based on penta-coordinated metal centers with secondary building units (SBUs) connected by multidentate amido-imidate-imidazolate linkers, have been carried out at 303.15 K. The isotherm shapes were analyzed in order to gain insight into material properties and compared to sorption experiments with nitrogen at 77.4 K and carbon dioxide at 273.15 K. Results show that water vapor sorption measurements are strongly influenced by the pore size distribution while having a distinct hysteresis loop between the adsorption and desorption branch in common. Thus, IFP-4 and -8, which solely contain micropores, exhibit H4 (type I) isotherm shapes, while those of IFP-1, -2 and -5, which also contain mesopores, are of H3 (type IV) shape with three inflection points. The choice of the used linker substituents and transition metals employed in the framework has a tremendous effect on the material properties and functionality. The water uptake capacities of the examined IFPs are ranging 0.48 mmol g(-1) (IFP-4) to 6.99 mmol g(-1) (IFP-5) and comparable to those documented for ZIFs. The water vapor stability of IFPs is high, with the exception of IFP-8.
Shape-memory polymer micronetworks (MN) are micrometer-sized objects that can switch their outer shape upon external command.This study aims to scale MN sizes to the low micrometer range at very narrow size distributions. In a two-step microfluidic strategy, the specific design of coaxial class capillary devices allowed stabilizing the thread of the dispersed phase to efficiently produce precursor particles in the tip-streaming regime at rates up to similar to 170 kHz and final sizes down to 4 mu m. In a subsequent melt-based microfluidic photocrosslinking of the methacrylate-functionalized oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) precursor material, MN could be produced without particle aggregation. A comprehensive analysis of MN properties illustrated successful crosslinking, semi-crystalline morphology, and a shape-switching functionality for all investigated MN sizes (4, 6, 9, 12, 22 mu m). Such functional micronetworks tailored to and below the dimension of cells can enable future applications in technology and medicine like controlling cell interaction.
The kinetics of water transfer between the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and upper critical solution temperature (UCST) thermoresponsive blocks in about 10 nm thin films of a diblock copolymer is monitored by in situ neutron reflectivity. The UCST-exhibiting block in the copolymer consists of the zwitterionic poly(4((3-methacrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)butane-1-sulfonate), abbreviated as PSBP. The LCST-exhibiting block consists of the nonionic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), abbreviated as PNIPAM. The as-prepared PSBP80-b-PNIPAM(400) films feature a three-layer structure, i.e., PNIPAM, mixed PNIPAM and PSBP, and PSBP. Both blocks have similar transition temperatures (TTs), namely around 32 degrees C for PNIPAM, and around 35 degrees C for PSBP, and with a two-step heating protocol (20 degrees C to 40 degrees C and 40 degrees C to 80 degrees C), both TTs are passed. The response to such a thermal stimulus turns out to be complex. Besides a three-step process (shrinkage, rearrangement, and reswelling), a continuous transfer of D2O from the PNIPAM to the PSBP block is observed. Due to the existence of both, LCST and UCST blocks in the PSBP80-b-PNIPAM(400 )film, the water transfer from the contracting PNIPAM, and mixed layers to the expanding PSBP layer occurs. Thus, the hydration kinetics and thermal response differ markedly from a thermoresponsive polymer film with a single LCST transition.
Special issue
(2020)
The structure, formation and dynamics of both animate and inanimate matter on the nanoscale are a highly interdisciplinary field of rapidly emerging research engaging a broad community encompassing experimentalists, theorists, and technologists. It is relevant for a large variety of molecular and nanosystems of different origin and composition and concerns numerous phenomena originating from physics, chemistry, biology, or materials science. This Topical Issue presents a collection of original research papers devoted to different aspects of structure and dynamics on the nanoscale. Some of the contributions discuss specific applications of the research results in several modern technologies and in next generation medicine. Most of the works of this topical issue were reported at the Fifth International Conference on Dynamics of Systems on the Nanoscale (DySoN) - the premier forum for the presentation of cutting-edge research in this field that was held in Potsdam, Germany in October of 2018.
Carbon nanodots revised
(2020)
Luminescent compounds obtained from the thermal reaction of citric acid and urea have been studied and utilized in different applications in the past few years. The identified reaction products range from carbon nitrides over graphitic carbon to distinct molecular fluorophores. On the other hand, the solid, non-fluorescent reaction product produced at higher temperatures has been found to be a valuable precursor for the CO2-laser-assisted carbonization reaction in carbon laser-patterning. This work addresses the question of structural identification of both, the fluorescent and non-fluorescent reaction products obtained in the thermal reaction of citric acid and urea. The reaction products produced during autoclave-microwave reactions in the melt were thoroughly investigated as a function of the reaction temperature and the reaction products were subsequently separated by a series of solvent extractions and column chromatography. The evolution of a green molecular fluorophore, namely HPPT, was confirmed and a full characterization study on its structure and photophysical properties was conducted. The additional blue fluorescence is attributed to oligomeric ureas, which was confirmed by complementary optical and structural characterization. These two components form strong hydrogen-bond networks which eventually react to form solid, semi-crystalline particles with a size of similar to 7 nm and an elemental composition of 46% C, 22% N, and 29% O. The structural features and properties of all three main components were investigated in a comprehensive characterization study.
Separation of enantiomers is an everlasting challenge in chemistry, catalysis, and synthesis of pharmaceuticals. The design and fabrication of chiral adsorbent materials is a promising way to increase the surface area of chiral information, as well as to maximize the available surface for the adsorption of one enantiomer. Porous materials such as silica or metal-organic-frameworks are established compounds in this field, due to their well-defined surface structure and ease of functionalization with chiral groups. As another class of porous materials, carbons provide the advantages of high thermal and chemical stability, resistance against moisture, electrical conductivity, and widely tunable pore size. Although they are well established in many adsorption-related applications, carbons received far less attention in enantioselective adsorption processes because the controlled functionalization of their surface is rather difficult due to the chemically heterogeneous atoms in the network. A suitable approach to overcome this limitation is the synthesis of chiral carbons directly from chiral precursors. So far, chiral carbons synthesized from chiral precursors used salt-templating as a way of introducing porosity, which resulted in mainly microporous materials or materials with broad pore size distribution. In the present study, the possibility of combining nanocasting as an alternative templating approach with chiral ionic liquids as a carbon precursor is demonstrated. Chiral recognition is measured in the gas phase, by adsorption of chiral gas, as well as in the solution, by using isothermal titration calorimetry. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An easy-to-do synthesis for the hexanuclear niobium cluster compound [Nb6Cl12(CH3OH)(4)(OCH3)(2)] . DABCO . 1.66 CH2Cl2 has been developed. An one-pot reaction between the cluster precursor [Nb6Cl14(H2O)(4)] . 4H(2)O and methanol with the addition of DABCO leads to the crystallization of the title compound in high yield within a few minutes. The single-crystal X-ray structure of this cluster compound has been determined. Very strong, nearly symmetric intercluster hydrogen bonds Nb-6-MeO...H...OMe-Nb-6 are present between the cluster units. A bridging co-crystalline DABCO molecule is also involved in a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network.
A series of biomass-derived levoglucosenyl alkyl ethers (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, and n-butyl) were synthesized and polymerized by ring-opening olefin metathesis polymerization using the Grubbs catalyst C793 at room temperature. Polymerizations were successfully performed in conventional solvents such as 1,4-dioxane and dichloromethane as well as in polar aprotic "green" solvents such as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene), and ethyl acetate. The prepared polyacetals with degrees of polymerization of similar to 100 exhibit Schulz-Flory-type molar mass distributions and are thermoplastic materials with rather low glass transition temperatures in the range of 43-0 degrees C depending on the length of the alkyl substituent. Kinetic studies revealed that the polymerization proceeded rapidly to a steady state with a certain minimum monomer concentration threshold. When the steady state was reached, just about half of the [Ru] catalyst had been effective to initiate the polymerization, indicating that the initiation step was a slow process. The remaining catalyst was still active and did no longer react with monomers but with in-chain double bonds, cutting the formed polymer chains into shorter fragments. In the long term, all catalyst was consumed and propagating [Ru] chain ends were deactivated by the elimination of [Ru] from the chain ends to form inactive chains with terminal aldehyde groups.
Oligodepsipeptides (ODPs) attract increasing attention as degradable materials in controlled drug delivery or as building blocks for nano-carriers. Their strong intermolecular interactions provide high stability. Tailoring the side groups of the amino acid repeating units to achieve a strong affinity to particular drugs allows a high drug-loading capacity. Here we describe synthesis and characterization of dihydroxy terminated teroligodepsipeptides (ter-ODPs) by ring-opening copolymerization (ROP) of three different morpholine-2,5-diones (MDs) in bulk in order to provide a set of teroligomers with structural variation for drug release or transfection. Ter-ODPs with equivalent co-monomer feed ratios were prepared as well as ter-ODPs, in which the co-monomer feed ratio was varied between 9 mol% and 78 mol%. Ter-ODPs were synthesized by ROP using 1,1,10,10-tetra-n-butyl-1,10-distanna-2,9,11,18-tetraoxa-5,6,14,15-tetrasulfur-cyclodecane (tin(IV) alkoxide) that was obtained by the reaction of dibutyl tin(II) oxide with 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide. The number average molecular weight (M-n) of ter-ODPs, determined by H-1 NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), ranged between 4000 g center dot mol(-1) and 8600 g center dot mol(-1). Co-monomer compositions in ter-ODPs could be controlled by changing the feed ratio of co-monomers as observed by H-1 NMR spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The amount of remaining monomers as determined by H-1 NMR could be kept below 1 wt%. Macrocycles as main sources of byproducts as determined from MALDI-TOF-MS measurements were significantly lower as compared to polymerization by Sn(Oct)(2). Glass-transition temperature (T-g) of ter-ODPs ranged between 59 degrees C and 70 degrees C.
This paper presents shape-memory foams that can be temporarily fixed in their compressed state and be expanded on demand. Highly porous, nanocomposite foams were prepared from a solution of polyetherurethane with suspended nanoparticles (mean aggregate size 90 nm) which have an iron(III) oxide core with a silica shell. The polymer solution with suspended nanoparticles was cooled down to -20 degrees C in a two-stage process, which was followed by freeze-drying. The average pore size increases with decreasing concentration of nanoparticles from 158 mu m to 230 mu m while the foam porosity remained constant. After fixation of a temporary form of the nanocomposite foams, shape recovery can be triggered either by heat or by exposure to an alternating magnetic field. Compressed foams showed a recovery rate of up to 76 +/- 4% in a thermochamber at 80 degrees C, and a slightly lower recovery rate of up to 65 +/- 4% in a magnetic field.
CO oxidation on Ru(0001) is a long-standing example of a reaction that, being thermally forbidden in ultrahigh vacuum, can be activated by femtosecond laser pulses. In spite of its relevance, the precise dynamics of the photoinduced oxidation process as well as the reasons behind the dominant role of the competing CO photodesorption remain unclear. Here we use ab initio molecular dynamics with electronic friction that account for the highly excited and nonequilibrated system created by the laser to investigate both reactions. Our simulations successfully reproduce the main experimental findings: the existence of photoinduced oxidation and desorption, the large desorption to oxidation branching ratio, and the changes in the O K-edge X-ray absorption spectra attributed to the initial stage of the oxidation process. Now, we are able to monitor in detail the ultrafast CO desorption and CO oxidation occurring in the highly excited system and to disentangle what causes the unexpected inertness to the otherwise energetically favored oxidation.
Many physicochemical processes depend on the diffusion of small molecules through solid materials. While crystallinity in polymers is advantageous with respect to structure performance, diffusion in such materials is difficult to predict. Here, we investigate the impact of crystal morphology and organization on the diffusion of small molecules using a lattice Monte Carlo approach. Interestingly, diffusion determined with this model does not depend on the internal morphology of the semi-crystalline regions. The obtained insight is highly valuable for developing predictive models for all processes in semi-crystalline polymers involving mass transport, like polymer degradation or drug release, and provide design criteria for the time-dependent functional behavior of multifunctional polymer systems.
Programmable oils feature tunable viscosity and therefore possess potential for technical improvements and innovative solutions in many lubricated applications. Herein, we describe the first assessment of the variability of rheological properties of light-programmable 9-anthracene ester-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS-As), including implications that arise with UV-light as an external trigger. We applied a modified rheometer setup that enables the monitoring of dynamic moduli during exposure to UV-light. The reversible dimerization of anthracene esters is used to either link PDMS chains by UV-A radiation (365 nm) or cleave chains by UV-C radiation (254 nm) or at elevated temperatures (>130 degrees C). Thermal cleavage fully restores the initial material properties, while the photochemical cleavage of dimers occurs only to a limited extent. Prolonged UV radiation causes material damage and in turn reduces the range of programmable rheological properties. The incomplete cleavage contributes to a gradual buildup of viscosity over a course of several switching cycles, which we suggest to result from chain length-dependent reaction kinetics. Material property gradients induced during radiation due to attenuation of the light beam upon its passing through the oil layer have to be considered, emphasizing the need for proper mixing protocols during the programming step. The material in focus shows integrated photorheology and is suggested to improve the performance of silicone oils in friction systems.
The macroscale function of multicomponent polymeric materials is dependent on their phase-morphology. Here, we investigate the morphological structure of a multiblock copolymer consisting of poly(L-lactide) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) segments (PLLA-PCL), physically cross-linked by stereocomplexation with a low molecular weight poly(D-lactide) oligomer (PDLA). The effects of blend composition and PLLA-PCL molecular structure on the morphology are elucidated by AFM, TEM and SAXS. We identify the formation of a lattice pattern, composed of PLA domains within a PCL matrix, with an average domain spacing d0 = 12 - 19 nm. The size of the PLA domains were found to be proportional to the block length of the PCL segment of the copolymer and inversely proportional to the PDLA content of the blend. Changing the PLLA-PCL / PDLA ratio caused a shift in the melt transition Tm attributed to the PLA stereocomplex crystallites, indicating partial amorphous phase dilution of the PLA and PCL components within the semicrystalline material. By elucidating the phase structure and thermal character of multifunctional PLLA-PCL / PDLA blends, we illustrate how composition affects the internal structure and thermal properties of multicomponent polymeric materials. This study should facilitate the more effective incorporation of a variety of polymeric structural units capable of stimuli responsive phase transitions, where an understanding the phase-morphology of each component will enable the production of multifunctional soft-actuators with enhanced performance.
Fibrous shape-memory polymer (SMP) scaffolds were investigated considering the fiber as basic microstructural feature. By reduction of the fiber diameter in randomly oriented electrospun polyetherurethane (PEU) meshes from the micro-to the nano-scale, we observed changes in the molecular orientation within the fibers and its impact on the structural and shape-memory performance. It was assumed that a spatial restriction by reduction of the fiber diameter increases molecular orientation along the orientation of the fiber. The stress-strain relation of random PEU scaffolds is initially determined by the 3D arrangement of the fibers and thus is independent of the molecular orientation. Increasing the molecular orientation with decreasing single fiber diameter in scaffolds composed of randomly arranged fibers did not alter the initial stiffness and peak stress but strongly influenced the elongation at break and the stress increase above the Yield point. Reduction of the single fiber diameter also distinctly improved the shape-memory performance of the scaffolds. Fibers with nanoscale diameters (< 100 nm) possessed an almost complete shape recovery, high recovery stresses and fast relaxation kinetics, while the shape fixity was found to decrease with decreasing fiber diameter. Hence, the fiber diameter is a relevant design parameter for SMP.
Quantum mechanical tunnelling describes transmission of matter waves through a barrier with height larger than the energy of the wave(1). Tunnelling becomes important when the de Broglie wavelength of the particle exceeds the barrier thickness; because wavelength increases with decreasing mass, lighter particles tunnel more efficiently than heavier ones. However, there exist examples in condensed-phase chemistry where increasing mass leads to increased tunnelling rates(2). In contrast to the textbook approach, which considers transitions between continuum states, condensed-phase reactions involve transitions between bound states of reactants and products. Here this conceptual distinction is highlighted by experimental measurements of isotopologue-specific tunnelling rates for CO rotational isomerization at an NaCl surface(3,4), showing nonmonotonic mass dependence. A quantum rate theory of isomerization is developed wherein transitions between sub-barrier reactant and product states occur through interaction with the environment. Tunnelling is fastest for specific pairs of states (gateways), the quantum mechanical details of which lead to enhanced cross-barrier coupling; the energies of these gateways arise nonsystematically, giving an erratic mass dependence. Gateways also accelerate ground-state isomerization, acting as leaky holes through the reaction barrier. This simple model provides a way to account for tunnelling in condensed-phase chemistry, and indicates that heavy-atom tunnelling may be more important than typically assumed.
The imagination of clearly separated core-shell structures is already outdated by the fact, that the nanoparticle core-shell structures remain in terms of efficiency behind their respective bulk material due to intermixing between core and shell dopant ions. In order to optimize the photoluminescence of core-shell UCNP the intermixing should be as small as possible and therefore, key parameters of this process need to be identified. In the present work the Ln(III) ion migration in the host lattices NaYF4 and NaGdF4 was monitored. These investigations have been performed by laser spectroscopy with help of lanthanide resonance energy transfer (LRET) between Eu(III) as donor and Pr(III) or Nd(III) as acceptor. The LRET is evaluated based on the Forster theory. The findings corroborate the literature and point out the migration of ions in the host lattices. Based on the introduced LRET model, the acceptor concentration in the surrounding of one donor depends clearly on the design of the applied core-shell-shell nanoparticles. In general, thinner intermediate insulating shells lead to higher acceptor concentration, stronger quenching of the Eu(III) donor and subsequently stronger sensitization of the Pr(III) or the Nd(III) acceptors. The choice of the host lattice as well as of the synthesis temperature are parameters to be considered for the intermixing process.
Microbially produced polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters that are degradable by naturally occurring enzymes. Albeit PHAs degrade slowly when implanted in animal models, their disintegration is faster compared to abiotic hydrolysis under simulated physiological environments. Ultrathin Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films are used as models for fast in vitro degradation testing, to predict enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis of PHAs in vivo. The activity of mammalian enzymes secreted by pancreas and liver, potentially involved in biomaterials degradation, along with microbial hydrolases is tested toward LB-films of two model PHAs, poly(3-R-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly[(3-R-hydroxyoctanoate)-co-(3-R-hydroxyhexanoate)] (PHOHHx). A specific PHA depolymerase fromStreptomyces exfoliatus, used as a positive control, is shown to hydrolyze LB-films of both polymers regardless of their side-chain-length and phase morphology. From amorphous PHB and PHOHHx, approximate to 80% is eroded in few hours, while mass loss for semicrystalline PHB is 25%. Surface potential and interfacial rheology measurements show that material dissolution is consistent with a random-chain-scission mechanism. Degradation-induced crystallization of semicrystalline PHB LB-films is also observed. Meanwhile, the surface and the mechanical properties of both LB-films remain intact throughout the experiments with lipases and other microbial hydrolases, suggesting that non-enzymatic hydrolysis could be the predominant factor for acceleration of PHAs degradation in vivo.
The chemical nature, the number length of integrated building blocks, as well as their sequence structure impact the phase morphology of multiblock copolymers (MBC) consisting of two non-miscible block types. It is hypothesized that a strictly alternating sequence should impact phase segregation. A library of well-defined MBC obtained by coupling oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (OCL) of different molecular weights (2, 4, and 8 kDa) with oligotetrahydrofuran (OTHF, 2.9 kDa) via Steglich esterification results in strictly alternating (MBCalt) or random (MBCran) MBC. The three different series has a weight average molecular weight (M-w) of 65 000, 165 000, and 168 000 g mol(-1) for MBCalt and 80 500, 100 000, and 147 600 g mol(-1) for MBCran. When the chain length of OCL building blocks is increased, the tendency for phase segregation is facilitated, which is attributed to the decrease in chain mobility within the MBC. Furthermore, it is found that the phase segregation disturbs the crystallization by causing heterogeneities in the semi-crystalline alignment, which is attributed to an increase of the disorder of the OCL semi-crystalline alignment.
Natural gas hydrate occurrences contain predominantly methane; however, there are increasing reports of complex mixed gas hydrates and coexisting hydrate phases. Changes in the feed gas composition due to the preferred incorporation of certain components into the hydrate phase and an inadequate gas supply is often assumed to be the cause of coexisting hydrate phases. This could also be the case for the gas hydrate system in Qilian Mountain permafrost (QMP), which is mainly controlled by pores and fractures with complex gas compositions. This study is dedicated to the experimental investigations on the formation process of mixed gas hydrates based on the reservoir conditions in QMP. Hydrates were synthesized from water and a gas mixture under different gas supply conditions to study the effects on the hydrate formation process. In situ Raman spectroscopic measurements and microscopic observations were applied to record changes in both gas and hydrate phase over the whole formation process. The results demonstrated the effects of gas flow on the composition of the resulting hydrate phase, indicating a competitive enclathration of guest molecules into the hydrate lattice depending on their properties. Another observation was that despite significant changes in the gas composition, no coexisting hydrate phases were formed.
Hazelnuts are rarely cultivated in Germany, although they are a valuable source for macro- and micronutrients and can thus contribute to a healthy diet. Near the present, 15 varieties were cultivated in Thuringia, Germany, as a pilot study for further research. The aim of our study was to evaluate the micro- and macronutrient composition of representative, randomly mixed samples of the 15 different hazelnut cultivars. Protein, fat, and fiber contents were determined using established methods. Fatty acids, tocopherols, minerals, trace elements, and ultra-trace elements were analyzed using gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole mass-spectrometry, respectively. We found that the different hazelnut varieties contained valuable amounts of fat, protein, dietary fiber, minerals, trace elements, and alpha-tocopherol, however, in different quantities. The variations in nutrient composition were independent of growth conditions, which were identical for all hazelnut varieties. Therefore, each hazelnut cultivar has its specific nutrient profile.