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In light of current efforts at addressing the dangers of fake news, this article will revisit the international law relevant to the phenomenon, in particular the prohibition of intervention, the 1936 International Convention on the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace, and the 1953 Convention on the International Right of Correction. It will be argued that important lessons can be learned from the League of Nations’ (LON) efforts in the interwar period and the UN’s activities in the immediate post-WWII era, while taking into account the new challenges that arise from modern communication technology.
Taking up the LON’s and UN’s distinction between false and distorted news, the international legal framework will be tested, in particular, against the coverage of the 2016 ‘Lisa case’ by Russian Government-funded media. This coverage is widely considered to be fake news aimed at destabilizing Germany’s society and institutions.
The article argues that false news can be subject to repressive regulation in a sensible manner. Distorted news, however, will have to be tolerated legally, since prohibitions in this regard would be too prone to abuse. A free and pluralist media, complemented by an appropriate governmental information policy, remains the best answer to fake news in all its forms. Due diligence obligations to fact-check, transparency, and remedies that are effective despite difficulties in attribution, and despite a lack of universal acceptance, could likewise be conducive.
During its sessions in 2016 and 2017 the UN International Law Commission (ILC) debated the question whether the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction is subject to exceptions for international crimes and provisionally adopted a Draft Article 7 on immunity ratione materiae. The following analytical presentation classifies and documents the reactions of States to draft article 7, paragraph 1, as they have been expressed in the Sixth (Legal) Committee of the General Assembly in 2017.
Causes for slow weathering and erosion in the steep, warm, monsoon-subjected Highlands of Sri Lanka
(2018)
In the Highlands of Sri Lanka, erosion and chemical weathering rates are among the lowest for global mountain denudation. In this tropical humid setting, highly weathered deep saprolite profiles have developed from high-grade metamorphic charnockite during spheroidal weathering of the bedrock. The spheroidal weathering produces rounded corestones and spalled rindlets at the rock-saprolite interface. I used detailed textural, mineralogical, chemical, and electron-microscopic (SEM, FIB, TEM) analyses to identify the factors limiting the rate of weathering front advance in the profile, the sequence of weathering reactions, and the underlying mechanisms. The first mineral attacked by weathering was found to be pyroxene initiated by in situ Fe oxidation, followed by in situ biotite oxidation. Bulk dissolution of the primary minerals is best described with a dissolution – re-precipitation process, as no chemical gradients towards the mineral surface and sharp structural boundaries are observed at the nm scale. Only the local oxidation in pyroxene and biotite is better described with an ion by ion process. The first secondary phases are oxides and amorphous precipitates from which secondary minerals (mainly smectite and kaolinite) form. Only for biotite direct solid state transformation to kaolinite is likely. The initial oxidation of pyroxene and biotite takes place in locally restricted areas and is relatively fast: log J = -11 molmin/(m2 s). However, calculated corestone-scale mineral oxidation rates are comparable to corestone-scale mineral dissolution rates: log R = -13 molpx/(m2 s) and log R = -15 molbt/(m2 s). The oxidation reaction results in a volume increase. Volumetric calculations suggest that this observed oxidation leads to the generation of porosity due to the formation of micro-fractures in the minerals and the bedrock allowing for fluid transport and subsequent dissolution of plagioclase. At the scale of the corestone, this fracture reaction is responsible for the larger fractures that lead to spheroidal weathering and to the formation of rindlets. Since these fractures have their origin from the initial oxidational induced volume increase, oxidation is the rate limiting parameter for weathering to take place. The ensuing plagioclase weathering leads to formation of high secondary porosity in the corestone over a distance of only a few cm and eventually to the final disaggregation of bedrock to saprolite. As oxidation is the first weathering reaction, the supply of O2 is a rate-limiting factor for chemical weathering. Hence, the supply of O2 and its consumption at depth connects processes at the weathering front with erosion at the surface in a feedback mechanism. The strength of the feedback depends on the relative weight of advective versus diffusive transport of O2 through the weathering profile. The feedback will be stronger with dominating diffusive transport. The low weathering rate ultimately depends on the transport of O2 through the whole regolith, and on lithological factors such as low bedrock porosity and the amount of Fe-bearing primary minerals. In this regard the low-porosity charnockite with its low content of Fe(II) bearing minerals impedes fast weathering reactions. Fresh weatherable surfaces are a pre-requisite for chemical weathering. However, in the case of the charnockite found in the Sri Lankan Highlands, the only process that generates these surfaces is the fracturing induced by oxidation. Tectonic quiescence in this region and low pre-anthropogenic erosion rate (attributed to a dense vegetation cover) minimize the rejuvenation of the thick and cohesive regolith column, and lowers weathering through the feedback with erosion.
The author discusses the question of authority when determining the content of an international legal rule. Taking Article 38(1)(d) of the ICJ Statute as a point of departure, he determines through meticolous analysis what ranks as judicial decisions as well as teachings within the meaning of the norm. The author then proceeds to a number of factors to determine authoritativeness: objectivity, knowledgeability, depth of analysis, and the presence or otherwise of reasoning and, in particular, the persuasiveness of an opinion. In the case of judicial pronouncements, the author points out that the paradox between Article 59 and Article 38(1)(d) of the ICJ Statute is only an apparent one. While judgments of the Court are binding only between the parties, it is merely the underlying reasoning that can be taken into account in the context of Article 38(1)(d) if considered persuasive. Without central authority, authoritativenes in international law must always be earned which is also the reason for the lack of an hierarchical order between as well as within judicial pronouncements and learned writings though the former are usually more likely to fulfil the criteria of authoritativeness. In both cases, however, previously acquired reputation of a court or even an individual judge as well as of a learned writer can create a presumption of authoritativeness. On a more general level, the author concludes with a call for a more careful differentiation between the determination of law and its application. Putting the issue discussed into perspective, the author argues that situations of law determination arise, contrary to common understanding, in fact far less often than situations of law application.
The St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy (PFA RAN) contains two manuscript biographies of Daniel Chwolson, the Russian-Jewish Orientalist, advocate of Jewish scholarship, and bridge builder to the Breslau Jewish Theological Seminary. They were written by his pupil and colleague, Pavel Kokovtsov, and his grandson Yevgeny Chwolson, respectively. These two texts are studied against the background of published texts and popular opinion of Chwolson in late Imperial Russia. Apart from some details, these manuscripts offer limited additional information as factual sources, most of their contents being mere variation of published texts. However, the biography of Chwolson written by his grandson is a valuable source on the reception of Chwolson and illustrates the potential of further mythological appreciation of his personality and works in the Soviet time as a defense strategy for Chwolson’s family. It also contains crucial information on the fate of Chwolson’s archive.
Berlin – New York
(2018)
Beginning in January 2019, the new German government will face a particular new responsibility for world affairs: provided the elections in June 2018 lead to the desired result, Germany will be an elected member of the UN Security Council for two years from January 2019 until December 2020. However, Germany has been a respected and highly relevant member of the United Nations not only during its terms on the Security Council but also in “normal” times. The present article attempts to shed light on a few aspects of Germany’s role in the UN during Merkel’s chancellorship with an emphasis on her third term (2014-2017), such as the cooperative relationship between Germany and the UN Secretary-General in important policy fields, Germany’s financial contributions to the UN, the impact of Germany’s EU membership on its UN membership and the country’s efforts with regard to the reform of the Security Council. The paper further provides context for Germany’s abstention in the vote on Security Council Resolution 1973 on Libya in 2011. It concludes by ascertaining that Germany with its approach of active multilateralism has taken its place as one of the leading nations in Europe and is ready to take on responsibility with its partners to achieve a peaceful and stable world order.
Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet auf der Grundlage von Erfahrungen mit dem Audience Response System (ARS) „Auditorium Mobile Classroom Service“ von Erfolgsfaktoren für den Einsatz in der universitären Lehre. Dabei werden sowohl die technischen Rahmenbedingungen und Herausforderungen der Anwendungen berücksichtigt, als auch die unterschiedlichen didaktischen Konzepte und Ziele der beteiligten Akteure (Studierende, Lehrende und Institution). Ziel ist es, Einflussfaktoren für den erfolgreichen Einsatz sowohl für die Praxis als auch die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung und Weiterentwicklung der Systeme zu benennen und ein heuristisches Framework für Chancen und Herausforderungen beim Einsatz von ARS anzubieten.
This paper illustrates the functional and conceptual variances of law in different contexts. Whereas legal actors on the international level might normatively aim for law to have a similar effect to that of domestic law, the way in which international and supranational law can fulfil these potential functions is different. Accordingly, this paper argues that an awareness with regard to the particularities and challenges that the potential functions of law encounter in the international and supranational context is needed. Moreover, it suggests an analytical lens to conceptually frame and locate current developments, offering a broader perspective on, or even an element of explication for, the apparent crisis that law is currently facing on the international and supranational scale. After describing the potential functions of law on an abstract scale and grouping them into analytical categories, the paper uses these categories as a lens in order to assess in which way international law can fulfil these potential functions, where priorities regarding certain functions might differ and where some aspects of these functions are challenged when law is made and applied in the international and supranational sphere.
Immanuel Kant mentions in his Physical Geography the waterfall of the Bogotá River in South America, known today as the Salto de Tequendama, which is located near Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia. Kant claims that this was the highest waterfall in the world, which is not true. Alexander von Humboldt could not know anything about it, but he visited the Salto in 1801, just before the publication of Kant‘s Physical Geography, and went to personally measure the height of the Salto. In this paper we make a comparison of both personalities who, unknowingly, were united by their interest in the Salto de Tequendama.
Digitale Medien enthalten bislang vor allem Inhalte in verschiedenen Darstellungsformen. Dies allein erzeugt jedoch nur einen geringen Mehrwert zu klassischen Lernressourcen, da die Kriterien der Interaktivität und Adaptivität nicht mit einbezogen werden. Dies scheitert jedoch oft an dem damit verbundenen Erstellungsaufwand. Der folgende Beitrag zeigt, wie durch die automatische Erzeugung von Aufgaben ein hochwertiger Wissenserwerb mit digitalen Medien ermöglicht wird. Ferner werden Vor- und Nachteile der automatischen Erstellung von Aufgaben erörtert.
In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse einer explorativen Datenanalyse über die Studierendenperformance in Klausur- und Hausaufgaben eines Einführungskurses der Theoretischen Informatik vorgestellt. Da bisher empirisch wenig untersucht ist, welche Probleme Studierenden in den Einführungskursen haben und die Durchfallquoten in diesen Kursen sehr hoch sind, soll auf diesem Weg ein Überblick gegeben werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass alle Studierenden unabhängig von ihrer Klausurnote die niedrigste Performance in den Klausur- und Hausaufgaben aufweisen, in denen formale Beweise gefordert sind. Dieses Ergebnis stärkt die Vermutung, dass didaktische
Ansätze und Maßnahmen sich insbesondere auf das Erlernen formaler Beweismethoden fokussieren sollten, um Informatik-Studierende nachhaltiger dabei zu unterstützen, in Theoretischer Informatik erfolgreich zu sein.
Die Lehre von wissenschaftlichem Arbeiten stellt einen zentralen Aspekt in forschungsorientierten Studiengängen wie der Informatik dar. Trotz diverser Angebote werden mittel- und langfristig Mängel in der
Arbeitsqualität von Studierenden sichtbar. Dieses Paper analysiert daher das Profil der Studierenden, deren Anwendung des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens, und das Angebot von Proseminaren zum Thema „Einführung in das wissenschaftliche Arbeiten“ einer deutschen Universität. Die Ergebnisse mehrerer Erhebungen zeigen dabei diverse Probleme bei Studierenden auf, u. a. bei dem Prozessverständnis, dem Zeitmanagement und der Kommunikation.
Was ist Data Science?
(2018)
In Zusammenhang mit den Entwicklungen der vergangenen Jahre, insbesondere in den Bereichen Big Data, Datenmanagement und Maschinenlernen, hat sich der Umgang mit Daten und deren Analyse wesentlich weiterentwickelt. Mittlerweile wird die Datenwissenschaft als eigene Disziplin angesehen, die auch immer stärker durch entsprechende Studiengänge an Hochschulen repräsentiert wird. Trotz dieser zunehmenden Bedeutung ist jedoch oft unklar, welche konkreten Inhalte mit ihr in Verbindung stehen, da sie in verschiedensten Ausprägungen auftritt. In diesem Beitrag werden daher die hinter der Data Science stehenden informatischen Inhalte durch eine qualitative Analyse der Modulhandbücher etablierter Studiengänge aus diesem Bereich ermittelt und so ein Beitrag zur Charakterisierung dieser Disziplin geleistet. Am Beispiel der Entwicklung eines Data-Literacy-Kompetenzmodells, die als Ausblick skizziert wird, wird die Bedeutung dieser Charakterisierung für die weitere Forschung expliziert.
Einsatz einer mobilen Lern-App - Ein Werkzeug zur Verbesserung von klinisch-praktischem Unterricht
(2018)
Der Unterricht am Krankenbett ist im Medizinstudium eine wertvolle Möglichkeit klinisch-praktische Fertigkeiten zu erlernen. Eine optimale Vorbereitung der Studierenden ist dabei Voraussetzung. Eine mobile Lern-App wurde entwickelt, die den Studierenden, neben Lernzielen, Kursinhalte und Anleitungen zu Untersuchungstechniken bietet, um die Vorbereitung auf einen klinisch-praktischen Kurs zu fördern und Kurzinformationen auch während des Kurses zur Verfügung zu stellen. 175 Studierende hatten die Möglichkeit die App parallel zu einem klinischen Untersuchungs-Kurs im Semester zu nutzen. Im Anschluss beantworteten die Studierenden einen Fragebogen zur Nützlichkeit und Vielseitigkeit der App und zur Zufriedenheit mit der App unter Verwendung eine 5-Punkt-Likert-Skala und zwei offenen Fragen. In diesem Beitrag wird das Kurskonzept zusammen mit der Lern-App, die Ergebnisse aus dem Fragebogen und unsere Schlussfolgerungen daraus vorgestellt. Studierende bewerteten die App grundsätzlich als hilfreich. Sie sollte dabei gründlich eingeführt werden. Patienten sollten über die Nutzung von Smartphones im Studentenunterricht zu Lernzwecken informiert werden.
La tesis de esta contribución es que las investigaciones de Alexander von Humboldt ejemplifican un ‘programa de investigación progresivo’ (Imre Lakatos 1978). Examino la propuesta de Adolf Meyer- Abich (1968) de que el método de Humboldt se deriva de un vitalismo inicial y luego desmentido por el científico. Yo propongo, sin embargo, que en realidad es el principio humboldtiano de buscar la unidad en la naturaleza el cual funciona como ‘principio regulativo’, y por consiguiente motiva al investigador a buscar evidencia empírica de relaciones sistémicas entre fenómenos y condicionamientos geográfico-climáticos. Desde este punto de vista es justamente este principio metódico el que empuja a Humboldt a atravesar grandes alturas y latitudes. La visita a Tenerife y al Teide le da una confirmación contundente de la validez de su principio. Concluyo que la influencia de su método en la creación de nuevas ciencias, tales como la biogeografía y la ecología, constituyen razones suficientes para suponer ejemplar el trabajo científico de Humboldt como ‘programa de investigación progresivo’.
Zwischen Pflicht und Kür
(2018)
Alexander von Humboldts Erläuterungen zu Öfen für die Herstellung von Keramik- und Glaserzeugnissen
(2018)
Der Aufsatz macht den Leser mit einem in der Regel wenig bekannten Aspekt aus Alexander von Humboldts Tätigkeit bekannt, seiner Beschäftigung mit den für das Brennen von Keramik und das Schmelzen von Glas genutzten Öfen. Das erfolgte in der Zeit von 1792–1797 im Zusammenhang mit seiner Tätigkeit als Bergbeamter im Auftrag des preußischen Königs in dessen Fürstentümern Ansbach und Bayreuth. In Gutachten und Berichten äußerte sich Humboldt zu Ofenkonstruktionen und Hilfsmitteln für die Hochtemperaturprozesse. Er analysierte Ursachen für das Misslingen von Bränden sowie Schmelzen und unterbreitete Vorschläge zu ihrer Verbesserung. Verschiedene konstruktive Änderungen bei Reparaturen der vorhandenen Öfen im Steingutwerk Rheinsberg sowie in der Porzellanmanufaktur Bruckberg gingen auf Humboldt zurück. Die Entscheidung zum Bau eines zweietagigen Rundofens in der Königlichen Porzellanmanufaktur Berlin wurde wahrscheinlich durch ihn beschleunigt. Seine Darstellungen werden anhand von Skizzen erläutert.
An academic project of translating the Babylonian Talmud into Japanese was initiated by a president of private jewelry company in 1986 and sixteen volumes of it were published with the collaboration of more than ten Japanese scholars of the Bible and Judaism until 2016. In order to make an assessment for possible impacts of this translation on Japanese cultural revitalization, the author tried to perceive the collision and struggles the Talmud has faced in transmitting itself to later generations even to the present days as it has still claimed its universal validity. It will be helpful to envisage Jewish intellectuals of the subsequent generations wondering what it was to live according to the Torah and the Talmud and how they coped with difficulties in facing the collision of foreign cultural impacts especially in the modern era. As the Japanese people had been profoundly influenced by Buddhism before the modern era, the assumption of the similarity between the Buddhist notion of enlightenment through transmission of the ineffable truth and the similar notion of Rabbinic Judaism will help prospect the possible influence of the Jewish scripture. This Buddhist notion had been most successfully developed in the tradition of Zen Buddhism in Japan. Furthermore this notion was fully and more influentially developed in the sphere of education of Japanese military ruling class and their cultural achievements before the modern era. So we suppose that Jewish endeavors in the Talmudic studies facing collisions and struggles against western impacts will give some insights in considering Japanese struggles against, and responses to, the forceful impacts of the modern West upon our traditional value system.
Jeder Jurist ein Ethiker
(2018)
Seeming consensus has formed among legal scholars and practitioners that a rising China seeks changes in rules and institutions of international law. Yet, attendant accounts of how such changes may and already do restructure global legal order remain relatively underdeveloped. An observed rise in the international rule of law during immediate post-Cold War years has now been disrupted by a confluence of regional shifts in geopolitical power and contestation of law’s normative foundations by newly empowered states. In these circumstances, advocates for stability and continuity in variations of the “liberal international order” or “rules-based order” have sought to defend the authority and resilience of universally defined international legal norms against various regional challenges to the boundary between law and politics. Yet, as both global power and universal conceptions of law fragment, so too will the presumed equilibrium between international law’s political and normative foundations. Signs of fragmentation are now conspicuously playing out in East and Southeast Asia, where the relative rise of China is amplified by alternative Chinese conceptions of foundations and purposes of global legal order. This working paper introduces the concept of “geolegal power” to describe the competitive logic of a territorially bounded leading state restructuring interpretation and development of legal rules and institutions, which is emerging more explicitly within regional subsystems. Fragmentation of the international rule of law by a rising Chinese “geolegal order” is demonstrated by contested maritime rules in three key areas: freedom of navigation; third-party and judicial settlement; and, territorial claims under UNCLOS. Evidence that China is carving out an effective subsystem of rules designated as “law” in the most consequential of security and geopolitical domains poses a critical challenge to the structure of a unified and universal system of international law. Legal scholars and practitioners must better grasp reconfiguring foundations of international law in order to address rising orders of “geolegal power”, in which the regional meaning and operation of law is no longer reconcilable within the terms of an “international” rule of law.
This paper assesses, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the work of the Peace and Security Council (PSC) of the African Union (AU) with respect to peace support operations. It seeks to know whether the establishment of the PSC in 2002 is leading or has led to a rise or a decline of collective security in Africa. It is demonstrated that in regard to its relative legal and institutional robustness, the PSC can be perceived as a rise of collective security compared with its predecessor, the Central Organ of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). However, it stagnates in terms of quantity and quality of actions on the ground. The main problem lies in the lack of sufficient operational autonomy from member states and international partners, such as the United Nations. Therefore, the PSC’s contribution to the maintenance of peace and security, and so the rise of the international rule of law in Africa is limited. The continent is still a war-torn region, affected by political crises and the expansion of terrorism in many countries. To solve this problem, AU member states should strengthen the PSC’s capacity, starting with the quick operationalisation of the African Standby Force. The implementation of the 2016 decision on alternative sources of financing AU’s institutions and activities is also a priority. In this regard, the political will of African states that may show that they want to take their organisation more seriously is required. This can further the AU self-reliance policy in collective security though the promotion of African solutions to African problems, and reduce the burden of the United Nations and other non-African actors’ interventions in the continent.
This article examines the works of Adolf Jellinek (1821–1893) on the history of mysticism and the Kabbalah, which were written during his fourteen-year residence in Leipzig. It argues that studying the Spanish Kabbalists allowed Jellinek to work through ideas concerning the development of Jewish theology and the interplay of Jewish and non-Jewish philosophical perspectives. The article briefly describes Jellinek’s early education and attraction to Leipzig; his first writings on Kabbalah; and concludes with an analysis of his larger philological and genealogical projects on the authorship and literary background of the Zohar. Though Jellinek’s later prominence as a rabbi and preacher in Vienna has had the tendency to obscure his years in Leipzig, it was Jellinek’s work in Saxony that laid the groundwork for most of his subsequent scholarship on Jewish mysticism. This article is a brief introduction to this research and one more step toward revealing the still too often forgotten Wissenschaft interest in the history of Jewish mysticism.
In der dualen IT-Ausbildung als Verbindung von beruflicher und akademischer Qualifikation werden die berufstypischen Werkzeuge, wie z. B. Laptops, ebenso in den Lehr-Lern-Prozessen der akademischen Unterrichtseinheiten eingesetzt. Im Prüfungswesen wird oft auf klassische Papierklausuren zurückgegriffen. Unterrichtseinheiten mit hohem Blended-Learning-Anteil ohne E-Prüfung werden dabei als „nicht konsistent“ wahrgenommen. In diesem Artikel wird eine empirische Studie dargelegt, die untersucht, welche Einflüsse aus der persönlichen Lernbiografie bei den Lehrenden in einer dualen IT-Ausbildung dazu führen können, die Möglichkeiten eines E-Assessments als summative Modulprüfung anzunehmen oder abzulehnen. Beispielhaft wurden in der dargelegten Studie Interviews mit Dozenten geführt und diese hinsichtlich der Verbindung zwischen Lernbiografie, Gestaltung der Didaktik der Lehr-Lern-Prozesse, Zufriedenheit und Veränderungsbereitschaft untersucht.
Matters of Interpretation
(2018)
This article analyses, from a methodological and theoretical perspective, how international legal method deals with change. Section 2 sets the stage, develops a legal perspective on change of norms and values in the international legal order and distinguishes between structural change and norm change. This is followed in sections 3 and 4 by an examination of doctrinal categories that provide techniques to process change in international legal practice. International legal method is equipped with several techniques to process—and to conceptualize and evaluate—change: ‘Formal’ norm change is a matter of the doctrine of sources. International law can also change ‘informally’ through the shifting meaning of norm texts. Both formal and informal change is a matter of interpretation. Therefore, section 5 aims at theorizing interpretive change. It examines the relationship between the sources of law and legal interpretation as categories of change and analyses theoretical perceptions of interpretive change.