Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (1504) (remove)
Year of publication
- 2015 (1504) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (1098)
- Doctoral Thesis (180)
- Part of a Book (53)
- Review (51)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (41)
- Preprint (28)
- Conference Proceeding (23)
- Other (17)
- Habilitation Thesis (5)
- Part of Periodical (4)
Keywords
- stars: early-type (9)
- climate change (8)
- Magellanic Clouds (7)
- anomalous diffusion (7)
- eye movements (7)
- fMRI (7)
- interference (7)
- stars: massive (7)
- Holocene (6)
- ancient DNA (6)
Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (238)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (227)
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (187)
- Institut für Chemie (173)
- Department Psychologie (78)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (66)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (60)
- Department Sport- und Gesundheitswissenschaften (53)
- Department Linguistik (47)
- Institut für Mathematik (47)
新型糖氨基酸类化合物的合成研究
(2015)
Sugar amino acids (SAAs) are carbohydrate derivatives bearing both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. SAAs represent an important class of multifunctional building blocks, which are amenable to serve as glycomimetics or peptidomimetics with well-defined structures and useful properties. Because SAAs exist in nature in many forms with various biological activities, recently, many unnatural SAAs, as the demand for finding new molecules to discover new drugs and new materials, have been designed and synthesized by a number of research groups. In this paper, we have developed a convenient method for the synthesis of novel SAAs gluco-7 and galacto-7 for the first time. The structure of gluco-7 was similar to the natural SAA glucosaminuronic acid that was a component of many typical bacterial cell walls and could be used for the preparation of type D flu vaccine; while galacto-7 was similar to the natural SAA galactosaminuronic acid that was one of bacterial Vi-antigen components of Escherichia coli. Starting from unexpensive and commercially available 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal and 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-galactal, two novel SAAs gluco-7 and galacto-7 were achieved in the linear 6 steps with 34% overall yield and 19% overall yield, respectively. The key reactions included radical addition, decarboxylation, iodine generation reaction, azide reaction and reductive amination reaction. The crucial step was the synthesis of the target compound gluco-7 from gluco-6. By using method A, the target compound gluco-7 was obtained in 4 steps with 63% overall yield. To optimize the transformation from gluco-6 to gluco-7, method B was developed to generate gluco-7 by using one-pot reaction successfully with 76% yield only in one step. It proved that method B was superior to method A with shorter steps and higher yields. All the new compounds were characterized by IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and HRMS data. Study on the synthesis and biological evaluation of linear and cyclic oligomers derived from gluco-7 and galacto-7 are currently in progress.
Übungen im Privatrecht
(2015)
Das vorliegende zweite Übungsbuch innerhalb der dreibändigen Reihe „Übungen im Privatrecht“ verfolgt wie der erste Band das Ziel, dem Studienanfänger sowohl des Jura-Studiums als auch anderer Fachrichtungen mit wirtschaftsprivatrechtlichem Profil die Methodik der Fallbearbeitung verständlich zu machen
Überlegene Geschäftsmodelle
(2015)
Zwischen Schah und Khomeini
(2015)
1978/79 fegte eine Revolution das Regime von Schah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi im Iran hinweg - eine islamische Revolution, an deren Ende ein Gottesstaat unter Führung der Geistlichkeit stand, mit Ayatollah Khomeini an der Spitze. Die Bundesregierung unter Kanzler Helmut Schmidt und Außenminister Hans-Dietrich Genscher befand sich in einer Zwickmühle: Einerseits war der Iran ein wichtiger Erdöllieferant und Handelspartner, andererseits verstörte die Gewalt gegen politische Gegner und Vertreter der westlichen Staatengemeinschaft, die in der Besetzung der amerikanischen Botschaft in Teheran gipfelte. Frank Bösch zeigt auf der Basis neuer Quellen, wie die Bundesregierung auf die islamische Revolution reagierte, zwischen interessengeleitetem Pragmatismus und außenpolitisch gebotener Bündnistreue zu den USA lavierte und so hinter den Kulissen als Vermittler zwischen Teheran und Washington fungieren konnte.
Zweimal Kyros
(2015)
«Kyros» taucht als Fürstenname dreimal in der Überlieferung des Perserreiches auf. Der Historiker Xenophon von Athen (427–ca. 355 v. Chr.) hat in seinen Schriften über zwei Träger dieses Namens berichtet und sie durchaus unterschiedlich bewertet: Kyros II. («der Große»), Mehrer des Reiches, sowie ein Jahrhundert später Kyros, Sohn des Dareios und jüngerer Bruder des Perserkönigs Artaxerxes II. Der ältere Kyros ist namengebender Protagonist eines Fürstenspiegels (der Kyropädie), wird also grundsätzlich positiv und als ein Vorbild für andere dargestellt. Am erfolglosen Kampf des jüngeren Kyros um die Krone des Perserreichs hatte Xenophon als Offizier griechischer Söldner selbst teilgenommen. Aus dem Vergleich von Darstellung und Bewertung der beiden Fürsten lassen sich die Ansprüche Xenophons an einen idealen Herrscher ableiten, was hier unternommen werden soll. Zugleich ermöglichen diese Ergebnisse, Xenophon als Historiker und politischen Denker in der zeitgenössischen Debatte um die beste Staatsform einzubetten.
Zum Geleit
(2015)
An approach is presented to modify the work function of solution-processed sol-gel derived zinc oxide (ZnO) over an exceptionally wide range of more than 2.3 eV. This approach relies on the formation of dense and homogeneous self-assembled monolayers based on phosphonic acids with different dipole moments. This allows us to apply ZnO as charge selective bottom electrodes in either regular or inverted solar cell structures, using poly(3-hexylthiophene): phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester as the active layer. These devices compete with or even surpass the performance of the reference on indium tin oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate. Our findings highlight the potential of properly modified ZnO as electron or hole extracting electrodes in hybrid optoelectronic devices. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
Das Potsdamer Modell der Entrepreneurship Education
Die Entrepreneurship Education in Deutschland ist ein vergleichsweise junges und damit noch ein nicht übergreifend etabliertes Fachgebiet. In diesem Buch wird in Theorie und Praxis ein Konzept der Entrepreneurship Education für Hochschulen vorgestellt, das basierend auf etablierten Konzepten der Gründungslehre innovativ und zukunftsorientiert für und mit allen Beteiligten arbeitet. Im praktischen Teil erhält der Leser eine erstmalige Übersicht von 117 Lehrangeboten der Universität Potsdam im Bereich Entrepreneurship Education.
Das Modell der Entrepreneurship Education an der Universität Potsdam kann anderen Hochschulen Anregungen geben, ihre eigenen Gründungsaktivitäten und -angebote ebenfalls in einem kohärenten pädagogischen Rahmen zu bündeln und durch die damit erworbene Transparenz ihren Erfolg nachhaltig zu sichern.
In diesem Sinne ist dieses Buch ein Inspirationen gebender Leitfaden für alle, die sich mit dem Thema Gründungslehre und -beratung befassen.
Young Genes out of the Male: An Insight from Evolutionary Age Analysis of the Pollen Transcriptome
(2015)
The birth of new genes in genomes is an important evolutionary event. Several studies reveal that new genes in animals tend to be preferentially expressed in male reproductive tissues such as testis (Betran et al., 2002; Begun et al., 2007; Dubruille et al., 2012), and thus an "out of testis' hypothesis for the emergence of new genes has been proposed (Vinckenbosch et al., 2006; Kaessmann, 2010). However, such phenomena have not been examined in plant species. Here, by employing a phylostratigraphic method, we dated the origin of protein-coding genes in rice and Arabidopsis thaliana and observed a number of young genes in both species. These young genes tend to encode short extracellular proteins, which may be involved in rapid evolving processes, such as reproductive barriers, species specification, and antimicrobial processes. Further analysis of transcriptome age indexes across different tissues revealed that male reproductive cells express a phylogenetically younger transcriptome than other plant tissues. Compared with sporophytic tissues, the young transcriptomes of the male gametophyte displayed greater complexity and diversity, which included a higher ratio of anti-sense and inter-genic transcripts, reflecting a pervasive transcription state that facilitated the emergence of new genes. Here, we propose that pollen may act as an "innovation incubator' for the birth of de novo genes. With cases of male-biased expression of young genes reported in animals, the "new genes out of the male' model revealed a common evolutionary force that drives reproductive barriers, species specification, and the upgrading of defensive mechanisms against pathogens.
The structure of bulk liquid water was recently probed by x-ray scattering below the temperature limit of homogeneous nucleation (T-H) of similar to 232 K [J. A. Sellberg et al., Nature 510, 381-384 (2014)]. Here, we utilize a similar approach to study the structure of bulk liquid water below T-H using oxygen K-edge x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). Based on previous XES experiments [T. Tokushima et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 460, 387-400 (2008)] at higher temperatures, we expected the ratio of the 1b(1)' and 1b(1)" peaks associated with the lone-pair orbital in water to change strongly upon deep supercooling as the coordination of the hydrogen (H-) bonds becomes tetrahedral. In contrast, we observed only minor changes in the lone-pair spectral region, challenging an interpretation in terms of two interconverting species. A number of alternative hypotheses to explain the results are put forward and discussed. Although the spectra can be explained by various contributions from these hypotheses, we here emphasize the interpretation that the line shape of each component changes dramatically when approaching lower temperatures, where, in particular, the peak assigned to the proposed disordered component would become more symmetrical as vibrational interference becomes more important. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects: these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000: activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
Verfügbare Allianz- und Nationallizenzen können eine Open-Access-Komponente beinhalten. Diese räumen den autorisierten Autoren oder Einrichtungen bestimmte Open-Access-Rechte zur Zweitveröffentlichung ein. Vorhandene Lizenzrechte zur Realisierung des Grünen Weges können somit zukünftig verstärkt genutzt werden. Dabei kann die Bibliothek eine aktive Rolle einnehmen. Präsentiert wird ein Workflow, der sich an der Checkliste für Repository-Manager orientiert. Sieben herausgearbeitete Schritte werden genannt und näher erläutert. An Beispielen wurde der Workflow getestet. Die Ergebnisse werden ebenfalls vorgestellt. Die Erweiterung des Workflows zur Identifizierung von Publikationen für die Zweitveröffentlichung lässt sich ggf. auch auf Creative-Commons-Lizenzen anwenden bzw. auf Zeitschriften, die keine Open-Access-Komponente haben.
Context. Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars have a severe impact on their environments owing to their strong ionizing radiation fields and powerful stellar winds. Since these winds are considered to be driven by radiation pressure, it is theoretically expected that the degree of the wind mass-loss depends on the initial metallicity of WR stars.
Aims. Following our comprehensive studies of WR stars in the Milky Way, M31, and the LMC, we derive stellar parameters and mass-loss rates for all seven putatively single WN stars known in the SMC. Based on these data, we discuss the impact of a low-metallicity environment on the mass loss and evolution of WR stars.
Methods. The quantitative analysis of the WN stars is performed with the Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmosphere code. The physical properties of our program stars are obtained from fitting synthetic spectra to multi-band observations.
Results. In all SMC WN stars, a considerable surface hydrogen abundance is detectable. The majority of these objects have stellar temperatures exceeding 75 kK, while their luminosities range from 10(5.5) to 10(6.1) L-circle dot. The WN stars in the SMC exhibit on average lower mass-loss rates and weaker winds than their counterparts in the Milky Way, M31, and the LMC.
Conclusions. By comparing the mass-loss rates derived for WN stars in different Local Group galaxies, we conclude that a clear dependence of the wind mass-loss on the initial metallicity is evident, supporting the current paradigm that WR winds are driven by radiation. A metallicity effect on the evolution of massive stars is obvious from the HRD positions of the SMC WN stars at high temperatures and high luminosities. Standard evolution tracks are not able to reproduce these parameters and the observed surface hydrogen abundances. Homogeneous evolution might provide a better explanation for their evolutionary past.
Wir sind eine IdeenUni
(2015)
Germany experienced a unique rise in the level of self-employment in the first two decades following unification. Applying the nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique, we find that the main factors driving these changes in the overall level of self-employment are demographic developments, the shift towards service sector employment and a larger share of population holding a tertiary degree. While these factors explain most of the development in self-employment with employees and the overall level of self-employment in West Germany, their explanatory power is much lower for the stronger increase in solo self-employment and in self-employment in former socialist East Germany.
Co-doping of the MOF 3∞[Zn(2-methylimidazolate-4-amide-5-imidate)] (IFP-1 = Imidazolate Framework Potsdam-1) with luminescent Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions presents an approach to utilize the porosity of the MOF for the intercalation of luminescence centers and for tuning of the chromaticity to the emission of white light of the quality of a three color emitter. Organic based fluorescence processes of the MOF backbone as well as metal based luminescence of the dopants are combined to one homogenous single source emitter while retaining the MOF's porosity. The lanthanide ions Eu3+ and Tb3+ were doped in situ into IFP-1 upon formation of the MOF by intercalation into the micropores of the growing framework without a structure directing effect. Furthermore, the color point is temperature sensitive, so that a cold white light with a higher blue content is observed at 77 K and a warmer white light at room temperature (RT) due to the reduction of the organic emission at higher temperatures. The study further illustrates the dependence of the amount of luminescent ions on porosity and sorption properties of the MOF and proves the intercalation of luminescence centers into the pore system by low-temperature site selective photoluminescence spectroscopy, SEM and EDX. It also covers an investigation of the border of homogenous uptake within the MOF pores and the formation of secondary phases of lanthanide formates on the surface of the MOF. Crossing the border from a homogenous co-doping to a two-phase composite system can be beneficially used to adjust the character and warmth of the white light. This study also describes two-color emitters of the formula Ln@IFP-1a–d (Ln: Eu, Tb) by doping with just one lanthanide Eu3+ or Tb3+.
How is reading development reflected in eye-movement measures? How does the perceptual span change during the initial years of reading instruction? Does parafoveal processing require competence in basic word-decoding processes? We report data from the first cross-sectional measurement of the perceptual span of German beginning readers (n = 139), collected in the context of the large longitudinal PIER (Potsdamer Intrapersonale Entwicklungsrisiken/Potsdam study of intra-personal developmental risk factors) study of intrapersonal developmental risk factors. Using the moving-window paradigm, eye movements of three groups of students (Grades 1-3) were measured with gaze-contingent presentation of a variable amount of text around fixation. Reading rate increased from Grades 1-3, with smaller increases for higher grades. Perceptual-span results showed the expected main effects of grade and window size: fixation durations and refixation probability decreased with grade and window size, whereas reading rate and saccade length increased. Critically, for reading rate, first-fixation duration, saccade length and refixation probability, there were significant interactions of grade and window size that were mainly based on the contrast between Grades 3 and 2 rather than Grades 2 and 1. Taken together, development of the perceptual span only really takes off between Grades 2 and 3, suggesting that efficient parafoveal processing presupposes that basic processes of reading have been mastered.
When local poverty is more important than your income: Mental health in minorities in inner cities
(2015)
The Paleogene latitude of the Lhasa terrane (southern Tibet) can constrain the age of the onset of the India-Asia collision. Estimates for this latitude, however, vary from 5 degrees N to 30 degrees N, and thus, here, we reassess the geochronology and paleomagnetism of Paleogene volcanic rocks from the Linzizong Group in the Linzhou basin. The lower and upper parts of the section previously yielded particularly conflicting ages and paleolatitudes. We report consistent Ar-40/Ar-39 and U-Pb zircon dates of similar to 52Ma for the upper Linzizong, and Ar-40/Ar-39 dates (similar to 51Ma) from the lower Linzizong are significantly younger than U-Pb zircon dates (64-63Ma), suggesting that the lower Linzizong was thermally and/or chemically reset. Paleomagnetic results from 24 sites in lower Linzizong confirm a low apparent paleolatitude of similar to 5 degrees N, compared to the upper part (similar to 20 degrees N) and to underlying Cretaceous strata (similar to 20 degrees N). Detailed rock magnetic analyses, end-member modeling of magnetic components, and petrography from the lower and upper Linzizong indicate widespread secondary hematite in the lower Linzizong, whereas hematite is rare in upper Linzizong. Volcanic rocks of the lower Linzizong have been hydrothermally chemically remagnetized, whereas the upper Linzizong retains a primary remanence. We suggest that remagnetization was induced by acquisition of chemical and thermoviscous remanent magnetizations such that the shallow inclinations are an artifact of a tilt correction applied to a secondary remanence in lower Linzizong. We estimate that the Paleogene latitude of Lhasa terrane was 204 degrees N, consistent with previous results suggesting that India-Asia collision likely took place by similar to 52Ma at similar to 20 degrees N.
With less than two decades of activity, research on melt inclusions (MI) in crystals from rocks that have undergone crustal anatexis - migmatites and granulites - is a recent addition to crustal petrology and geochemistry. Studies on this subject started with glassy inclusions in anatectic crustal enclaves in lavas, and then progressed to regionally metamorphosed and partially melted crustal rocks, where melt inclusions are normally crystallized into a cryptocrystalline aggregate (nanogranitoid).
Since the first paper on melt inclusions in the granulites of the Kerala Khondalite Belt in 2009, reported and studied occurrences are already a few tens. Melt inclusions in migmatites and granulites show many analogies with their more common and long studied counterparts in igneous rocks, but also display very important differences and peculiarities, which are the subject of this review. Microstructurally, melt inclusions in anatectic rocks are small, commonly 10 mu m in diameter, and their main mineral host is peritectic garnet, although several other hosts have been observed. Inclusion contents vary from glass in enclaves that were cooled very rapidly from supersolidus temperatures, to completely crystallized material in slowly cooled regional migmatites. The chemical composition of the inclusions can be analyzed combining several techniques (SEM, EMP, NanoSIMS, LA-ICP-MS), but in the case of crystallized inclusions the experimental remelting under confining pressure in a piston cylinder is a prerequisite. The melt is generally granitic and peraluminous, although granodioritic to trondhjemitic compositions have also been found.
Being mostly primary in origin, inclusions attest for the growth of their peritectic host in the presence of melt. As a consequence, the inclusions have the unique ability of preserving information on the composition of primary anatectic crustal melts, before they undergo any of the common following changes in their way to produce crustal magmas. For these peculiar features, melt inclusions in migmatites and granulites, largely overlooked so far, have the potential to become a fundamental tool for the study of crustal melting, crustal differentiation, and even the generation of the continental crust. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Rezensiertes Werk: Wendy Ayres-Bennett; Magali Seijido: Bon usage et variation sociolinguistique. Perspectives diachroniques et traditions nationales, Lyon: École normale supérieure de Lyon 2013, 338 S.
Die Debatte geht weiter: Gab es 1930/31 ernst zu nehmende Kreditangebote der französischen Regierung an das Deutsche Reich? Versäumte es die Reichsregierung unter Kanzler Heinrich Brüning aus politisch- revisionistischem Kalkül heraus bewusst, diese Angebote auszuloten? War die eiserne Sparpolitik der ersten beiden Präsidialkabinette also nicht die alternativlose Konsequenz ökonomischer Zwänge, sondern die logische Folge davon unabhängiger außen- und gesellschaftspolitischer Prämissen? Paul Köppen, der diese Debatte im Juli 2014 in den Vierteljahrsheften für Zeitgeschichte eröffnet hat, antwortet seinen Kritikern, präzisiert seine Argumentation und stellt seine Thesen in den weiteren Kontext der aktuellen Diskussion um die Chancen und Belastungen der Zeit zwischen den Weltkriegen.
In cultures of unicellular algae, features of single cells, such as cellular volume and starch content, are thought to be the result of carefully balanced growth and division processes. Single-cell analyses of synchronized photoautotrophic cultures of the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveal, however, that the cellular volume and starch content are only weakly correlated. Likewise, other cell parameters, e.g., the chlorophyll content per cell, are only weakly correlated with cell size. We derive the cell size distributions at the beginning of each synchronization cycle considering growth, timing of cell division and daughter cell release, and the uneven division of cell volume. Furthermore, we investigate the link between cell volume growth and starch accumulation. This work presents evidence that, under the experimental conditions of light-dark synchronized cultures, the weak correlation between both cell features is a result of a cumulative process rather than due to asymmetric partition of biomolecules during cell division. This cumulative process necessarily limits cellular similarities within a synchronized cell population.
Wasser für Arkadien
(2015)
Warum Religion?
(2015)
Die meisten Religionen versprechen ein Leben nachdem Tod, in dem es glücklicher oder gerechter oder sonst wie besser zugehen soll als auf der Erde. Wie schön wäre es, wenn wir wirklich auf ein ewiges Leben in der Gegenwart Gottes oder auf ein neues Leben in einem unverbrauchten Körper hoffen könnten! Wir könnten gelassener mit irdischem Scheitern umgehen und eher loslassen, wenn wir sicher sein könnten, dass alles, was uns hier widerfährt, nur ein Übergang in eine bessere Existenz ist. Aber lenken die Religionen mit solchen Versprechungen nicht nur von irdischen Missständen ab? Mit solchen Argumenten sind die Religionen als Opium des Volkes in Sippenhaft genommen worden. Jenseits dessen stellt sich das Problem des szientistischen Zweifels. Wie soll mich eine religiöse Überzeugung durch mein Leben tragen, wenn die Überzeugung nicht überzeugend ist? Ist es wirklich glaubwürdig, dass Jesus von Nazareth nach drei Tagen im Grab wieder auferstanden sein soll? Wenn ich das nicht glauben kann, kann ich auch nicht an meine eigene Auferstehung glauben. Wohl kaum eine andere Religionsphilosophie stellt eine so enge Beziehung zwischen religiösem Glauben und irdischem Wohlergehen her wie die des amerikanischen Pragmatismus: Bei William James heißt es ausdrücklich, dass ein religiöser Glaube das Leben »leicht und glücklich« machen könne. Und kaum eine Religionsphilosophie benennt so deutlich das Problem des szientistischen Zweifels. Im ersten Teil des Buches, Religion, pragmatisch betrachtet, befassen sich Johannes Ev. Hafner, Christian Thies und Christoph Türcke mit der Funktion von Religion in unserer Gesellschaft und in unseren konkreten Lebensvollzügen. Im zweiten Teil stellen Michael Blume, Matthias Jung, Ludwig Nagl und Marie-Luise Raters Positionen der pragmatistischen Religionsphilosophie auf den Prüfstand.
Climate change will alter the forces of predation and competition in temperate ectotherm food webs. This may increase local extinction rates, change the fate of invasions and impede species reintroductions into communities. Invasion success could be modulated by traits (e.g., defenses) and adaptations to climate. We studied how different temperatures affect the time until extinction of species, using bitrophic and tritrophic planktonic food webs to evaluate the relative importance of predatory overexploitation and competitive exclusion, at 15 and 25 A degrees C. In addition, we tested how inclusion of a subtropical as opposed to a temperate strain in this model food web affects times until extinction. Further, we studied the invasion success of the temperate rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus into the planktonic food web at 15 and 25 A degrees C on five consecutive introduction dates, during which the relative forces of predation and competition differed. A higher temperature dramatically shortened times until extinction of all herbivore species due to carnivorous overexploitation in tritrophic systems. Surprisingly, warming did not increase rates of competitive exclusion among the tested herbivore species in bitrophic communities. Including a subtropical herbivore strain reduced top-down control by the carnivore at high temperature. Invasion attempts of temperate B. calyciflorus into the food web always succeeded at 15 A degrees C, but consistently failed at 25 A degrees C due to voracious overexploitation by the carnivore. Pre-induction of defenses (spines) in B. calyciflorus before the invasion attempt did not change its invasion success at the high temperature. We conclude that high temperatures may promote local extinctions in temperate ectotherms and reduce their chances of successful recovery.
Friedhelm Hufen ist geboren im letzten Kriegswinter in Winterberg, im Sauerland, aufgewachsen ist er in Leverkusen und Münster. Studiert hat er in Münster,
Freiburg und Princeton. Insbesondere der Aufenthalt in den Vereinigten Staaten hat durch die damalige Rechtsprechung des Supreme Courts und die Erfahrung des melting pot sein Freiheits- und Verfahrensverständnis nachhaltig geprägt. Den
größten Einfluss auf Friedhelm Hufen aber hatten seine akademischen Lehrer:
Hans-Peter Schneider, der seine Habilitation in Hannover betreut hat, sowie vor allem sein Freiburger Doktorvater Konrad Hesse. Das politische, realitätsbezogene und integrative Verfassungsverständnis hat hier seinen Ursprung und findet sich
sowohl in der Dissertation zum Thema Gleichheitssatz und Bildungsplanung als auch in der Habilitationsschrift zur Freiheit der Kunst in staatlichen Institutionen.
Friedhelm Hufen denkt nicht vom Staat, sondern von der Verfassung her. Das Grundgesetz hat elementare Bedeutung für sein Rechtsverständnis und seine Sicht auf die Wissenschaften vom Recht. Die Verfassung ist für ihn nicht allein eine
Rechtsnorm, sondern sie ist der Gesamtzustand eines politischen Gemeinwesens, das sich mit der Verfassung zugleich ein Gesetz dafür gegeben hat, wie das Zusammenleben der Menschen organisiert sein soll. Denken von der Verfassung her bedeutet für Friedhelm Hufen wiederum Denken von der Freiheit her. Freiheit
und Verantwortung sind für ihn zwei Seiten einer Medaille. Seine Abschiedsvorlesung in Mainz war dem Motto Selbst Denken; gewidmet. Das Kantsche Diktum "sapere aude" stand dabei Pate. Weil ihm Freiheit so wichtig ist, bevorzugt Friedhelm Hufen staatliche Organisationsstrukturen, die eine möglichst große Gewähr für Freiheit und Pluralismus bieten: den Bundesstaat und alle Formen der Selbstverwaltung.
Von der Kriegsskepsis zum Epochenräsonnement Versöhnungsideen in Goethes Säkulardichtung um 1800
(2015)
Volksschädlinge vor Gericht
(2015)
Deutschland, September 1939. Der Zweite Weltkrieg hat gerade begonnen, die Kriegsmoral der deutschen Bevölkerung musste unter allen Umständen aufrechterhalten werden. Um ein Abklingen wie im Ersten Weltkrieg durch Aushungern zu vermeiden, musste die Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit Lebensmitteln und anderen lebenswichtigen Dingen stets gewährleistet sein.Jana Nüchterlein analysiert die am 5. September 1939 initiierte Volksschädlingsverordnung, nach der jeder, der die Verteilung verknappter und bezugsscheinpflichtiger Waren gefährdete, schwer bestraft werden sollte. Sie zeigt, dass mit der Verordnung vorrangig Ziele wie Abschreckung und Vertrauen der Bevölkerung in die Justiz (und damit in das System) erreicht werden sollten, und wie letztendlich – durch weitgefasste Tatbestände, scharfe Strafandrohungen und weit gespannte Strafrahmen – selbst die Gewährleistung der Durchführung kriegswirtschaftlicher Maßnahmen und die Unterbindung sämtlicher Formen der Sabotage zum Ziel wurden.
Background: Sub-Saharan Africa is facing a double burden of malnutrition: vitamin A deficiency (VAD) prevails, whereas the nutrition-related chronic conditions type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension are emerging. Serum retinol a VAD marker increases in kidney disease and decreases in inflammation, which can partly be attributed to alterations in the vitamin A transport proteins retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and prealbumin. Kidney dysfunction and inflammation commonly accompany T2D and hypertension.
Objective: Among urban Ghanaians, we investigated the associations of T2D and hypertension with serum retinol as well as the importance of kidney function and inflammation in this regard.
Design: A hospital-based, case-control study in individuals for risk factors of T2D, hypertension, or both was conducted in Kumasi, Ghana (328 controls, 197 with T2D, 354 with hypertension, and 340 with T2D plus hypertension). In 1219 blood samples, serum retinol, RBP4, and prealbumin were measured. Urinary albumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) defined kidney function. C-reactive protein (CRP) >5 mg/L indicated inflammation. We identified associations of T2D and hypertension with retinol by linear regression and calculated the contribution of RBP4, prealbumin, urinary albumin, eGFR, and CRP to these associations as the percentages of the explained variance of retinol.
Results: VAD (retinol <1.05 mu mol/L) was present in 10% of this predominantly female, middle-aged, overweight, and deprived population. Hypertension, but not T2D, was positively associated with retinol (beta: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.08, 0,17), adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic factors, anthropometric measurements, and lifestyle. In addition to RBP4 (72%) and prealbumin (22%), the effect of increased retinol on individuals with hypertension was mainly attributed to impaired kidney function (eGFR: 30%; urinary albumin: 5%) but not to inflammation.
Conclusions: In patients with hypertension, VAD might be underestimated because of increased serum retinol in the context of kidney dysfunction. Thus, the interpretation of serum retinol in sub-Saharan Africa should account for hypertension status.
This study investigates the effect of foveal load (i.e., processing difficulty of currently fixated words) on parafoveal information processing. Contrary to the commonly accepted view that high foveal load leads to reduced parafoveal processing efficiency, results of the present study showed that increasing foveal visual (but not linguistic) processing load actually increased the amount of parafoveal information acquired, presumably due to the fact that longer fixation duration on the pretarget word provided more time for parafoveal processing of the target word. It is therefore proposed in the present study that foveal linguistic processing load is not the only factor that determines parafoveal processing; preview time (afforded by foveal word visual processing load) may jointly influence parafoveal processing. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.