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While estimated numbers of past and future climate migrants are alarming, the growing empirical evidence suggests that the association between adverse climate-related events and migration is not universally positive. This dissertation seeks to advance our understanding of when and how climate migration emerges by analyzing heterogeneous climatic influences on migration in low- and middle-income countries. To this end, it draws on established economic theories of migration, datasets from physical and social sciences, causal inference techniques and approaches from systematic literature review. In three of its five chapters, I estimate causal effects of processes of climate change on inequality and migration in India and Sub-Saharan Africa. By employing interaction terms and by analyzing sub-samples of data, I explore how these relationships differ for various segments of the population. In the remaining two chapters, I present two systematic literature reviews. First, I undertake a comprehensive meta-regression analysis of the econometric climate migration literature to summarize general climate migration patterns and explain the conflicting findings. Second, motivated by the broad range of approaches in the field, I examine the literature from a methodological perspective to provide best practice guidelines for studying climate migration empirically. Overall, the evidence from this dissertation shows that climatic influences on human migration are highly heterogeneous. Whether adverse climate-related impacts materialize in migration depends on the socio-economic characteristics of the individual households, such as wealth, level of education, agricultural dependence or access to adaptation technologies and insurance. For instance, I show that while adverse climatic shocks are generally associated with an increase in migration in rural India, they reduce migration in the agricultural context of Sub-Saharan Africa, where the average wealth levels are much lower so that households largely cannot afford the upfront costs of moving. I find that unlike local climatic shocks which primarily enhance internal migration to cities and hence accelerate urbanization, shocks transmitted via agricultural producer prices increase migration to neighboring countries, likely due to the simultaneous decrease in real income in nearby urban areas. These findings advance our current understanding by showing when and how economic agents respond to climatic events, thus providing explicit contexts and mechanisms of climate change effects on migration in the future. The resulting collection of findings can guide policy interventions to avoid or mitigate any present and future welfare losses from climate change-related migration choices.
The field of American Jewish studies has recently trained its focus on the transnational dimensions of its subject, reflecting in more sustained ways than before about the theories and methods of this approach. Yet, much of the insight to be gained from seeing American Jewry as constitutively entangled in many ways with other Jewries has not yet been realized. Transnational American Jewish studies are still in their infancy.
This issue of PaRDeS presents current research on the multiple entanglements of American with Central European, especially German-speaking Jewries in the 19th and 20th centuries. The articles reflect the wide range of topics that can benefit from a transnational understanding of the American Jewish experience as shaped by its foreign entanglements.
Against a background of increasing violence against non-natives, we estimate the effect of hate crime on refugees’ mental health in Germany. For this purpose, we combine two datasets: administrative records on xenophobic crime against refugee shelters by the Federal Criminal Office and the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees. We apply a regression discontinuity in time design to estimate the effect of interest. Our results indicate that hate crime has a substantial negative effect on several mental health indicators, including the Mental Component Summary score and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 score. The effects are stronger for refugees with closer geographic proximity to the focal hate crime and refugees with low country-specific human capital. While the estimated effect is only transitory, we argue that negative mental health shocks during the critical period after arrival have important long-term consequences. Keywords: Mental health, hate crime, migration, refugees, human capital.
The large literature that aims to find evidence of climate migration delivers mixed findings. This meta-regression analysis i) summarizes direct links between adverse climatic events and migration, ii) maps patterns of climate migration, and iii) explains the variation in outcomes. Using a set of limited dependent variable models, we meta-analyze thus-far the most comprehensive sample of 3,625 estimates from 116 original studies and produce novel insights on climate migration. We find that extremely high temperatures and drying conditions increase migration. We do not find a significant effect of sudden-onset events. Climate migration is most likely to emerge due to contemporaneous events, to originate in rural areas and to take place in middle-income countries, internally, to cities. The likelihood to become trapped in affected areas is higher for women and in low-income countries, particularly in Africa. We uniquely quantify how pitfalls typical for the broader empirical climate impact literature affect climate migration findings. We also find evidence of different publication biases.
Modeling random crawling, membrane deformation and intracellular polarity of motile amoeboid cells
(2018)
Amoeboid movement is one of the most widespread forms of cell motility that plays a key role in numerous biological contexts. While many aspects of this process are well investigated, the large cell-to-cell variability in the motile characteristics of an otherwise uniform population remains an open question that was largely ignored by previous models. In this article, we present a mathematical model of amoeboid motility that combines noisy bistable kinetics with a dynamic phase field for the cell shape. To capture cell-to-cell variability, we introduce a single parameter for tuning the balance between polarity formation and intracellular noise. We compare numerical simulations of our model to experiments with the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Despite the simple structure of our model, we found close agreement with the experimental results for the center-of-mass motion as well as for the evolution of the cell shape and the overall intracellular patterns. We thus conjecture that the building blocks of our model capture essential features of amoeboid motility and may serve as a starting point for more detailed descriptions of cell motion in chemical gradients and confined environments.
The agricultural transition profoundly changed human societies. We sequenced and analysed the first genome (1.39x) of an early Neolithic woman from Ganj Dareh, in the Zagros Mountains of Iran, a site with early evidence for an economy based on goat herding, ca. 10,000 BP. We show that Western Iran was inhabited by a population genetically most similar to hunter-gatherers from the Caucasus, but distinct from the Neolithic Anatolian people who later brought food production into Europe. The inhabitants of Ganj Dareh made little direct genetic contribution to modern European populations, suggesting those of the Central Zagros were somewhat isolated from other populations of the Fertile Crescent. Runs of homozygosity are of a similar length to those from Neolithic farmers, and shorter than those of Caucasus and Western Hunter-Gatherers, suggesting that the inhabitants of Ganj Dareh did not undergo the large population bottleneck suffered by their northern neighbours. While some degree of cultural diffusion between Anatolia, Western Iran and other neighbouring regions is possible, the genetic dissimilarity between early Anatolian farmers and the inhabitants of Ganj Dareh supports a model in which Neolithic societies in these areas were distinct.
This reference paper describes the sampling and contents of the IZA Evaluation Dataset Survey and outlines its vast potential for research in labor economics. The data have been part of a unique IZA project to connect administrative data from the German Federal Employment Agency with innovative survey data to study the out-mobility of individuals to work. This study makes the survey available to the research community as a Scientific Use File by explaining the development, structure, and access to the data. Furthermore, it also summarizes previous findings with the survey data.
The increasing application of intersectionality to the psychological study of identity development raises questions regarding how we as researchers construct and operationalize social identity categories, as well as how we best capture and address systems of oppression and privilege within our work. In the continental European context, the use of the intersectionality paradigm raises additional issues, since “race” was officially removed from the vernacular following the atrocities of WWII, yet racialized oppression continues to occur at every level of society. Within psychological research, participants are often divided into those with and without “migration background,” which can reiterate inequitable norms of national belonging while washing over salient lived experiences in relation to generation status, citizenship, religion, gender, and the intersection between these and other social locations. Although discrimination is increasingly examined in identity development research, rarely are the history and impact of colonialism and related socio-historical elements acknowledged. In the current paper, we aim to address these issues by reviewing previous research and discussing theoretical and practical possibilities for the future. In doing so, we delve into the problems of trading in one static social identity category (e.g., “race”) for another (e.g., “migration background/migrant”) without examining the power structures inherent in the creation of these top-down categories, or the lived experiences of those navigating what it means to be marked as a racialized Other. Focusing primarily on contextualized ethno-cultural identity development, we discuss relevant examples from the continental European context, highlighting research gaps, points for improvement, and best practices.
Based on niche theory, closely related and morphologically similar species are not predicted to coexist due to overlap in resource and habitat use. Local assemblages of bats often contain cryptic taxa, which co-occur despite notable similarities in morphology and ecology. We measured in two different habitat types on Madagascar levels of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in hair (n = 103) and faeces (n = 57) of cryptic Vespertilionidae taxa to indirectly examine whether fine-grained trophic niche differentiation explains their coexistence. In the dry deciduous forest (Kirindy), six sympatric species ranged over 6.0% in delta N-15, i.e. two trophic levels, and 4.2% in delta C-13 with a community mean of 11.3% in delta N-15 and - 21.0% in delta C-13. In the mesic forest (Antsahabe), three sympatric species ranged over one trophic level (delta N-15: 2.4%, delta C-13: 1.0%) with a community mean of 8.0% delta N-15 and - 21.7% in delta C-13. Multivariate analyses and residual permutation of Euclidian distances in delta C-13- delta N-15 bi-plots revealed in both communities distinct stable isotope signatures and species separation for the hair samples among coexisting Vespertilionidae. Intraspecific variation in faecal and hair stable isotopes did not indicate that seasonal migration might relax competition and thereby facilitate the local co-occurrence of sympatric taxa.
Fat loads were quantified for 2125 Yellow-browed Warblers Phylloscopus inornatus trapped at a stop-over site in Far East Russia during autumn migration. Flight ranges of 660–820 km were estimated for the fattest individuals, suggesting that they would need to stop for refuelling at least six times to reach their wintering areas in South East Asia.
Es gibt in Berlin eine einzigartige Vereinslandschaft im Amateur – und semiprofessionellen Fußballsport, in der einst von türkischen Migranten gegründete Vereine einen festen Platz einnehmen. Fußballsport bietet einen sozialen Raum für Jugendliche verschiedener kultureller, ethnischer und religiöser Herkunft, in dem Gruppen gebildet werden, um gegen einander zu konkurrieren. Ebenso eröffnet Fußball dem Einzelnen die Möglichkeit, die Gültigkeit und Relevanz von Vorurteilen und von gängigen Stereotypisierungen anderer Gruppen im Spielalltag einer ständigen Prüfung zu unterziehen. Fußballspieler können sich sowohl zwischen multi-kulturellen als auch mono-ethnischen Gruppenkonstellationen, in einigen Fällen auch in transnationalen Konstellationen bewegen, womit sie dabei wesentlich an der Sinngebung ihrer eigenen sozialen Zugehörigkeit mitwirken, die sich aus dem Spannungsfeld von Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmungsmustern ergibt. In Folge dessen werden in diesem Raum Anerkennungsmechanismen konstituiert.
Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit dem alltäglichen Leben von türkisch-stämmigen, jugendlichen Amateur- und semiprofessionellen Fußballspielern (delikanli), sowie von anderen sozialen Akteuren der türkischen Fußballwelt, wie zum Beispiel „ältere“ Fußballspieler (agbi) und Fußballtrainer (hoca). Hauptanliegen der Arbeit war die Rekonstruktion kollektiver Wahrnehmungs-, Deutungs - und Handlungsmuster von Mitgliedern türkischer Fußballvereine im allgemeinen und ihrer Selbstdarstellung aber auch ihrer Wahrnehmung der „Anderen“ im besonderen. Mittels dieser Studie sollte nachvollzogen werden, ob und inwiefern sich traditionelle soziale Verhaltensmuster der gewählten Gruppe im technisch regulierten und stark Konkurrenz-orientierten Handlungsraum widerspiegeln und die reziproken Beziehungen zwischen dem „Selbst“ und den „Anderen“ regulieren. Dabei wurde die Relevanz von herkunftsbezogenen Stereotypisierungen und Vorurteilen in der kollektiven Konstitution von Selbstwahrnehmungen und Fremdverstehen im partikularen sozialen Feld (Bourdieu, 2001) des Fußballs rekonstruiert.
In dieser Arbeit wurde darüber hinaus beleuchtet, welche Rolle türkische Fußballvereine auf der einen Seite bei der Entstehung sozialer Raumzugehörigkeit zu den Stadtquartieren in Berlin einnehmen und welche Art von Mechanismen der sozialen Integration sie in diesen Vereinen herstellen. Auf der anderen Seite wurde hinterfragt, inwiefern sie zur sozialen Kohäsion zwischen diversen Kulturen beitragen. Daher wurde geprüft, ob und inwiefern die negativ konnotierte ethnozentrische Wahrnehmung von „Differenz“ (Bielefeld, 1998), die als soziales Konstrukt zwischen autochthonen und allochthonen Gruppen hergestellt wird, durch das Engagement der Vereinsakteure einen konstruktiven Wandel erfährt.
Übergeordnetes Ziel all dieser Forschungsfragen war es, ein fundiertes Verständnis über die Rolle von türkischen Fußballvereinen als soziale Mechanismen zu erlangen und deren Funktionsweise bei der Konstitution von Anpassungsstrategien in diesem sozialen Feld untersuchen. Detailliert wurde diese Rolle unter der Konzeptualisierung von sozialen Positionierungsmuster betrachtet, die als Gefüge von Deutungen des Alltäglichen verstanden werden, das individuelle und kollektive Handlungsmuster und implizit Muster des Fremdverstehens sowie des othering im Migrationskontext reguliert. Eine Rekonstruktion der sozialen Positionierungsmuster bietet eine eingehende soziologische Untersuchung dieser Teilnehmergruppe, die zudem Aufschluss über die Bedeutung und das Verständnis von ethnischer Zugehörigkeit für letztere gibt.
Neben umfangreicher Feldbeobachtung wurden in dieser qualitativen Studie mit Spielern verschiedener Vereine insgesamt zehn Gruppendiskussionen (Bohnsack, 2004) innerhalb ihrer Mannschaften zu gemeinsamen alltäglichen Erlebnissen und Erfahrungen durchgeführt, aufgezeichnet und mittels sozialwissenschaftlichem hermeneutischem Verfahren (Soeffner, 2004) interpretiert. Auch mit anderen Vereinsmitgliedern, d. h. mit Trainern bzw. hoca, Vorsitzenden, Managern und Sponsoren wurden jeweils zehn narrative und sieben biographische Einzelinterviews sowie sieben Experteninterviews durchgeführt. Deren Analyse erlaubt es, die Rolle dieser Mitglieder sowie wirkende Autoritätsmechanismen und kollektiv konstituierte Verhaltensmuster innerhalb der gesamten Vereinsgruppe zu rekonstruieren. Dabei wurde bezweckt, die Gesamtheit des sozialen Netzwerkes bzw. die Beziehungsschemata innerhalb der türkischen Fußballvereine Berlins zu verdeutlichen.
In der Arbeit werden zwei Standpunkte der theoretischen Auseinandersetzung verwendet. Auf der einen Seite wird die Lebensweltanalyse (Schütz und Luckmann, 1979, 1990) angewendet, um das soziale Erbe der in der Vergangenheit gesellschaftlich konstituierten Titulierung „Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund“ zu rekonstruieren, bzw. den Einfluss dieser sozialen Reproduktion auf die Wahrnehmungs-, Deutungs- und Handlungsmuster der Akteure zu untersuchen. Auf der anderen Seite wird die soziale Wirkung der tatsächlichen, alltäglichen Erfahrungsschemata im sozialen Feld des Fußballs auf die Selbstpositionierungen der Akteure mittels Goffmanscher Rahmenanalyse (Goffman, 1980) herausgearbeitet.
Historical narratives play an important role in constructing contemporary notions of citizenship. They are sites on which ideas of the nation are not only reaffirmed but also contested and reframed. In contemporary Germany, dominant narratives of the country’s modern history habitually focus on the legacy of the Third Reich and tend to marginalize the country’s rich and highly complex histories of immigration. The article addresses this commemorative void in relation to Berlin’s urban landscape. It explores how the city’s multilayered architecture provides locations for the articulation of marginal memories—and hence sites of urban citizenship—that are often denied to immigrant communities on a national scale. Through a detailed examination of a small celebration in 1965 that marked the anniversary of the founding of the modern Turkish republic, the article engages with the layers of history that coalesce around such sites in Berlin.
MULTILIT
(2015)
This paper presents an overview of the linguistic analyses developed in the MULTILIT project and the processing of the oral and written texts collected. The project investigates the language abilities of multilingual children and adolescents, in particular, those who have Turkish and/or Kurdish as a mother tongue. A further aim of the project is to examine from a psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspective the extent to which competence in academic registers is achieved on the basis of the languages spoken by the children, including the language(s) spoken at the home, the language of the country of residence and the first foreign language. To be able to examine these questions using corpus linguistic parameters, we created categories of analysis in MULTILIT.
The data collection comprises texts from bilingual and monolingual children and adolescents in Germany in their first language Turkish, their second language German und their foreign language English. Pupils aged between nine and twenty years of age produced monologue oral and written texts in the two genres of narrative and discursive. On the basis of these samples, we examine linguistic features such as lexical expression (lexical density, lexical diversity), syntactic complexity (syntactic and discursive packaging) as well as phonology in the oral texts and orthography in the written texts, with the aim of investigating the pupils’ growing mastery of these features in academic and informal registers.
To this end the raw data have been transcribed by the use of transcription conventions developed especially for the needs of the MULTILIT data. They are based on the commonly used HIAT and GAT transcription conventions and supplemented with conventions that provide additional information such as features at the graphic level.
The categories of analysis comprise a large number of linguistic categories such as word classes, syntax, noun phrase complexity, complex verbal morphology, direct speech and text structures. We also annotate errors and norm deviations at a wide range of levels (orthographic, morphological, lexical, syntactic and textual). In view of the different language systems, these criteria are considered separately for all languages investigated in the project.
The Dead Sea Transform (DST) is a prominent shear zone in the Middle East. It separates the Arabian plate from the Sinai microplate and stretches from the Red Sea rift in the south via the Dead Sea to the Taurus-Zagros collision zone in the north. Formed in the Miocene about 17 Ma ago and related to the breakup of the Afro-Arabian continent, the DST accommodates the left-lateral movement between the two plates. The study area is located in the Arava Valley between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea, centered across the Arava Fault (AF), which constitutes the major branch of the transform in this region. A set of seismic experiments comprising controlled sources, linear profiles across the fault, and specifically designed receiver arrays reveals the subsurface structure in the vicinity of the AF and of the fault zone itself down to about 3-4 km depth. A tomographically determined seismic P velocity model shows a pronounced velocity contrast near the fault with lower velocities on the western side than east of it. Additionally, S waves from local earthquakes provide an average P-to-S velocity ratio in the study area, and there are indications for a variations across the fault. High-resolution tomographic velocity sections and seismic reflection profiles confirm the surface trace of the AF, and observed features correlate well with fault-related geological observations. Coincident electrical resistivity sections from magnetotelluric measurements across the AF show a conductive layer west of the fault, resistive regions east of it, and a marked contrast near the trace of the AF, which seems to act as an impermeable barrier for fluid flow. The correlation of seismic velocities and electrical resistivities lead to a characterisation of subsurface lithologies from their physical properties. Whereas the western side of the fault is characterised by a layered structure, the eastern side is rather uniform. The vertical boundary between the western and the eastern units seems to be offset to the east of the AF surface trace. A modelling of fault-zone reflected waves indicates that the boundary between low and high velocities is possibly rather sharp but exhibits a rough surface on the length scale a few hundreds of metres. This gives rise to scattering of seismic waves at this boundary. The imaging (migration) method used is based on array beamforming and coherency analysis of P-to-P scattered seismic phases. Careful assessment of the resolution ensures reliable imaging results. The western low velocities correspond to the young sedimentary fill in the Arava Valley, and the high velocities in the east reflect mainly Precambrian igneous rocks. A 7 km long subvertical scattering zone reflector is offset about 1 km east of the AF surface trace and can be imaged from 1 km to about 4 km depth. The reflector marks the boundary between two lithological blocks juxtaposed most probably by displacement along the DST. This interpretation as a lithological boundary is supported by the combined seismic and magnetotelluric analysis. The boundary may be a strand of the AF, which is offset from the current, recently active surface trace. The total slip of the DST may be distributed spatially and in time over these two strands and possibly other faults in the area.