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- polyunsaturated fatty acids (8)
- productivity (8)
- professional development (8)
- pronouns (8)
- proteomics (8)
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- public health (8)
- quantum dots (8)
- quasars: general (8)
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- rehabilitation (8)
- representation (8)
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- restoration (8)
- risk perception (8)
- rotation (8)
- seed dispersal (8)
- selection (8)
- sexual scripts (8)
- signal transduction (8)
- site effects (8)
- snow (8)
- social inclusion (8)
- soil (8)
- spatial frequencies (8)
- starch metabolism (8)
- stars: activity (8)
- stars: emission-line, Be (8)
- statistics (8)
- surface chemistry (8)
- surface modification (8)
- suspended sediment (8)
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- technology (8)
- time-series (8)
- trends (8)
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- ventral striatum (8)
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- vitamin A (8)
- water quality (8)
- ADHD (7)
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- Dirac operator (7)
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- Hertzsprung-Russell and C-M diagrams (7)
- Higher education (7)
- In-Memory Technologie (7)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (7)
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- Kalman filter (7)
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- bystander (7)
- cAMP (7)
- calibration (7)
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- cell adhesion (7)
- cellulose (7)
- charge generation (7)
- chemistry (7)
- chemotaxis (7)
- child (7)
- circadian clock (7)
- circulation (7)
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- disturbance (7)
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- energy (7)
- energy policy (7)
- ensemble Kalman filter (7)
- enzyme (7)
- enzyme catalysis (7)
- experiments (7)
- extinction (7)
- extraction (7)
- extreme rainfall (7)
- fatty acids (7)
- films (7)
- first passage time (7)
- flood (7)
- flow (7)
- fluorescence microscopy (7)
- food webs (7)
- frequency (7)
- function (7)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (7)
- galaxies (7)
- galaxies: dwarf (7)
- galaxies: starburst (7)
- gender differences (7)
- gene flow (7)
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- grain size (7)
- graphene (7)
- heart (7)
- heterogeneous catalysis (7)
- home range (7)
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- imaging (7)
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- immobilization (7)
- inference (7)
- infrared: stars (7)
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- insula (7)
- interoceptive awareness (7)
- isotopes (7)
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- last glacial maximum (7)
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- low-energy electrons (7)
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- measurement (7)
- mechanisms (7)
- memory retrieval (7)
- metaanalysis (7)
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- orthography (7)
- oscillations (7)
- pH (7)
- pain (7)
- palaeoecology (7)
- paleoecology (7)
- parafoveal processing (7)
- parameter estimation (7)
- pathogens (7)
- perceptual span (7)
- phase transition (7)
- phase transitions (7)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (7)
- planetary nebulae: general (7)
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- plant diversity (7)
- plasmonics (7)
- policy (7)
- porous materials (7)
- predator-prey dynamics (7)
- presidential government (7)
- preview benefit (7)
- production control (7)
- pronoun resolution (7)
- prosodic boundary cues (7)
- proteasome (7)
- pulsars: general (7)
- quality (7)
- quantification (7)
- recombination (7)
- repair (7)
- reproducibility (7)
- residual stress (7)
- retinol (7)
- rheology (7)
- roughness (7)
- secular trend (7)
- seismic hazard (7)
- shape-memory effect (7)
- sharing economy (7)
- silicon (7)
- size (7)
- social rejection (7)
- solar wind (7)
- sorption (7)
- stabile Isotope (7)
- standardization (7)
- stars: late-type (7)
- sunspots (7)
- surfactants (7)
- surveillance (7)
- tVNS (7)
- techniques: image processing (7)
- thermokarst (7)
- time series (7)
- transfer (7)
- transition (7)
- treeline (7)
- trunk (7)
- urbanization (7)
- verification (7)
- visualization (7)
- weather (7)
- wh-in-situ (7)
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- working memory capacity (7)
- yellow flags (7)
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- AFM (6)
- Adipositas (6)
- Ageing (6)
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- Blockcopolymere (6)
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- Chytridiomycota (6)
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- Data assimilation (6)
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- Dezentralisierung (6)
- Digitalisierung (6)
- Disturbance (6)
- Dynamic NMR (6)
- EEG/ERP (6)
- Emotions (6)
- Energy (6)
- Flood risk (6)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (6)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (6)
- Gene-environment interaction (6)
- Genomics (6)
- Groundwater (6)
- H II regions (6)
- HIREC (6)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- Insurance (6)
- Interaction (6)
- Interest (6)
- Israel (6)
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- Klimaänderung (6)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (6)
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- Lasers (6)
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- Local Group (6)
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- Lysiphlebus fabarum (6)
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- Reliability (6)
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- Rheologie (6)
- Rheology (6)
- Ring current effect (6)
- SDS-PAGE (6)
- Schadensmodellierung (6)
- Seesedimente (6)
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- Sentinel-1 (6)
- Sexual scripts (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Smalltalk (6)
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- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (6)
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- Sternentwicklung (6)
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- Svalbard (6)
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- acid ceramidase (6)
- administration (6)
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- age of acquisition (6)
- alexithymia (6)
- algorithms (6)
- alignment (6)
- animal movement (6)
- anthropometry (6)
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- bias (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
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- change (6)
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- chloroplast (6)
- co-limitation (6)
- coherence (6)
- colonialism (6)
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- costs (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- crystal-structure (6)
- cyber victimization (6)
- cyber-physical systems (6)
- cytoskeleton (6)
- data (6)
- depressive symptoms (6)
- diabetic nephropathy (6)
- dielectrophoresis (6)
- diffuse radiation (6)
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- dyslexia (6)
- early warning (6)
- eclogite (6)
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- extension (6)
- fNIRS (6)
- fabrication (6)
- facilitation (6)
- fertilization (6)
- first passage (6)
- floodplain (6)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (6)
- formal semantics (6)
- galaxies: abundances (6)
- galaxy evolution (6)
- gamma-ray astronomy (6)
- gamma-rays: general (6)
- gas (6)
- gelatin (6)
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- linagliptin (6)
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- organization (6)
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- oxygen (6)
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- palaeoclimate (6)
- parameters (6)
- participation (6)
- pattern formation (6)
- perturbation (6)
- phenology (6)
- phonetics (6)
- phosphate (6)
- phylogenetic diversity (6)
- piezoelectricity (6)
- plant (6)
- plants (6)
- plyometric training (6)
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- polyelectrolytes (6)
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- polyzwitterions (6)
- population density (6)
- porosity (6)
- porous carbon (6)
- postural stability (6)
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- programming (6)
- projections (6)
- propensity score matching (6)
- protection (6)
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- public management (6)
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- radical polymerization (6)
- radiocarbon (6)
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- rat (6)
- reciprocal class (6)
- reduction (6)
- reflection (6)
- reproduction (6)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (6)
- risk factor (6)
- saccades (6)
- salinity gradient (6)
- salivary gland (6)
- scale development (6)
- scattering (6)
- scrambling (6)
- sedaDNA (6)
- sediment transport (6)
- selenium (6)
- self-concept (6)
- self-healing (6)
- self-regulation (6)
- silver nanoparticles (6)
- soccer (6)
- social comparison (6)
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- sodium (6)
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- speed (6)
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- stars: horizontal-branch (6)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- stars: magnetic fields (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- stroke (6)
- sulfite oxidase (6)
- support vector machine (6)
- teaching (6)
- thaliana (6)
- therapist competence (6)
- thermoresponsive polymers (6)
- tomato (6)
- tomography (6)
- topography (6)
- tracking (6)
- trade-offs (6)
- training adaptation (6)
- traits (6)
- transcriptional memory (6)
- trust (6)
- ultrafast dynamics (6)
- uncertainty analysis (6)
- unemployment (6)
- uplift (6)
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- variation (6)
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- walking (6)
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- world literature (6)
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- 3D point clouds (5)
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- AC electrokinetics (5)
- ALAN (5)
- Absorption (5)
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- African Humid Period (5)
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- Agency (5)
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- Amygdala (5)
- Ancient DNA (5)
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- Antwortmengenprogrammierung (5)
- Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (5)
- Asian monsoon (5)
- Asteraceae (5)
- Autocorrelation (5)
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- Chloroplast (5)
- Cognitive control (5)
- Cold War (5)
- Community assembly (5)
- Conservation (5)
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- Cue-based retrieval (5)
- Cultural diversity (5)
- Cyanobakterien (5)
- Cystic fibrosis (5)
- DRD4 (5)
- Data profiling (5)
- Datenassimilation (5)
- Datenbank (5)
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- Dictyostelium discoideum (5)
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- Extraction (5)
- Extreme events (5)
- Eye movement (5)
- Feature selection (5)
- Fetal programming (5)
- Fire-bellied toad (5)
- Flood (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Fluorescence imaging (5)
- Fokker-Planck equation (5)
- Food quality (5)
- Frailty (5)
- Free Group (5)
- Functional ankle instability (5)
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- Heart rate variability (5)
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- Heterocycles (5)
- Holding isometric muscle action (5)
- Hypertension (5)
- IAT (5)
- IR-MALDI (5)
- ISM: jets and outflows (5)
- ISM: lines and bands (5)
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- Imaging (5)
- Individual-based models (5)
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- Information (5)
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- L2 processing (5)
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- Landslides (5)
- Langmuir monolayer (5)
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- PCA (5)
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- Palaeolimnology (5)
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- Peptides (5)
- Permian (5)
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- Ph.D. retreat (5)
- Phase transitions (5)
- Photochemistry (5)
- Plant functional types (5)
- Plio-Pleistocene (5)
- Population dynamics (5)
- Postural control (5)
- Priming (5)
- Process (5)
- Process mining (5)
- Productivity (5)
- Proteins (5)
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- Python (5)
- Quantum chemical calculations (5)
- RAFT polymerization (5)
- RNA (5)
- RNA-Seq (5)
- ROS (5)
- Residual stress (5)
- Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (5)
- Risk assessment (5)
- Ruthenium (5)
- Röntgenbeugung (5)
- SRTM (5)
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- Solanum lycopersicum (5)
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- Solar cells (5)
- Sphingosine-1-phosphate (5)
- Stochastische Prozesse (5)
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- correlations (3)
- cosmic-ray neutron sensing (3)
- cosmology (3)
- cost-benefit analysis (3)
- counting process (3)
- coupled oscillators (3)
- coupled rotators (3)
- course design (3)
- critical avalanche dynamics (3)
- critical phenomena (3)
- crop (3)
- cross-curriculum (3)
- cross-domain priming (3)
- cross-lagged panel analysis (3)
- cross-methodological approach (3)
- cross-national (3)
- crowding (3)
- crust (3)
- cryolithology (3)
- cryptic species (3)
- crystalline (3)
- cue validity (3)
- cultural identity (3)
- curriculum framework (3)
- curvature (3)
- cyberhate (3)
- cybervictimization (3)
- cycloaddition (3)
- cylindrical geometry (3)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (3)
- damage estimation (3)
- damage modeling (3)
- dark matter theory (3)
- dark triad (3)
- data fusion (3)
- data matching (3)
- data processing (3)
- data science (3)
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- data wrangling (3)
- database systems (3)
- deception (3)
- decision processes (3)
- decision tree (3)
- decompositon (3)
- deduplication (3)
- deep convection (3)
- deep neural networks (3)
- deep-sea (3)
- defense against predation (3)
- definition (3)
- deforestation (3)
- degraded DNA (3)
- dehydration (3)
- delta-D values (3)
- democratic theory (3)
- democratization (3)
- dendroclimatology (3)
- denitrification (3)
- density functional theory (3)
- denudation (3)
- dependence (3)
- dependency (3)
- depressive disorder (3)
- design parameters (3)
- deutsch-jüdische Geschichte (3)
- developing countries (3)
- diabetes mellitus (3)
- diamond anvil cell (3)
- dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (3)
- differential gene expression (3)
- diffraction (3)
- diffusing diffusivity (3)
- digital elevation model (3)
- digital interventions (3)
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- discourse analysis (3)
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- dispersion (3)
- disposition (3)
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- downscaling (3)
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- drylands (3)
- dye (3)
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- dysphagia (3)
- earthquake modeling (3)
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- eating disorders (3)
- echocardiography (3)
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- ellipsometry (3)
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- embedded systems (3)
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- emotional intelligence (3)
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- employment services (3)
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- emulsion polymerization (3)
- encoding (3)
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- enjoyment (3)
- ensemble prediction (3)
- enterprise systems (3)
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- envy (3)
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- establishment (3)
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- evaporation (3)
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- everyday life (3)
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- extremes (3)
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- fire (3)
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- fluorescence lifetime (3)
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- fracture (3)
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- frameworks (3)
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- functional (3)
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- functionalization (3)
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- gait analysis (3)
- galaxies: fundamental parameters (3)
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- gallbladder cancer (3)
- garnet (3)
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- gels (3)
- gender inequality (3)
- gene duplication (3)
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- generalizability (3)
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- globular clusters: individual: NGC 6397 (3)
- glucan (3)
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- grammatical illusion (3)
- granite (3)
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- heterotrophic bacteria (3)
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- imidazolium (3)
- imitation (3)
- immigrants (3)
- impact assessment (3)
- impedance spectroscopy (3)
- implicit association test (IAT) (3)
- implicit learning (3)
- in-service teacher training (3)
- inbreeding depression (3)
- incision (3)
- incremental graph pattern matching (3)
- indirect facilitation (3)
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- individual anaerobic threshold (3)
- individuelle Unterschiede (3)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (3)
- industry 4.0 (3)
- infant (3)
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- infiltration (3)
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- information integration (3)
- infrared: diffuse background (3)
- injection (3)
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- intensification (3)
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- interface (3)
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- international (3)
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- just transition (3)
- kana (3)
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- kettle hole (3)
- kidney (3)
- kinetic instabilities (3)
- knowledge sharing (3)
- kognitive Modellierung (3)
- komplexe Systeme (3)
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- körperliche Fitness (3)
- l-cysteine desulfurase (3)
- lactate threshold (3)
- land cover change (3)
- land-use (3)
- landscape diversity (3)
- landscape homogenization (3)
- langevin equation (3)
- language comprehension (3)
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- languages (3)
- large-scale (3)
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- linear programming (3)
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- lipid (3)
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- literacy acquisition (3)
- literatures of the world (3)
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- load (3)
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- logic (3)
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- losses (3)
- lower (3)
- lower thermosphere (3)
- lupin (3)
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- lysosomal storage disorders (3)
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- major depression (3)
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- media use (3)
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- memory and delay (3)
- mental imagery (3)
- mesocrystals (3)
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- metabolite (3)
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- meteorology (3)
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- methods: statistical (3)
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- microemulsion (3)
- microgel (3)
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- micronutrients (3)
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- migrants (3)
- military culture (3)
- minimal pairs (3)
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- minorities (3)
- missing-VP effect (3)
- mitochondrial dysfunction (3)
- mitogenome (3)
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- mitosis (3)
- mittlere Kindheit (3)
- mobile application (3)
- modal verbs (3)
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- model coupling (3)
- model transformation (3)
- model uncertainty (3)
- model-driven engineering (3)
- modellgetriebene Entwicklung (3)
- moderne jüdische Geschichte (3)
- modularity (3)
- molecular doping (3)
- molecular dynamics simulations (3)
- molybdenum (3)
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- monetary incentive delay task (3)
- monoclonal antibodies (3)
- monomer (3)
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- morphological priming (3)
- morphological structure (3)
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- multilevel modelling (3)
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- natural habitats (3)
- naturalism (3)
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- nearshore zone (3)
- need satisfaction (3)
- net ecosystem exchange (3)
- neural (3)
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- neuromuscular functionality (3)
- neuronal networks (3)
- neuroscience (3)
- neutral endopeptidase (3)
- neutron (3)
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- new public management (3)
- niche and fitness differences (3)
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- non-athletes (3)
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- self-organisation (3)
- self-regulated learning (3)
- self-similarity (3)
- semantic (3)
- sensor data (3)
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- separation (3)
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- serine cycle (3)
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- shape-memory polymer (3)
- short-read mapping (3)
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- smartphone (3)
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- social capital (3)
- social environment (3)
- social network analysis (3)
- social reactivity (3)
- social valuation (3)
- sociality (3)
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- Preis der Anarchie (2)
- Pressure distribution (2)
- Preterm birth (2)
- Price of Anarchy (2)
- Primary care (2)
- Primary school children (2)
- Primates (2)
- Primula (2)
- Prisoner's Dilemma (2)
- Privatsphäre (2)
- Proactive/reactive balance (2)
- Proactivity (2)
- Probability (2)
- Probability distributions (2)
- Process Enactment (2)
- Process Modelling (2)
- Process model (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Progesterone (2)
- Prognose (2)
- Programming (2)
- Projection (2)
- Projektion (2)
- Proliferation (2)
- Prominences, active (2)
- Promiscuous enzymes (2)
- Pronomen (2)
- Pronoun resolution (2)
- Propensity Score Matching (2)
- Prosodic boundaries (2)
- Prosody-syntax interface (2)
- Prospective (2)
- Proteasome (2)
- Protective factors (2)
- Protein expression (2)
- Protein oxidation (2)
- Protein restriction (2)
- Protein secondary structure (2)
- Protein-Engineering (2)
- Proteinaggregation (2)
- Protein–protein interaction (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Prozessausführung (2)
- Präferenzen (2)
- Pseudomonas syringae (2)
- Psychodiagnostics (2)
- Psycholinguistics (2)
- Psychological functioning (2)
- Psychometric evaluation (2)
- Psychopathology (2)
- Psychophysiology (2)
- Psychosocial stress (2)
- Psychotherapeutic competencies (2)
- Psychotherapie (2)
- Public Management (2)
- Public Service Motivation (2)
- Public administration (2)
- Public organizations (2)
- Pull-Apart (2)
- Pulling isometric muscle action (2)
- Pump-probe (2)
- Punch (2)
- Pupillometrie (2)
- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (2)
- QDs (2)
- QTL (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- Qilian mountains (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- Quality of Life (2)
- Quantendraht (2)
- Quantenoptik (2)
- Quantenpunkte (2)
- Quantum Dots (2)
- Quantum dots (2)
- Quantum optics (2)
- Quartz (2)
- Quartär (2)
- Quasar (2)
- Quasars (2)
- Quercus ilex (2)
- Quercus pubescens (2)
- Query optimization (2)
- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RAFT-Polymerisation (2)
- RCP scenarios (2)
- RCT (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
- REMPI (2)
- REVEALS (2)
- RGB-D cameras (2)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- RNA-seq (2)
- ROK (2)
- ROMP (2)
- ROP (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RRR (2)
- RSI (2)
- RT models (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Rainfall (2)
- Rainfall gradient (2)
- Raman imaging (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Randelementmethode (2)
- Random Forest (2)
- Randomized controlled-trails (2)
- Randwertprobleme (2)
- Ranking (2)
- Rapeseed oil (2)
- Raphidiopsis (2)
- Rapid automatized naming (2)
- Rasa (2)
- Rationality (2)
- Rattus rattus (2)
- Rauheit (2)
- Raumzeitgeometrie (2)
- Rauschinduzierte Phänomene (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (2)
- Reactive oxygen species (2)
- Real time (2)
- Realismus (2)
- Realistic Accuracy (2)
- Reanalysis (2)
- Rearing experiment (2)
- Rearrangement (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Receiver functions (2)
- Rechenschaftspflicht (2)
- Recognition Memory (2)
- Recollection (2)
- Recombinase polymerase amplification (2)
- Recombination (2)
- Recurrence Plots (2)
- Red Cross (2)
- Redox (2)
- Redox marker (2)
- Redox polymer (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Redundancy (2)
- Reflectivity (2)
- Reflexion (2)
- Reflexionsseismik (2)
- Reflexives (2)
- Reflexivpronomen (2)
- Refugee Tales (2)
- Regionalization (2)
- Regularization (2)
- Regulatory focus (2)
- Regulierung (2)
- Rehearsal (2)
- Reinforcement Learning (2)
- Rekonstruktionsmethoden (2)
- Rekurrenzplot (2)
- Relapse (2)
- Relative clause (2)
- Relative clauses (2)
- Relativized Minimality (2)
- Release (2)
- Religiosity (2)
- Remote Sensing (2)
- Removable sets (2)
- Renal failure (2)
- Renal function (2)
- Renewable energy (2)
- Renewable resources (2)
- Reparaturen (2)
- Repeated sprint (2)
- Replication (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- Reproducible benchmarking (2)
- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- Republik Korea (2)
- ResNet (2)
- Reservoir Networks (2)
- Residual stresses (2)
- Resiliency (2)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
- Resonances (2)
- Resource Competition (2)
- Ressourcenoptimierung (2)
- Resurvey (2)
- Retention (2)
- Reticulocytes (2)
- Retina (2)
- Retinyl esters (2)
- Revenue Autonomy (2)
- Rheic Ocean (2)
- Rhine River (2)
- Ribosome (2)
- Ribosome profiling (2)
- Richard Schomburgk (2)
- Riemannian manifold (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Riesz continuity (2)
- Ring tensiometry (2)
- Ring-opening polymerization (2)
- Rings (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risiko (2)
- Risk factor (2)
- River Incision Model (2)
- River restoration (2)
- River-Basin (2)
- Robustness (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Rohstoffe (2)
- Role-playing (2)
- Romania (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rossby waves (2)
- Rossby-normal modes (2)
- Rotifier (2)
- Rougon-Macquart (2)
- Royden boundary (2)
- RpoS (2)
- RuBisCO (2)
- Rubisco (2)
- Rumelian Turkic (2)
- Rumpf (2)
- Run time analysis (2)
- Runge-Kutta methods (2)
- Running (2)
- Runtime analysis (2)
- Rural health (2)
- Russisch (2)
- Räuber-Beute (2)
- Röntgenstrahlung (2)
- S-XRF (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SAUR (2)
- SCFA (2)
- SCP (2)
- SD3 (2)
- SDG interactions (2)
- SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- SEPE (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SFON (2)
- SHG (2)
- SIEM (2)
- SIMS techniques (2)
- SIO₂ (2)
- SLA (2)
- SLI (2)
- SMARC (2)
- SOA (2)
- SOEP (2)
- SOPARSE (2)
- SOV language (2)
- SPARQL (2)
- SPB (2)
- SPDEs (2)
- SRT (2)
- SSW (2)
- STG decomposition (2)
- STG-Dekomposition (2)
- SUB1A (2)
- SWL (2)
- Saccade (2)
- Sahel (2)
- Sailfin molly (2)
- Sakkadendetektion (2)
- Salt Range (2)
- Salt pan (2)
- Salz (2)
- Salzschmelze-Templating (2)
- Samara (2)
- Sampling (2)
- Sampling rate (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Santa-Barbara system (2)
- Saprolegnia (2)
- Saprolegniaceae (2)
- Sarcopenia (2)
- Satellite magnetics (2)
- Satellitenbilder (2)
- Satisfiability (2)
- Satzverständnis (2)
- Savanna ecology (2)
- Savannas (2)
- Savanne (2)
- Scalability (2)
- Scanning electron microscopy (2)
- Scattering theory (2)
- Scenario (2)
- Scenarios (2)
- Scene perception (2)
- Schaum (2)
- Schema-Entdeckung (2)
- Scher-Montroll transport (2)
- Schizophrenia (2)
- Schnee (2)
- Schnellkraft (2)
- Schriftspracherwerb (2)
- Schrodinger equation (2)
- Schrodinger operators (2)
- Schwarmbeben (2)
- Schwarzes Loch (2)
- Schwarzes Meer (2)
- Scientific discovery learning (2)
- Sclerochronology (2)
- Scotland (2)
- Scotophilus (2)
- Se (2)
- Sea of Marmara (2)
- Second Empire (2)
- Second Life (2)
- Secularism (2)
- Secure Configuration (2)
- Sediment Flux (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
- Sediment geochemistry (2)
- Sediment magnetism (2)
- Sediment reuse (2)
- Sedimentary basin (2)
- Sedimentation (2)
- Sedimentologie (2)
- Sediments (2)
- Sedimenttransport (2)
- Seed mass (2)
- Seesediment (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (2)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Seismotektonik (2)
- Seitenverschiebung (2)
- Selbstassemblierung (2)
- Selection (2)
- Selection vs. age-class forests (2)
- Selektivität (2)
- Selen (2)
- Self (2)
- Self-assembly (2)
- Self-concept (2)
- Self-harm (2)
- Self-organization (2)
- Self-reflection (2)
- Semantic classification task (2)
- Semantic preview benefit (2)
- Semantic priming (2)
- Semantics (2)
- Sensitivitätsanalyse (2)
- Sensor fusion (2)
- Sensors (2)
- Sensory perception (2)
- Sentence-picture matching (2)
- Sentinel 2 (2)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
- Sequence analysis (2)
- Sequential instruction (2)
- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
- Service-Oriented Architecture (2)
- Service-Orientierte Architekturen (2)
- Service-oriented computing (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Sexual Selection (2)
- Sexual conflict (2)
- Sexual dimorphism (2)
- Sexualization (2)
- Shadowgraphy (2)
- Shale gas (2)
- Shallow processing (2)
- Shame (2)
- Shannon diversity (2)
- Shannon entropy (2)
- Shape memory (2)
- Shape-memory (2)
- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
- Shear Zone (2)
- Shigella flexneri (2)
- Shockley-Queisser model (2)
- Shocks (2)
- Shona (2)
- Short‐term effect (2)
- Shotgun sequencing (2)
- Shoulder (2)
- Shrews (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Siberian tree line (2)
- Sierra Leone (2)
- Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Signal detection theory (2)
- Signal transduction (2)
- Signalling (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Silizium (2)
- Simon effect (2)
- Simulation model (2)
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (2)
- Single/dual tasking (2)
- Sinkholes (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Site response (2)
- Situated cognition (2)
- Siwaliks (2)
- Skalierung (2)
- Skeletal joints (2)
- Skeletal muscle cells (2)
- Skin (2)
- Skin nanocarrier (2)
- Skin penetration (2)
- Slab break-off (2)
- Slip Distribution (2)
- Slope exposure (2)
- Slumming (2)
- Small (2)
- Small Aral Sea (2)
- Small for gestational age (2)
- Small mammals (2)
- Smart micro-grids (2)
- Smoking (2)
- Smpd1 (2)
- Snow Cover Extent (SCE) (2)
- Sobo-Sise Island (2)
- Social (2)
- Social cognition (2)
- Social cues (2)
- Social functioning (2)
- Social housing innovation (2)
- Social learning (2)
- Social origin (2)
- Social-ecological systems (2)
- Socialism (2)
- Socioeconomic scenarios (2)
- Socioeconomic status (2)
- Sodium bicarbonate (2)
- Softwarevisualisierung (2)
- Soil fertility (2)
- Soil function (2)
- Soil heterogeneity (2)
- Soil texture (2)
- Sol-Gel (2)
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- Solid Earth sciences (2)
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- Solvothermal synthesis (2)
- Somatic (2)
- Somatoform disorder (2)
- Sonne (2)
- Sorex araneus (2)
- Sound (2)
- South American Monsoon System (2)
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- South-Eastern Africa (2)
- Southern Apennines (2)
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- Southern Kyrgyzstan (2)
- Southern Levant (2)
- Soviet Union (2)
- Soziale Herkunft (2)
- Sozialer Survey Österreich (2)
- Sozialkapital (2)
- Space geodetic surveys (2)
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- Spanish modal adverbs (2)
- Spanish verbs of cognitive attitude (2)
- Spatial analysis (2)
- Spatial autocorrelation (2)
- Spatial bias (2)
- Spatial cognition (2)
- Spatial distribution (2)
- Spatial-numerical associations (2)
- Species co-existence (2)
- Species complex (2)
- Species distribution models (2)
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- Species-Diversity (2)
- Specific entropy (2)
- Specific wood density (2)
- Spectral analysis (2)
- Spectrophotometry (2)
- Speech Motor Control (2)
- Speech Rhythm and Rhythmic Analysis (2)
- Speech production (2)
- Speleothems (2)
- Spin probes (2)
- Spitsbergen (2)
- Spitzbergen (2)
- Splicing (2)
- Sport medicine (2)
- Sport-specific performance (2)
- Sports injury (2)
- Sprachkontakt (2)
- Sprachwissenschaft (2)
- Sputum (2)
- Staatsbürgerschaft (2)
- Stable carbon isotope (2)
- Standard Indonesian (2)
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- Staphylococcus aureus (2)
- Starch (2)
- Starkregen (2)
- State Machine (2)
- State and trait measurement (2)
- Statistical Physics (2)
- Statistical inverse problem (2)
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- Statistik (2)
- Steady-state balance (2)
- Stellar evolution (2)
- Stemflow (2)
- Stereochemistry (2)
- Steric effect (2)
- Sternatmosphären (2)
- Sternphysik (2)
- Sterols (2)
- Stochastic Differential Equation (2)
- Stochastic differential equations (2)
- Stochastische Resonanz (2)
- Stochastischer Prozess (2)
- Strain (2)
- Strain measurement (2)
- Strategic growth adjustment (2)
- Stress levels (2)
- Stress pattern (2)
- Streuung (2)
- Strike-slip faults (2)
- Strong-motion (2)
- Stroop effect (2)
- Structural equation modeling (2)
- Structure-from-motion (2)
- Structuring (2)
- Strukturbildung (2)
- Student motivation (2)
- Sturm-Liouville problem (2)
- Style modification (2)
- Störungen (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
- Subject-verb agreement (2)
- Subjective well-being (2)
- Submarine permafrost (2)
- Submariner Permafrost (2)
- Subsampling (2)
- Subsea permafrost (2)
- Subsurface biosphere (2)
- Sulfate (2)
- Sulfite oxidase (2)
- Sulphoxide (2)
- Sumatra (2)
- Sun: UV radiation (2)
- Sun: filaments (2)
- Sun: heliosphere (2)
- Sun: magnetic topology (2)
- Sun: sunspots (2)
- Sundaland (2)
- Supernova remnants (2)
- Supernovae (2)
- Supernovaüberrest (2)
- Superoxide (2)
- Support (2)
- Supraleiter (2)
- Supramolecular chemistry (2)
- Surface (2)
- Surface composition (2)
- Surface exudates (2)
- Surface functionalization (2)
- Surface relief grating (2)
- Surface treatment (2)
- Surgical and invasive medical procedures (2)
- Survey Research Methods (2)
- Sustainable (2)
- Sustainable development (2)
- Sway (2)
- Swimming performance (2)
- Syllabic tone (2)
- Syllables (2)
- Synchronisierung (2)
- Synchronization control (2)
- Synchrotron (2)
- Synchrotronstrahlung (2)
- Syntax-semantics interface (2)
- Synthesis and processing (2)
- SysML (2)
- Systematic reviews (2)
- Säugetiere (2)
- Säuglinge (2)
- Südafrika (2)
- Südamerika (2)
- Südkorea (2)
- TACC (2)
- TAM (2)
- TDR (2)
- TELEMAC-2D model (2)
- TGF-beta 1 (2)
- TIG-welding (2)
- TIN (2)
- TLR signaling (2)
- TMR (2)
- TPACK (2)
- TRLFS (2)
- TRP channels (2)
- TRPC6 (2)
- TRPV1 (2)
- Taft equation (2)
- Tailspike (2)
- Taiwan (2)
- Takab (2)
- Talik (2)
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- Teacher beliefs (2)
- Teacher educator (2)
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- Teacher judgments (2)
- Teacher learning (2)
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- Teachers (2)
- Teaching quality (2)
- Technical enzymes (2)
- Technologiebewertung (2)
- Tectonic Evolution (2)
- Tectonic stress (2)
- Temperate forest (2)
- Temperature reconstruction (2)
- Temperature-memory effect (2)
- Temporallogik (2)
- Tendons (2)
- Tenebrio molitor larvae (2)
- Tense (2)
- Tensid (2)
- Tephrosia purpurea (2)
- Terrestrial Si cycle (2)
- Test-Retest Reliability (2)
- Test-retest (2)
- Testen (2)
- Teteriv (2)
- Text difficulty (2)
- Text mining (2)
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- Theater (2)
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- Thermal field (2)
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- Thiomersal (2)
- Threat (2)
- Threshold (2)
- TiO2 nanoparticles (2)
- Tianshan orogenic belt (2)
- Tibet Plateau (2)
- Tibetan plateau (2)
- Tiefer See (2)
- Tight integration (2)
- Tikhonov regularization (2)
- Time of flight (2)
- Time series data (2)
- Time to task failure (2)
- Time-motion analysis (2)
- Time-resolved spectroscopy (2)
- Tiredness (2)
- To learners in which of the following categories does your work apply (2)
- Toll and Imd pathways (2)
- Tomato (2)
- Tomographie (2)
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- Tonian–Cryogenian (2)
- Topik (2)
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- Total organic carbon (2)
- Totes Meer Störungssystem (2)
- Toxicokinetics (2)
- Trace element geochemistry (2)
- Training volume (2)
- Trans-European Suture Zone (2)
- Transcriptome assembly (2)
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- Transform faults (2)
- Transhimalaya (2)
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- Transmembranprotein (2)
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- Trauma (2)
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- Treewidth (2)
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- Trumponomics (2)
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- Turbidity retrieval (2)
- Turbulence (2)
- Turkish German (2)
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- Typ-2-Diabetes (2)
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- Typicality (2)
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- U-shaped curve (2)
- UK (2)
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- UV femtosecond laser ablation (2)
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- UV-vis spectroscopy (2)
- UVR (2)
- UX (2)
- Ulcerative colitis (2)
- Ultimatum Game (2)
- Ultrafast (2)
- Ultrafast X-rays (2)
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- Uncertainty Processor (2)
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- Unemployment (2)
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- Unique column combination (2)
- Universität Potsdam (2)
- Unmanaged vs. managed forests (2)
- Unsaturated zone (2)
- Upper Cambrian (2)
- Upper Cretaceous (2)
- Urban pluvial flood susceptibility (2)
- Usage (2)
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- VERITAS (2)
- VGCC (2)
- VI (2)
- VR (2)
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- Validity (2)
- Values (2)
- Vegetation dynamics (2)
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- Verb doubling (2)
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- Vereinte Nationen (2)
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- Verhalten (2)
- Verhandlungsmanagement (2)
- Verkhoyansk mountains (2)
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- Verwerfungen (2)
- Vesicle (2)
- Vibrio cholerae (2)
- VideoScan technology (2)
- Videoanalyse (2)
- Virtual Machine (2)
- Virtual Reality (2)
- Virtualization (2)
- Viscoelasticity (2)
- Visual World (2)
- Visual representations (2)
- Visual search (2)
- Visual system (2)
- Vitamin C (2)
- Vitamin D-binding protein (2)
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- Vocabulary (2)
- Vocal-Tract (2)
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- Volcano monitoring (2)
- Voles (2)
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- Vollkorn (2)
- Vorlandbecken (2)
- Vulkan (2)
- Vulpes vulpes (2)
- WASA-SED (2)
- WAXS (2)
- WGHM (2)
- WKB-expansion (2)
- Wahrnehmung (2)
- Wald (2)
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- Walker A motif (2)
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- Wetterextreme (2)
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- Widerstandstraining (2)
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- Wolf-Rayet (2)
- Wood specific gravity (2)
- Woody aboveground biomass (2)
- Word learning (2)
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- Workability (2)
- WorldDEM (2)
- WorldView-2 (2)
- Worterkennung (2)
- Wuchiapingian (2)
- Wärmefluss (2)
- Wärmeleitfähigkeit (2)
- X-ray computed tomography (CT) (2)
- X-ray crystallography (2)
- X-ray emission (2)
- X-ray probe (2)
- X-rays: general (2)
- XES (2)
- XMCD (2)
- XMRV (2)
- XRF analysis (2)
- XopJ (2)
- Xpr1 (2)
- Xylanase (2)
- Yamabe operator (2)
- Yamal (2)
- Yap1/Wwtr1 (Taz) (2)
- Yedoma uplands (2)
- Yellow flags (2)
- YouTube (2)
- Young adulthood (2)
- Young swimmers (2)
- Yttria stabilized zirconia (2)
- Yucatecan Spanish (2)
- Zaremba problem (2)
- Zea mays (2)
- Zebris (2)
- Zechstein salt (2)
- Zellmotilität (2)
- Zellproliferation (2)
- Zellweger (2)
- Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorder (ZSSD) (2)
- Zinc homeostasis (2)
- Zinypr-1 (2)
- Zionism (2)
- Zootoca vivipara (2)
- Zugriffskontrolle (2)
- Zuweisung thematischer Rollen (2)
- Zwei-Prozess Modelle (2)
- Zwitterionen (2)
- a priori (2)
- aberrations (2)
- ability differentiation (2)
- aboveground biomass (2)
- absolute (2)
- absorbtion fine-structure (2)
- abstraction (2)
- abundance (2)
- abuse cycles (2)
- academic performance (2)
- academic-achievement (2)
- academy (2)
- accelerometer (2)
- acclimation (2)
- accommodation (2)
- accountability dynamics (2)
- accountability mechanism (2)
- accounting (2)
- accretion discs (2)
- accretionary prism (2)
- accumulation rates (2)
- achievement (2)
- acid mine drainage (2)
- acidophile (2)
- acidophilic microorganisms (2)
- acids (2)
- acinar-cells (2)
- acoustic communication (2)
- acoustic emissions (2)
- acoustic variability (2)
- acoustic waves (2)
- acquired thermotolerance (2)
- actin polymerization (2)
- action perception (2)
- action problems (2)
- action segmentation (2)
- activated urethane derivatives (2)
- activator–inhibitor models (2)
- active floodplain (2)
- active galactic nuclei (2)
- activism (2)
- actuator (2)
- acute (2)
- acute alcohol consumption (2)
- acute chronic workload ratio (2)
- acute coronary event (2)
- adaptability (2)
- adaptation to external force impact (2)
- adaption measure (2)
- adaptive (2)
- adaptive Systeme (2)
- adaptive estimation (2)
- adaptive holding capacity (2)
- adaptive introgression (2)
- adaptive processes (2)
- adaptive radiation (2)
- adaptive systems (2)
- addiction (2)
- addition (2)
- address normalization (2)
- adduct formation (2)
- adenoassociated virus (2)
- adipose tissue dysregulation (2)
- adiposity (2)
- adjustment (2)
- administrative culture (2)
- administrative literacy (2)
- adolescent growth (2)
- adolescent sport (2)
- adoption (2)
- advanced disease (2)
- aerobic exercise (2)
- aerobic metabolism (2)
- aerobic power (2)
- aerosol size distribution (2)
- aesthetics (2)
- affective learning (2)
- affective neuroscience (2)
- afforestation (2)
- aflatoxin B1 (2)
- aftercare (2)
- age differences (2)
- age differentiation (2)
- age resetting (2)
- aged (2)
- agent-based models (2)
- aggressive sexual fantasies (2)
- agitation (2)
- agreement deficit (2)
- agricultural landscape (2)
- agrin (2)
- agro-infiltration (2)
- agroecosystem (2)
- air-water interface (2)
- airborne (2)
- airglow (2)
- aldehyde oxidoreductase (2)
- aldehydes (2)
- algorithm schedules (2)
- alignment sensitivity / specificity (2)
- alkylphospholipids (2)
- all-cause mortality (2)
- allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (2)
- allocation (2)
- allostatic load index (2)
- alpha-2 (2)
- alpha-stable Levy process (2)
- alphaherpesvirus (2)
- alpine (2)
- alps (2)
- altenuic acid (2)
- alteration geochemistry (2)
- alternaria group (2)
- alternative rewards (2)
- alternative-set semantics (2)
- altertoxins (2)
- alumni work (2)
- amateur soccer players (2)
- ambient noise (2)
- ambiguities (2)
- ambiguity (2)
- ambiguity resolution (2)
- ambition (2)
- amino acid (2)
- aminothiophenol (2)
- ammonia (2)
- ammonia synthesis (2)
- amoeboid motion (2)
- amorphous carbon (2)
- amorphous polymers (2)
- amplitude (2)
- amöboide Bewegung (2)
- anagogy (2)
- analytical framework for Participatory Educational Practices (2)
- analytical methods (2)
- anaphoric existence presupposition (2)
- anaphoricity (2)
- anatexis (2)
- ancestral remains (2)
- anchor peptides (2)
- ancient (2)
- and prediction (2)
- angiotensin receptor blockers (2)
- animal (2)
- animal and computational models (2)
- animal behavior (2)
- animal cognition (2)
- animal migration (2)
- animal models (2)
- anisotropic effects (2)
- ankles (2)
- anniversary issue (2)
- annotation (2)
- annotation projection (2)
- anomalous Brownian motion (2)
- anomaly detection (2)
- anorexia nervosa (2)
- antecedent choice (2)
- antecedents (2)
- anterior PNP (2)
- anterior cruciate ligament (2)
- anthracene (2)
- anthropogenic food subsidies (2)
- anti-cancer drugs (2)
- anti-consumption (2)
- anti-genotoxicity (2)
- anti-inflammatory nutrition (2)
- anti-inflammatory therapy (2)
- anti-oxidant activity (2)
- anti-oxidative capacity (2)
- anti-oxidative response (2)
- antibiotic inactivation (2)
- antibiotics (2)
- antibody producing cell selection (2)
- anticancer drug (2)
- anticipation (2)
- antimicrobial peptide (2)
- antimicrobial peptides (2)
- antimicrobial polymers (2)
- antimicrobial resistance (2)
- antioxidant capacity (2)
- antonymy (2)
- anxiety disorder (2)
- anxiety sensitivity (2)
- anxiety-like behavior (2)
- apatite fission track (2)
- apis mellifera (2)
- apodemus-agrarius (2)
- apoplast (2)
- appetite (2)
- apple replant disease (2)
- applicant reactions (2)
- applicants for international protection (2)
- approximate differentiability (2)
- approximate methods (2)
- approximate number system (2)
- approximation (2)
- aptasensors (2)
- aquaculture (2)
- aquatic (2)
- aqueous dispersion (2)
- aquifer (2)
- arabidopsis thaliana (2)
- arable weeds (2)
- archaeology (2)
- archipelagic studies (2)
- archipelagic theory (2)
- arctic water bodies (2)
- area-based conservation (2)
- argon dating (2)
- argument structure (2)
- argumentation mining (2)
- aridification (2)
- arktische Tundra (2)
- aromaticity (2)
- array (2)
- arsenic (2)
- arsenious acid (2)
- arthropod (2)
- artificial intelligence for health (2)
- artificial light (2)
- artificial light at night (2)
- artificial light at night (ALAN) (2)
- artificial transcription factor (2)
- ascorbate (2)
- ascorbate peroxidase (2)
- aspiration (2)
- assault (2)
- assay (2)
- assembly factor (2)
- assembly processes (2)
- assembly rules (2)
- assignments (2)
- assimilation (2)
- associative learning (2)
- associative networks (2)
- astrobiology (2)
- astrocytes (2)
- astrometry (2)
- astronomical calibration (2)
- astronomical databases (2)
- astronomical databases: miscellaneous (2)
- asylum (2)
- asylum seekers (2)
- asymptotic behavior (2)
- asymptotic method (2)
- asynchronous video interviewing (2)
- athmospheric circulation (2)
- atmospheric blocking (2)
- atmospheric nitrogen deposition (2)
- atmospheric warming (2)
- atom chip (2)
- atom-surface interaction (2)
- atomic processes (2)
- atropisomerism (2)
- attachment styles (2)
- attitudes toward intimate partner violence (2)
- attitudes towards sexual coercion (2)
- attosecond phenomena (2)
- attraction errors (2)
- attribute assurance (2)
- auch (2)
- augmented-wave method (2)
- august 2002 (2)
- authentication (2)
- authorship attribution (2)
- autism spectrum disorder (2)
- autogamy (2)
- automated planning (2)
- automated radio telemetry (2)
- automatic facial expression analysis (2)
- automatic feedback (2)
- automaticity (2)
- autonomic nervous system (2)
- autonomy support (2)
- autoregressive models (2)
- avian personalities (2)
- avirulence (2)
- axillary bud (2)
- azobenzene containing polymer films (2)
- azobenzene containing surfactants (2)
- azobenzene elastomers (2)
- azobenzene surfactant (2)
- azobenzene trimethylammonium bromide (2)
- azobenzenes (2)
- back-pain screening (2)
- background variables (2)
- bacterial O-antigen (2)
- bacterial swimming strategies (2)
- baltic sea (2)
- banal nationalism (2)
- bank filtration (2)
- bank vole (2)
- bank voles (2)
- barbell velocity (2)
- basal body (2)
- base excision repair (incision activity) (2)
- basic need satisfaction and frustration (2)
- basic psychological needs (2)
- basin analysis (2)
- basin evolution (2)
- basis-sets (2)
- batch effect (2)
- batch process (2)
- batch processing (2)
- bedload transport (2)
- behavior problems (2)
- behavioral abstraction (2)
- behavioral and self-report measures (2)
- behavioral flexibility (2)
- behavioral observation (2)
- behavioral plasticity (2)
- behavioral public administration (2)
- behavioral reasoning (2)
- behavioral type (2)
- behavioral weight loss (2)
- behavioural syndrome (2)
- benchmark (2)
- benthic food web (2)
- benzodiazepines (2)
- bet-hedging (2)
- beta diversity (2)
- beta-cell (2)
- beta-diversity (2)
- betaine (2)
- bibliometrics (2)
- bidirectional reflectance (2)
- bifurcation analysis (2)
- bifurcation theory (2)
- big data analytics (2)
- big data services (2)
- big-fish-little-pond-effect (2)
- bilingual children (2)
- bilingual infants (2)
- bilingual lexical development (2)
- bilingual processing (2)
- binary black holes (2)
- binary systems (2)
- bio-optical modeling (2)
- bioavailability (2)
- biocatalysis (2)
- biodiversity decline (2)
- biodiversity facets (2)
- bioelectrochemistry (2)
- bioenergetics (2)
- bioenergy (2)
- biofilm formation (2)
- biofilms (2)
- biogenesis (2)
- biogenic silica (2)
- bioindicators (2)
- biological control (2)
- biological invasion (2)
- biological maturation (2)
- biological pest control (2)
- biological soil crusts (2)
- biological transport (2)
- biomarker detection (2)
- biomechanical parameter (2)
- biomimetic mineralization (2)
- biomimetic recognition elements (2)
- bioprinting (2)
- biorefineries (2)
- bioremediation (2)
- biostimulant (2)
- biotechnology (2)
- biotic filtering (2)
- biotin sulfoxide reductase (2)
- birds (2)
- birefringence (2)
- birth-death-mutation-competition point process (2)
- birthweight (2)
- bisphosphonates (2)
- bistability (2)
- bitcoin (2)
- black hole (2)
- bladder-cancer (2)
- blockchain technology (2)
- blood glucose (2)
- blood pressure (2)
- blood sample (2)
- blue stragglers (2)
- blueSeis-3A sensors (2)
- bodily self (2)
- body density (2)
- body limbs (2)
- body mass (2)
- body mass index (2)
- body proportions (2)
- body shape (2)
- body weight gain (2)
- body-mass index (2)
- body-specificity hypothesis (2)
- bone pathologies (2)
- bone tissue engineering (2)
- bone–brain–nervous system interactions (2)
- book history (2)
- bootstrapping (2)
- border (2)
- boreal forests (2)
- borehole leakage (2)
- boronic acid (2)
- bottlebrush copolymers (2)
- bottom-up fabrication (2)
- botulinum toxin (2)
- bound phenolic compounds (2)
- boundary regularity (2)
- bounded model checking (2)
- brackish waters (2)
- brain development (2)
- brain health (2)
- brain insulin signaling (2)
- branched chain amino acids (2)
- break interventions (2)
- breathing (2)
- breeding (2)
- bridge (2)
- broadband and narrowband dimensions of behavior (2)
- bromeliad (2)
- brownian-motion (2)
- browser platforms (2)
- buffer zones (2)
- bulk heterojunctions (2)
- bullying victimization (2)
- bumps (2)
- bush encroachment (2)
- business incubators (2)
- business interruption (2)
- business model innovation (2)
- business process (2)
- business process modeling (2)
- business services (2)
- butyrylcholinesterase (2)
- buy recommendations (2)
- c. elegans (2)
- cGMP (2)
- cTBS (2)
- cadmium-free (2)
- calc-alkaline (2)
- calcaneal eversion (2)
- calcination (2)
- calcium carbonate inclusions (2)
- calcium influx (2)
- calcium phosphate hybrid material (2)
- callous-unemotional traits (2)
- callousness (2)
- cambridge cb4 0wf (2)
- cambs (2)
- camelid antibody (2)
- camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (2)
- canalization (2)
- cancer chemoprevention (2)
- cancer detection (2)
- cancer epidemiology (2)
- canoe racing (2)
- canonical correlations analysis (2)
- canopy height (2)
- capabilities (2)
- capacities (2)
- capacitive sensor (2)
- capstone course (2)
- capture enrichment (2)
- carbohydrate derivatives (2)
- carbohydrate interaction (2)
- carbohydrate recognition (2)
- carbohydrate‐ based (2)
- carbon budget (2)
- carbon export (2)
- carbon labeling (2)
- carbon markets (2)
- carbon materials (2)
- carbon-dioxide (2)
- carbon-dioxide capture (2)
- carbon-dioxide emissions (2)
- carbonaceous aerosols (2)
- carbonate ramp (2)
- carbonates (2)
- carboxyanhydrides (2)
- carcinogen exposure (2)
- carcinoma (2)
- cardiac catheterization (CC) (2)
- cardiac development (2)
- cardioception (2)
- cardiology (2)
- cardiomyocyte (2)
- cardiomyogenic differentiation (2)
- cardiopulmonary exercise testing (2)
- cardiovascular-disease (2)
- career plans (2)
- career success (2)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (2)
- carotenoids bioavailability (2)
- carrion ecology (2)
- carryover effects (2)
- cascade reactions (2)
- cascading effects (2)
- case (2)
- case-animacy (2)
- catalase (2)
- catalogues (2)
- catalyst (2)
- catastrophe climatique (2)
- catch-up growth (2)
- cathode (2)
- cave fish (2)
- cavity quantum electrodynamics (2)
- celestial mechanics (2)
- cell culture (2)
- cell division (2)
- cell enumeration (2)
- cell-based in vitro assay (2)
- cell-death (2)
- cellular bioimaging (2)
- cellular signaling (2)
- cellular uptake (2)
- cellulose fibers (2)
- cellulose polymeric organic matter (2)
- cement (2)
- cement admixtures (2)
- cement hydration (2)
- cementitious material (2)
- central Mediterranean (2)
- central Mongolia (2)
- central Poland (2)
- central administration (2)
- central and peripheral vision (2)
- central fixation bias (2)
- central south island (2)
- centralization (2)
- cerami-des (2)
- ceramides (2)
- cereal leaf beetle (2)
- cereal meals (2)
- cesium lead halides (2)
- cetaceans (2)
- chains (2)
- chalcogenide (2)
- challenges (2)
- change of direction speed (2)
- change-of-direction speed (2)
- changement climatique (2)
- chaotic neural dynamics (2)
- chaperone (2)
- chaperones (2)
- charge carrier recombination (2)
- charge localisation (2)
- charge transfers (2)
- charge-carrier transport (2)
- chemical sensors (2)
- chemical-mechanical interaction (2)
- chemo-toxicity (2)
- chemoradiation therapy (2)
- chemostat experiments (2)
- chemotaxonomy (2)
- child abuse (2)
- child asylum-seekers (2)
- child second language acquisition (2)
- childcare (2)
- childhood abuse (2)
- childhood obesity (2)
- chimera (2)
- chimeric transcription factors (2)
- chirality (2)
- chlorophyll (2)
- chlorophyll a (2)
- cholinesterase inhibitors (2)
- chromatin regulation (2)
- chromoionophore (2)
- chronic fatigue (2)
- chronic health condition (2)
- chronic illness (2)
- chronic low back pain (2)
- chronic psychosocial stress (2)
- chronic stress (2)
- chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) (2)
- chronology (AICC2012) (2)
- chytridiomycota (2)
- circulation of knowledge (2)
- circulation patterns (2)
- cirrus clouds (2)
- citizen-state interactions (2)
- citric acid (2)
- civil service (2)
- class-level effects (2)
- classical conditioning (2)
- classroom (2)
- classroom characteristics (2)
- classroom climate (2)
- classroom management (2)
- clause determiner (2)
- clauses (2)
- clay mineral (2)
- cleft constructions (2)
- client preferences (2)
- climate catastrophe (2)
- climate change mitigation (2)
- climate drift (2)
- climate finance (2)
- climate politics (2)
- climate reconstructions (2)
- climate trends (2)
- climate varibility (2)
- climate visualization (2)
- climate-change policy (2)
- climatology (2)
- clinical (2)
- clinical pain research (2)
- clinical study (2)
- clinical supervision (2)
- clinopyroxenite (2)
- clonal complex (2)
- cloud security (2)
- cloud storage (2)
- cluster (2)
- cluster model (2)
- clusterin (2)
- clusters (2)
- co-expression (2)
- co-nonsolvency (2)
- co-ordination (2)
- coagulation (2)
- coarea formula (2)
- coast (2)
- coastal flood damage (2)
- coastal flooding (2)
- coastal geomorphology (2)
- coat colour (2)
- cobalt nanoparticles (2)
- cockroach salivary-glands (2)
- codifference (2)
- coefficients (2)
- coenzyme-a (2)
- coesite (2)
- coffee (2)
- cognitive (2)
- cognitive interference (2)
- cognitive linguistics (2)
- cognitive load (2)
- cognitive resources (2)
- cognitive science (2)
- cognitive training (2)
- cognitive-behavioral control (2)
- cognitive-behavioural therapy (2)
- cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) (2)
- cognitive-control (2)
- cognitive/muscular fatigue (2)
- coherent noise (2)
- coherent phonons (2)
- cohomology (2)
- cold stress (2)
- collaborative learning (2)
- collaborative work (2)
- collection types (2)
- collective consumption context (2)
- collective motion (2)
- collision (2)
- colloid (2)
- colonial Australia (2)
- colony decline (2)
- colony viability (2)
- coloring agents (2)
- combined task and motion planning (2)
- commemorative acts of citizenship (2)
- commitment (2)
- committee governance (2)
- common ground (2)
- common ownership (2)
- common‐garden experiment (2)
- community model (2)
- community theory (2)
- comorbidities (2)
- comparative (2)
- comparative subclause (2)
- comparative subclauses (2)
- comparison of devices (2)
- competencies (2)
- competition–defense trade‐off (2)
- competitive inhibition (2)
- complaints (2)
- complex network (2)
- complex predicates (2)
- complex problems (2)
- complex sentence processing (2)
- complex words (2)
- composite material (2)
- composite materials (2)
- composite properties (2)
- compound (2)
- compound flood (2)
- compounds (2)
- comprehensive analysis (2)
- compression (2)
- computational model (2)
- computational morphodynamics (2)
- computer graphics (2)
- computer science (2)
- computer-mediated therapy (2)
- concentrated solar power (2)
- concentrating solar power (2)
- concentration (2)
- concurrent checking (2)
- conditional reasoning (2)
- conditioning activity (2)
- conditioning exercise (2)
- conduct disorder (2)
- confidence intervals (2)
- confidence sets (2)
- conflict (2)
- conflict management (2)
- conflict monitoring (2)
- confocal Raman microscopy (2)
- conformance checking (2)
- conformational change (2)
- conformational rearrangement (2)
- conformational-changes (2)
- confusion (2)
- congruity effect (2)
- conjugate gradient (2)
- connections between chaos and statistical physics (2)
- conscientiousness (2)
- conservation biology (2)
- conservation laws (2)
- conservation planning (2)
- conservation targets (2)
- consonant bias (2)
- constitutional design (2)
- constitutive activity (2)
- constraint (2)
- consultation (2)
- consumer diversity (2)
- consumer education (2)
- consumer empowerment (2)
- content (2)
- content knowledge (2)
- contentious politics (2)
- context factors (2)
- context sensitivity (2)
- continental collision (2)
- continental rifting (2)
- continuing education activities (2)
- continuity (2)
- continuous glucose monitoring (2)
- continuous integration (2)
- continuous process (2)
- continuous simulation (2)
- continuous testing (2)
- continuous time random walk (CTRW) (2)
- continuous-time data assimilation (2)
- contract workers (2)
- contractions (2)
- contrast effect (2)
- contrast effects (2)
- control rates (2)
- controlled polymerization (2)
- controlled trial (2)
- convective available potential energy (2)
- convective available potential energy (CAPE) (2)
- conversational implicature (2)
- conversion (2)
- converting factor (2)
- convolutional neural networks (2)
- cooperating systems (2)
- cooperative goal interdependence (2)
- cooperative phenomena (2)
- copolymerization (2)
- copper complex (2)
- copper-bearing minerals (2)
- copper-related disorders (2)
- copy number analyses (2)
- cord blood (2)
- core PG1351 (2)
- core shell UCNP (2)
- core strength (2)
- core-shell materials (2)
- core-shell nanostructure (2)
- coregistration (2)
- cori cycle (2)
- corona (2)
- corporate citizenship (2)
- corporate entrepreneurship (2)
- corporate foresight (2)
- corporate leniency program (2)
- corporate rules (2)
- corporate social responsibility (2)
- corporeality (2)
- corpus dataset (2)
- cortical network models (2)
- cortical oscillations (2)
- cosmic background radiation (2)
- cosmic ray propagation (2)
- cosmogenic radionuclides (2)
- cosmological simulations (2)
- cosmopolitanism and nationalism (2)
- cost-effectiveness (2)
- cost-effectiveness analysis (2)
- coumarins (2)
- counter-speech (2)
- counterterms (2)
- counterterrorism (2)
- country (2)
- coupled oscillators model (2)
- coupled surface (2)
- coupling (2)
- coupling methods (2)
- course timetabling (2)
- coviability analysis (2)
- cow's milk (2)
- coworking spaces (2)
- craving and relapse (2)
- creative problem solving (2)
- creative process (2)
- criminology (2)
- crisis communication (2)
- criterial (2)
- critical fluctuations (2)
- critical meteorological condition (2)
- critical solution temperature (2)
- crop diversity (2)
- cropping system (2)
- cross ownership (2)
- cross-cultural differences (2)
- cross-education (2)
- cross-linguistic differences (2)
- cross-linking (2)
- cross-modal generalisation (2)
- cross-modal priming (2)
- cross-national comparison (2)
- cross-species capture (2)
- crowded fluids (2)
- crowdsourcing (2)
- cruciate ligament injury (2)
- crustacean zooplankton (2)
- crustal structure (2)
- crustal thickness (2)
- cryo-electron microscopy (2)
- cryogel (2)
- cryptic species complex (2)
- cryptomycota (2)
- crystal orientation (2)
- crystal structures (2)
- crystallinity (2)
- crystallization behavior (2)
- crystals (2)
- cues (2)
- culling of male chickens (2)
- cultural conceptualisations (2)
- cultural heritage (2)
- cultural minority youth (2)
- culture, identity, and inclusion (2)
- curriculum development (2)
- customer acceptance (2)
- customization (2)
- cyanobacterial bloom (2)
- cyanobacterial sucrose-phosphatase (2)
- cyber-physische Systeme (2)
- cyberaggression (2)
- cybersecurity (2)
- cycle (2)
- cyclic AMP (2)
- cycling (2)
- cyclooxygenase (2)
- cysteine alkylation (2)
- cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17A1) (2)
- cytoplasm (2)
- cytoplasmic polyadenylation (2)
- cytotype (2)
- dark ages (2)
- dark virus (2)
- data cleaning (2)
- data pipeline (2)
- data privacy (2)
- data protection (2)
- data scarcity (2)
- data sharing (2)
- data synthesis (2)
Institute
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Fluvial systems are one of the major features shaping a landscape. They adjust to the prevailing tectonic and climatic setting and therefore are very sensitive markers of changes in these systems. If their response to tectonic and climatic forcing is quantified and if the climatic signal is excluded, it is possible to derive a local deformation history. Here, we investigate fluvial terraces and erosional surfaces in the southern Chilean forearc to assess a long-term geomorphic and hence tectonic evolution. Remote sensing and field studies of the Nahuelbuta Range show that the long-term deformation of the Chilean forearc is manifested by breaks in topography, sequences of differentially uplifted marine, alluvial and strath terraces as well as tectonically modified river courses and drainage basins. We used SRTM-90-data as basic elevation information for extracting and delineating drainage networks. We calculated hypsometric curves as an indicator for basin uplift, stream-length gradient indices to identify stream segments with anomalous slopes, and longitudinal river profiles as well as DS-plots to identify knickpoints and other anomalies. In addition, we investigated topography with elevation-slope graphs, profiles, and DEMs to reveal erosional surfaces. During the first field trip we already measured palaeoflow directions, performed pebble counting and sampled the fluvial terraces in order to apply cosmogenic nuclide dating (<sup>10Be, <sup>26Al) as well as provenance analyses. Our preliminary analysis of the Coastal Cordillera indicates a clear segmentation between the northern and southern parts of the Nahuelbuta Range. The Lanalhue Fault, a NW-SE striking fault zone oblique to the plate boundary, defines the segment boundary. Furthermore, we find a complex drainage re-organisation including a drainage reversal and wind gap on the divide between the Tirúa and Pellahuén basins east of the town Tirúa. The coastal basins lost most of their Andean sediment supply areas that existed in Tertiary and in part during early Pleistocene time. Between the Bío-Bío and Imperial rivers no Andean river is recently capable to traverse the Coastal Cordillera, suggesting ongoing Quaternary uplift of the entire range. From the spatial distribution of geomorphic surfaces in this region two uplift signals may be derived: (1) a long-term differential uplift process, active since the Miocene and possibly caused by underplating of subducted trench sediments, (2) a younger, local uplift affecting only the northern part of the Nahuelbuta Range that may be caused by the interaction of the forearc with the subduction of the Mocha Fracture Zone at the latitude of the Arauco peninsula. Our approach thus provides results in our attempt to decipher the characteristics of forearc development of active convergent margins using long-term geomorphic indicators. Furthermore, it is expected that our ongoing assessment will constrain repeatedly active zones of deformation. <hr> Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Musterdynamik und Angewandte Fernerkundung Workshop vom 9. - 10. Februar 2006
One of the most difficult issues when dealing with optical water remote-sensing is its acceptance as a useful application for environmental research. This problem is, on the one hand, concerned with the optical complexity and variability of the investigated natural media, and therefore the question arises as to the plausibility of the parameters derived from remote-sensing techniques. Detailed knowledge about the regional bio- and chemico-optical properties is required for such studies, however such information is seldom available for the sites of interest. On the other hand, the primary advantage of remote-sensing information, which is the provision of a spatial overview, may not be exploited fully by the disciplines that would benefit most from such information. It is often seen in a variety of disciplines that scientists have been primarily trained to look at discrete data sets, and therefore have no experience of incorporating information dealing with spatial heterogeneity. In this thesis, the opportunity was made available to assess the potential of Ocean Colour data to provide spatial and seasonal information about the surface waters of Lake Baikal (Siberia). While discrete limnological field data is available, the spatial extension of Lake Baikal is enormous (ca. 600 km), while the field data are limited to selected sites and expedition time windows. Therefore, this remote-sensing investigation aimed to support a multi-disciplinary limnological investigation within the framework of the paleoclimate EU-project ‘High Resolution CONTINENTal Paleoclimate Record in Lake Baikal, Siberia (CONTINENT)’ using spatial and seasonal information from the SeaWiFS satellite (NASA). From this, the SeaWiFS study evolved to become the first efficient bio-optical satellite study of Lake Baikal. During the course of three years, field work including spectral field measurements and water sampling, was carried out at Lake Baikal in Southern Siberia, and at the Mecklenburg and Brandenburg lake districts in Germany. The first step in processing the SeaWiFS satellite data involved adapting the SeaDAS (NASA) atmospheric-correction processing to match as close as possible the specific conditions of Lake Baikal. Next, various Chl-a algorithms were tested on the atmospherically-corrected optimized SeaWiFS data set (years 2001 to 2002), comparing the CONTINENT pigment ground-truth data with the Chl-a concentrations derived from the satellite data. This showed the high performance of the global Chl-a products OC2 and OC4 for the oligotrophic, transparent waters (bio-optical Case 1) of Lake Baikal. However, considerable Chl-a overestimation prevailed in bio-optical Case 2 areas for the case of discharge events. High-organic terrigenous input into Lake Baikal could be traced and information extracted using the SeaWiFS spectral data. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) was quantified by the regression of the SeaDAS attenuation coefficient as the optical parameter with SPM field data. Finally, the Chl-a and terrigenous input maps derived from the remote sensing data were used to assist with analyzing the relationships between the various discrete data obtained during the CONTINENT field work. Hence, plausible spatial and seasonal information describing autochthonous and allochthonous material in Lake Baikal could be provided by satellite data.Lake Baikal, with its bio-optical complexity and its different areas of Case 1 and Case 2 waters, is a very interesting case study for Ocean Colour analyses. Proposals for future Ocean Colour studies of Lake Baikal are discussed, including which bio-optical parameters for analytical models still need to be clarified by field investigations.
From its first use in the field of biochemistry, instrumental analysis offered a variety of invaluable tools for the comprehensive description of biological systems. Multi-selective methods that aim to cover as many endogenous compounds as possible in biological samples use different analytical platforms and include methods like gene expression profile and metabolite profile analysis. The enormous amount of data generated in application of profiling methods needs to be evaluated in a manner appropriate to the question under investigation. The new field of system biology rises to the challenge to develop strategies for collecting, processing, interpreting, and archiving this vast amount of data; to make those data available in form of databases, tools, models, and networks to the scientific community. On the background of this development a multi-selective method for the determination of phytohormones was developed and optimised, complementing the profile analyses which are already in use (Chapter I). The general feasibility of a simultaneous analysis of plant metabolites and phytohormones in one sample set-up was tested by studies on the analytical robustness of the metabolite profiling protocol. The recovery of plant metabolites proved to be satisfactory robust against variations in the extraction protocol by using common extraction procedures for phytohormones; a joint extraction of metabolites and hormones from plant tissue seems practicable (Chapter II). Quantification of compounds within the context of profiling methods requires particular scrutiny (Chapter II). In Chapter III, the potential of stable-isotope in vivo labelling as normalisation strategy for profiling data acquired with mass spectrometry is discussed. First promising results were obtained for a reproducible quantification by stable-isotope in vivo labelling, which was applied in metabolomic studies. In-parallel application of metabolite and phytohormone analysis to seedlings of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to sulfate limitation was used to investigate the relationship between the endogenous concentration of signal elements and the ‘metabolic phenotype’ of a plant. An automated evaluation strategy was developed to process data of compounds with diverse physiological nature, such as signal elements, genes and metabolites – all which act in vivo in a conditional, time-resolved manner (Chapter IV). Final data analysis focussed on conditionality of signal-metabolome interactions.
This thesis studies strong, completely charged polyelectrolyte brushes. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations are performed on different polyelectrolyte brush systems using local compute servers and massively parallel supercomputers. The full Coulomb interaction of charged monomers, counterions, and salt ions is treated explicitly. The polymer chains are anchored by one of their ends to a uncharged planar surface. The chains are treated under good solvent conditions. Monovalent salt ions (1:1 type) are modelled same as counterions. The studies concentrate on three different brush systems at constant temperature and moderate Coulomb interaction strength (Bjerrum length equal to bond length): The first system consists of a single polyelectrolyte brush anchored with varying grafting density to a plane. Results show that chains are extended up to about 2/3 of their contour length. The brush thickness slightly grows with increasing anchoring density. This slight dependence of the brush height on grafting density is in contrast to the well known scaling result for the osmotic brush regime. That is why the result obtained by simulations has stimulated further development of theory as well as new experimental investigations on polyelectrolyte brushes. This observation can be understood on a semi-quantitative level using a simple scaling model that incorporates excluded volume effects in a free-volume formulation where an effective cross section is assigned to the polymer chain from where couterions are excluded. The resulting regime is called nonlinear osmotic brush regime. Recently this regime was also obtained in experiments. The second system studied consists of polyelectrolyte brushes with added salt in the nonlinear osmotic regime. Varying salt is an important parameter to tune the structure and properties of polyelectrolytes. Further motivation is due to a theoretical scaling prediction by Pincus for the salt dependence of brush thickness. In the high salt limit (salt concentration much larger than counterion concentration) the brush height is predicted to decrease with increasing external salt, but with a relatively weak power law showing an exponent -1/3. There is some experimental and theoretical work that confirms this prediction, but there are other results that are in contradiction. In such a situation simulations are performed to validate the theoretical prediction. The simulation result shows that brush thickness decreases with added salt, and indeed is in quite good agreement with the scaling prediction by Pincus. The relation between buffer concentration and the effective ion strength inside the brush at varying salt concentration is of interest both from theoretical as well as experimental point of view. The simulation result shows that mobile ions (counterions as well as salt) distribute nonhomogeneously inside and outside of the brush. To explain the relation between the internal ion concentration with the buffer concentration a Donnan equilibrium approach is employed. Modifying the Donnan approach by taking into account the self-volume of polyelectrolyte chains as indicated above, the simulation result can be explained using the same effective cross section for the polymer chains. The extended Donnan equilibrium relation represents a interesting theoretical prediction that should be checked by experimental data. The third system consist of two interacting polyelectrolyte brushes that are grafted to two parallel surfaces. The interactions between brushes are important, for instance, in stabilization of dispersions against flocculation. In the simulations pressure is evaluated as a function of separation D between the two grafting planes. The pressure behavior shows different regimes for decreasing separation. This behavior is in qualitative agreement with experimental data. At relatively weak compression the pressure behavior obtained in the simulation agrees with a 1/D power law predicted by scaling theory. Beyond that the present study could supply new insight for understanding the interaction between polyelectrolyte brushes.
The major aim of this work was the identification of new phloem sap proteins and a metabolic characterisation of this transport fluid. The experiments were performed on the three plant species C. sativus, C. maxima and B. napus. To characterise the phloem samples from B. napus, a new model plant for phloem analysis, western blot tests together with metabolite profiling were performed. GC-MS metabolite profiling and enzyme assays were used for measuring metabolites in the phloem of B. napus. Results from the phloem sap measurements showed, as expected, a typical sugar distribution for apoplasmic phloem loaders with sucrose being the predominant sugar. In stem extracts, the most abundant sugar was glucose with much lower fructose and sucrose levels. With the GC-MS approach it was possible to identify a number of metabolites which showed a differential distribution when phloem and stem tissue extracts were compared. For protein identification, two different approaches were employed (i) screening expression libraries with total phloem protein specific antisera and (ii) protein separation on 2 DE gels followed by ESI-MS/MS sequence analyses. For the first approach, three different phloem protein-specific antisera were produced and expression libraries were constructed. Phloem protein antisera were tested for specificity and some attempts to estimate specific epitopes were undertaken. Screening of the libraries resulted in the identification of 14 different proteins from all investigated species. Analyses of B. napus phloem sap proteins from 2 DE with ESI-MS/MS resulted in the identification of 5 different proteins. The phloem localisation of the identified proteins was additionally confirmed by western blot tests using specific antibodies. In order to functionally characterise some selected phloem proteins from B. napus, the group of potential calcium-binding polypeptides was analysed for functional Ca<sup>+2 binding properties and several Ca<sup>+2–binding proteins could be isolated. However, their sequences could as yet not be determined. Another approach used for functional protein characterisation was the analysis of Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants. Four available mutants with insertions in phloem protein-specific genes were chosen from the SALK and GABI-Kat collections and selected homozygous lines were tested for the presence of the investigated proteins. In order to verify if the product of one of the mutated gene (GRP 7) is transported through the phloem, grafting experiments were performed followed by western blot analyses. Although the employed antiserum against GRP 7 protein did not allow distinguishing between the mutant and the wild type plants, successful Arabidopsis grafting could be established as a promising method for further studies on protein translocation through the phloem.
Investigation of tropospheric arctic aerosol and mixed-phase clouds using airborne lidar technique
(2005)
An Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi) was constructed and built at Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) in Potsdam, Germany for the lower tropospheric aerosol and cloud research under tough arctic conditions. The system was successfully used during two AWI airborne field campaigns, ASTAR 2004 and SVALEX 2005, performed in vicinity of Spitsbergen in the Arctic. The novel evaluation schemes, the Two-Stream Inversion and the Iterative Airborne Inversion, were applied to the obtained lidar data. Thereby, calculation of the particle extinction and backscatter coefficient profiles with corresponding lidar ratio profiles characteristic for the arctic air was possible. The comparison of these lidar results with the results of other in-situ and remote instrumentation (ground based Koldewey Aerosol Raman Lidar (KARL), sunphotometer, radiosounding, satellite imagery) allowed to provided clean contra polluted (Arctic Haze) characteristics of the arctic aerosols. Moreover, the data interpretation by means of the ECMWF Operational Analyses and small-scale dispersion model EULAG allowed studying the effects of the Spitsbergens orography on the aerosol load in the Planetary Boundary Layer. With respect to the cloud studies a new methodology of alternated remote AMALi measurements with the airborne in-situ cloud optical and microphysical parameters measurements was proved feasible for the low density mixed-phase cloud studies. An example of such approach during observation of the natural cloud seeding (feeder-seeder phenomenon) with ice crystals precipitating into the lower supercooled stratocumulus deck were discussed in terms of the lidar signal intensity profiles and corresponding depolarisation ratio profiles. For parts of the cloud system characterised by almost negligible multiple scattering the calculation of the particle backscatter coefficient profiles was possible using the lidar ratio information obtained from the in-situ measurements in ice-crystal cloud and water cloud.
This paper argues that the texts surviving from the Old English period do not reflect the spoken language of the bulk of the population under Anglo-Saxon elite domination. While the Old English written documents suggest that the language was kept remarkably unchanged, i.e. was strongly monitored during the long OE period (some 500 years!), the spoken and "real Old English" is likely to have been very different and much more of the type of Middle English than the written texts. "Real Old Engish", i.e. of course only appeared in writing after the Norman Conquest. Middle English is therefore claimed to have begun with the 'late British' speaking shifters to Old English. The shift patterns must have differed in the various part of the island of Britain, as the shifters became exposed to further language contact with the Old Norse adstrate in the Danelaw areas and the Norman superstrate particularly in the South East, the South West having been least exposed to language contact after the original shift from 'Late British' to Old English. This explains why the North was historically the most innovative zone. This also explains the conservatism of the present day dialects in the South West. It is high time that historical linguists acknowledge the arcane character of the Old English written texts.
In recent years, the aim of supramolecular syntheses is not only the creation of particular structures but also the introduction of specific functions in these supramolecules. The present work describes the use of the ionic self-assembly (ISA) route to generate nanostructured materials with integrated functionality. Since the ISA strategy has proved to be a facile method for the production of liquid-crystalline materials, we investigated the phase behaviour, physical properties and function of a variety of ISA materials comprising a perylene derivative as the employed oligoelectrolyte. Functionality was introduced into the materials through the use of functional surfactants. In order to meet the requirements to produce functional ISA materials through the use of functional surfactants, we designed and synthesized pyrrole-derived monomers as surfactant building blocks. Owing to the presence of the pyrrole moiety, these surfactants are not only polymerizable but are also potentially conductive when polymerized. We adopted single-tailed and double-tailed N-substituted pyrrole monomers as target molecules. Since routine characterization analysis of the double-tailed pyrrole-containing surfactant indicated very interesting, complex phase behaviour, a comprehensive investigation of its interfacial properties and mesophase behavior was conducted. The synthesized pyrrole-derived surfactants were then employed in the synthesis of ISA complexes. The self-assembled materials were characterized and subsequently polymerized by both chemical and electrochemical methods. The changes in the structure and properties of the materials caused by the in-situ polymerization were addressed. In the second part of this work, the motif investigated was a property rather than a function. Since chiral superstructures have obtained much attention during the last few years, we investigated the possibility of chiral ISA materials through the use of chiral surfactants. Thus, the work involved synthesis of novel chiral surfactants and their incorporation in ISA materials with the aim of obtaining ionically self-assembled chiral superstructures. The results and insights presented here suggest that the presented synthesis strategy can be easily extended to incorporate any kind of charged tectonic unit with desired optical, electrical, or magnetic properties into supramolecular assemblies for practical applications.
We consider a system of infinitely many hard balls in R<sup>d undergoing Brownian motions and submitted to a smooth pair potential. It is modelized by an infinite-dimensional stochastic differential equation with a local time term. We prove that the set of all equilibrium measures, solution of a detailed balance equation, coincides with the set of canonical Gibbs measures associated to the hard core potential added to the smooth interaction potential.
Neolignans, dehydrodimers of phenylpropenes, are natural products that exhibit different biological activities. 8,5’-Neolignans containing a trans- dihydrobenzofuran skeleton are the most abundant neolignans in nature. The published syntheses of trans-dihydrobenzofurans are multistep procedures that are time consuming and provide the product in low yield. Furthermore, all dimerisation reactions either in the presence of enzymes or mediated by metal salts are yielding dimers consisting of two units of the same phenylpropene compound, narrowing substantially the substitution pattern. Two different general synthetic approaches were examined. The first strategy was the enantioselective deprotonation at the α-carbon of the ο-alkyl phenols in the presence of a chiral diamine and sBuLi. Synthesis of several new phosphorous-based directed ortho-metalation groups was studied. The examined compounds having these new groups decomposed even under very mild reaction conditions and are not suitable for the application in the synthesis. The second strategy was to examine one [3+2] cycloaddition reaction, transition metal catalysed Heck oxyarylation reaction, in the synthetic approach to compounds having trans-dihydrobenzofuran skeleton. Palladium catalysed Heck oxyarylation reaction with halogenophenols or ortho-diazonium phenols as the starting material allowed the trans-dihydrobenzofuran compounds as the major products in acceptable yield and in one step. The products were formed under ligand free condition, as well as in the presence of some strong coordinating ligands (Ph3P). The experiments with several chiral ligands, showed that the obtained trans-dihydrobenzofurans were racemic mixtures. This result suggests formation of an achiral intermediate along the reaction pathway, which causes the lack of stereoselectivity in the products. Initially formed trans-dihydrobenzofuran compounds are the key precursors of many naturally occurring neolignans, and can be easily converted to 8,5’-neolignan derivatives.
Connective ties in discourse: Three ERP studies on causal, temporal and concessive connective ties and their influence on language processing. Questions In four experiments the influence of lexical connectives such as " darum", therefore, " danach", afterwards, and " trotzdem", nevertheless, on the processing of short two-sentence discourses was examined and compared to the processing of deictical sentential adverbs such as " gestern", yesterday, and " lieber", rather. These latter words do not have the property of signaling a certain discourse relation between two sentences, as connective ties do. Three questions were central to the work: * Do the processing contrasts found between connective and non-connective elements extend to connective ties and deictical sentential adverbs (experiments 2 and 3)? * Does the semantic content of the connective ties play the primary role, i.e is the major distinction to be made indeed between connective and non-connective or instead between causal, temporal and concessive? * When precisely is the information provided by connective ties used? There is some evidence that connective ties can have an immediate influence on the integration of subsequent elements, but the end of the second sentences appears to play an important role as well: experiments 2, 3, and 4. Conclusions First of all, the theoretical distinction between connective and non-connective elements does indeed have " cognitive reality" . This has already been shown in previous studies. The present studies do however show, that there is also a difference between one-place discourse elements (deictical sentential adverbs) and two-place discourse elements, namely connective ties, since all experiments examining this contrast found evidence for qualitatively and quantitatively different processing (experiments 1, 2, and 3). Secondly, the semantic type of the connective ties also plays a role. This was not shown for the LAN, found for all connective ties when compared to non-connective elements, and consequently interpreted as a more abstract reflection of the integration of connective ties. There was also no difference between causal and temporal connective ties before the end of the discourses in experiment 3. However, the N400 found for incoherent discourses in experiment 2, larger for connective incoherent than non-connective incoherent discourses, as well as the P3b found for concessive connective ties in the comparison between causal and concessive connective ties gave reason to assume that the semantic content of connective ties is made use of in incremental processing, and that the relation signaled by the connective tie is the one that readers attempt to construct. Concerning when the information provided by connective ties is used, it appears as if connectivity is generally and obligatorily taken at face value. As long as the meaning of a connective tie did not conflict with a preferred canonical discourse relation, there were no differences found for varying connective discourses (experiment 3). However, the fact that concessive connective ties announce the need for a more complex text representation was recognized and made use of immediately (experiment 4). Additionally, a violation of the discourse relation resulted in more difficult semantic integration if a connective tie was present (experiment 2). It is therefore concluded here that connective ties influence processing immediately. This claim has to be modified somewhat, since the sentence-final elements suggested that connective ties trigger different integration processes than non-connective elements. It seems as if the answer to the question of when connective ties are processed is neither exclusively immediately nor exclusively afterwards, but that both viewpoints are correct. It is suggested here that before the end of a discourse economy plays a central role in that a canonical relation is assumed unless there is evidence to the contrary. A connective tie could have the function of reducing the dimensions evaluated in a discourse to the one signaled by the connective tie. At the end of the discourse the representation is evaluated and verified, and an integrated situation model constructed. Here, the complexity of the different discourse relations that connective ties can signal, is expressed.
This thesis aimed to investigate several fundamental and perplexing questions relating to the phloem loading and transport mechanisms of Cucurbita maxima, by combining metabolomic analysis with cell biological techniques. This putative symplastic loading species has long been used for experiments on phloem anatomy, phloem biochemistry, phloem transport physiology and phloem signalling. Symplastic loading species have been proposed to use a polymer trapping mechanism to accumulate RFO (raffinose family oligosaccharides) sugars to build up high osmotic pressure in minor veins which sustains a concentration gradient that drives mass flow. However, extensive evidence indicating a low sugar concentration in their phloem exudates is a long-known problem that conflicts with this hypothesis. Previous metabolomic analysis shows the concentration of many small molecules in phloem exudates is higher than that of leaf tissues, which indicates an active apoplastic loading step. Therefore, in the view of the phloem metabolome, a symplastic loading mechanism cannot explain how small molecules other than RFO sugars are loaded into phloem. Most studies of phloem physiology using cucurbits have neglected the possible functions of vascular architecture in phloem transport. It is well known that there are two phloem systems in cucurbits with distinctly different anatomical features: central phloem and extrafascicular phloem. However, mistaken conclusions on sources of cucurbit phloem exudation from previous reports have hindered consideration of the idea that there may be important differences between these two phloem systems. The major results are summarized as below: 1) O-linked glycans in C.maxima were structurally identified as beta-1,3 linked glucose polymers, and the composition of glycans in cucurbits was found to be species-specific. Inter-species grafting experiments proved that these glycans are phloem mobile and transported uni-directionally from scion to stock. 2) As indicated by stable isotopic labelling experiments, a considerable amount of carbon is incorporated into small metabolites in phloem exudates. However, the incorporation of carbon into RFO sugars is much faster than for other metabolites. 3) Both CO2 labelling experiments and comparative metabolomic analysis of phloem exudates and leaf tissues indicated that metabolic processes other than RFO sugar metabolism play an important role in cucurbit phloem physiology. 4) The underlying assumption that the central phloem of cucurbits continuously releases exudates after physical incision was proved wrong by rigorous experiments including direct observation by normal microscopy and combined multiple-microscopic methods. Errors in previous experimental confirmation of phloem exudation in cucurbits are critically discussed. 5) Extrafascicular phloem was proved to be functional, as indicated by phloem-mobile carboxyfluorescein tracer studies. Commissural sieve tubes interconnect phloem bundles into a complete super-symplastic network. 6) Extrafascicular phloem represents the main source of exudates following physical incision. The major transported metabolites by these extrafacicular phloem are non-sugar compounds including amino acids, O-glycans, amines. 7) Central phloem contains almost exclusively RFO sugars, the estimated amount of which is up to 1 to 2 molar. The major RFO sugar present in central phloem is stachyose. 8) Cucurbits utilize two structurally different phloem systems for transporting different group of metabolites (RFO sugars and non-RFO sugar compounds). This implies that cucurbits may use spatially separated loading mechanisms (apoplastic loading for extrafascicular phloem and symplastic loading for central phloem) for supply of nutrients to sinks. 9) Along the transport systems, RFO sugars were mainly distributed within central phloem tissues. There were only small amounts of RFO sugars present in xylem tissues (millimolar range) and trace amounts of RFO sugars in cortex and pith. The composition of small molecules in external central phloem is very different from that in internal central phloem. 10) Aggregated P-proteins were manually dissected from central phloem and analysed by both SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Partial sequences of peptides were obtained by QTOF de novo sequencing from trypsin digests of three SDS-PAGE bands. None of these partial sequences shows significant homology to known cucurbit phloem proteins or other plant proteins. This proves that these central phloem proteins are a completely new group of proteins different from those in extrafascicular phloem. The extensively analysed P-proteins reported in literature to date are therefore now shown to arise from extrafascicular phloem and not central phloem, and therefore do not appear to be involved in the occlusion processes in central phloem.
We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an increasing coupling of N (N >= 2) synchronous dynamics on S-Zd (PCA). Increasing means the coupling preserves stochastic ordering. We first present our main construction theorem in the case where S is totally ordered; applications to attractive PCAs are given. When S is only partially ordered, we show on two examples that a coupling of more than two synchronous dynamics may not exist. We also prove an extension of our main result for a particular class of partially ordered spaces.
In this paper, we consider families of time Markov fields (or reciprocal classes) which have the same bridges as a Brownian diffusion. We characterize each class as the set of solutions of an integration by parts formula on the space of continuous paths C[0; 1]; R-d) Our techniques provide a characterization of gradient diffusions by a duality formula and, in case of reversibility, a generalization of a result of Kolmogorov.
We develop a cluster expansion in space-time for an infinite-dimensional system of interacting diffusions where the drift term of each diffusion depends on the whole past of the trajectory; these interacting diffusions arise when considering the Langevin dynamics of a ferromagnetic system submitted to a disordered external magnetic field.
The authors analyse different Gibbsian properties of interactive Brownian diffusions X indexed by the d-dimensional lattice. In the first part of the paper, these processes are characterized as Gibbs states on path spaces. In the second part of the paper, they study the Gibbsian character on R^{Z^d} of the law at time t of the infinite-dimensional diffusion X(t), when the initial law is Gibbsian. AMS Classifications: 60G15 , 60G60 , 60H10 , 60J60
We prove in this paper an existence result for infinite-dimensional stationary interactive Brownian diffusions. The interaction is supposed to be small in the norm ||.||∞ but otherwise is very general, being possibly non-regular and non-Markovian. Our method consists in using the characterization of such diffusions as space-time Gibbs fields so that we construct them by space-time cluster expansions in the small coupling parameter.
Time series analysis
(2004)
The thesis assesses the contribution of technology option of Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) to climate change mitigation. CCS means that CO2 is captured at large industrial facilities and sequestered in goelogical structures. The technology uses the endogenous growth model MIND. Herein the various climate change mitigation options of reducing economic growth, increasing energy efficiency, changing the energy mix and CCS are assessed simultaneously. An important question is whether CCS is a temporary or long-term solution. The results show that in the middle of the 21st century CCS has its peak contribution, which allows prolonged use of relatively cheap fossil energy carriers. However, this leads to delayed introduction of renewable energy carriers. The technology path ways are accombined with different costs of climate change mitigation. The use of CCS delays and reduces the costs of climate change mitigation. However, the delayed introduction of renewable energy carriers leads to reduced technological learning, which induces higher costs in the longer term. All in all the temporary use of CCS reduces the costs of climate change mitigation costs. The result is robust, which is tested with various uncertainty analysis.
Adsorption layers of soluble surfactants enable and govern a variety of phenomena in surface and colloidal sciences, such as foams. The ability of a surfactant solution to form wet foam lamellae is governed by the surface dilatational rheology. Only systems having a non-vanishing imaginary part in their surface dilatational modulus, E, are able to form wet foams. The aim of this thesis is to illuminate the dissipative processes that give rise to the imaginary part of the modulus. There are two controversial models discussed in the literature. The reorientation model assumes that the surfactants adsorb in two distinct states, differing in their orientation. This model is able to describe the frequency dependence of the modulus E. However, it assumes reorientation dynamics in the millisecond time regime. In order to assess this model, we designed a SHG pump-probe experiment that addresses the orientation dynamics. Results obtained reveal that the orientation dynamics occur in the picosecond time regime, being in strong contradiction with the two states model. The second model regards the interface as an interphase. The adsorption layer consists of a topmost monolayer and an adjacent sublayer. The dissipative process is due to the molecular exchange between both layers. The assessment of this model required the design of an experiment that discriminates between the surface compositional term and the sublayer contribution. Such an experiment has been successfully designed and results on elastic and viscoelastic surfactant provided evidence for the correctness of the model. Because of its inherent surface specificity, surface SHG is a powerful analytical tool that can be used to gain information on molecular dynamics and reorganization of soluble surfactants. They are central elements of both experiments. However, they impose several structural elements of the model system. During the course of this thesis, a proper model system has been identified and characterized. The combination of several linear and nonlinear optical techniques, allowed for a detailed picture of the interfacial architecture of these surfactants.
This study is analysing the transformation of Slovak administration in the telecommunication sector between 1989 and 2004. The dynamic telecom sector forms a good example for the transition problems of post-socialist administration with special regard to the regulation regime change. After describing briefly the role of the telecom sector within economy, the Slovak sectoral policy is analysed. The focus is layed on telecom legislation (including the regulation framework), liberalization of the telecom market and privatisation of the former state owned telecom operator. The transformation of the organizational structure of the "Slovak telecommunication administration" is analysed in particular at the level of the ministry and the regulating agency.
Post-translational redox-regulation is a well-known mechanism to regulate enzymes of the Calvin cycle, oxidative pentose phosphate cycle, NADPH export and ATP synthesis in response to light. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate whether a similar mechanism is also regulating carbon storage in leaves. Previous studies have shown that the key-regulatory enzyme of starch synthesis, ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is inactivated by formation of an intermolecular disulfide bridge between the two catalytic subunits (AGPB) of the heterotetrameric holoenzyme in potato tubers, but the relevance of this mechanism to regulate starch synthesis in leaves was not investigated. The work presented in this thesis shows that AGPase is subject to post-translational redox-regulation in leaves of pea, potato and Arabidopsis in response to day night changes. Light was shown to trigger posttranslational redox-regulation of AGPase. AGPB was rapidly converted from a dimer to a monomer when isolated pea chloroplasts were illuminated and from a monomer to a dimer when preilluminated leaves were darkened. Conversion of AGPB from dimer to monomer was accompanied by an increase in activity due to changes in the kinetik properties of the enzyme. Studies with pea chloroplast extracts showed that AGPase redox-activation is mediated by thioredoxins f and m from spinach in-vitro. In a further set of experiments it was shown that sugars provide a second input leading to AGPase redox activation and increased starch synthesis and that they can act as a signal which is independent from light. External feeding of sugars such as sucrose or trehalose to Arabidopsis leaves in the dark led to conversion of AGPB from dimer to monomer and to an increase in the rate of starch synthesis, while there were no significant changes in the level of 3PGA, an allosteric activator of the enyzme, and in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio. Experiments with transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered levels of trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P), the precursor of trehalose synthesis, provided genetic evidence that T6P rather than trehalose is leading to AGPase redox-activation. Compared to Wt, leaves expressing E.coli trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) in the cytosol showed increased activation of AGPase and higher starch level during the day, while trehalose-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) overexpressing leaves showed the opposite. These changes occurred independently of changes in sugar and sugar-phosphate levels and NADPH/NADP+ ratio. External supply of sucrose to Wt and TPS-overexpressing leaves led to monomerisation of AGPB, while this response was attenuated in TPP expressing leaves, indicating that T6P is involved in the sucrose-dependent redox-activation of AGPase. To provide biochemical evidence that T6P promotes redox-activation of AGPase independently of cytosolic elements, T6P was fed to intact isolated chloroplasts for 15 min. incubation with concentrations down to 100 µM of T6P, but not with sucrose 6-phosphate, sucrose, trehalose or Pi as controls, significantly and specifically increased AGPB monomerisation and AGPase activity within 15 minutes, implying T6P as a signal reporting the cytosolic sugar status to the chloroplast. The response to T6P did not involve changes in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio consistent with T6P modulating redox-transfer to AGPase independently of changes in plastidial redox-state. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is known as key-regulatory enzyme of fatty acid and lipid synthesis in plants. At the start of the present thesis there was mainly in vitro evidence in the literature showing redox-regulation of ACCase by DTT, and thioredoxins f and m. In the present thesis the in-vivo relevance of this mechanism to regulate lipid synthesis in leaves was investigated. ACCase activity measurement in leaf tissue collected at the end of the day and night in Arabidopsis leaves revealed a 3-fold higher activation state of the enzyme in the light than in the dark. Redox-activation was accompanied by change in kinetic properties of ACCase, leading to an increase affinity to its substrate acetyl-CoA . In further experiments, DTT as well as sucrose were fed to leaves, and both treatments led to a stimulation in the rate of lipid synthesis accompanied by redox-activation of ACCase and decrease in acetyl-CoA content. In a final approach, comparison of metabolic and transcript profiling after DTT feeding and after sucrose feeding to leaves provided evidence that redox-modification is an important regulatory mechanism in central metabolic pathways such as TCA cycle and amino acid synthesis, which acts independently of transcript levels.
Modern biological analysis techniques supply scientists with various forms of data. One category of such data are the so called "expression data". These data indicate the quantities of biochemical compounds present in tissue samples. Recently, expression data can be generated at a high speed. This leads in turn to amounts of data no longer analysable by classical statistical techniques. Systems biology is the new field that focuses on the modelling of this information. At present, various methods are used for this purpose. One superordinate class of these methods is machine learning. Methods of this kind had, until recently, predominantly been used for classification and prediction tasks. This neglected a powerful secondary benefit: the ability to induce interpretable models. Obtaining such models from data has become a key issue within Systems biology. Numerous approaches have been proposed and intensively discussed. This thesis focuses on the examination and exploitation of one basic technique: decision trees. The concept of comparing sets of decision trees is developed. This method offers the possibility of identifying significant thresholds in continuous or discrete valued attributes through their corresponding set of decision trees. Finding significant thresholds in attributes is a means of identifying states in living organisms. Knowing about states is an invaluable clue to the understanding of dynamic processes in organisms. Applied to metabolite concentration data, the proposed method was able to identify states which were not found with conventional techniques for threshold extraction. A second approach exploits the structure of sets of decision trees for the discovery of combinatorial dependencies between attributes. Previous work on this issue has focused either on expensive computational methods or the interpretation of single decision trees a very limited exploitation of the data. This has led to incomplete or unstable results. That is why a new method is developed that uses sets of decision trees to overcome these limitations. Both the introduced methods are available as software tools. They can be applied consecutively or separately. That way they make up a package of analytical tools that usefully supplement existing methods. By means of these tools, the newly introduced methods were able to confirm existing knowledge and to suggest interesting and new relationships between metabolites.
The Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) process using the new RAFT agent benzyldithiophenyl acetate is shown to be a powerful polymerization tool to synthesize novel well-defined amphiphilic diblock copolymers composed of the constant hydrophobic block poly(butyl acrylate) and of 6 different hydrophilic blocks with various polarities, namely a series of non-ionic, non-ionic comb-like, anionic and cationic hydrophilic blocks. The controlled character of the polymerizations was supported by the linear increase of the molar masses with conversion, monomodal molar mass distributions with low polydispersities and high degrees of end-group functionalization. The new macro-surfactants form micelles in water, whose size and geometry strongly depend on their composition, according to dynamic and static light scattering measurements. The micellization is shown to be thermodynamically favored, due to the high incompatibility of the blocks as indicated by thermal analysis of the block copolymers in bulk. The thermodynamic state in solution is found to be in the strong or super strong segregation limit. Nevertheless, due to the low glass transition temperature of the core-forming block, unimer exchange occurs between the micelles. Despite the dynamic character of the polymeric micellar systems, the aggregation behavior is strongly dependent on the history of the sample, i.e., on the preparation conditions. The aqueous micelles exhibit high stability upon temperature cycles, except for an irreversibly precipitating block copolymer containing a hydrophilic block exhibiting a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Their exceptional stability upon dilution indicates very low critical micelle concentrations (CMC) (below 4∙10<sup>-4 g∙L<sup>-1). All non-ionic copolymers with sufficiently long solvophobic blocks aggregated into direct micelles in DMSO, too. Additionally, a new low-toxic highly hydrophilic sulfoxide block enables the formation of inverse micelles in organic solvents. The high potential of the new polymeric surfactants for many applications is demonstrated, in comparison to reference surfactants. The diblock copolymers are weakly surface-active, as indicated by the graduate decrease of the surface tension of their aqueous solutions with increasing concentration. No CMC could be detected. Their surface properties at the air/water interface confer anti-foaming properties. The macro-surfactants synthesized are surface-active at the interface between two liquid phases, too, since they are able to stabilize emulsions. The polymeric micelles are shown to exhibit a high ability to solubilize hydrophobic substances in water.
Quantified Boolean formulas (QBFs) play an important role in theoretical computer science. QBF extends propositional logic in such a way that many advanced forms of reasoning can be easily formulated and evaluated. In this dissertation we present our ZQSAT, which is an algorithm for evaluating quantified Boolean formulas. ZQSAT is based on ZBDD: Zero-Suppressed Binary Decision Diagram , which is a variant of BDD, and an adopted version of the DPLL algorithm. It has been implemented in C using the CUDD: Colorado University Decision Diagram package. The capability of ZBDDs in storing sets of subsets efficiently enabled us to store the clauses of a QBF very compactly and let us to embed the notion of memoization to the DPLL algorithm. These points led us to implement the search algorithm in such a way that we could store and reuse the results of all previously solved subformulas with a little overheads. ZQSAT can solve some sets of standard QBF benchmark problems (known to be hard for DPLL based algorithms) faster than the best existing solvers. In addition to prenex-CNF, ZQSAT accepts prenex-NNF formulas. We show and prove how this capability can be exponentially beneficial.
This work explores the equilibrium structure and thermodynamic phase behavior of complexes formed by charged polymer chains (polyelectrolytes) and oppositely charged spheres (macroions). Polyelectrolyte-macroion complexes form a common pattern in soft-matter physics, chemistry and biology, and enter in numerous technological applications as well. From a fundamental point of view, such complexes are interesting in that they combine the subtle interplay between electrostatic interactions and elastic as well as entropic effects due to conformational changes of the polymer chain, giving rise to a wide range of structural properties. This forms the central theme of theoretical studies presented in this thesis, which concentrate on a number of different problems involving strongly coupled complexes, i.e. complexes that are characterized by a large adsorption energy and small chain fluctuations. In the first part, a global analysis of the structural phase behavior of a single polyelectrolyte-macroion complex is presented based on a dimensionless representation, yielding results that cover a wide range of realistic system parameters. Emphasize is made on the interplay between the effects due to the polyelectrolytes chain length, salt concentration and the macroion charge as well as the mechanical chain persistence length. The results are summarized into generic phase diagrams characterizing the wrapping-dewrapping behavior of a polyelectrolyte chain on a macroion. A fully wrapped chain state is typically obtained at intermediate salt concentrations and chain lengths, where the amount of polyelectrolyte charge adsorbed on the macroion typically exceeds the bare macroion charge leading thus to a highly overcharged complex. Perhaps the most striking features occur when a single long polyelectrolyte chain is complexed with many oppositely charged spheres. In biology, such complexes form between DNA (which carries the cell's genetic information) and small oppositely charged histone proteins serving as an efficient mechanism for packing a huge amount of DNA into the micron-size cell nucleus in eucaryotic cells. The resultant complex fiber, known as the chromatin fiber, appears with a diameter of 30~nm under physiological conditions. Recent experiments indicate a zig-zag spatial arrangement for individual DNA-histone complexes (nucleosome core particles) along the chromatin fiber. A numerical method is introduced in this thesis based on a simple generic chain-sphere cell model that enables one to investigate the mechanism of fiber formation on a systematic level by incorporating electrostatic and elastic contributions. As will be shown, stable complex fibers exhibit an impressive variety of structures including zig-zag, solenoidal and beads-on-a-string patterns, depending on system parameters such as salt concentration, sphere charge as well as the chain contour length (per sphere). The present results predict fibers of compact zig-zag structure within the physiologically relevant regime with a diameter of about 30~nm, when DNA-histone parameters are adopted. In the next part, a numerical method is developed in order to investigate the role of thermal fluctuations on the structure and thermodynamic phase behavior of polyelectrolyte-macroion complexes. This is based on a saddle-point approximation, which allows to describe the experimentally observed reaction (or complexation) equilibrium in a dilute solution of polyelectrolytes and macroions on a systematic level. This equilibrium is determined by the entropy loss a single polyelectrolyte chain suffers as it binds to an oppositely charged macroion. This latter quantity can be calculated from the spectrum of polyelectrolyte fluctuations around a macroion, which is determined by means of a normal-mode analysis. Thereby, a stability phase diagram is obtained, which exhibits qualitative agreement with experimental findings. At elevated complex concentrations, one needs to account for the inter-complex interactions as well. It will be shown that at small separations, complexes undergo structural changes in such a way that positive patches from one complex match up with negative patches on the other. Furthermore, one of the polyelectrolyte chains may bridge between the two complexes. These mechanisms lead to a strong inter-complex attraction. As a result, the second virial coefficient associated with the inter-complex interaction becomes negative at intermediate salt concentrations in qualitative agreement with recent experiments on solutions of nucleosome core particles.
Consumer attitudes towards genetically modified foods in Europe : structure and changeability
(2004)
Genetically modified foods have been at the center of debate in European consumer policy in the last two decades. Although the quasi-moratorium has been lifted in May 2004 and the road to the market is in principle reopened, strategies for product introduction are lacking. The aim of the research is to assess potential barriers in the area of consumer acceptance and suggest ways in which they can be overcome. After a short history of the genetically modified foods debate in Europe, the existing literature is reviewed. Although previous research converges in its central results, issues that are more fundamental have remained unresolved. Based on classical approaches in attitude research and modern theories of social cognition, a general model of the structure, function and dynamics of whole systems of attitudes is developed. The predictions of the model are empirically tested based on an attitude survey (N = 2000) and two attitude change experiments (N = 1400 and N = 750). All three studies were conducted in parallel in four EU member states. The results show that consumer attitudes towards genetically modified foods are embedded into a structured system of general socio-political attitudes. The system operates as a schema through which consumers form global evaluations of the technology. Specific risk and benefit judgments are mere epiphenomena of this process. Risk-benefit trade-offs, as often presupposed in the literature, do not appear to enter the process. The attitudes have a value-expressive function; their purpose is not just a temporary reduction of complexity. These properties render the system utterly resistant to communicative interventions. At the same time, it exerts stong anchoring effects on the processing of new information. Communication of benefit arguments can trigger boomerang effects and backfire on the credibility of the communicator when the arguments contrast with preexisting attitudes held by the consumer. Only direct sensory experience with high-quality products can partially bypass the system and lead to the formation of alternative attitude structures. Therefore, the recommended market introduction strategy for genetically modified foods is the simultaneous and coordinated launch of many high-quality products. Point of sale promotions should be the central instrument. Information campaigns, on the other hand, are not likely to have an effect on the product and technology acceptance of European consumers.
Arabidopsis thaliana trichomes exhibit strong birefringence under polarized light, a characteristic of cell walls containing large amounts of highly ordered cellulose microfibrils. The tbr1 mutant of Arabidopsis lacks trichome birefringence and is deficient in secondary cell wall cellulose synthesis (Potikha and Delmer, 1995). The TBR gene was identified by recombinational mapping, candidate gene sequencing and molecular complementation using genomic cosmid clones, as well as a p35S:TBR genomic DNA construct, fully rescuing the mutant phenotype in both cases. The only mutant allele available (tbr-1) carries a substitution (G to E) in a conserved aminoacid domain of the protein. TBR gene structure was proved to have a longer size than the one found to be annotated at the time of identification in the data-base. A full cDNA clone containing the full transcript was available and also complementation experiments using different gene fragments (annotated and suggested) leaded to the result that TBR gene is indeed, longer. TBR encodes a novel plant-specific protein with predicted plasma membrane localization, therefore being consistent with idea that is required for-, or is a novel component of a functional cellulose synthase complex. TBR is part of an Arabidopsis gene/protein family, (TBL-trichome birefringence like) which, depending on homology, comprises up to 20 members, none of which has a biological or biochemical function attributed. T-DNA insertion lines in TBR gene and two close homologues have been screened by PCR, but no homozygous were found and no trichomes phenotype was identified. Promoter-GUS lines were produced for TBR, as well as for its two closest homologues (one being a segmentally duplicated gene on chromosome III), using 1.6-2 kb of promoter sequence upstream of the annotated start codons. The TBR promoter was the only one of the three that yielded trichome expression, this probably explaining the phenotype of the TBR mutant. Moreover, TBR is expressed in leaves, in growing lateral roots, and in vascular tissues of young Arabidopsis seedlings and plantlets. Later on, the expression appears in inflorescens, stems, flowers and green siliques. This expression pattern is largely overlapping with those of the two analyzed homologues and it corresponds with data of RT-PCR expression profiling performed for TBR and the two analyzed homologues in different tissues, at different developmental stages. Biochemical analysis of cell wall (leaves and trichomes), as GC and MALDI-TOF, were performed, but revealed no major differences between tbr1 and wild type plants. Scanning electron microscopy analysis and cell wall polysaccharides antibody labeling showed a clear difference in the trichomes cell wall structure between mutant plant and wild type.
The scope of this study is to investigate the environmental change in the German part of the Elbe river basin, whereby the focus is on two water related problems: having too little water and having water of poor quality. The Elbe region is representative of humid to semi-humid landscapes in central Europe, where water availability during the summer season is the limiting factor for plant growth and crop yields, especially in the loess areas, where the annual precipitation is lower than 500 mm. It is most likely that water quantity problems will accelerate in future, because both the observed and the projected climate trend show an increase in temperature and a decrease in annual precipitation, especially in the summer. Another problem is nutrient pollution of rivers and lakes. In the early 1990s, the Elbe was one of the most heavily polluted rivers in Europe. Even though nutrient emissions from point sources have notably decreased in the basin due to reduction of industrial sources and introduction of new and improved sewage treatment facilities, the diffuse sources of pollution are still not sufficiently controlled. The investigations have been done using the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which has been embedded in a model framework of climate and agro-economic models. A global scenario of climate and agro-economic change has been regionalized to generate transient climate forcing data and land use boundary conditions for the model. The model was used to transform the climate and land use changes into altered evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, crop yields and river discharge, and to investigate the development of water quality in the river basin. Particular emphasis was given to assessing the significance of the impacts on the hydrology, taking into account in the analysis the inherent uncertainty of the regional climate change as well as the uncertainty in the results of the model. The average trend of the regional climate change scenario indicates a decrease in mean annual precipitation up to 2055 of about 1.5 %, but with high uncertainty (covering the range from -15.3 % to +14.8 %), and a less uncertain increase in temperature of approximately 1.4 K. The relatively small change in precipitation in conjunction with the change in temperature leads to severe impacts on groundwater recharge and river flow. Increasing temperature induces longer vegetation periods, and the seasonality of the flow regime changes towards longer low flow spells in summer. As a results the water availability will decrease on average of the scenario simulations by approximately 15 %. The increase in temperatures will improve the growth conditions for temperature limited crops like maize. The uncertainty of the climate trend is particularly high in regions where the change is the highest. The simulation results for the Nuthe subbasin of the Elbe indicate that retention processes in groundwater, wetlands and riparian zones have a high potential to reduce the nitrate concentrations of rivers and lakes in the basin, because they are located at the interface between catchment area and surface water bodies, where they are controlling the diffuse nutrient inputs. The relatively high retention of nitrate in the Nuthe basin is due to the long residence time of water in the subsurface (about 40 years), with good conditions for denitrification, and due to nitrate retention and plant uptake in wetlands and riparian zones. The concluding result of the study is that the natural environment and communities in parts of Central Europe will have considerably lower water resources under scenario conditions. The water quality will improve, but due to the long residence time of water and nutrients in the subsurface, this improvement will be slower in areas where the conditions for nutrient turn-over in the subsurface are poor.
In the present work, we discuss two subjects related to the nonequilibrium dynamics of polymers or biological filaments adsorbed to two-dimensional substrates. The first part is dedicated to thermally activated dynamics of polymers on structured substrates in the presence or absence of a driving force. The structured substrate is represented by double-well or periodic potentials. We consider both homogeneous and point driving forces. Point-like driving forces can be realized in single molecule manipulation by atomic force microscopy tips. Uniform driving forces can be generated by hydrodynamic flow or by electric fields for charged polymers. In the second part, we consider collective filament motion in motility assays for motor proteins, where filaments glide over a motor-coated substrate. The model for the simulation of the filament dynamics contains interactive deformable filaments that move under the influence of forces from molecular motors and thermal noise. Motor tails are attached to the substrate and modeled as flexible polymers (entropic springs), motor heads perform a directed walk with a given force-velocity relation. We study the collective filament dynamics and pattern formation as a function of the motor and filament density, the force-velocity characteristics, the detachment rate of motor proteins and the filament interaction. In particular, the formation and statistics of filament patterns such as nematic ordering due to motor activity or clusters due to blocking effects are investigated. Our results are experimentally accessible and possible experimental realizations are discussed.
Nitrogen is often a limiting factor for plant growth due to its heterogenous distribution in the soil and to seasonal and diurnal changes in growth rates. In most soils, NH4+ and NO3 – are the predominant sources of inorganic nitrogen that are available for plant nutrition. In this context, plants have evolved mechanisms that enable them to optimize nitrogen acquisition, which include transporters specialized in the uptake of nitrogen and susceptible to a regulation that responds to nitrogen limiting or excess conditions. Although the average NH4+ concentrations of soils are generally 100 to 1000 times lower than those of NO3 – (Marschner, 1995), most plants preferentially take up NH4+ when both forms are present because unlike NO3– , NH4+ has not to be reduced prior to assimilation and thus requires less energy for assimilation (Bloom et al., 1992). Apart from high uptake rates in roots, high intracellular ammonium concentrations also result from quantitatively important internal breakdown of amino acids (Feng et al., 1998), and originates in high quantities during photorespiration (Mattson et al., 1997, Pearson et al., 1998). Thus, NH4+ is a key component of nitrogen metabolism for all plants and can accumulate to varying concentrations in all compartments of the cell, including the cytosol, the vacuole and in the apoplast (Wells and Miller, 2000; Nielsen and Schjoerring, 1998). Two related families of ammonium transporters (AMT1 and AMT2), containing six genes which encode transporter proteins that are specific for ammonium had been identified prior to this thesis and some genes had partially been characterised in Arabidopsis (Gazzarrini et al., 1999; Sohlenkamp et al. 2002; Kaiser et al., 2002). However, these studies were not sufficient to assign physiological functions to the individual transporters and AMT1.4 and AMT1.5 had not been studied prior to this thesis. Given this background, it was considered desirable to acquire a deeper knowledge of the physiological functions of the six Arabidopsis ammonium transporters. To this end, tissue specific expression profiles of the individual wildtype AtAMT genes were performed by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) and promoter-GUS expression. Modern approaches such as the use of T-DNA insertional mutants and RNAi hairpin constructs were employed to reduce the expression levels of AMT genes. Transcript levels were determined, and physiological, biochemical and developmental analysis such as growth tests on different media and 14C-MA and NH4+ uptake studies with the isolated insertional mutants and RNAi lines were performed to deepen the knowledge of the individual functions of the six AMTs in Arabidopsis. In addition, double mutants of the insertional mutants were created to investigate the extent in which homologous genes could compensate for lost transporter functions. The results described in this thesis show that the six AtAMT genes display a high degree of specifity in their tissue specific expression and are likely to play complementary roles in ammonium uptake into roots, in shoots, and in flowers. AtAMT1.1 is likely to be a ‘work horse’ for cellular ammonium transport and reassimilation. A major role is probably the recapture of photorespiratory NH3/NH4+ escaping from the cytosol. In roots, it is likely to transport NH4+ from the apoplast into cortical cells. AtAMT1.3 and AtAMT1.5 appear to be specialised in the acquisition of external NH4+ from the soil. Furthermore, AtAMT1.5 plays an additional role in the reassimilation of NH3/NH4+ released during the breakdown of storage proteins in the cotyledons of germinating seedlings. It was difficult to distinguish a specialisation between the transporters AtAMt1.2 and AtAMt1.1, however the root and flower specific expression patterns are different and indicate alternative functions of both. AtAMT1.4 has a very distinct expression which is restricted to the vascular bundels of leaves and to pollen only, where it is likely to be involved in the loading of NH4+ into the cells.The AtAMT2.1 expression pattern is confined to vascular bundels and meristematic active tissues in leaves where ammonium concentrations can reach very high levels. Additionally, the Vmax of AtAMT2 increases with increasing external pH, contrasting to AtAMT1.1. Thus, AtAMT2.1 it might be specialised in ammonium transport in ammonium rich environments, where the functions of other transporters are limited, enabling cells to take up NH4+ over a wide range of concentrations. The root hair expression ascribes an additional role in NH3/NH4+ acquisition where it possibly serves as a transporter that is able to acquire ammonium from basic soils where other transporters become less effective.RNAi lines showing a reduction in AtAMT gene mRNA levels and NH4+ transport kinetics, grew slower and flowering time was delayed. This indicates that NH4+ is a crucial and limiting factor for plant growth.
Agricultural policy in the transition states of Central Eastern Europe is a very complex issue – ranging from privatisation of farm land, the establishment of agricultural markets to detailed questions of veterinary care, plant health and animal nutrition. Its main elements are the introduction of market liberalization, farm restructuring, privatisation, the reform of the sector and the creation of supporting market institutions and services.1 In this process central state agriculture administration plays a decisive role. This paper is summing up the research of the author on Slovak agricultural administration between 2002 and 2004. This work was part of a DFG-funded research project on “Genesis, Organization and Efficiency of the central-state Ministerial Administration in Central and Eastern Europe”. The project was analysing the processes, results and efficiency of administrative structures at central-state level in Estonia, Poland and Slovakia with reference to public administration in the policy fields of agriculture and telecommunications. The paper is reflecting the situation in the sector and its administration at the beginning of 2004. At first, an overview of the role of the agricultural sector in Slovak economy in the past and presence is provided (section I). Against this background, the development of the agricultural policy in the different periods since 1989 will be analysed, mainly what privatisation, accession to the EU and subsidy policy are concerned (section II). A detailed study of the developments in agricultural administration forms the next part of the paper (section III), i.e. the changes taking place in the ministry of agriculture and in the other institutions responsible for the implementation of agricultural policy. The role of interest groups in agriculture is briefly analysed (section IV). In the conclusions two different scenarios on the further development of Slovak agricultural administration will be deployed.
Strong damped Lyman alpha absorption (DLA) lines seen spectra of distant quasar are believed to arise when the sight line to the quasar goes trough the disc of a galaxy or a proto galaxy. Most of the neutral matter in the universe is contained in these clouds of neutral hydrogen that cause the absorption lines. Hence these DLAs are reservoirs for the formation of stars and galaxies throughout the universe. Despite intensive efforts over more than two decades only few galaxies responsible for the DLAs have been found. The problem is that the galaxies that harbour the neutral clouds are not necessarily bright, and selecting galaxies based on absorption lines could well select different types of galaxies than found in large surveys. If we are to understand how galaxies form out of neutral gas clouds it is essential to locate the galaxies in which DLAs reside. This thesis explores the use of integral field spectroscopy (IFS) to observe quasars known to have strong absorption lines in their spectra. IFS allows us to obtain a spectrum at many spatial points close to the quasar, thus providing images and spectroscopy simultaneously. From the imaging part, we can directly identify objects, and from the spectroscopy we can calculate the distances to the objects. When the distance of the object found in emission matches the distance to the object that cause the DLA line, we have identified the absorbing galaxy. Using this technique, we have showed that we can successfully recover a few DLA galaxies known previously from the literature. In a survey aimed to increase the number of DLA galaxies we have identified eight new candidate DLA galaxies. The projected distances from the candidates to the quasar sight lines indicate that the DLA galaxies have sizes similar to local disc galaxies. Hence our results suggest that large discs may be present when the universe was just 2 billion years old. We furthermore find no differences between the sizes of the very distant DLA galaxies and those that are not so distant. The large sizes imply that their neutral hydrogen masses are also similar to those in local galaxies, but we argue that the DLA galaxies are not necessarily as luminous as the present day disc galaxies. Taking advantage of the three-dimensional view provided by the IFS data, the second part of this thesis investigates extended emission line regions arising in the quasar neighborhood. We find that extended emission line nebulae are common around quasars, and explore the effects that may be the cause. Some quasars are known to be powerful radio emitters while others are not detected at radio wavelengths. We find that significantly larger and brighter emission line nebulae are found around the quasars which have the brightest radio emission, and in particular those that have large radio jets. The existence of the nebulae can be interpreted as an interaction of the radio jet with the surrounding medium, but we can not rule out a scenario where there are density or temperature differences in the surrounding environment. Only for the brightest object, where additional velocity information can be derived from the IFS data, can we argue for an interaction. In conclusion the use of IFS to search for faint emission lines, both from point sources and extended nebulae provides exciting new results within the scientific areas studied here.
Understanding the principles of self-organisation exhibited by block copolymers requires the combination of synthetic and physicochemical knowledge. The ability to synthesise block copolymers with desired architecture facilitates the ability to manipulate their aggregation behaviour, thus providing the key to nanotechnology. Apart from relative block volumes, the size and morphology of the produced nanostructures is controlled by the effective incompatibility between the different blocks. Since polymerisation techniques allowing for the synthesis of well-defined block copolymers are restricted to a limited number of monomers, the ability to tune the incompatibility is very limited. Nevertheless, Polymer Analogue Reactions can offer another possibility for the production of functional block copolymers by chemical modifications of well-defined polymer precursors. Therefore, by applying appropriate modification methods both volume fractions and incompatibility, can be adjusted. Moreover, copolymers with introduced functional units allow utilization of the concept of molecular recognition in the world of synthetic polymers. The present work describes a modular synthetic approach towards functional block copolymers. Radical addition of functional mercaptanes was employed for the introduction of diverse functional groups to polybutadiene-containing block copolymers. Various modifications of 1,2-polybutadiene-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer precursors are described in detail. Furthermore, extension of the concept to 1,2-polybutadiene-polystyrene block copolymers is demonstrated. Further investigations involved the self-organisation of the modified block copolymers. Formed aggregates in aqueous solutions of block copolymers with introduced carboxylic acid, amine and hydroxyl groups as well as fluorinated chains were characterised. Study of the aggregation behaviour allowed general conclusions to be drawn regarding the influence of the introduced groups on the self-organisation of the modified copolymers. Finally, possibilities for the formation of complexes, based on electrostatic or hydrogen-bonding interactions in mixtures of block copolymers bearing mutually interacting functional groups, were investigated.
Subduction zones are regions of intense earthquake activity up to great depth. Sources are located inside the subducting lithosphere and, as a consequence, seismic radiation from subduction zone earthquakes is strongly affected by the interior slab structure. The wave field of these intraslab events observed in the forearc region is profoundly influenced by a seismically slow layer atop the slab surface. This several kilometer thick low-velocity channel (wave guide) causes the entrapment of seismic energy producing strong guided wave phases that appear in P onsets in certain regions of the forearc. Observations at the Chile-Peru subduction zone presented here, as well as observations at several other circum-pacific subduction zones show such signals. Guided wave analysis contributes details of immense value regarding the processes near the slab surface, such as layering of subducted lithosphere, source locations of intraslab seismicity and most of all, range and manner of mineralogical phase transitions. Seismological data stem from intermediate depth events (depth range 70 km - 300 km) recorded in northern Chile near 21 Grad S during the collaborative research initiative " Deformation Processes in the Andes" (SFB 267). A subset of stations - all located within a slab-parallel transect close to 69 Grad W - show low-frequency first arrivals (2 Hz), sometimes followed by a second high-frequency phase. We employ 2-dimensional finite-difference simulations of complete P-SV wave propagation to explore the parameter space of subduction zone wave guides and explain the observations. Key processes underlying the guided wave propagation are studied: Two distinct mechanisms of decoupling of trapped energy from the wave guide are analyzed - a prerequisite to observe the phases at stations located at large distances from the wave guide (up to 100 km). Variations of guided wave effects perpendicular to the strike of the subduction zone are investigated, such as the influence of phases traveling in the fast slab. Further, the merits and limits of guided wave analysis are assessed. Frequency spectra of the guided wave onsets prove to be a robust quantity that captures guided wave characteristics at subduction zones including higher mode excitation. They facilitate the inference of wave guide structure and source positioning: The peak frequency of the guided wave fundamental mode is associated with a certain combination of layer width and velocity contrast. The excitation strength of the guided wave fundamental mode and higher modes is associated with source position and orientation relative to the low-velocity layer. The guided wave signals at the Chile-Peru subduction zone are caused by energy that leaks from the subduction zone wave guide. On the one hand, the bend shape of the slab allows for leakage at a depth of 100 km. On the other, equalization of velocities between the wave guide and the host rocks causes further energy leakage at the contact zone between continental and oceanic crust (70 km depth). Guided waves bearing information on deep slab structure can therefore be recorded at specific regions in the forearc. These regions are determined based on slab geometry, and their locations coincide with the observations. A number of strong constraints on the structure of the Chile-Peru slab are inferred: The deep wave guide for intraslab events is formed by a layer of 2 km average width that remains seismically slow (7 percent velocity reduction compared to surrounding mantle). This low-velocity layer at the top of the Chile-Peru slab is imaged from a depth of 100 km down to at least 160 km. Intermediate depth events causing the observed phases are located inside the layer or directly beneath it in the slab mantle. The layer is interpreted as partially eclogized lower oceanic crust persisting to depth beyond the volcanic arc.
In this work, the nonaqueous synthesis of binary and ternary metal oxide nanoparticles is investigated for a number of technologically important materials. A strong focus was put on studying the reaction mechanisms leading to particle formation upon solvothermal treatment of the precursors, as an understanding of the formation processes is expected to be crucial for a better control of the systems, offering the potential to tailor particle size and morphology. The synthesis of BaTiO3 was achieved by solvothermal reaction of metallic barium and titanium isopropoxide in organic solvents. Phase-pure, highly crystalline particles about 6 nm in size resulted in benzyl alcohol, whereas larger particles could be obtained in ketones such as acetone or acetophenone. In benzyl alcohol, a novel mechanism was found to lead to BaTiO3, involving a C–C coupling step between the isopropoxide ligand and the benzylic carbon of the solvent. The resulting coupling product, 4-phenyl-2-butanol, is found in almost stoichiometric yield. The particle formation in ketones proceeds via a Ti-mediated aldol condensation of the solvent, involving formal elimination of water which induces formation of the oxide. These processes also occurred when reacting solely the titanium alkoxide with ketones or aldehydes, leading to highly crystalline anatase nanoparticles for all tested solvents. In ketones, also the synthesis of nanopowders of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) was achieved, which were initially amorphous but could be crystallized by calcination at moderate temperatures. Additionally, PZT films were prepared by simply casting a suspension of the powder onto Si substrates followed by calcination.Solvothermal synthesis however is not restricted to alkoxides as precursors but is also achieved from metal acetylacetonates. The use of benzylamine as solvent proved particularly versatile, making possible the synthesis of nanocrystalline In2O3, Ga2O3, ZnO and iron oxide from the respective acetylacetonates. During the synthesis, the acetylacetonate ligand undergoes a solvolysis under C–C cleavage, resulting in metal-bound enolate ligands which, in analogy to the synthesis in ketones, induce ketimine and aldol condensation reactions. In the last section of this work, surface functionalization of anatase nanoparticles is explored. The particles were first capped with various organic ligands via a facile in situ route, which resulted in altered properties such as enhanced dispersibility in various solvents. In a second step, short functional oligopeptide segments were attached to the particles by means of a catechol linker to achieve advanced self-assembly properties.
The external dispersal ("epizoochory") of vascular plant diaspores (seeds and fruits) by roe deer and wild boar, i.e. the most common wild large mammals with a large home range in central Europe, was investigated in a 6.5-km² forest area in NE Germany dominated by mesic deciduous forests. The study involved brushing out the diaspores from the coats and hooves of 25 shot roe deer and nine wild boar. The results were compared with the forest vegetation of the study area. Whilst wild boar transported large amounts of various diaspores in the coat, the significance of roe deer for epizoochory was low due to their sleek fur and different behaviour compared to wild boar. Altogether, 55 vascular plant species were transported externally. Since only a limited number of seeds came from woodland habitats, the open landscape was at least as important as a source of attached seeds as the forest vegetation. Thus, most plant species occurring in the studied forest area, especially characteristic woodland herbs, showed no adaptations to epizoochorous dispersal, although being very abundant in the herb layer. We conclude that hoofed game play a particular role concerning the dispersal of ruderal and grassland species in the agricultural landscape of central Europe. However, the actual spread of some herb species in forests of northern Germany, e.g. Agrostis capillaris, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium aparine and Urtica dioica, may be mainly facilitated by wild ungulates. Though dispersal by large mammals is an important mechanism for long-distance dispersal of plants in general, our results suggest that most of the characteristic herb species of mesic deciduous forests have only low epizoochorous dispersal potentials. The implications for nature conservation and silviculture are discussed.
A seed sowing experiment was conducted in a mixed secondary woodland on acidic soils in NE Germany with Melampyrum pratense, an annual ant-dispersed forest herb which lacks a natural population in the study area, but is abundant in similar habitats. Each set of 300 seeds was sown within one square metre at three sites in 1997, and the development of the populations was recorded from 1998 onward. Additionally, seed fall patterns were studied in a natural population by means of adhesive cardboard. All trials resulted in the recruitment of populations, which survived and increased in both individual number and area, up to the year 2001. Thus, local distribution of Melampyrum pratense is dispersallimited. Total individual number increased from 105 to 3,390, and total population area from 2.07 to 109.04 m². Migration occurred in all directions. Mean migration rate was 0.91 m per year, and the highest migration rate was 6.48 m. No individual was recorded beyond 7.63 m from the centres of the sawn squares after three years, suggesting exclusive short-distance dispersal. As primary dispersal enables only distances of up to 0.25 m, ants are presumed to be the main dispersal vectors. Despite differences in individual number and colonization patterns, migration rates did not differ significantly between the populations, but were significantly higher in 2001 due to an increased population size. Colonization patterns were characterized by a rapid, negative exponential decrease of population density with increasing distance from the sown plot, suggesting a colonization by establishment of more or less isolated outposts of individuals and a subsequent gradual infill of the gaps between. My results resemble myrmecochorous dispersal distances in temperate woodlands, and migration rates and patterns across ecotones from ancient to recent deciduous forests. They may function as a colonization model of Melampyrum pratense after accidental long-distance dispersal.
Structure and reactivity of a biological soil crust from a xeric sandy soil in Central Europe
(2004)
The investigation was designed to explore the structure, composition and activity of a biological soil crust on an acidic, sandy soil from a temperate climate. The crust covers several hundreds of square meters on the hilltop of a large terminal moraine. The conjugate alga Zygogonium ericetorum forms the essential matrix for the crust, a dense web of algal filaments with interspersed lichens and mosses. The crust is composed of three layers, with an uppermost layer consisting nearly entirely of a dense algal mat. In lower layers, a parasitic fungus, penetrating the algal cells, is another important component of the crust community. In this soil crust, photosynthetic and respiratory activity is stabilized at low water activities.
About 24 % of the land surface in the northern hemisphere are underlayed by permafrost in various states. Permafrost aggradation occurs under special environmental conditions with overall low annual precipitation rates and very low mean annual temperatures. Because the general permafrost occurrence is mainly driven by large-scale climatic conditions, the distribution of permafrost deposits can be considered as an important climate indicator. The region with the most extensive continuous permafrost is Siberia. In northeast Siberia, the ice- and organic-rich permafrost deposits of the Ice Complex are widely distributed. These deposits consist mostly of silty to fine-grained sandy sediments that were accumulated during the Late Pleistocene in an extensive plain on the then subaerial Laptev Sea shelf. One important precondition for the Ice Complex sedimentation was, that the Laptev Sea shelf was not glaciated during the Late Pleistocene, resulting in a mostly continuous accumulation of permafrost sediments for at least this period. This shelf landscape became inundated and eroded in large parts by the Holocene marine transgression after the Last Glacial Maximum. Remnants of this landscape are preserved only in the present day coastal areas. Because the Ice Complex deposits contain a wide variety of palaeo-environmental proxies, it is an excellent palaeo-climate archive for the Late Quaternary in the region. Furthermore, the ice-rich Ice Complex deposits are sensible to climatic change, i.e. climate warming. Because of the large-scale climatic changes at the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene, the Ice Complex was subject to extensive thermokarst processes since the Early Holocene. Permafrost deposits are not only an environmental indicator, but also an important climate factor. Tundra wetlands, which have developed in environments with aggrading permafrost, are considered a net sink for carbon, as organic matter is stored in peat or is syn-sedimentary frozen with permafrost aggradation. Contrary, the Holocene thermokarst development resulted in permafrost degradation and thus the release of formerly stored organic carbon. Modern tundra wetlands are also considered an important source for the climate-driving gas methane, originating mainly from microbial activity in the seasonal active layer. Most scenarios for future global climate development predict a strong warming trend especially in the Arctic. Consequently, for the understanding of how permafrost deposits will react and contribute to such scenarios, it is necessary to investigate and evaluate ice-rich permafrost deposits like the widespread Ice Complex as climate indicator and climate factor during the Late Quaternary. Such investigations are a pre-condition for the precise modelling of future developments in permafrost distribution and the influence of permafrost degradation on global climate. The focus of this work, which was conducted within the frame of the multi-disciplinary joint German-Russian research projects "Laptev Sea 2000" (1998-2002) and "Dynamics of Permafrost" (2003-2005), was twofold. First, the possibilities of using remote sensing and terrain modelling techniques for the observation of periglacial landscapes in Northeast Siberia in their present state was evaluated and applied to key sites in the Laptev Sea coastal lowlands. The key sites were situated in the eastern Laptev Sea (Bykovsky Peninsula and Khorogor Valley) and the western Laptev Sea (Cape Mamontovy Klyk region). For this task, techniques using CORONA satellite imagery, Landsat-7 satellite imagery, and digital elevation models were developed for the mapping of periglacial structures, which are especially indicative of permafrost degradation. The major goals were to quantify the extent of permafrost degradation structures and their distribution in the investigated key areas, and to establish techniques, which can be used also for the investigation of other regions with thermokarst occurrence. Geographical information systems were employed for the mapping, the spatial analysis, and the enhancement of classification results by rule-based stratification. The results from the key sites show, that thermokarst, and related processes and structures, completely re-shaped the former accumulation plain to a strongly degraded landscape, which is characterised by extensive deep depressions and erosional remnants of the Late Pleistocene surface. As a results of this rapid process, which in large parts happened within a short period during the Early Holocene, the hydrological and sedimentological regime was completely changed on a large scale. These events resulted also in a release of large amounts of organic carbon. Thermokarst is now the major component in the modern periglacial landscapes in terms of spatial extent, but also in its influence on hydrology, sedimentation and the development of vegetation assemblages. Second, the possibilities of using remote sensing and terrain modelling as a supplementary tool for palaeo-environmental reconstructions in the investigated regions were explored. For this task additionally a comprehensive cryolithological field database was developed for the Bykovsky Peninsula and the Khorogor Valley, which contains previously published data from boreholes, outcrops sections, subsurface samples, and subsurface samples, as well as additional own field data. The period covered by this database is mainly the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene, but also the basal deposits of the sedimentary sequence, interpreted as Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, are contained. Remote sensing was applied for the observation of periglacial strucures, which then were successfully related to distinct landscape development stages or time intervals in the investigation area. Terrain modelling was used for providing a general context of the landscape development. Finally, a scheme was developed describing mainly the Late Quaternary landscape evolution in this area. A major finding was the possibility of connecting periglacial surface structures to distinct landscape development stages, and thus use them as additional palaeo-environmental indicator together with other proxies for area-related palaeo-environmental reconstructions. In the landscape evolution scheme, i.e. of the genesis of the Late Pleistocene Ice Complex and the Holocene thermokarst development, some new aspects are presented in terms of sediment source and general sedimentation conditions. This findings apply also for other sites in the Laptev Sea region.
Reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) was used as a controlling technique for studying the aqueous heterophase polymerization. The polymerization rates obtained by calorimetric investigation of ab initio emulsion polymerization of styrene revealed the strong influence of the type and combination of the RAFT agent and initiator on the polymerization rate and its profile. The studies in all-glass reactors on the evolution of the characteristic data such as average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and average particle size during the polymerization revealed the importance of the peculiarities of the heterophase system such as compartmentalization, swelling, and phase transfer. These results illustrated the important role of the water solubility of the initiator in determining the main loci of polymerization and the crucial role of the hydrophobicity of the RAFT agent for efficient transportation to the polymer particles. For an optimum control during ab-initio batch heterophase polymerization of styrene with RAFT, the RAFT agent must have certain hydrophilicity and the initiator must be water soluble in order to minimize reactions in the monomer phase. An analytical method was developed for the quantitative measurements of the sorption of the RAFT agents to the polymer particles based on the absorption of the visible light by the RAFT agent. Polymer nanoparticles, temperature, and stirring were employed to simulate the conditions of a typical aqueous heterophase polymerization system. The results confirmed the role of the hydrophilicity of the RAFT agent on the effectiveness of the control due to its fast transportation to the polymer particles during the initial period of polymerization after particle nucleation. As the presence of the polymer particles were essential for the transportation of the RAFT agents into the polymer dispersion, it was concluded that in an ab initio emulsion polymerization the transport of the hydrophobic RAFT agent only takes place after the nucleation and formation of the polymer particles. While the polymerization proceeds and the particles grow the rate of the transportation of the RAFT agent increases with conversion until the free monomer phase disappears. The degradation of the RAFT agent by addition of KPS initiator revealed unambigueous evidence on the mechanism of entry in heterophase polymerization. These results showed that even extremely hydrophilic primary radicals, such as sulfate ion radical stemming from the KPS initiator, can enter the polymer particles without necessarily having propagated and reached a certain chain length. Moreover, these results recommend the employment of azo-initiators instead of persulfates for the application in seeded heterophase polymerization with RAFT agents. The significant slower rate of transportation of the RAFT agent to the polymer particles when its solvent (styrene) was replaced with a more hydrophilic monomer (methyl methacrylate) lead to the conclusion that a complicated cooperative and competitive interplay of solubility parameters and interaction parameter with the particles exist, determining an effective transportation of the organic molecules to the polymer particles through the aqueous phase. The choice of proper solutions of even the most hydrophobic organic molecules can provide the opportunity of their sorption into the polymer particles. Examples to support this idea were given by loading the extremely stiff fluorescent molecule, pentacene, and very hydrophobic dye, Sudan IV, into the polymer particles. Finally, the first application of RAFT at room temperature heterophase polymerization is reported. The results show that the RAFT process is effective at ambient temperature; however, the rate of fragmentation is significantly slower. The elevation of the reaction temperature in the presence of the RAFT agent resulted in faster polymerization and higher molar mass, suggesting that the fragmentation rate coefficient and its dependence on the temperature is responsible for the observed retardation.
This book is about inventing successes and good practices of governments that are "closer to the people". Numerous examples throughout Latin America indicate-often despite macroeconomic instability, high inflation, and strong top-down regulation-that subnational actors have repeatedly achieved what their central counterparts preached: sound policymaking, better administration, better services, more participation, and sustained economic development. But what makes some governments change course and move toward innovation? What triggers experimentation and, eventually, turns ordinary practice into good practice? The book answers some of these questions. It goes beyond a mere documentation of good and best practice, which is increasingly provided through international networks and Internet sites. Instead, it seeks a better understanding of the origins and fates of such successes at the micro level. The case studies and analytical chapters seek to explain: How good practice is born at the local level; Where innovative ideas come from; How such ideas are introduced in a new context, successfully implemented, and propagated locally and beyond; What donors can do to effectively assist processes of self-induced and bottom-up change.
The Thesis is focused on the properties of self-organized nanostructures. Atomic and electronic properties of different systems have been investigated using methods of electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. Implementation of the STM technique (including design, construction, and tuning of the UHV experimental set-up) has been done in the framework of present work. This time-consuming work is reported to greater detail in the experimental part of this Thesis. The scientific part starts from the study of quantum-size effects in the electronic structure of a two-dimensional Ag film on the supporting substrate Ni(111). Distinct quantum well states in the sp-band of Ag were observed in photoelectron spectra. Analysis of thickness- and angle-dependent photoemission supplies novel information on the properties of the interface. For the first time the Ni(111) relative band gap was indirectly probed in the ground-state through the electronic structure of quantum well states in the adlayer. This is particularly important for Ni where valence electrons are strongly correlated. Comparison of the experiment with calculations performed in the formalism of the extended phase accumulation model gives the substrate gap which is fully consistent with the one obtained by ab-initio LDA calculations. It is, however, in controversy to the band structure of Ni measured directly by photoemission. These results lend credit to the simplest view of photoemission from Ni, assigning early observed contradictions between theory and experiments to electron correlation effects in the final state of photoemission. Further, nanosystems of lower dimensionality have been studied. Stepped surfaces W(331) and W(551) were used as one-dimensional model systems and as templates for self-organization of Au nanoclusters. Photon energy dependent photoemission revealed a surface resonance which was never observed before on W(110) which is the base plane of the terrace microsurfaces. The dispersion E(k) of this state measured on stepped W(331) and W(551) with angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is modified by a strong umklapp effect. It appears as two parabolas shifted symmetrically relative to the microsurface normal by half of the Brillouin zone of the step superlattice. The reported results are very important for understanding of the electronic properties of low-dimensional nanostructures. It was also established that W(331) and W(551) can serve as templates for self-organization of metallic nanostructures. A combined study of electronic and atomic properties of sub-monolayer amounts of gold deposited on these templates have shown that if the substrate is slightly pre-oxidized and the temperature is elevated, then Au can alloy with the first monolayer of W. As a result, a nanostructure of uniform clusters of a surface alloy is produced all over the steps. Such clusters feature a novel sp-band in the vicinity of the Fermi level, which appears split into constant energy levels due to effects of lateral quantization. The last and main part of this work is devoted to large-scale reconstructions on surfaces and nanostructures self-assembled on top. The two-dimensional surface carbide W(110)/C-R(15x3) has been extensively investigated. Photoemission studies of quantum size effects in the electronic structure of this reconstruction, combined with an investigation of its surface geometry, lead to an advanced structural model of the carbide overlayer. It was discovered that W(110)/C-R(15x3) can control self-organization of adlayers into nanostructures with extremely different electronic and structural properties. Thus, it was established that at elevated temperature the R(15x3) superstructure controls the self-assembly of sub-monolayer amounts of Au into nm-wide nanostripes. Based on the results of core level photoemission, the R(15x3)-induced surface alloying which takes place between Au and W can be claimed as driving force of self-organization. The observed stripes exhibit a characteristic one-dimensional electronic structure with laterally quantized d-bands. Obviously, these are very important for applications, since dimensions of electronic devices have already stepped into the nm-range, where quantum-size phenomena must undoubtedly be considered. Moreover, formation of perfectly uniform molecular clusters of C60 was demonstrated and described in terms of the van der Waals formalism. It is the first experimental observation of two-dimensional fullerene nanoclusters with "magic numbers". Calculations of the cluster potentials using the static approach have revealed characteristic minima in the interaction energy. They are achieved for 4 and 7 molecules per cluster. The obtained "magic numbers" and the corresponding cluster structures are fully consistent with the results of the STM measurements.
Self-assembly of polymeric building blocks is a powerful tool for the design of novel materials and structures that combine different properties and may respond to external stimuli. In the past decades, most studies were focused on the self-assembly of amphiphilic diblock copolymers in solution. The dissolution of these block copolymers in a solvent selective for one block results mostly in the formation of micelles. The micellar structure of diblock copolymers is inherently limited to a homogeneous core surrounded by a corona, which keeps the micelle in solution. Thus, for drug-delivery applications, such structures only offer a single domain (the hydrophobic inner core) for drug entrapment. Whereas multicompartment micelles composed of a water-soluble shell and a segregated hydrophobic core are novel, interesting morphologies for applications in a variety of fields including medicine, pharmacy and biotechnology. The separated incompatible compartments of the hydrophobic core could enable the selective entrapment and release of various hydrophobic drugs while the hydrophilic shell would permit the stabilization of these nanostructures in physiological media. However, so far, the preparation and control of stable multicompartment micellar systems are in the first stages and the number of morphological studies concerning such micelles is rather low. Thus considerably little is known about their exact inner structures. In the present study, we concentrate on four different approaches for the preparation of multicompartment micelles by self-assembly in aqueous media. A similarity of all approaches was that hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon blocks were selected for all employed copolymers since such segments tend to be strongly incompatible, and thus favor the segregation into distinct domains. Our studies have shown that the self-assembly of the utilized copolymers in aqueous solution leads in three cases to the formation of multicompartment micelles. As expected the shape and size of the micelles depend on the molecular architecture and to some extent also on the way of preparation. These novel structured colloids may serve as models as well as mimics for biological structures such as globular proteins, and may open interesting opportunities for nanotechnology applications.
Natural and human induced environmental changes affect populations at different time scales. If they occur in a spatial heterogeneous way, they cause spatial variation in abundance. In this thesis I addressed three topics, all related to the question, how environmental changes influence population dynamics. In the first part, I analysed the effect of positive temporal autocorrelation in environmental noise on the extinction risk of a population, using a simple population model. The effect of autocorrelation depended on the magnitude of the effect of single catastrophic events of bad environmental conditions on a population. If a population was threatened by extinction only, when bad conditions occurred repeatedly, positive autocorrelation increased extinction risk. If a population could become extinct, even if bad conditions occurred only once, positive autocorrelation decreased extinction risk. These opposing effects could be explained by two features of an autocorrelated time series. On the one hand, positive autocorrelation increased the probability of series of bad environmental conditions, implying a negative effect on populations. On the other hand, aggregation of bad years also implied longer periods with relatively good conditions. Therefore, for a given time period, the overall probability of occurrence of at least one extremely bad year was reduced in autocorrelated noise. This can imply a positive effect on populations. The results could solve a contradiction in the literature, where opposing effects of autocorrelated noise were found in very similar population models. In the second part, I compared two approaches, which are commonly used for predicting effects of climate change on future abundance and distribution of species: a "space for time approach", where predictions are based on the geographic pattern of current abundance in relation to climate, and a "population modelling approach" which is based on correlations between demographic parameters and the inter-annual variation of climate. In this case study, I compared the two approaches for predicting the effect of a shift in mean precipitation on a population of the sociable weaver Philetairus socius, a common colonially living passerine bird of semiarid savannahs of southern Africa. In the space for time approach, I compared abundance and population structure of the sociable weaver in two areas with highly different mean annual precipitation. The analysis showed no difference between the two populations. This result, as well as the wide distribution range of the species, would lead to the prediction of no sensitive response of the species to a slight shift in mean precipitation. In contrast, the population modelling approach, based on a correlation between reproductive success and rainfall, predicted a sensitive response in most model types. The inconsistency of predictions was confirmed in a cross-validation between the two approaches. I concluded that the inconsistency was caused, because the two approaches reflect different time scales. On a short time scale, the population may respond sensitively to rainfall. However, on a long time scale, or in a regional comparison, the response may be compensated or buffered by a variety of mechanisms. These may include behavioural or life history adaptations, shifts in the interactions with other species, or differences in the physical environment. The study implies that understanding, how such mechanisms work, and at what time scale they would follow climate change, is a crucial precondition for predicting ecological consequences of climate change. In the third part of the thesis, I tested why colony sizes of the sociable weaver are highly variable. The high variation of colony sizes is surprising, as in studies on coloniality it is often assumed that an optimal colony size exists, in which individual bird fitness is maximized. Following this assumption, the pattern of bird dispersal should keep colony sizes near an optimum. However, I showed by analysing data on reproductive success and survival that for the sociable weaver fitness in relation to colony size did not follow an optimum curve. Instead, positive and negative effects of living in large colonies overlaid each other in a way that fitness was generally close to one, and density dependence was low. I showed in a population model, which included an evolutionary optimisation process of dispersal that this specific shape of the fitness function could lead to a dispersal strategy, where the variation of colony sizes was maintained.
This thesis is concerned with the solution of the blind source separation problem (BSS). The BSS problem occurs frequently in various scientific and technical applications. In essence, it consists in separating meaningful underlying components out of a mixture of a multitude of superimposed signals. In the recent research literature there are two related approaches to the BSS problem: The first is known as Independent Component Analysis (ICA), where the goal is to transform the data such that the components become as independent as possible. The second is based on the notion of diagonality of certain characteristic matrices derived from the data. Here the goal is to transform the matrices such that they become as diagonal as possible. In this thesis we study the latter method of approximate joint diagonalization (AJD) to achieve a solution of the BSS problem. After an introduction to the general setting, the thesis provides an overview on particular choices for the set of target matrices that can be used for BSS by joint diagonalization. As the main contribution of the thesis, new algorithms for approximate joint diagonalization of several matrices with non-orthogonal transformations are developed. These newly developed algorithms will be tested on synthetic benchmark datasets and compared to other previous diagonalization algorithms. Applications of the BSS methods to biomedical signal processing are discussed and exemplified with real-life data sets of multi-channel biomagnetic recordings.
Amphiphilic molecules contain a hydrophilic headgroup and a hydrophobic tail. The headgroup is polar or ionic and likes water, the tail is typically an aliphatic chain that cannot be accommodated in a polar environment. The prevailing molecular asymmetry leads to a spontaneous adsorption of amphiphiles at the air/water or oil/water interfaces. As a result, the surface tension and the surface rheology is changed. Amphiphiles are important tools to deliberately modify the interfacial properties of liquid interfaces and enable new phenomena such as foams which cannot be formed in a pure liquid. In this thesis we investigate the static and dynamic properties of adsorption layers of soluble amphiphiles at the air/water interface, the so called Gibbs monolayers. The classical way for an investigation of these systems is based on a thermodynamic analysis of the equilibrium surface tension as a function of the bulk composition in the framework of Gibbs theory. However, thermodynamics does not provide any structural information and several recent publications challenge even fundamental text book concepts. The experimental investigation faces difficulties imposed by the low surface coverage and the presence of dissolved amphiphiles in the adjacent bulk phase. In this thesis we used a suite of techniques with the sensitivity to detect less than a monolayer of molecules at the air-water interface. Some of these techniques are extremely complex such as infrared visible sum frequency generation (IR-VIS SFG) spectroscopy or second harmonic generation (SHG). Others are traditional techniques, such as ellipsometry employed in new ways and pushed to new limits. Each technique probes selectively different parts of the interface and the combination provides a profound picture of the interfacial architecture. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the distribution of ions at interfaces. Adsorption layers of ionic amphiphiles serve as model systems allowing to produce a defined surface charge. The charge of the monolayer is compensated by the counterions. As a result of a complex zoo of interactions there will be a defined distribution of ions at the interface, however, its experimental determination is a big scientific challenge. We could demonstrate that a combination of linear and nonlinear techniques gives direct insights in the prevailing ion distribution. Our investigations reveal specific ion effects which cannot be described by classical Poisson-Boltzmann mean field type theories. Adsorption layer and bulk phase are in thermodynamic equilibrium, however, it is important to stress that there is a constant molecular exchange between adsorbed and dissolved species. This exchange process is a key element for the understanding of some of the thermodynamic properties. An excellent way to study Gibbs monolayers is to follow the relaxation from a non-equilibrium to an equilibrium state. Upon compression amphiphiles must leave the adsorption layer and dissolve in the adjacent bulk phase. Upon expansion amphiphiles must adsorb at the interface to restore the equilibrium coverage. Obviously the frequency of the expansion and compression cycles must match the molecular exchange processes. At too low frequencies the equilibrium is maintained at all times. If the frequency is too fast the system behaves as a monolayer of insoluble surfactants. In this thesis we describe an unique variant of an oscillating bubble technique that measures precisely the real and imaginary part of the complex dilational modulus E in a frequency range up to 500 Hz. The extension of about two decades in the time domain in comparison to the conventional method of an oscillating drop is a tremendous achievement. The imaginary part of the complex dilational modulus E is a consequence of a dissipative process which is interpreted as an intrinsic surface dilational viscosity. The IR-VIS SFG spectra of the interfacial water provide a molecular interpretation of the underlying dissipative process.
Electrets are materials capable of storing oriented dipoles or an electric surplus charge for long periods of time. The term "electret" was coined by Oliver Heaviside in analogy to the well-known word "magnet". Initially regarded as a mere scientific curiosity, electrets became increasingly imporant for applications during the second half of the 20th century. The most famous example is the electret condenser microphone, developed in 1962 by Sessler and West. Today, these devices are produced in annual quantities of more than 1 billion, and have become indispensable in modern communications technology. Even though space-charge electrets are widely used in transducer applications, relatively little was known about the microscopic mechanisms of charge storage. It was generally accepted that the surplus charges are stored in some form of physical or chemical traps. However, trap depths of less than 2 eV, obtained via thermally stimulated discharge experiments, conflicted with the observed lifetimes (extrapolations of experimental data yielded more than 100000 years). Using a combination of photostimulated discharge spectroscopy and simultaneous depth-profiling of the space-charge density, the present work shows for the first time that at least part of the space charge in, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate is stored in traps with depths of up to 6 eV, indicating major local structural changes. Based on this information, more efficient charge-storing materials could be developed in the future. The new experimental results could only be obtained after several techniques for characterizing the electrical, electromechanical and electrical properties of electrets had been enhanced with in situ capability. For instance, real-time information on space-charge depth-profiles were obtained by subjecting a polymer film to short laser-induced heat pulses. The high data acquisition speed of this technique also allowed the three-dimensional mapping of polarization and space-charge distributions. A highly active field of research is the development of piezoelectric sensor films from electret polymer foams. These materials store charges on the inner surfaces of the voids after having been subjected to a corona discharge, and exhibit piezoelectric properties far superior to those of traditional ferroelectric polymers. By means of dielectric resonance spectroscopy, polypropylene foams (presently the most widely used ferroelectret) were studied with respect to their thermal and UV stability. Their limited thermal stability renders them unsuitable for applications above 50 °C. Using a solvent-based foaming technique, we found an alternative material based on amorphous Teflon® AF, which exhibits a stable piezoelectric coefficient of 600 pC/N at temperatures up to 120 °C.