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The Parody of "Parody as Cultural Memory" in Richard Powers" Galatea 2.2 : a response to Anca Rosu
(2003)
The paper seeks to analyse the case of the theologian Tinius, one of the best-known representatives of >book- addiction< (bibliomania), as it is described in authentic contemporary documents, popular literature and fictionalised adaptations. Explanations of the phenomenon range from a special socialisation, rational calculation, criminal anthropology, and the >Faustian urge for knowledge<, to diabolical bibliophily and a theology of sin. A historical synopsis shows the heterogeneity of the contemporary criminal and psychiatric discourse on bibliomania as a >literary disease<. The continuing reception of the bibliomania exemplified by Tinius in a variety of literary genres suggests that it incorporates a considerable amount of >social energy<, based on the fascination with the >Other< of reason.
In order to investigate the behavior of single molecules under conditions far from equilibrium, we have coupled a microfabricated laminar-flow mixer to a confocal optical system. This combination enables time-resolved measurement of Foerster resonance energy transfer after an abrupt change in solution conditions. Observations of a small protein show the evolution of the intramolecular distance distribution as folding progresses. This technique can expose subpopulations, such as unfolded protein under conditions favoring the native structure, that would be obscured in equilibrium experiments.
The fructose-1,6-bis(phosphate) aldolase isologous tetramer tightly associates through two different subunit interfaces defined by its 222 symmetry. Both single- and double-interfacial mutant aldolases have a destabilized quaternary structure, but there is little effect on the catalytic activity. These enzymes are however thermolabile. This study demonstrates the temperature-dependent dissociation of the mutant enzymes and determines the dissociation free energies of both mutant and native aldolase. Subunit dissociation is measured by sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge. At 25C the tetramerdimer dissociation constants for each single-mutant enzyme are similar, about 10 -6 M. For the double-mutant enzyme, sedimentation velocity experiments on sucrose density gradients support a tetramermonomer equilibrium. Furthermore, sedimentation equilibrium experiments determined a dissociation constant of 10- 15 M3 for the double-mutant enzyme. By the same methods the upper limit for the dissociation constant of wild-type aldolase A is approximately 10-28 M3, which indicates an extremely stable tetramer. The thermodynamic values describing monomer-tetramer and dimer-tetramer equilibria are analyzed with regard to possible cooperative interaction between the two subunit interfaces.
Summary Using five different steps, ;-Galactosidase has been purified from kidney beans to apparent electrophoretic homogeniety with approximately 90-fold purificationwith a specific activity of 281 units mg;1 protein. A single bandwas observed in native PAGE. Activity staining of the native gel with 5-bromo4-chloro 3-indoxyl ;-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) at pH 4.0 also produceda single band. Analytical gel filtration in Superdex G-75 revealed the molecularmass of the native protein to be approximately 75 kD. 10 percnt; SDS-PAGE under reducingconditions showed two subunits of molecular masses, 45 and 30 kD, respectively.Hence, ;-galactosidase from kidney beans is a heterodimer. A typical proteinprofile with ;max at 280 nm was observed and A280/A260ratio was 1.52. The N-terminal sequence of the 45 kD band showed 86 percnt; sequencehomology with an Arabidopsis thaliana and 85 percnt; with Lycopersiconesculentum putative ;-galactosidase sequences. The Electrospray MassSpectrometric analysis of this band also revealed a peptide fragment that had90 percnt; sequence homology with an Arabidopsis thaliana putative ;- galactosidasesequence. The N-terminal sequencing of the 30 kD band as well as mass spectrometricanalysis both by MALDI- TOF and ES MS revealed certain sequences that matchedwith phytohemagglutinin of kidney beans. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 4.0and it hydrolysed o- and p-nitrophenyl ;-D galactopyranosidewith a Km value of 0.63 mmol/L and 0.74 mmol/L, respectively.The energy of activation calculated from the Arrhenius equation was 14.8 kcal/molenzyme site. The enzyme was found to be comparatively thermostable showing maximumactivity at 67 °C. Thermal denaturation of the enzyme at 65 °C obeyssingle exponential decay with first order-rate constant 0.105 min;1.Galactose, a hydrolytic product of this enzyme was a competitive inhibitor witha Ki of 2.7 mmol/L.
Bacteriophage Sf6 tailspike protein is functionally equivalent to the well characterized tailspike ofSalmonella phage P22, mediating attachment of the viral particle to host cell-surface polysaccharide. However, there is significant sequence similarity between the two 70-kDa polypeptides only in the N-terminal putative capsid-binding domains. The major, central part of P22 tailspike protein, which forms a parallel ;-helix and is responsible for saccharide binding and hydrolysis, lacks detectable sequence homology to the Sf6 protein. After recombinant expression in Escherichia coli as a soluble protein, the Sf6 protein was purified to homogeneity. As shown by circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the secondary structure contents of Sf6 and P22 tailspike proteins are very similar. Both tailspikes are thermostable homotrimers and resist denaturation by SDS at room temperature. The specific endorhamnosidase activities of Sf6 tailspike protein toward fluorescence-labeled dodeca-, deca-, and octasaccharide fragments of Shigella O-antigen suggest a similar active site topology of both proteins. Upon deletion of the N-terminal putative capsid-binding domain, the protein still forms a thermostable, SDS-resistant trimer that has been crystallized. The observations strongly suggest that the tailspike of phage Sf6 is a trimeric parallel ;-helix protein with high structural similarity to its functional homolog from phage P22.
Small-subunit (SSU) rRNA genes (rDNA) were amplified by PCR from a hot pool environmental DNA sample using Bacteria- or Archaea-specific rDNA primers. Unique rDNA types were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and representative sequences were determined. Family 10 glycoside hydrolase consensus PCR primers were used to explore the occurrence and diversity of xylanase genes in the hot pool environmental DNA sample. Partial sequences for three different xylanases were obtained and genomic walking PCR (GWPCR), in combination with nested primer pairs, was used to obtained a unique 1,741-bp nucleotide sequence. Analysis of this sequence identified a putative XynA protein encoded by the xynA open reading frame. The single module novel xylanase shared sequence similarity to the family 10 glycoside hydrolases. The purified recombinant enzyme, XynA expressed in E. coli exhibited optimum activity at 100 degrees C and pH 6.0, and was extremely thermostable at 90 degrees C. The enzyme showed high specificity toward different xylans and xylooligosaccharides.
Besteht ein Anspruch auf den Tod nach der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention? : der Fall Pretty
(2003)
The Treatment of Aspect Distinctions in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Grammars of English
(2003)
We study frequency selectivity in noise-induced subthreshold signal processing in a system with many noise- supported stochastic attractors which are created due to slow variable diffusion between identical excitable elements. Such a coupling provides coexisting of several average periods distinct from that of an isolated oscillator and several phase relations between elements. We show that the response of the coupled elements under different noise levels can be significantly enhanced or reduced by forcing some elements in resonance with these new frequencies which correspond to appropriate phase relations
We investigate the relationship between the loss of synchronization and the onset of shadowing breakdown via unstable dimension variability in complex systems. In the neighborhood of the critical transition to strongly nonhyperbolic behavior, the system undergoes on-off intermittency with respect to the synchronization state. There are potentially severe consequences of these facts on the validity of the computer-generated trajectories obtained from dynamical systems whose synchronization manifolds share the same nonhyperbolic properties
Correlations, as observed between the concentrations of metabolites in a biological sample, may be used to gain additional information about the physiological state of a given tissue. in this mini-review, we discuss the integration of these observed correlations into metabolomic networks and their relationships with the underlying biochemical pathways
After reviewing the research on Saxon regionalized intonation and giving an overview of our research project on regionalized intonation in German, a particular salient regionalized intonation contour from the Dresden vernacular is described in detail. In addition to a more widespread contour that is also used in the Berlin vernacular, albeit in different contexts, the so-called 'upward staircase contour' which is formed by a lower plateau, a rise and a higher plateau, the Dresden vernacular also uses very salient regionalized variants of such staircase contours: These variants entail upward staircases with, metaphorically speaking, two steps; i.e. after the lower plateau and the rise up to a higher plateau, the pitch rises up again in order to form a third plateau. Depending upon the alignment of the second rise and the third plateau, with only the final unaccented syllable of the intonation phrase or with the nuclear accented syllable and the following tail, the contour needs to be distinguished, yielding either an 'upward staircase with an additional final rise plateau' or a 'double upward staircase'. These two contours are shown to be used in different conversational contexts and in different functions in the Dresden vernacular. - Data for this study come from natural speech by speakers of the Dresden vernacular. The phonetic and phonological analysis of the contour is based on auditive, acoustic-phonetic and phonological methodology; the functional analysis of the utterances with the salient contours relies on the techniques of conversation analysis
The text is one, if not the fundamental aspect of linguistic communication and should therefore also play a central role foreign language learning in educational establishments. In this article the author argues for an open concept of text, which includes as many products of linguistic communicative activity as possible. Language teaching is interpreted from a linguistic point of view as an intertextual phenomenon, which appears in various forms. Thus the teaching process as a whole can be described as a discourse between a number of participants. The teaching and learning process in the narrow sense moves between the poles of linguistic input, which is received by the learners, and linguistic output, the texts produced by the learners. The article discusses text-linguistic questions associated with the demonstration, model, initialising, information and control functions of the text input. The output of the learner is described in its specific qualities as a foreign-language text