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Die vorliegende Arbeit basiert auf Forschungen in den Jahren 2007-2009. Sie betrachtet die saisonale Arbeitsmigration aus der polnischen Region Konin, wo die Arbeitsmigration aus ökonomischen Gründen, wie auch in ähnlich strukturierten Gebieten Polens, eine lange Tradition hat, die bis ins 19. Jahrhundert zurückgeht. Sie wird die saisonale Migration ins Ausland mit den ökonomischen, sozialen und räumlichen Auswirkungen aus der Perspektive des Einzelnen und seiner unmittelbaren Umgebung, aber auch der Gesellschaft und Herkunftsgebiet der Migranten betrachtet.
Die internationale Staatengemeinschaft steht Sezessionsbestrebungen zur Aufspaltung bestehender Staaten gewöhnlich ablehnend gegenüber. Gleichzeitig wendet sie in vielen Ländern Instrumente der Entwicklungspolitik an und greift so auch in den dortigen politischen Prozess ein. Untersucht wird, inwiefern Entwicklungspolitik so gestaltet werden kann, dass sie nicht, quasi als Nebenwirkung, einer Sezessionsbewegung zum Durchbruch verhilft. Betrachtet wird dabei neben der gezielten Förderung wirtschaftlichen Wachstums auch das Instrument der Dezentralisierung, das oft als Mittel zur „Beruhigung“ separatistischer Bestrebungen vorgeschlagen wird. Zuvor jedoch wird aufgewiesen, dass eine Politik, die Sezessionen verhindern will, zumindest in vielen Fällen auch moralphilosophisch schlüssig begründet werden kann. Den Abschluss der Arbeit bilden drei Fallstudien zu Sezessionen auf dem Gebiet der ehemaligen Sowjetunion.
Mathematik spielt im Physikunterricht eine nicht unerhebliche Rolle - wenn auch eine zwiespältige. Oft wird sie sogar zum Hindernis beim Lernen von Physik und kann ihr emanzipatorisches Potenzial nicht entfalten. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt zwei Bausteine für eine begründete Konzeption zum Umgang mit Mathematik beim Lernen von Physik zur Verfügung. Im Theorieteil der Arbeit werden zum Einen wissenschaftstheoretische Aspekte der Rolle der Mathematik in der Physik aufgearbeitet und der physikdidaktischen Forschungsgemeinschaft im Zusammenhang zugänglich gemacht. Zum anderen werden Forschungsergebnisse zu Vorstellungen Lernender über Physik und Mathematik sowie im Bereich der Epistemologie zusammengestellt. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit werden Vorstellungen zur Rolle der Mathematik in der Physik von Schülerinnen und Schülern der Klassenstufen 10 und 12 sowie Physik-Lehramtstudierenden im Grundstudium mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens erhoben und unter Verwendung inhaltsanalytischer bzw. statistischer Methoden ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen unter Anderem, dass Mathematik im Physikunterricht entgegen gängiger Meinungen bei den Lernenden nicht negativ, aber zumindest bei jüngeren Lernenden formal und algorithmisch konnotiert ist.
The exponential expanding of the numbers of web sites and Internet users makes WWW the most important global information resource. From information publishing and electronic commerce to entertainment and social networking, the Web allows an inexpensive and efficient access to the services provided by individuals and institutions. The basic units for distributing these services are the web sites scattered throughout the world. However, the extreme fragility of web services and content, the high competence between similar services supplied by different sites, and the wide geographic distributions of the web users drive the urgent requirement from the web managers to track and understand the usage interest of their web customers. This thesis, "X-tracking the Usage Interest on Web Sites", aims to fulfill this requirement. "X" stands two meanings: one is that the usage interest differs from various web sites, and the other is that usage interest is depicted from multi aspects: internal and external, structural and conceptual, objective and subjective. "Tracking" shows that our concentration is on locating and measuring the differences and changes among usage patterns. This thesis presents the methodologies on discovering usage interest on three kinds of web sites: the public information portal site, e-learning site that provides kinds of streaming lectures and social site that supplies the public discussions on IT issues. On different sites, we concentrate on different issues related with mining usage interest. The educational information portal sites were the first implementation scenarios on discovering usage patterns and optimizing the organization of web services. In such cases, the usage patterns are modeled as frequent page sets, navigation paths, navigation structures or graphs. However, a necessary requirement is to rebuild the individual behaviors from usage history. We give a systematic study on how to rebuild individual behaviors. Besides, this thesis shows a new strategy on building content clusters based on pair browsing retrieved from usage logs. The difference between such clusters and the original web structure displays the distance between the destinations from usage side and the expectations from design side. Moreover, we study the problem on tracking the changes of usage patterns in their life cycles. The changes are described from internal side integrating conceptual and structure features, and from external side for the physical features; and described from local side measuring the difference between two time spans, and global side showing the change tendency along the life cycle. A platform, Web-Cares, is developed to discover the usage interest, to measure the difference between usage interest and site expectation and to track the changes of usage patterns. E-learning site provides the teaching materials such as slides, recorded lecture videos and exercise sheets. We focus on discovering the learning interest on streaming lectures, such as real medias, mp4 and flash clips. Compared to the information portal site, the usage on streaming lectures encapsulates the variables such as viewing time and actions during learning processes. The learning interest is discovered in the form of answering 6 questions, which covers finding the relations between pieces of lectures and the preference among different forms of lectures. We prefer on detecting the changes of learning interest on the same course from different semesters. The differences on the content and structure between two courses leverage the changes on the learning interest. We give an algorithm on measuring the difference on learning interest integrated with similarity comparison between courses. A search engine, TASK-Moniminer, is created to help the teacher query the learning interest on their streaming lectures on tele-TASK site. Social site acts as an online community attracting web users to discuss the common topics and share their interesting information. Compared to the public information portal site and e-learning web site, the rich interactions among users and web content bring the wider range of content quality, on the other hand, provide more possibilities to express and model usage interest. We propose a framework on finding and recommending high reputation articles in a social site. We observed that the reputation is classified into global and local categories; the quality of the articles having high reputation is related with the content features. Based on these observations, our framework is implemented firstly by finding the articles having global or local reputation, and secondly clustering articles based on their content relations, and then the articles are selected and recommended from each cluster based on their reputation ranks.
Entsprechend der Zielstellung wurden zunächst verschiedene Varianten der Kompostierung von Holzsubstanz getestet, um eine optimale Technologie, die auch für Entwicklungsländer realisierbar ist, herauszufinden. Hierzu sind in Pflanztöpfe Holzspäne (Woodchips) von zwei verschieden Holzarten (Laub- und Nadelholz) gefüllt und mit verschiedenen natürlichen Stickstoffquellen gemischt worden. Diese Ansätze wurden regelmäßig mit Kompostwasser appliziert. Nach vier Wochen sind zwei verschiedene Wurmarten (Dendrobaena veneta und Eisenia fetida) hinzugegeben worden. Die Feuchthaltung erfolgte ab diesem Zeitpunkt durch Frischwasser. Die qualitativ beste Versuchsvariante ist im nächsten Schritt mit weiteren natürlichen Stickstoffquellen, die in Entwicklungsländern zur Verfügung gestellt werden könnten, getestet worden. Von allen Kompostvarianten sind im Labor eine Vielzahl von bodenphysikalischen (z.B. Dichte, Wasserhaltekapazität) und bodenchemischen Zustandsgrößen (z.B. Elektrische Leitfähigkeit, Totalgehalte biophiler Elemente, Bodenreaktion, organische Substanzgehalte, Kationenaustauschkapazität) bestimmt worden. Die Wiederum qualitativ beste Mischung ist in einer weiteren Versuchsreihe in verschiedenen Mengenverhältnissen mit tertiärerem Abraumsand des Braunkohlebergbaus gemischt worden. In diese Versuchsmischungen wurde die Grasmischung RSM 7.2.1 eingesät und regelmäßig bewässert sowie die Wuchshöhe gemessen. Nach 42 Tagen wurden das Gras geerntet und die biometrischen Parameter, die Nährstoffgehalte (pflanzenverfügbare Fraktionen), die Bodenreaktion, die effektive bzw. potentielle Kationenaustauschkapazität sowie die Pufferkapazitäten der Mischsubstrate bestimmt. Die nächsten Versuchsvarianten sind als Feldversuche in der Niederlausitz durchgeführt worden. Für ihre Realisierung wurde als weiterer Zuschlagsstoff Arkadolith® zugemischt. Die Plotflächen sind sowohl auf Abraumsanden des Tertiärs als auch Quartärs angelegt worden. In jeweils eine Subvariante ist RSM 7.2.1, in die andere eine autochthone Grasmischung eingesät worden. Diese Experimente wurden nach 6 Monaten beendet, die Bestimmung aller Parameter erfolgte in gleicher Weise wie bei den Gewächshausversuchen. Auf Basis aller Versuchsreihen konnten die besten Kompostqualitäten und ihre optimalen Herstellungsvarianten ermittelt werden. Eine weitere Aufgabe war es zu untersuchen, wie im Vergleich zur Verbrennung von Holzmasse die CO2-Emission in die Atmosphäre durch Holzkompostierung verringert werden kann. Hierzu wurde während der verschiedenen Kompostierungsvarianten die CO2-Freisetzung gemessen. Im Vergleich dazu ist jeweils die gleiche Masse an Holzsubstanz verbrannt worden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass im Vergleich zu der thermischen Verwertung von Holsubstanz die CO2-Emission bis zu 50 % verringert werden kann. Dem Boden kann darüber hinaus energiereiche organische Substanz zugeführt werden, die eine Entwicklung der Bodenorganismen ermöglicht. Ein weiteres Experiment zielte darauf ab, die Stabilität der Holzkomposte zu bestimmen. Darüber hinaus sollte untersucht werden, ob durch die Zufuhr von pyrogenem Kohlenstoff eine Vergrößerung der Stabilität zu erreichen ist. Diese Untersuchungen wurden mit Hilfe der Thermogravimetrie vorgenommen. Alle wichtigen Kompostierungsvarianten sind sowohl mit verschiedenen Zusatzmengen als auch ohne Zusatz von pyrogenem Kohlenstoff vermessen worden. Als Vergleichssubstanz diente der Oberboden eines Niedermoorgleys, der naturgemäß einen relativ hohen Anteil an organischer Substanz aufweist. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass im Bereich niedriger Temperaturen die Wasserbindung im Naturboden fester ist. In der Fraktion der oxidierbaren organischen Substanz, im mittleren Temperaturbereich gemessen, ist die natürliche Bodensubstanz ebenfalls stabiler, was auf eine intensivere Bindung zwischen den organischen und anorganischen Bestandteilen, also auf stabilere organisch-mineralische Komplexe, schlussfolgern lässt. Im Bereich höherer Temperaturen (T> 550° C) waren im Naturboden keine nennenswerten organischen Bestandteile mehr nachweisbar. Hingegen wiesen die Kompostvarianten einen hohen Anteil stabiler Fraktionen, vor allem aromatische Verbindungen, auf. Diese Aussagen erscheinen vor allem für die praktische Anwendung der Holzkomposte in Hinblick auf ihre Langzeitwirkung bedeutsam. Der Zusatz von pyrogenem Kohlenstoff zeigte keine zusätzliche Stabilisierungswirkung.
In this thesis, we discuss the formulation of variational problems on supermanifolds. Supermanifolds incorporate bosonic as well as fermionic degrees of freedom. Fermionic fields take values in the odd part of an appropriate Grassmann algebra and are thus showing an anticommutative behaviour. However, a systematic treatment of these Grassmann parameters requires a description of spaces as functors, e.g. from the category of Grassmann algberas into the category of sets (or topological spaces, manifolds). After an introduction to the general ideas of this approach, we use it to give a description of the resulting supermanifolds of fields/maps. We show that each map is uniquely characterized by a family of differential operators of appropriate order. Moreover, we demonstrate that each of this maps is uniquely characterized by its component fields, i.e. by the coefficients in a Taylor expansion w.r.t. the odd coordinates. In general, the component fields are only locally defined. We present a way how to circumvent this limitation. In fact, by enlarging the supermanifold in question, we show that it is possible to work with globally defined components. We eventually use this formalism to study variational problems. More precisely, we study a super version of the geodesic and a generalization of harmonic maps to supermanifolds. Equations of motion are derived from an energy functional and we show how to decompose them into components. Finally, in special cases, we can prove the existence of critical points by reducing the problem to equations from ordinary geometric analysis. After solving these component equations, it is possible to show that their solutions give rise to critical points in the functor spaces of fields.
Turning wind into power : effects of stakeholder networks on renewalbe energy governanace in India
(2011)
Der E-Government-Fortschritt wird nach wie vor durch redundante Entwicklungsaktivitäten und isolierte, wenig interoperable Lösungen gehemmt. Die Herausforderung liegt weniger in der Entwicklung und Einführung leistungsstarker Informationssysteme, sondern in der Verbreitung bestehender Lösungen. Die Arbeit identifiziert mögliche Strategien für den Transfer von E-Government-Lösungen zwischen Verwaltungen gleicher wie auch verschiedener föderaler Ebene. Es werden Konzepte zur Diffusion von Innovationen, zum Technologie- wie auch Politiktransfer herangezogen. Weiter werden drei umfangreiche Fallstudien vorgestellt. Sie führen zu transferhemmenden wie auch fördernden Faktoren und somit zu Gestaltungsoptionen für erfolgreiche Transferprozesse unter den vielfältigen Rahmenbedingungen im öffentlichen Sektor.
Towards greener stationary phases : thermoresponsive and carbonaceous chromatographic supports
(2011)
Polymers which are sensitive towards external physical, chemical and electrical stimuli are termed as ‘intelligent materials’ and are widely used in medical and engineering applications. Presently, polymers which can undergo a physical change when heat is applied at a certain temperature (cloud point) in water are well-studied for this property in areas of separation chemistry, gene and drug delivery and as surface modifiers. One example of such a polymer is the poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) PNIPAAM, where it is dissolved well in water below 32 oC, while by increasing the temperature further leads to its precipitation. In this work, an alternative polymer poly (2-(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethyl methacrylate-co- oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (P(MEO2MA-co-OEGMA)) is studied due to its biocompatibility and the ability to vary its cloud points in water. When a layer of temperature responsive polymer was attached to a single continuous porous piece of silica-based material known as a monolith, the thermoresponsive characteristic was transferred to the column surfaces. The hybrid material was demonstrated to act as a simple temperature ‘switch’ in the separation of a mixture of five steroids under water. Different analytes were observed to be separated under varying column temperatures. Furthermore, more complex biochemical compounds such as proteins were also tested for separation. The importance of this work is attributed to separation processes utilizing environmentally friendly conditions, since harsh chemical environments conventionally used to resolve biocompounds could cause their biological activities to be rendered inactive.
The East African Plateau provides a spectacular example of geodynamic plateau uplift, active continental rifting, and associated climatic forcing. It is an integral part of the East African Rift System and has an average elevation of approximately 1,000 m. Its location coincides with a negative Bouguer gravity anomaly with a semi-circular shape, closely related to a mantle plume, which influences the Cenozoic crustal development since its impingement in Eocene-Oligocene time. The uplift of the East African Plateau, preceding volcanism, and rifting formed an important orographic barrier and tectonically controlled environment, which is profoundly influenced by climate driven processes. Its location within the equatorial realm supports recently proposed hypotheses, that topographic changes in this region must be considered as the dominant forcing factor influencing atmospheric circulation patterns and rainfall distribution. The uplift of this region has therefore often been associated with fundamental climatic and environmental changes in East Africa and adjacent regions. While the far-reaching influence of the plateau uplift is widely accepted, the timing and the magnitude of the uplift are ambiguous and are still subject to ongoing discussion. This dilemma stems from the lack of datable, geomorphically meaningful reference horizons that could record surface uplift. In order to quantify the amount of plateau uplift and to find evidence for the existence of significant relief along the East African Plateau prior to rifting, I analyzed and modeled one of the longest terrestrial lava flows; the 300-km-long Yatta phonolite flow in Kenya. This lava flow is 13.5 Ma old and originated in the region that now corresponds to the eastern rift shoulders. The phonolitic flow utilized an old riverbed that once drained the eastern flank of the plateau. Due to differential erosion this lava flow now forms a positive relief above the parallel-flowing Athi River, which is mimicking the course of the paleo-river. My approach is a lava-flow modeling, based on an improved composition and temperature dependent method to parameterize the flow of an arbitrary lava in a rectangular-shaped channel. The essential growth pattern is described by a one-dimensional model, in which Newtonian rheological flow advance is governed by the development of viscosity and/or velocity in the internal parts of the lava-flow front. Comparing assessments of different magma compositions reveal that length-dominated, channelized lava flows are characterized by high effusion rates, rapid emplacement under approximately isothermal conditions, and laminar flow. By integrating the Yatta lava flow dimensions and the covered paleo-topography (slope angle) into the model, I was able to determine the pre-rift topography of the East African Plateau. The modeling results yield a pre-rift slope of at least 0.2°, suggesting that the lava flow must have originated at a minimum elevation of 1,400 m. Hence, high topography in the region of the present-day Kenya Rift must have existed by at least 13.5 Ma. This inferred mid-Miocene uplift coincides with the two-step expansion of grasslands, as well as important radiation and speciation events in tropical Africa. Accordingly, the combination of my results regarding the Yatta lava flow emplacement history, its location, and its morphologic character, validates it as a suitable “paleo-tiltmeter” and has thus to be considered as an important topographic and volcanic feature for the topographic evolution in East Africa.
A key non-destructive technique for analysis, optimization and developing of new functional materials such as sensors, transducers, electro-optical and memory devices is presented. The Thermal-Pulse Tomography (TPT) provides high-resolution three-dimensional images of electric field and polarization distribution in a material. This thermal technique use a pulsed heating by means of focused laser light which is absorbed by opaque electrodes. The diffusion of the heat causes changes in the sample geometry, generating a short-circuit current or change in surface potential, which contains information about the spatial distribution of electric dipoles or space charges. Afterwards, a reconstruction of the internal electric field and polarization distribution in the material is possible via Scale Transformation or Regularization methods. In this way, the TPT was used for the first time to image the inhomogeneous ferroelectric switching in polymer ferroelectric films (candidates to memory devices). The results shows the typical pinning of electric dipoles in the ferroelectric polymer under study and support the previous hypotheses of a ferroelectric reversal at a grain level via nucleation and growth. In order to obtain more information about the impact of the lateral and depth resolution of the thermal techniques, the TPT and its counterpart called Focused Laser Intensity Modulation Method (FLIMM) were implemented in ferroelectric films with grid-shaped electrodes. The results from both techniques, after the data analysis with different regularization and scale methods, are in total agreement. It was also revealed a possible overestimated lateral resolution of the FLIMM and highlights the TPT method as the most efficient and reliable thermal technique. After an improvement in the optics, the Thermal-Pulse Tomography method was implemented in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) films, which are used in electro-optical applications. The results indicated a possible electrostatic interaction between the COH group in the liquid crystals and the fluorinate atoms of the used ferroelectric matrix. The geometrical parameters of the LC droplets were partially reproduced as they were compared with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. For further applications, it is suggested the use of a non-strong-ferroelectric polymer matrix. In an effort to develop new polymerferroelectrets and for optimizing their properties, new multilayer systems were inspected. The results of the TPT method showed the non-uniformity of the internal electric-field distribution in the shaped-macrodipoles and thus suggested the instability of the sample. Further investigation on multilayers ferroelectrets was suggested and the implementation of less conductive polymers layers too.
Plants and some unicellular algae store carbon in the form of transitory starch on a diurnal basis. The turnover of this glucose polymer is tightly regulated and timely synthesis as well as mobilization is essential to provide energy for heterotrophic growth. Especially for starch degradation, novel enzymes and mechanisms have been proposed recently. However, the catalytic properties of these enzymes and their coordination with metabolic regulation are still to be discovered. This thesis develops theoretical methods in order to interpret and analyze enzymes and their role in starch degradation. In the first part, a novel description of interfacial enzyme catalysis is proposed. Since the initial steps of starch degradation involve reactions at the starch-stroma interface it is necessary to have a framework which allows the derivation of interfacial enzyme rate laws. A cornerstone of the method is the introduction of the available area function - a concept from surface physics - to describe the adsorption step in the catalytic cycle. The method is applied to derive rate laws for two hydrolases, the Beta-amylase (BAM3) and the Isoamylase (DBE/ISA3), as well as to the Glucan, water dikinase (GWD) and a Phosphoglucan phosphatase (DSP/SEX4). The second part uses the interfacial rate laws to formulate a kinetic model of starch degradation. It aims at reproducing the stimulatory effect of reversible phosphorylation by GWD and DSP on the breakdown of the granule. The model can describe the dynamics of interfacial properties during degradation and suggests that interfacial amylopectin side-chains undergo spontaneous helix-coil transitions. Reversible phosphorylation has a synergistic effect on glucan release especially in the early phase dropping off during degradation. Based on the model, the hypothesis is formulated that interfacial phosphorylation is important for the rapid switch from starch synthesis to starch degradation. The third part takes a broader perspective on carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) but is motivated by the organization of the downstream pathway of starch breakdown. This comprises Alpha-1,4-glucanotransferases (DPE1 and DPE2) and Alpha-glucan-phosphorylases (Pho or PHS) both in the stroma and in the cytosol. CAZymes accept many different substrates and catalyze numerous reactions and therefore cannot be characterized in classical enzymological terms. A concise characterization is provided by conceptually linking statistical thermodynamics and polymer biochemistry. Each reactant is interpreted as an energy level, transitions between which are constrained by the enzymatic mechanisms. Combinations of in vitro assays of polymer-active CAZymes essential for carbon metabolism in plants confirmed the dominance of entropic gradients. The principle of entropy maximization provides a generalization of the equilibrium constant. Stochastic simulations confirm the results and suggest that randomization of metabolites in the cytosolic pool of soluble heteroglycans (SHG) may contribute to a robust integration of fluctuating carbon fluxes coming from chloroplasts.
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are powered by gas accretion onto supermassive Black Holes (BH). The luminosity of AGN can exceed the integrated luminosity of their host galaxies by orders of magnitude, which are then classified as Quasi-Stellar Objects (QSOs). Some mechanisms are needed to trigger the nuclear activity in galaxies and to feed the nuclei with gas. Among several possibilities, such as gravitational interactions, bar instabilities, and smooth gas accretion from the environment, the dominant process has yet to be identified. Feedback from AGN may be important an important ingredient of the evolution of galaxies. However, the details of this coupling between AGN and their host galaxies remain unclear. In this work we aim to investigate the connection between the AGN and their host galaxies by studying the properties of the extendend ionised gas around AGN. Our study is based on observations of ~50 luminous, low-redshift (z<0.3) QSOs using the novel technique of integral field spectroscopy that combines imaging and spectroscopy. After spatially separating the emission of AGN-ionised gas from HII regions, ionised solely by recently formed massive stars, we demonstrate that the specific star formation rates in several disc-dominated AGN hosts are consistent with those of normal star forming galaxies, while others display no detectable star formation activity. Whether the star formation has been actively suppressed in those particular host galaxies by the AGN, or their gas content is intrinsically low, remains an open question. By studying the kinematics of the ionised gas, we find evidence for non-gravitational motions and outflows on kpc scales only in a few objects. The gas kinematics in the majority of objects however indicate a gravitational origin. It suggests that the importance of AGN feedback may have been overrated in theoretical works, at least at low redshifts. The [OIII] line is the strongest optical emission line for AGN-ionised gas, which can be extended over several kpc scales, usually called the Narrow-Line Region (NLR). We perform a systematic investigation of the NLR size and determine a NLR size-luminosity relation that is consistent with the scenario of a constant ionisation parameter throughout the NLR. We show that previous narrow-band imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope underestimated the NLR size by a factor of >2 and that the continuum AGN luminosity is better correlated with the NLR size than the [OIII] luminosity. These affects may account for the different NLR size-luminosity relations reported in previous studies. On the other hand, we do not detect extended NLRs around all QSOs, and demonstrate that the detection of extended NLRs goes along with radio emission. We employ emission line ratios as a diagnostic for the abundance of heavy elements in the gas, i.e. its metallicity, and find that the radial metallicity gradients are always flatter than in inactive disc-dominated galaxies. This can be interpreted as evidence for radial gas flows from the outskirts of these galaxies to the nucleus. Recent or ongoing galaxy interactions are likely responsible for this effect and may turn out to be a common prerequisite for QSO activity. The metallicity of bulge-dominated hosts are systematically lower than their disc-dominated counterparts, which we interpret as evidence for minor mergers, supported by our detailed study of the bulge-dominated host of the luminous QSO HE 1029-1401, or smooth gas accretion from the environment. In this line another new discovery is that HE 2158-0107 at z=0.218 is the most metal poor luminous QSO ever observed. Together with a large (30kpc) extended structure of low metallicity ionised gas, we propose smooth cold gas accretion as the most likely scenario. Theoretical studies suggested that this process is much more important at earlier epochs of the universe, so that HE 2158-0107 might be an ideal laboratory to study this mechanism of galaxy and BH growth at low redshift more detailed in the furture.
Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit stehen virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodelle, die Objekte, Phänomene und Prozesse in urbanen Räumen in digitaler Form repräsentieren. Sie haben sich zu einem Kernthema von Geoinformationssystemen entwickelt und bilden einen zentralen Bestandteil geovirtueller 3D-Welten. Virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodelle finden nicht nur Verwendung als Mittel für Experten in Bereichen wie Stadtplanung, Funknetzplanung, oder Lärmanalyse, sondern auch für allgemeine Nutzer, die realitätsnah dargestellte virtuelle Städte in Bereichen wie Bürgerbeteiligung, Tourismus oder Unterhaltung nutzen und z. B. in Anwendungen wie GoogleEarth eine räumliche Umgebung intuitiv erkunden und durch eigene 3D-Modelle oder zusätzliche Informationen erweitern. Die Erzeugung und Darstellung virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle besteht aus einer Vielzahl von Prozessschritten, von denen in der vorliegenden Arbeit zwei näher betrachtet werden: Texturierung und Visualisierung. Im Bereich der Texturierung werden Konzepte und Verfahren zur automatischen Ableitung von Fototexturen aus georeferenzierten Schrägluftbildern sowie zur Speicherung oberflächengebundener Daten in virtuellen 3D-Stadtmodellen entwickelt. Im Bereich der Visualisierung werden Konzepte und Verfahren für die multiperspektivische Darstellung sowie für die hochqualitative Darstellung nichtlinearer Projektionen virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle in interaktiven Systemen vorgestellt. Die automatische Ableitung von Fototexturen aus georeferenzierten Schrägluftbildern ermöglicht die Veredelung vorliegender virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle. Schrägluftbilder bieten sich zur Texturierung an, da sie einen Großteil der Oberflächen einer Stadt, insbesondere Gebäudefassaden, mit hoher Redundanz erfassen. Das Verfahren extrahiert aus dem verfügbaren Bildmaterial alle Ansichten einer Oberfläche und fügt diese pixelpräzise zu einer Textur zusammen. Durch Anwendung auf alle Oberflächen wird das virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodell flächendeckend texturiert. Der beschriebene Ansatz wurde am Beispiel des offiziellen Berliner 3D-Stadtmodells sowie der in GoogleEarth integrierten Innenstadt von München erprobt. Die Speicherung oberflächengebundener Daten, zu denen auch Texturen zählen, wurde im Kontext von CityGML, einem international standardisierten Datenmodell und Austauschformat für virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodelle, untersucht. Es wird ein Datenmodell auf Basis computergrafischer Konzepte entworfen und in den CityGML-Standard integriert. Dieses Datenmodell richtet sich dabei an praktischen Anwendungsfällen aus und lässt sich domänenübergreifend verwenden. Die interaktive multiperspektivische Darstellung virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle ergänzt die gewohnte perspektivische Darstellung nahtlos um eine zweite Perspektive mit dem Ziel, den Informationsgehalt der Darstellung zu erhöhen. Diese Art der Darstellung ist durch die Panoramakarten von H. C. Berann inspiriert; Hauptproblem ist die Übertragung des multiperspektivischen Prinzips auf ein interaktives System. Die Arbeit stellt eine technische Umsetzung dieser Darstellung für 3D-Grafikhardware vor und demonstriert die Erweiterung von Vogel- und Fußgängerperspektive. Die hochqualitative Darstellung nichtlinearer Projektionen beschreibt deren Umsetzung auf 3D-Grafikhardware, wobei neben der Bildwiederholrate die Bildqualität das wesentliche Entwicklungskriterium ist. Insbesondere erlauben die beiden vorgestellten Verfahren, dynamische Geometrieverfeinerung und stückweise perspektivische Projektionen, die uneingeschränkte Nutzung aller hardwareseitig verfügbaren, qualitätssteigernden Funktionen wie z.~B. Bildraumgradienten oder anisotroper Texturfilterung. Beide Verfahren sind generisch und unterstützen verschiedene Projektionstypen. Sie ermöglichen die anpassungsfreie Verwendung gängiger computergrafischer Effekte wie Stilisierungsverfahren oder prozeduraler Texturen für nichtlineare Projektionen bei optimaler Bildqualität. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt wesentliche Technologien für die Verarbeitung virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle: Zum einen lassen sich mit den Ergebnissen der Arbeit Texturen für virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodelle automatisiert herstellen und als eigenständige Attribute in das virtuelle 3D-Stadtmodell einfügen. Somit trägt diese Arbeit dazu bei, die Herstellung und Fortführung texturierter virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle zu verbessern. Zum anderen zeigt die Arbeit Varianten und technische Lösungen für neuartige Projektionstypen für virtueller 3D-Stadtmodelle in interaktiven Visualisierungen. Solche nichtlinearen Projektionen stellen Schlüsselbausteine dar, um neuartige Benutzungsschnittstellen für und Interaktionsformen mit virtuellen 3D-Stadtmodellen zu ermöglichen, insbesondere für mobile Geräte und immersive Umgebungen.
Tangible business process modeling : design and evaluation of a process model elicitation Technique
(2011)
In this work, the development of a new molecular building block, based on synthetic peptides derived from decorin, is presented. These peptides represent a promising basis for the design of polymer-based biomaterials that mimic the ECM on a molecular level and exploit specific biological recognition for technical applications. Multiple sequence alignments of the internal repeats of decorin that formed the inner and outer surface of the arch-shaped protein were used to develop consensus sequences. These sequences contained conserved sequence motifs that are likely to be related to structural and functional features of the protein. Peptides representative for the consensus sequences were synthesized by microwave-assisted solid phase peptide synthesis and purified by RP-HPLC, with purities higher than 95 mol%. After confirming the desired masses by MALDI-TOF-MS, the primary structure of each peptide was investigated by 1H and 2D NMR, from which a full assignment of the chemical shifts was obtained. The characterization of the peptides conformation in solution was performed by CD spectroscopy, which demonstrated that using TFE, the peptides from the outer surface of decorin show a high propensity to fold into helical structures as observed in the original protein. To the contrary, the peptides from the inner surface did not show propensity to form stable secondary structure. The investigation of the binding capability of the peptides to Collagen I was performed by surface plasmon resonance analyses, from which all but one of the peptides representing the inner surface of decorin showed binding affinity to collagen with values of dissociation constant between 2•10-7 M and 2.3•10-4 M. On the other hand, the peptides representative for the outer surface of decorin did not show any significant interaction to collagen. This information was then used to develop experimental demonstration for the binding capabilities of the peptides from the inner surface of decorin to collagen even when used in more complicated situations close to possible appications. With this purpose, the peptide (LRELHLNNN) which showed the highest binding affinity to collagen (2•10-7 M) was functionalized with an N-terminal triple bond in order to obtain a peptide dimer via copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction with 4,4'-diazidostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. Rheological measurements showed that the presence of the peptide dimer was able to enhance the elastic modulus (G') of a collagen gel from ~ 600 Pa (collagen alone) to ~ 2700 Pa (collagen and peptide dimer). Moreover, it was shown that the mechanical properties of a collagen gel can be tailored by using different molar ratios of peptide dimer respect to collagen. The same peptide, functionalized with the triple bond, was used to obtain a peptide-dye conjugate by coupling it with N-(5'-azidopentanoyl)-5-aminofluorescein. An aqueous solution (5 vol% methanol) of the peptide dye conjugate was injected into a collagen and a hyaluronic acid (HA) gel and images of fluorescence detection showed that the diffusion of the peptide was slower in the collagen gel compared to the HA gel. The third experimental demonstration was gained using the peptide (LSELRLHNN) which showed the lower binding affinity (2.3•10-4 M) to collagen. This peptide was grafted to hyaluronic acid via EDC-chemistry, with a degree of functionalization of 7 ± 2 mol% as calculated by 1H-NMR. The grafting was further confirmed by FTIR and TGA measurements, which showed that the onset of decomposition for the HA-g-peptide decreased by 10 °C compared to the native HA. Rheological measurements showed that the elastic modulus of a system based on collagen and HA-g-peptide increased by almost two order of magnitude (G' = 200 Pa) compared to a system based on collagen and HA (G' = 0.9 Pa). Overall, this study showed that the synthetic peptides, which were identified from decorin, can be applied as potential building blocks for biomimetic materials that function via biological recognition.
In the present thesis, the self-assembly of multi thermoresponsive block copolymers in dilute aqueous solution was investigated by a combination of turbidimetry, dynamic light scattering, TEM measurements, NMR as well as fluorescence spectroscopy. The successive conversion of such block copolymers from a hydrophilic into a hydrophobic state includes intermediate amphiphilic states with a variable hydrophilic-to-lipophilic balance. As a result, the self-organization is not following an all-or-none principle but a multistep aggregation in dilute solution was observed. The synthesis of double thermoresponsive diblock copolymers as well as triple thermoresponsive triblock copolymers was realized using twofold-TMS labeled RAFT agents which provide direct information about the average molar mass as well as residual end group functionality from a routine proton NMR spectrum. First a set of double thermosensitive diblock copolymers poly(N-n-propylacrylamide)-b-poly(N-ethylacrylamide) was synthesized which differed only in the relative size of the two blocks. Depending on the relative block lengths, different aggregation pathways were found. Furthermore, the complementary TMS-labeled end groups served as NMR-probes for the self-assembly of these diblock copolymers in dilute solution. Reversible, temperature sensitive peak splitting of the TMS-signals in NMR spectroscopy was indicative for the formation of mixed star-/flower-like micelles in some cases. Moreover, triple thermoresponsive triblock copolymers from poly(N-n-propylacrylamide) (A), poly(methoxydiethylene glycol acrylate) (B) and poly(N-ethylacrylamide) (C) were obtained from sequential RAFT polymerization in all possible block sequences (ABC, BAC, ACB). Their self-organization behavior in dilute aqueous solution was found to be rather complex and dependent on the positioning of the different blocks within the terpolymers. Especially the localization of the low-LCST block (A) had a large influence on the aggregation behavior. Above the first cloud point, aggregates were only observed when the A block was located at one terminus. Once placed in the middle, unimolecular micelles were observed which showed aggregation only above the second phase transition temperature of the B block. Carrier abilities of such triple thermosensitive triblock copolymers tested in fluorescence spectroscopy, using the solvatochromic dye Nile Red, suggested that the hydrophobic probe is less efficiently incorporated by the polymer with the BAC sequence as compared to ABC or ACB polymers above the first phase transition temperature. In addition, due to the problem of increasing loss of end group functionality during the subsequent polymerization steps, a novel concept for the one-step synthesis of multi thermoresponsive block copolymers was developed. This allowed to synthesize double thermoresponsive di- and triblock copolymers in a single polymerization step. The copolymerization of different N-substituted maleimides with a thermosensitive styrene derivative (4-vinylbenzyl methoxytetrakis(oxyethylene) ether) led to alternating copolymers with variable LCST. Consequently, an excess of this styrene-based monomer allowed the synthesis of double thermoresponsive tapered block copolymers in a single polymerization step.
Mechanistische und kinetische Untersuchungen von komplexen zellulären Prozessen in situ sind in den vergangenen Jahren durch den Einsatz photoaktivierbarer Biomoleküle, sogenannter caged Verbindungen, möglich geworden. Bei den caged Verbindungen handelt es sich um photolabile inaktive Derivate von biologisch aktiven Molekülen, aus denen durch ultraviolettes Licht mit Hilfe einer photochemischen Reaktion die natürliche, biologisch aktive Substanz schnell freigesetzt werden kann. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden caged Verbindungen von den Neurotransmittern Octopamin und Dopamin, dem Octopamin-Antagonist Epinastin, den Proteinsyntheseinhibitoren Emetin und Anisomycin, dem Protonophor CCCP und dem Riechstoff Bourgeonal hergestellt. Zur Synthese dieser caged Verbindungen wurden sowohl bekannte als auch verschiedene im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neu entwickelte photolabile Schutzgruppen mit einem (Cumarin-4-yl)methyl- bzw. einem 2-Nitrobenzyl-Gerüst eingesetzt. Entsprechende Syntheseverfahren wurden erarbeitet. Anschließend erfolgte eine umfassende physikalisch-chemische sowie photochemische Charakterisierung der erhaltenen caged Verbindungen. Dabei wurde besonders auf gute Löslichkeit in Wasser bei physiologischer Ionenstärke, schnelle und effiziente Photoreaktivität, hohe Extinktion bei Wellenlängen von 350-430 nm und gute solvolytische Stabilität bei geringer Toxizität der freigesetzten Schutzgruppe geachtet. Ein Schwerpunkt bei der photochemischen Charakterisierung bildeten die Untersuchungen zur Quantifizierung der 2-Photonen-Anregung, uncaging action cross-sections, der Cumarinylmethyl-caged Verbindungen, aufgrund ihrer Bedeutung für die Photofreisetzung von Biomolekülen, da die gleichzeitige Absorption von 2 IR-Photonen eine höhere dreidimensionale Auflösung und eine wesentlich tiefere Gewebepenetration erlaubt. Mit Hilfe von Kooperationspartnern wurden zeitaufgelösten Fluoreszenz- und IR-Messungen an verschiedenen (Cumarin-4-yl)methoxycarbonyl-caged Modellverbindungen durchgeführt, mit denen die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten k1 und kdecarb des Photolysemechanismus ermittelt wurde. Am Ende folgten die Anwendungserprobungen ausgewählter caged Verbindungen in einem Translationsassay bzw. in Zelluntersuchungen.