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Der Hofmaler Friedrich Georg Weitsch begann 1806 ein Gemälde, das Humboldt vor dem Chimborazo zeigt. Eine Akte im Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz liefert neue Erkenntnisse dazu. Weitsch fertigte das Gemälde, das die Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Auftrag gegeben hatte und das dann der preußische König für sich bestellte, nach Humboldts Anleitung an. Vermutlich eigenmächtig fügte er eine Aufschrift auf den Expeditionskisten hinzu, um Humboldts Amerikareise als preußische Expedition zu deklarieren und dem König als Landesherrn zu ermöglichen, an dem großen Ruhm der naturwissenschaftlichen Unternehmung Anteil zu nehmen. Der Untertitel des Gemäldes lautet nicht wie bisher angenommen „Preußische Expedition von Alexander von Humboldt“, sondern „Beschrieben von Alexander von Humboldt“.
Zwei Anlässe bilden den Ausgangspunkt für diesen Sammelband.
Anlässlich des 100. Todestags von Hermann Cohen fand im Oktober 2018 in Dortmund ein Symposium statt, das hier dokumentiert wird. Im Mittelpunkt standen hierbei die Fragen nach Cohens Bedeutung für die Philosophiegeschichte bis in die Gegenwart sowie nach der bleibenden Relevanz seines Religionsbegriffs.
Zudem wird Dieter Adelmanns grundlegende Studie zum Herkommen des Begriffs „erzeugen“ in Cohens Logik der reinen Erkenntnis aus der Synthese von früher Wissenschaft des Judentums und der Humboldtschen Sprachphilosophie im Werk H. Steinthals erstmals einer breiten Öffentlichkeit vorgelegt.
Adelmann zeigt insbesondere die Bedeutung von M. Joel, Michael Sachs und Steinthal für das religiös geprägte Denken des Marburger Neukantianers und Erkenntnistheoretikers Cohen auf. Brigitte Falkenburg zeigt, dass jenseits von Cohens Erkenntnistheorie seine eigentliche Bedeutung im philosophischen Konstruktivismus zu finden ist. Knut Martin Stünkel wendet sich Cohens unterschätzter Religionsschrift Der Begriff der Religion im System der Philosophie von 1915 zu und entwickelt eine Religionstopologie, mit deren Hilfe eine metasprachliche Ebene der Religionsforschung ermöglicht wird.
„An Herrn Prof. A. Wlosok“
(2020)
In contrast to other European countries, female professors of Classical Philology have been severely underrepresented in Germany. This article wants to shed light on Antonie Wlosok (1930–2013), the first or second woman to hold a Chair of Classical Philology in Germany. How can Wlosok’s work at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz be described, considering especially the very male-dominated academic world? Based on testimonials from the university archives and selected publications, this essay aims to give insights to this question, highlighting current debates about women in academia.
In 1810, Moses Lackenbacher, together with two of his children, Israel and Heinrich, and Moses Löwenstein created the company “Moses Lackenbacher & Compagnie” with headquarters in Nagykanizsa and a branch in Vienna. The main profile of the company was army purveyance. The business activity resulted in a high spatial mobility which led to socio-cultural acculturation and conversions to Christianity within the kinship. This paper explores the connection between kinship and the operation of the company on the basis of the prominent yet little-researched Lackenbachers in the early 19th-century Habsburg Monarchy. Central questions are how the relatives organized a company during the Napoleonic wars, as well as the impact of operating a business; how familial bonds and kinship links were affected, and, in this context, how relatives together evolved into a multi-religious network of kinship.
Wolfenstein: The New Order
(2020)
The paper investigates how cultural and social capital were passed down to the next generations via letters of recommendation. Focusing on fathers recommending their sons to German Jewish banker Gerson (von) Bleichröder, the paper asks how father-son relations were described and which role equivalent backgrounds, especially in terms of Jewishness and social standing, played in this process. Mainly discussed are four different patriarchs approaching Bleichröder on behalf of their sons to further their careers. Making use of methods such as historical network analysis and semantic analysis the paper introduces the letters of recommendation as a complex yet promising practice in order to maintain, strengthen and even further the family’s (social) capital over generational changes. The paper finds trust and tradition to be crucial for successful recommendations. Situated at a liminal point of economic and personal spheres, recommendations shed new light on crucial questions of 19th-century Jewish history, such as acculturation and distinctiveness as well as on intra-familial dynamics in the face of profound social transformation.
Vorwort: tessellae
(2020)
Vorwort
(2020)
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Potential von Computerspielen für den Politikunterricht. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, ob sich die Politiksimulation DEMOCRACY 3 für einen Einsatz in der gymnasialen Oberstufe eignet. Es wird herausgearbeitet, dass sich die Spieler von DEMOCRACY 3 mit den Auswirkungen politischer Entscheidungen auf die ökonomische, soziale und kulturelle Lage eines westlichen Landes auseinandersetzen, während die Komplexität politischer Aushandlungs- und Entscheidungsprozesse in demokratischen Regierungssystemen nicht erfahrbar wird. Die hier festgestellte Unvollständigkeit der politischen Simulation wird für die pädagogische Praxis aber nicht nur als Problem, sondern vor allem auch als didaktische Chance gesehen. Denn es sind gerade die Leer- und Schwachstellen der Simulation des Spieles, die besondere Anknüpfungsmöglichkeiten für den Unterricht bieten, da sie eine kritische Analyse der Simulation bzw. einen Vergleich mit der Realität politischer Prozesse und damit eine tiefe Auseinandersetzung mit Politik im Allgemeinen herausfordern. Schließlich werden drei konkrete Ideen für die schulische Praxis vorgestellt.
Tu felix Camelot nube!
(2020)
This article explores the ways in which the Yiddish Arthurian romance Viduvilt (sixteenth ct.) reworks its Middle High German model text, Wirnt von Grafenberg’s Wigalois (1210/1220), for an early modern Jewish audience. Through seemingly minor changes, the adaptor creates a story world in which family politics play an essential role and become the driving force behind the story development. Part of this change is the reevaluation of female figures, in particular mothers. In contrast to its model, the Arthurian knight in Viduvilt is created as a figure that relies and depends largely on the decisions made by mothers, who are portrayed as powerful matres familias.
Träume statt Theurgie
(2020)
In his work De insomniis (On Dreams), Synesios adopts a rather critical view of theurgy, resembling Porphyry’s attitude; his wording shows polemical exaggeration. His insistence on the usefulness of dream revelation for hunting might be read as a (not too serious) claim to the divine inspiration of his work κυνηγετικαί.
The WTO’s Crisis
(2020)
The perception of the WTO is currently one of an organisation in crisis. Yet, appraisal varies regarding its extent and seriousness: Is it merely a rough time or are we standing on the edge of destruction? The article will trace developments inside as well as outside the WTO in order to assess the magnitude of the crisis. It will be argued that while certain developments inside the organisation, when seen in accumulation would already warrant serious attention, only together with developments taking place outside of the WTO, the two strands of developments unfold their full potential for the crisis. The overall situation renders the WTO in a difficult position, as it is currently unable to adapt to these challenges, while keeping calm and carrying on might similarly further the crisis. While States might improve and further develop their trade relations in bi- and plurilateral agreements, it is only the WTO that reflects and stands for the multilateral post (cold) war order.
For the United States the ‘international law of global security’ is, in a unique sense, synonymous with the entire project of constructing global legal order. Uniquely preponderant power enjoyed since the end of the Second World War has allowed US preferences to manifest not merely in specific rules and regimes, but in purposive development of the entire structure of global legal order to favour American security interests. Perceptions of a recent decline in this order now find expression in advocacy for a ‘liberal’ or ‘rules-based’ international order, as the claimed foundation for global prosperity and security. This working paper seeks to map out the parameters of US contributions to the global security order by uncovering the strategic and political foundations of its engagement with the international law of global security. The paper begins by reflecting on competing US conceptions of the relationship between national security and global order as they evolved across the twentieth century. The focus then turns to three significant trends defining the contemporary field. First are US attitudes toward multilateral institutions and global security, and the ongoing contest between beliefs that they are mutually reinforcing versus beliefs that US security and global institutions sit in zero-sum opposition. Second is the impact of the generational ‘War on Terror’, which has yielded more permissive interpretation and development of laws governing the global use of violence. The final trend is that towards competitive geopolitical interests restructuring international law, which are evident across diverse areas ranging from global economics, to cybersecurity, to the fragmentation of global order into spheres of influence. Looking ahead, a confluence of rising geopolitical competitors with divergent legal conceptions, and conflicted domestic support for the legitimacy and desirability of US global leadership, emerge as leading forces already reshaping the global security order.
The paper investigates the question of sustainability of capacity building initiatives by reporting about the multiplication training in the frame of DIES NMT Programme on quality assurance in Uganda and how it could make use of the social capital within the existing quality assurance network to sustain and address challenges during its implementation. The purpose of the article is to explore the nature of networking (social and institutional) which was established by the Ugandan Universities Quality Assurance Forum (UUQAF) and share the strategies used in this training experience for future sustainable capacity building training initiatives in emerging economies. The paper employed a qualitative research method to describe and analyse the training framework based on primary and secondary documents.
This paper evaluates the construction of the rights of human rights defenders within international law and its shortcomings in protecting women. Human rights defenders have historically been defined on the basis of their actions as defenders. However, as Marxist-feminist scholar Silvia Federici contends, women are inherently politicised and, moreover, face obstacles to political action which are invisible to and untouchable by the law. Labour rights set an example of handling such a disadvantaged political position by placing vital importance on workers’ right to association and collective action. The paper closes with the suggestion that transposing this construction of rights to women would better protect women as human rights defenders while emphasising their capacity for self-determination in their political actions.
Sängers Glück
(2020)
The German singer-songwriter Reinhard Mey, although not pretending to be a second Orpheus, nevertheless appears to be very familiar with classical myth.
Stottern in Schule und Beruf
(2020)
Squaring the pedigree
(2020)
Arthur Czellitzer (1872 – 1943) embodies the interdependence between eugenics and genealogy in early 20th-century Germany. He developed widely discussed genealogical recording techniques designed both for studies about human heredity and for the use in historical family research. When he shifted his focus from medical family studies to Jewish family research after World War I, he maintained a eugenic agenda which was now primarily targeted at the preservation of the “Jewish race.”
The article deals with the family backgrounds and school careers of teachers for religious education at Jewish higher schools during the 19th century. As many of them are known because of their academic publications, our knowledge about their work as teachers is still a desideratum. Therefore, biographies of teachers at both Jewish higher schools in Frankfurt (Main) are presented and compared with the objective to identify typical structures. A key finding is the fact that access to the position as a teacher was not much formalized. Different ways to become a teacher were characteristic for both schools whilst the Modern Orthodox “Unterrichtsanstalt der Israelitischen Religionsgesellschaft” (IRG) was furthermore characterized by close family relations between its teachers. On the other hand, within the liberal network there existed a strong support based on shared convictions which worked as counterpart to the familiar network of the Modern Orthodox School.
Silent Hill 2
(2020)
This article analyses the eroticized power dynamics that Ovid stages in the Metamorphoses. It argues that 1) erotic desire functions in Ovid as a synonym of the desire for power; 2) that the transformations of gods can be read as a metaphor of the powerful subjecting the powerless to their will; 3) that metamorphosed humans can be regarded as notional monuments to divine power; and 4) that, by parading the self-evident fictionality of his transformation tales (including, most notably, the story of Julius Caesar’s apotheosis in Book 15), Ovid allows his readers, at least for the duration of the reading process, to experience a modicum of freedom.
Using quantile regression methods, this paper analyses the gender wage gap across the wage distribution and over time (1990–2014), while controlling for changing sample selection into full-time employment. Our findings show that the selection-corrected gender wage gap is much larger than the one observed in the data, which is mainly due to large positive selection of women into full-time employment. However, we show that selection-corrected wages of male and female workers at the lower half of the distribution have moderately converged over time. The reason for this development have been changes in the composition of the male full-time employment force over time, which in spite of the rather constant male full-time employment rate, have given place to a small but rising selection bias in male observed wages. In the upper half of the wage distribution, however, neither the observed nor the selection-corrected gender wage gap has narrowed over time.
Roms Metamorphosen im Exil
(2020)
In this article, we want to elucidate and contrast the exilic fates rendered in Ovid’s exilic elegies and in Lucan’s Bellum Civile. While Ovid’s persona undergoes a slow development towards acceptance of the exilic condition by ‘refounding’ a second Rome in Tomi, Lucan’s Pompey gradually severs himself from Rome, culminating in him dying far from home apparently without regrets. Both characters try to transfer the concept of Rome to new entities. However, they are not able to escape Rome’s grasp: Pompey is killed by a Roman mercenary in Egypt, Naso’s Roma secunda is in the end only a reproduction of the exul’s irrevocably Roman fate.
Im Anthropozän wird eine naturphilosophischethische Neubestimmung des vorherrschenden Mensch-Natur-Verhältnisses virulent. Die Interdependenz von Natur und Kultur ist mehr denn je offensichtlich und die durch den Menschen verursachte ökologische Krise samt Klimawandel und massivem Artensterben hat sich zur umfassenden Bedrohung auch für die menschliche Lebensform selbst ausgewachsen. In der letzten Dekade hat hierauf insbesondere das interdisziplinäre Forschungsfeld der Environmental Humanities reagiert. Im Sinne dieser Forschungsausrichtung werden der Naturforscher A. v. Humboldt und der Naturphilosoph F. W. J. Schelling beleuchtet und auf ihre Relevanz für die Auseinandersetzung mit aktuellen ökologischen Problemstellungen überprüft. Anleitend hierfür ist die Annahme, dass beide Wissenschaftler die Position eines romantischen Empirismus vertreten haben, der ideengebendes Potenzial für eine Revision des Mensch-Natur-Verhältnisses birgt.
Higher education institutions in Guinea face many challenges, including reporting responsibilities, globalisation, and massification. Institutional evaluations of higher education and research institutions in 2013 could not initiate the implementation of change processes within the institutions. Recently, however, various initiatives have been started to change this situation with the purpose to sensitise and raise awareness and capabilities for quality assurance structures in Guinean HEIs. So far, the emphasis has been put on quality enhancement in higher education, especially on teaching evaluation, curriculum development, as well as on establishing quality assurance structures. This article gives an overview of the state of play and takes stock of the activities that have been initiated to set up quality assurance mechanisms in higher education and research institutions, and presents perspectives for further development of the quality approach in Guinea. The project ‘Quality Assurance Multiplication 2017-2018’ serves as an example to describe approaches and activities in setting up stable quality assurance structures, and to strengthen and raise awareness for a ‘quality culture’.