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Verbal focus shifts
(2018)
Previous studies on design behaviour indicate that focus shifts positively influence ideational productivity. In this study we want to take a closer look at how these focus shifts look on the verbal level. We describe a mutually influencing relationship between mental focus shifts and verbal low coherent statements. In a case study based on the DTRS11 dataset we identify 297 low coherent statements via a combined topic modelling and manual approach. We introduce a categorization of the different instances of low coherent statements. The results indicate that designers tend to shift topics within an existing design issue instead of completely disrupting it. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effective communication among sympatric species is often instrumental for behavioural isolation, where the failure to successfully discriminate between potential mates could lead to less fit hybrid offspring. Discrimination between con- and heterospecifics tends to occur more often in the sex that invests more in offspring production, i.e. females, but males may also mediate reproductive isolation. In this study, we show that among two Campylomormyrus Africanweakly electric fish species, males preferentially associate with conspecific females during choice tests using live fish as stimuli, i.e. when all sensory modalities potentially used for communication were present. We then conducted playback experiments to determine whether the species-specific electric organ discharge (EOD) used for electrocommunication serves as the cue for this conspecific association preference. Interestingly, only C. compressirostris males associated significantly more with the conspecific EOD waveform when playback stimuli were provided, while no such association preference was observed in C. tamandua males. Given our results, the EOD appears to serve, in part, as a male-mediated pre-zygotic isolation mechanism among sympatric species. However, the failure of C. tamandua males to discriminate between con- and heterospecific playback discharges suggests that multiple modalities may be necessary for species recognition in some African weakly electric fish species.