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Vorwort
(2020)
Bonner Stotterherapie
(2020)
Stottern in Schule und Beruf
(2020)
Im Anthropozän wird eine naturphilosophischethische Neubestimmung des vorherrschenden Mensch-Natur-Verhältnisses virulent. Die Interdependenz von Natur und Kultur ist mehr denn je offensichtlich und die durch den Menschen verursachte ökologische Krise samt Klimawandel und massivem Artensterben hat sich zur umfassenden Bedrohung auch für die menschliche Lebensform selbst ausgewachsen. In der letzten Dekade hat hierauf insbesondere das interdisziplinäre Forschungsfeld der Environmental Humanities reagiert. Im Sinne dieser Forschungsausrichtung werden der Naturforscher A. v. Humboldt und der Naturphilosoph F. W. J. Schelling beleuchtet und auf ihre Relevanz für die Auseinandersetzung mit aktuellen ökologischen Problemstellungen überprüft. Anleitend hierfür ist die Annahme, dass beide Wissenschaftler die Position eines romantischen Empirismus vertreten haben, der ideengebendes Potenzial für eine Revision des Mensch-Natur-Verhältnisses birgt.
En su breve visita a Canarias a finales del siglo XVIII, Alexander von Humboldt realizó interesantes observaciones sobre la geología de estas Islas. En relación con los fósiles inorgánicos, es decir, rocas y minerales, sus apreciaciones se enmarcan en sus estudios realizados en la Bergakademie de Freiberg, bajo la dirección de A. G. Werner, dentro del Neptunismo, y en sus experiencias en América e Italia. Aplicó en Canarias la universalidad de las formaciones geológicas wernerianas, algunas de las cuales creyó, erróneamente, haber observado en Tenerife, como la presencia de granitos o gneises. Humboldt estaba convencido de que el basalto
era de origen volcánico, y no se había formado por precipitación acuosa. Sería así uno de los más influyentes desertores del Neptunismo, y suscitó la visita a Canarias de numerosos geólogos a lo largo del siglo XIX.
Der Hofmaler Friedrich Georg Weitsch begann 1806 ein Gemälde, das Humboldt vor dem Chimborazo zeigt. Eine Akte im Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz liefert neue Erkenntnisse dazu. Weitsch fertigte das Gemälde, das die Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Auftrag gegeben hatte und das dann der preußische König für sich bestellte, nach Humboldts Anleitung an. Vermutlich eigenmächtig fügte er eine Aufschrift auf den Expeditionskisten hinzu, um Humboldts Amerikareise als preußische Expedition zu deklarieren und dem König als Landesherrn zu ermöglichen, an dem großen Ruhm der naturwissenschaftlichen Unternehmung Anteil zu nehmen. Der Untertitel des Gemäldes lautet nicht wie bisher angenommen „Preußische Expedition von Alexander von Humboldt“, sondern „Beschrieben von Alexander von Humboldt“.
This paper evaluates the construction of the rights of human rights defenders within international law and its shortcomings in protecting women. Human rights defenders have historically been defined on the basis of their actions as defenders. However, as Marxist-feminist scholar Silvia Federici contends, women are inherently politicised and, moreover, face obstacles to political action which are invisible to and untouchable by the law. Labour rights set an example of handling such a disadvantaged political position by placing vital importance on workers’ right to association and collective action. The paper closes with the suggestion that transposing this construction of rights to women would better protect women as human rights defenders while emphasising their capacity for self-determination in their political actions.
Large emissions
(2020)
Pinned Gibbs processes
(2020)
Using quantile regression methods, this paper analyses the gender wage gap across the wage distribution and over time (1990–2014), while controlling for changing sample selection into full-time employment. Our findings show that the selection-corrected gender wage gap is much larger than the one observed in the data, which is mainly due to large positive selection of women into full-time employment. However, we show that selection-corrected wages of male and female workers at the lower half of the distribution have moderately converged over time. The reason for this development have been changes in the composition of the male full-time employment force over time, which in spite of the rather constant male full-time employment rate, have given place to a small but rising selection bias in male observed wages. In the upper half of the wage distribution, however, neither the observed nor the selection-corrected gender wage gap has narrowed over time.
Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women’s employment rates but decrease their wages in case of extended leave durations. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers’ long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a “daddy quota” of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-difference approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for high-income mothers. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in working hours, observed characteristics, changes in employer stability or fertility patterns. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the “daddy months”, could have facilitated mothers’ re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low prior-to-birth earnings, however, we do not find any beneficial labor market effects of this parental leave reform.
Recent advances in microscopy have led to an improved visualization of different cell processes. Yet, this also leads to a higher demand of tools which can process images in an automated and quantitative fashion. Here, we present two applications that were developed to quantify different processes in eukaryotic cells which rely on the organization and dynamics of the cytoskeleton.. In plant cells, microtubules and actin filaments form the backbone of the cytoskeleton. These structures support cytoplasmic streaming, cell wall organization and tracking of cellular material to and from the plasma membrane. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of cytoskeletal organization, dynamics and coordination, frameworks for the quantification are needed. While this is fairly well established for the microtubules, the actin cytoskeleton has remained difficult to study due to its highly dynamic behaviour. One aim of this thesis was therefore to provide an automated framework to quantify and describe actin organization and dynamics. We used the framework to represent actin structures as networks and examined the transport efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyl cells. Furthermore, we applied the framework to determine the growth mode of cotton fibers and compared the actin organization in wild-type and mutant cells of rice. Finally, we developed a graphical user interface for easy usage. Microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton also play a major role in the morphogenesis of epidermal leaf pavement cells. These cells have highly complex and interdigitated shapes which are hard to describe in a quantitative way. While the relationship between microtubules, the actin cytoskeleton and shape formation is the object of many studies, it is still not clear how and if the cytoskeletal components predefine indentations and protrusions in pavement cell shapes. To understand the underlying cell processes which coordinate cell morphogenesis, a quantitative shape descriptor is needed. Therefore, the second aim of this thesis was the development of a network-based shape descriptor which captures global and local shape features, facilitates shape comparison and can be used to evaluate shape complexity. We demonstrated that our framework can be used to describe and compare shapes from various domains. In addition, we showed that the framework accurately detects local shape features of pavement cells and outperform contending approaches. In the third part of the thesis, we extended the shape description framework to describe pavement cell shape features on tissue-level by proposing different network representations of the underlying imaging data.
Planstadt Doberlug
(2020)
Nach einer Einführung in die Geschichte der Strategiespiele und im Speziellen von 4X-Spielen wird das Phänomen der „Hands-off-Games“ erläutert. Im Anschluss wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie 4X-Geschichtsspiele im Unterricht eingesetzt werden können. Dabei soll ein 4X-Strategiespiel zu einem historischen Thema entworfen werden. Die Modellierung erfolgt in drei Arbeitsschritten: Themenfindung, Modellfindung, Parametrierung. In den Entwurf des Modells fließen viele Überlegungen ein, die zentrale Fragen der Gemeinschaftskunde betreffen.
Die Geschichte lebt!
(2020)
In „Die Geschichte lebt!“ skizziert der Autor fünf wichtige Prämissen zur erfolgreichen Entwicklung didaktischer Spielformen. Auf Basis seiner eigenen Tätigkeit als Game Designer exemplifiziert er diese anhand eigener digitaler und analoger Spielformen und erklärt anschaulich das eigene Vorgehen bei der Entwicklung von Serious Games und Lernspielen.
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Potential von Computerspielen für den Politikunterricht. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, ob sich die Politiksimulation DEMOCRACY 3 für einen Einsatz in der gymnasialen Oberstufe eignet. Es wird herausgearbeitet, dass sich die Spieler von DEMOCRACY 3 mit den Auswirkungen politischer Entscheidungen auf die ökonomische, soziale und kulturelle Lage eines westlichen Landes auseinandersetzen, während die Komplexität politischer Aushandlungs- und Entscheidungsprozesse in demokratischen Regierungssystemen nicht erfahrbar wird. Die hier festgestellte Unvollständigkeit der politischen Simulation wird für die pädagogische Praxis aber nicht nur als Problem, sondern vor allem auch als didaktische Chance gesehen. Denn es sind gerade die Leer- und Schwachstellen der Simulation des Spieles, die besondere Anknüpfungsmöglichkeiten für den Unterricht bieten, da sie eine kritische Analyse der Simulation bzw. einen Vergleich mit der Realität politischer Prozesse und damit eine tiefe Auseinandersetzung mit Politik im Allgemeinen herausfordern. Schließlich werden drei konkrete Ideen für die schulische Praxis vorgestellt.
Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Möglichkeit, Computerspiele aufgrund der bildlichen Stilmittel parallel zu Entwicklungen der Kunstgeschichte zu untersuchen. Hierzu wird auf die Stilanalyse des Schweizer Kunstwissenschaftlers Heinrich Wölfflin zurückgegriffen, der den Wandel der realistischen Malerei von der Renaissance zum Barock am Übergang von ‚flachen‘ zu ‚tiefen‘ Darstellungen festmacht. In einem zeitlich wesentlich kürzeren Abstand lässt sich die gleiche Veränderung am Übergang früher realistischer Computerspiele vom Anfang der 1990er Jahre bis zu den 2000er Jahren feststellen. Damit zeigt sich sowohl die Relevanz der kunstgeschichtlichen Auseinandersetzung mit Computerspielen, wie sich auch eine neue Perspektive auf die Frage nach digitalen Spielen ‚als Kunst‘ eröffnet.
Current contestations of the liberal international order stand in notable contrast with the earlier rise of international law during the post-cold war period. As Krieger and Liese argue, this situation calls for assessment of the type of change that is currently observed, i.e. norm change (Wandel) or a more fundamental transformation of international law – a metamorphosis (Verwandlung)? To address this question, this paper details the bi-focal approach to norms in order to reflect and take account of the complex interrelation between fact-based and value-based conceptions of norms. The paper is organised in three sections. The first section presents three axioms underlying the conceptual framework to study norm(ative) change which are visualised by a triangular operation to analyse this change in relation with practices and norms. The second section recalls three key interests that have guided IR norms research after the return to norms in the late 1980s. They include, first, allocating change in and through practice, second, identifying behavioural change with reference to norm- following, and third, identifying norm(ative) change with reference to discursive practice. The third section presents the two analytical tools of the conceptual frame, namely, the norm-typology and the cycle-grid model. It also indicates how to apply these tools with reference to illustrative case scenarios. The conclusion recalls the key elements of the conceptual framework for research on norm(ative) change in international relations in light of the challenge of establishing sustainable normativity in the global order.
The WTO’s Crisis
(2020)
The perception of the WTO is currently one of an organisation in crisis. Yet, appraisal varies regarding its extent and seriousness: Is it merely a rough time or are we standing on the edge of destruction? The article will trace developments inside as well as outside the WTO in order to assess the magnitude of the crisis. It will be argued that while certain developments inside the organisation, when seen in accumulation would already warrant serious attention, only together with developments taking place outside of the WTO, the two strands of developments unfold their full potential for the crisis. The overall situation renders the WTO in a difficult position, as it is currently unable to adapt to these challenges, while keeping calm and carrying on might similarly further the crisis. While States might improve and further develop their trade relations in bi- and plurilateral agreements, it is only the WTO that reflects and stands for the multilateral post (cold) war order.
The guarantee of judicial independence is undoubtedly one of the most important institutional design features of international courts and tribunals. An independence deficit can adversely impact a court’s authority, create a crisis of legitimacy, and undermine the very effectiveness of an international court or tribunal. It can hardly be denied that for an international court to be considered legitimate, a basic degree of independence is a must. An independent judiciary is a precondition to the fair and just resolution of legal disputes. In the context of interstate dispute settlement where the jurisdiction of courts is based on the principle of consent, in the absence of a basic degree of judicial independence, states may not be willing to submit to the jurisdiction of international courts. Comparing and contrasting the International Court of Justice and the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organisation, I assess whether those international judicial mechanisms possess the basic degree of independence required for a court to be able to maintain its credibility so that it can continue to perform its core function of adjudicating interstate disputes. With both those interstate adjudicative bodies constituting the two leading international courts in terms of participation and the sheer number of cases decided, much may be learned from comparing them. I argue there is a case for bolstering the independence of the ICJ; and without immediate reforms to the Appellate Body’s institutional design, its recent demise may become permanent. I conclude that if a basic degree of judicial independence cannot be guaranteed, it is preferable to let a court vanish for a while than to maintain a significantly deficient one.