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- ADHD (6)
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- Adolescence (5)
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Anpassung der Psychotherapie-Richtlinien zur Zulassung psychotherapeutischer Verfahren und Methoden
(2006)
The present study aimed to examine the extent to which the co-occurrence of ADHD and smoking in adolescents could be attributed to common genetic, environmental and psychopathological factors. Data are from an ongoing prospective study of the outcome of early risk factors. At age 15 years, 305 adolescents completed self-report questionnaires measuring tobacco consumption and deviant peer affiliations. Lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were obtained using standardized interviews. DNA was genotyped for the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene exon III polymorphism. Adolescents with a lifetime diagnosis of ADHD displayed significantly higher smoking activity than non-ADHD controls. A major component of this association could be accounted for by deviant peer affiliations and the comorbidity with oppositional-defiant and conduct disorder, while a minor part was attributable to DRD4 in males but not in females. These findings suggest that the association of ADHD with smoking relies on risk factors shared by the two behaviors.
Use and misuse, age of first substance use, and prevalence of problematic use of legal (alcohol, nicotine) and illegal (cannabis etc.) drugs in adolescence were analyzed. The risk and protective factors for substance misuse were investigated. A representative sample of 246 14-15 year-olds were examined (20% of the population of a defined German region, cross-sectional design, self-rating inventory). Prevalence rates for problematic use were 19.9% for alcohol, 48% for nicotine, and 16.7% for illegal drugs. Mean age of first substance use was age 12 for legal drugs and age 14 for illegal drugs. 4,9% of the adolescents showed concurrent problematic use of nicotine, alcohol, and illegal drugs (male- female ratio: 5,2:1). Problematic substance use could be predicted best by a combination of risk factors (school failure, low level for availability of illegal drugs in the neighbourhood) and protective factors (participating a lot of sport, positive family climate). Suggestions for universal, selective, and indicated preventive interventions were derived.
Lower P300 amplitude in eight-year-old offspring of alcoholic fathers with a delinquent history
(2006)
The aim of the present study was to investigate the P300 amplitude as a possible vulnerability marker in children of alcoholic (COA) fathers with and without paternal delinquency. Event-related potentials (ERPs) of 122 children aged 8 years (63 boys, 59 girls) were compared depending on father's alcoholism subtype: 30 COAs without paternal delinquency, 10 COAs with paternal delinquency, and 82 children of non-alcoholic and non-delinquent fathers. ERPs were recorded from Fz, Cz, and Pz, using an auditory oddball paradigm. Sinus tones of 60 dB HL were presented binaurally at 1,000 Hz (standard stimulus) and 2,000 Hz (target stimulus), at a relative frequency ratio of 80:20. Two trial blocks of 250 stimuli each were collected. Results indicated that only COAs with paternal delinquency displayed significant differences from the control group, characterized by reduced P300 amplitude at frontal site and in the second trial block. Thus, the combination of fathers' alcoholism and delinquency was more likely to relate to attenuated P300 amplitude in the offspring than paternal alcoholism alone. Our results suggest that both alcoholic and delinquent family history appear to play a role in P300 amplitude reduction in the offspring.