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The paper argues that economists’ position-taking in discourses of crises should be understood in the light of economists’ positions in the academic field of economics. This hypothesis is investigated by performing a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) on a prosopographical data set of 144 French economists who positioned themselves between 2008 and 2021 in controversies over the euro crisis, the French political economic model, and French economics. In these disciplinary controversies, different forms of (post-)national academic capital are used by economists to either initiate change or defend the status quo. These strategies are then interpreted as part of more general power struggles over the basic national or post-national constitution and legitimate governance of economy and society.
Die vorliegende Arbeit thematisiert die Synthese und die Polymerisation von Monomeren auf der Basis nachwachsender Rohstoffe wie zum Beispiel in Gewürzen und ätherischen Ölen enthaltenen kommerziell verfügbaren Phenylpropanoiden (Eugenol, Isoeugenol, Zimtalkohol, Anethol und Estragol) und des Terpenoids Myrtenol sowie ausgehend von der Rinde einer Birke (Betula pendula) und der Korkeiche (Quercus suber). Ausgewählte Phenylpropanoide (Eugenol, Isoeugenol und Zimtalkohol) und das Terpenoid Myrtenol wurden zunächst in den jeweiligen Laurylester überführt und anschließend das olefinische Strukturelement epoxidiert, wobei 4 neue (2-Methoxy-4-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)phenyldodecanoat, 2-Methoxy-4-(3-methyl-oxiran-2-yl)phenyldodecanoat, (3-Phenyloxiran-2-yl)methyldodecanoat, (7,7-Dimethyl-3-oxatricyclo[4.1.1.02,4]octan-2-yl)methyldodecanoat) und 2 bereits bekannte monofunktionelle Epoxide (2-(4-Methoxybenzyl)oxiran und 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-methyloxiran) erhalten wurden, die mittels 1H-NMR-, 13C-NMR- und FT-IR-Spektroskopie sowie mit DSC untersucht wurden. Die Photo-DSC Untersuchung der Epoxidmonomere in einer kationischen Photopolymerisation bei 40 °C ergab die maximale Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit (Rpmax: 0,005 s-1 bis 0,038 s-1) sowie die Zeit (tmax: 13 s bis 26 s) bis zum Erreichen des Rpmax-Wertes und führte zu flüssigen Oligomeren, deren zahlenmittlerer Polymerisationsgrad mit 3 bis 6 mittels GPC bestimmt wurde. Die Umsetzung von 2-Methoxy-4-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)phenyldodecanoat mit Methacrylsäure ergab ein Isomerengemisch (2-Methoxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl)phenyldodecanoat und 2-Methoxy-4-(2-(methacryl-oyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl)phenyldodecanoat), das mittels Photo-DSC in einer freien radikalischen Photopolymerisation untersucht wurde (Rpmax: 0,105 s-1 und tmax: 5 s), die zu festen in Chloroform unlöslichen Polymeren führte.
Aus Korkpulver und gemahlener Birkenrinde wurden selektiv 2 kristalline ω-Hydroxyfettsäuren (9,10-Epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecansäure und 22-Hydroxydocosansäure) isoliert. Die kationische Photopolymerisation der 9,10-Epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecansäure ergab einen nahezu farblosen transparenten und bei Raumtemperatur elastischen Film, welcher ein Anwendungspotential für Oberflächenbeschichtungen hat. Aus der Reaktion von 9,10-Epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecansäure mit Methacrylsäure wurde ein bei Raumtemperatur flüssiges Gemisch aus zwei Konstitutionsisomeren (9,18-Dihydroxy-10-(methacryloyloxy)octadecansäure und 9-(Methacryloyloxy)-10,18-dihydroxyoctadecansäure) erhalten (Tg: -60 °C). Die radikalische Photopolymerisation dieser Konstitutionsisomere wurde ebenfalls mittels Photo-DSC untersucht (Rpmax: 0,098 s-1 und tmax: 3,8 s). Die Reaktion von 22-Hydroxydocosansäure mit Methacryloylchlorid ergab die kristalline 22-(Methacryloyloxy)docosansäure, welche ebenfalls in einer radikalischen Photopolymerisation mittels Photo-DSC untersucht wurde (Rpmax: 0,023 s-1 und tmax: 9,6 s).
Die mittels AIBN in Dimethylsulfoxid initiierte Homopolymerisation der 22-(Methacryloyloxy)docosansäure und der Isomerengemische bestehend aus 2-Methoxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl)phenyldodecanoat und 2-Methoxy-4-(2-(methacryl-oyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl)phenyldodecanoat sowie aus 9,18-Dihydroxy-10-(methacryloy-loxy)octadecansäure und 9-(Methacryloyloxy)-10,18-dihydroxyoctadecansäure ergab feste lösliche Polymere, die mittels 1H-NMR- und FT-IR-Spektroskopie, GPC (Poly(2-methoxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl)phenyldodecanoat / 2-methoxy-4-(2-(methacryloyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl)phenyldodecanoat): Pn = 94) und DSC (Poly(2-methoxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl)phenyldodecanoat / 2-methoxy-4-(2-(methacryloyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl)phenyldodecanoat): Tg: 52 °C; Poly(9,18-dihydroxy-10-(methacryloyloxy)-octadecansäure / 9-(methacryloyloxy)-10,18-dihydroxyoctadecansäure): Tg: 10 °C; Poly(22-(methacryloyloxy)docosansäure): Tm: 74,1 °C, wobei der Schmelzpunkt mit dem des Photopolymers (Tm = 76,8 °C) vergleichbar ist) charakterisiert wurden.
Das bereits bekannte Monomer 4-(4-Methacryloyloxyphenyl)butan-2-on wurde ausgehend von 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-on hergestellt, welches aus Birkenrinde gewonnen werden kann, und unter identischen Bedingungen für einen Vergleich mit den neuen Monomeren polymerisiert. Die freie radikalische Polymerisation führte zu Poly(4-(4-methacryloyloxyphenyl)butan-2-on) (Pn: 214 und Tg: 83 °C). Neben der Homopolymerisation wurde eine statistische Copolymerisation des Isomerengemisches 2-Methoxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-(methacryl-oyloxy)propyl)phenyldodecanoat / 2-Methoxy-4-(2-(methacryloyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl)-phenyldodecanoat mit 4-(4-Methacryloyloxyphenyl)butan-2-on untersucht, wobei ein äquimolarer Einsatz der Ausgangsmonomere zu einem Anstieg der Ausbeute, der Molmassenverteilung und der Dispersität des Copolymers (Tg: 44 °C) führte. Die unter Verwendung von Diethylcarbonat als „grünes“ Lösungsmittel mittels AIBN initiierten freien radikalischen Homopolymerisationen von 4-(4-Methacryloyloxyphenyl)butan-2-on und von Laurylmethacrylat ergaben vergleichbare Polymerisationsgrade der Homopolymere (Pn: 150), welche jedoch aufgrund ihrer Strukturunterschiede deutlich unterschiedliche Glasübergangstemperaturen hatten (Poly(4-(4-methacryloyloxyphenyl)butan-2-on): Tg: 70 °C, Poly(laurylmethacrylat) Tg: -49 °C. Eine statistische Copolymerisation äquimolarer Stoffmengen der beiden Monomere in Diethylcarbonat führte bei einer Polymerisationszeit von 60 Minuten zu einem leicht bevorzugten Einbau des 4-(4-Methacryloyloxyphenyl)butan-2-on in das Copolymer (Tg: 17 °C). Copolymerisationsdiagramme für die freien radikalischen Copolymerisationen von 4-(4-Methacryloyloxyphenyl)butan-2-on mit n-Butylmethacrylat beziehungsweise 2-(Dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylat (t: 20 min bis 60 min; Molenbrüche (X) für 4-(4-Methacryloyloxyphenyl)butan-2-on: 0,2; 0,4; 0,6 und 0,8) zeigten ein nahezu ideales azeotropes Copolymerisationsverhalten, obwohl ein leicht bevorzugter Einbau von 4-(4-Methacryloyloxyphenyl)butan-2-on in das jeweilige Copolymer beobachtet wurde. Dabei korreliert ein Anstieg der Ausbeute und der Glasübergangstemperatur der erhaltenen Copolymere mit einem zunehmenden Gehalt an 4-(4-Methacryloyloxyphenyl)butan-2-on im Reaktionsgemisch. Die unter Einsatz der modifizierten Gibbs-DiMarzio-Gleichung berechneten Glasübergangstemperaturen der Copolymere stimmten mit den gemessenen Werten gut überein. Das ist eine gute Ausgangsbasis für die Bestimmung der Glasübergangstemperatur eines Copolymers mit einer beliebigen Zusammensetzung.
Um Mitarbeitende langfristig ans Unternehmen zu binden und das Engagement in Teams hochzuhalten, fokussieren sich viele Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung des Betriebsklimas oder der Zufriedenheit auf die Motivation der Mitarbeitenden. Meist ist es jedoch lohnenswerter, die Zumutungen der organisationalen Struktur zuerst anzufassen. Häufig liegen dort die größten Motivationskiller - und somit auch die Hebel mit dem größten Potenzial für mehr Zufriedenheit.
Unterwachung lernen
(2024)
We analyze how conventional emissions trading schemes (ETS) can be modified by introducing “clean-up certificates” to allow for a phase of net-negative emissions. Clean-up certificates bundle the permission to emit CO2 with the obligation for its removal. We show that demand for such certificates is determined by cost-saving technological progress, the discount rate and the length of the compliance period. Introducing extra clean-up certificates into an existing ETS reduces near-term carbon prices and mitigation efforts. In contrast, substituting ETS allowances with clean-up certificates reduces cumulative emissions without depressing carbon prices or mitigation in the near term. We calibrate our model to the EU ETS and identify reforms where simultaneously (i) ambition levels rise, (ii) climate damages fall, (iii) revenues from carbon prices rise and (iv) carbon prices and aggregate mitigation cost fall. For reducing climate damages, roughly half of the issued clean-up certificates should replace conventional ETS allowances. In the context of the EU ETS, a European Carbon Central Bank could manage the implementation of cleanup certificates and could serve as an enforcement mechanism.
Ecosystems play a pivotal role in addressing climate change but are also highly susceptible to drastic environmental changes. Investigating their historical dynamics can enhance our understanding of how they might respond to unprecedented future environmental shifts. With Arctic lakes currently under substantial pressure from climate change, lessons from the past can guide our understanding of potential disruptions to these lakes. However, individual lake systems are multifaceted and complex. Traditional isolated lake studies often fail to provide a global perspective because localized nuances—like individual lake parameters, catchment areas, and lake histories—can overshadow broader conclusions. In light of these complexities, a more nuanced approach is essential to analyze lake systems in a global context.
A key to addressing this challenge lies in the data-driven analysis of sedimentological records from various northern lake systems. This dissertation emphasizes lake systems in the northern Eurasian region, particularly in Russia (n=59). For this doctoral thesis, we collected sedimentological data from various sources, which required a standardized framework for further analysis. Therefore, we designed a conceptual model for integrating and standardizing heterogeneous multi-proxy data into a relational database management system (PostgreSQL). Creating a database from the collected data enabled comparative numerical analyses between spatially separated lakes as well as between different proxies.
When analyzing numerous lakes, establishing a common frame of reference was crucial. We achieved this by converting proxy values from depth dependency to age dependency. This required consistent age calculations across all lakes and proxies using one age-depth modeling software. Recognizing the broader implications and potential pitfalls of this, we developed the LANDO approach ("Linked Age and Depth Modelling"). LANDO is an innovative integration of multiple age-depth modeling software into a singular, cohesive platform (Jupyter Notebook). Beyond its ability to aggregate data from five renowned age-depth modeling software, LANDO uniquely empowers users to filter out implausible model outcomes using robust geoscientific data. Our method is not only novel but also significantly enhances the accuracy and reliability of lake analyses.
Considering the preceding steps, this doctoral thesis further examines the relationship between carbon in sediments and temperature over the last 21,000 years. Initially, we hypothesized a positive correlation between carbon accumulation in lakes and modelled paleotemperature. Our homogenized dataset from heterogeneous lakes confirmed this association, even if the highest temperatures throughout our observation period do not correlate with the highest carbon values. We assume that rapid warming events contribute more to high accumulation, while sustained warming leads to carbon outgassing. Considering the current high concentration of carbon in the atmosphere and rising temperatures, ongoing climate change could cause northern lake systems to contribute to a further increase in atmospheric carbon (positive feedback loop). While our findings underscore the reliability of both our standardized data and the LANDO method, expanding our dataset might offer even greater assurance in our conclusions.
Captive Red Army soldiers made up the majority of victims of Nazi Germany’s starvation policy against Soviet civilians and other non-combatants and thus constituted the largest single victim group of the German war of annihilation against the Soviet Union. Indeed, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest victim group of all National Socialist annihilation policies after the European Jews. Before the launch of Operation Barbarossa, it was clear to the Wehrmacht planning departments on exactly what scale they could expect to capture Soviet troops. Yet, they neglected to make the necessary preparations for feeding and sheltering the captured soldiers, who were viewed by the economic staffs and the military leadership alike as direct competitors of German troops and the German home front for precious food supplies. The number of extra mouths to feed was incompatible with German war aims. The obvious limitations on their freedom of movement and the relative ease with which large numbers could be segregated and their rations controlled were crucial factors in the death of over 3 million Soviet POWs, the vast majority directly or indirectly as a result of deliberate policies of neglect, undernourishment, and starvation while in the ‘care’ of the Wehrmacht. The most reliable figures for the mortality of Soviet POWs in German captivity reveal that up to 3.3 million died from a total of just over 5.7 million captured between June 1941 and February 1945 — a proportion of almost 58 percent. Of these, 2 million were already dead by the beginning of February 1942. In English, there is still neither a single monograph nor a single edited volume dedicated to the subject. This article now provides the first detailed stand-alone synthesis in that language addressing the whole period from 1941 to 1945.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system customization is often necessary because companies have unique processes that provide their competitive advantage. Despite new technological advances such as cloud computing or model-driven development, technical ERP customization options are either outdated or ambiguously formulated in the scientific literature. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) that analyzes 137 definitions from 26 papers, the result is an analysis and aggregation of technical customization types by providing clearance and aligning with future organizational needs. The results show a shift from ERP code modification in on-premises systems to interface and integration customization in cloud ERP systems, as well as emerging technological opportunities as a way for customers and key users to perform system customization. The study contributes by providing a clear understanding of given customization types and assisting ERP users and vendors in making customization decisions.
In this visualization, the authors show changes in family patterns by different race groups across two cohorts. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (born from 1957 to 1965) and 1997 (born from 1980 to 1984), the authors visualize the relationship-parenthood state distributions at each age between 15 and 35 years by race and cohort. The results suggest the rise of cohabiting mothers and the decline of married and divorced mothers among women born from 1980 to 1984. Black women born from 1980 to 1984 were more likely to experience single/childless and single/parent status compared with Black women born from 1957 to 1965. Although with some visible postponement in the recent cohort, white women in both cohorts were more likely to experience married/parent status than other race groups. The decline in married/parent status across the two generations was sharpest among Hispanic women. These descriptive findings highlight the importance of identifying race when discussing changes in family formation and dissolution trends across generations.
Improving permafrost dynamics in land surface models: insights from dual sensitivity experiments
(2024)
The thawing of permafrost and the subsequent release of greenhouse gases constitute one of the most significant and uncertain positive feedback loops in the context of climate change, making predictions regarding changes in permafrost coverage of paramount importance. To address these critical questions, climate scientists have developed Land Surface Models (LSMs) that encompass a multitude of physical soil processes. This thesis is committed to advancing our understanding and refining precise representations of permafrost dynamics within LSMs, with a specific focus on the accurate modeling of heat fluxes, an essential component for simulating permafrost physics.
The first research question overviews fundamental model prerequisites for the representation of permafrost soils within land surface modeling. It includes a first-of-its-kind comparison between LSMs in CMIP6 to reveal their differences and shortcomings in key permafrost physics parameters. Overall, each of these LSMs represents a unique approach to simulating soil processes and their interactions with the climate system. Choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application depends on factors such as the spatial and temporal scale of the simulation, the specific research question, and available computational resources.
The second research question evaluates the performance of the state-of-the-art Community Land Model (CLM5) in simulating Arctic permafrost regions. Our approach overcomes traditional evaluation limitations by individually addressing depth, seasonality, and regional variations, providing a comprehensive assessment of permafrost and soil temperature dynamics. I compare CLM5's results with three extensive datasets: (1) soil temperatures from 295 borehole stations, (2) active layer thickness (ALT) data from the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring Network (CALM), and (3) soil temperatures, ALT, and permafrost extent from the ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI). The results show that CLM5 aligns well with ESA-CCI and CALM for permafrost extent and ALT but reveals a significant global cold temperature bias, notably over Siberia. These results echo a persistent challenge identified in numerous studies: the existence of a systematic 'cold bias' in soil temperature over permafrost regions. To address this challenge, the following research questions propose dual sensitivity experiments.
The third research question represents the first study to apply a Plant Functional Type (PFT)-based approach to derive soil texture and soil organic matter (SOM), departing from the conventional use of coarse-resolution global data in LSMs. This novel method results in a more uniform distribution of soil organic matter density (OMD) across the domain, characterized by reduced OMD values in most regions. However, changes in soil texture exhibit a more intricate spatial pattern. Comparing the results to observations reveals a significant reduction in the cold bias observed in the control run. This method shows noticeable improvements in permafrost extent, but at the cost of an overestimation in ALT. These findings emphasize the model's high sensitivity to variations in soil texture and SOM content, highlighting the crucial role of soil composition in governing heat transfer processes and shaping the seasonal variation of soil temperatures in permafrost regions.
Expanding upon a site experiment conducted in Trail Valley Creek by \citet{dutch_impact_2022}, the fourth research question extends the application of the snow scheme proposed by \citet{sturm_thermal_1997} to cover the entire Arctic domain. By employing a snow scheme better suited to the snow density profile observed over permafrost regions, this thesis seeks to assess its influence on simulated soil temperatures. Comparing this method to observational datasets reveals a significant reduction in the cold bias that was present in the control run. In most regions, the Sturm run exhibits a substantial decrease in the cold bias. However, there is a distinctive overshoot with a warm bias observed in mountainous areas. The Sturm experiment effectively addressed the overestimation of permafrost extent in the control run, albeit resulting in a substantial reduction in permafrost extent over mountainous areas. ALT results remain relatively consistent compared to the control run. These outcomes align with our initial hypothesis, which anticipated that the reduced snow insulation in the Sturm run would lead to higher winter soil temperatures and a more accurate representation of permafrost physics.
In summary, this thesis demonstrates significant advancements in understanding permafrost dynamics and its integration into LSMs. It has meticulously unraveled the intricacies involved in the interplay between heat transfer, soil properties, and snow dynamics in permafrost regions. These insights offer novel perspectives on model representation and performance.
Das Risiko, durch einen Suizid im Gefängnis zu versterben, ist erhöht. Während der COVID-19-Pandemie wurden zum Infektionsschutz zahlreiche Maßnahmen, die beispielsweise eine deutliche Minderung der Kontakt- und Behandlungsangebote zur Folge hatten, eingeführt. Im Rahmen eines Kohortenvergleichs der Suizide und ausgewählter Merkmale der Suizident:innen in den Zeiträumen vom April 2017 bis zum Dezember 2019 sowie vom April 2020 bis zum Dezember 2022 wird untersucht, ob es eine Veränderung der Suizide während der Pandemie gab. Im Ergebnis zeigen sich eine Zunahme der Suizide während der Pandemie, insbesondere in den ersten 14 Tagen der Haft, und eine Zunahme der Suizide von Suizident:innen mit erhöhter Vulnerabilität. Keine Unterschiede wurden in den allgemeinen Risikomerkmalen für Suizide im Gefängnis festgestellt. Es ergeben sich Hinweise auf eine suizidpräventive Wirkung der Kontakt- und Behandlungsangebote. Daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, intensivere Präventionsangebote für Gefangene mit erhöhter Vulnerabilität bzw. geringerer Resilienz anzubieten.
How do the rights of same-sex couples have to be ensured by states, and which kind of environmental obligations are induced by the right to life and to personal integrity? Questions as diverse and far-reaching as these are regularly dealt with by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in its advisory function. This book is the first comprehensive, non-Spanish-written treatise on the advisory function of this Court. It analyzes the scope of the Court's advisory jurisdiction and its procedural practice in comparison with that of other international courts. Moreover, the legal effects of the Court’s advisory opinions and the question when the Court should better reject a request for an advisory opinion are examined.
Zur Auswertung der Umfrage
(2024)
Religionen sind wichtige Akteurinnen der Zivilgesellschaft. Die Frage, wie sie miteinander umgehen, ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Zukunft pluraler, offener Gesellschaften. Für dieses Buch haben sich vier Akteure der interreligiösen Verständigung erstmals zusammengetan: Die national und international agierenden Organisationen Religions for Peace und Stiftung Weltethos, der Bundeskongress der Räte der Religionen als Verbund kommunaler interreligiöser Initiativen sowie die Forschungsschnittstelle Forum Religionen im Kontext an der Universität Potsdam. Das Buch enthält Steckbriefe von siebzig interreligiösen Organisationen und Initiativen. Ergänzt wird es durch Reflexionen über die Geschichte und die Zukunft des interreligiösen Dialogs in Deutschland sowie über die Rolle von Religion in der Zivilgesellschaft.
Economic crises as critical junctures for policy and structural changes towards decarbonization
(2024)
Crises may act as tipping points for decarbonization pathways by triggering structural economic change or offering windows of opportunity for policy change. We investigate both types of effects of the global financial and COVID-19 crises on decarbonization in Spain and Germany through a quantitative Kaya-decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions and through a qualitative review of climate and energy policy changes. We show that the global financial crisis resulted in a critical juncture for Spanish CO2 emissions due to the combined effects of the deep economic recession and crisis-induced structural change, resulting in reductions in carbon and energy intensities and shifts in the economic structure. However, the crisis also resulted in a rollback of renewable energy policy, halting progress in the transition to green electricity. The impacts were less pronounced in Germany, where pre-existing decarbonization and policy trends continued after the crisis. Recovery packages had modest effects, primarily due to their temporary nature and the limited share of climate-related spending. The direct short-term impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on CO2 emissions were more substantial in Spain than in Germany. The policy responses in both countries sought to align short-term economic recovery with the long-term climate change goals of decarbonization, but it is too soon to observe their lasting effects. Our findings show that crises can affect structural change and support decarbonization but suggest that such effects depend on pre-existing trends, the severity of the crisis and political manoeuvring during the crisis.
Today, near-surface investigations are frequently conducted using non-destructive or minimally invasive methods of applied geophysics, particularly in the fields of civil engineering, archaeology, geology, and hydrology. One field that plays an increasingly central role in research and engineering is the examination of sedimentary environments, for example, for characterizing near-surface groundwater systems. A commonly employed method in this context is ground-penetrating radar (GPR). In this technique, short electromagnetic pulses are emitted into the subsurface by an antenna, which are then reflected, refracted, or scattered at contrasts in electromagnetic properties (such as the water table). A receiving antenna records these signals in terms of their amplitudes and travel times. Analysis of the recorded signals allows for inferences about the subsurface, such as the depth of the groundwater table or the composition and characteristics of near-surface sediment layers. Due to the high resolution of the GPR method and continuous technological advancements, GPR data acquisition is increasingly performed in three-dimensional (3D) fashion today.
Despite the considerable temporal and technical efforts involved in data acquisition and processing, the resulting 3D data sets (providing high-resolution images of the subsurface) are typically interpreted manually. This is generally an extremely time-consuming analysis step. Therefore, representative 2D sections highlighting distinctive reflection structures are often selected from the 3D data set. Regions showing similar structures are then grouped into so-called radar facies. The results obtained from 2D sections are considered representative of the entire investigated area. Interpretations conducted in this manner are often incomplete and highly dependent on the expertise of the interpreters, making them generally non-reproducible.
A promising alternative or complement to manual interpretation is the use of GPR attributes. Instead of using the recorded data directly, derived quantities characterizing distinctive reflection structures in 3D are applied for interpretation. Using various field and synthetic data sets, this thesis investigates which attributes are particularly suitable for this purpose. Additionally, the study demonstrates how selected attributes can be utilized through specific processing and classification methods to create 3D facies models. The ability to generate attribute-based 3D GPR facies models allows for partially automated and more efficient interpretations in the future. Furthermore, the results obtained in this manner describe the subsurface in a reproducible and more comprehensive manner than what has typically been achievable through manual interpretation methods.
Legitimiertes Unrecht
(2024)
Das Oberste Gericht der DDR war integraler Bestandteil der sozialistischen Staatsführung und unterlag strengen Denk- und Organisationsstrukturen. Es war eng in die politische Agenda der SED eingebunden und genoss keinerlei Unabhängigkeit. Die Auslegung des DDR-Rechts durch das Gericht orientierte sich ausschließlich an den innen- und außenpolitischen Interessen der SED. Dies galt auch für die Rechtsprechung in Fällen der Republikflucht und ihrer gesetzlichen Vorläufer. Die höchste Gerichtsinstanz im Staat war aktiv an der Gestaltung und Umsetzung der Strafjustiz gegen Republikflüchtige beteiligt, was wesentlich zur Festigung der Herrschaftsgewalt der SED beitrug. Die vorliegende Untersuchung analysiert Urteile des Obersten Gerichts im historisch-politischen Kontext und zeigt auf, dass die Urteilspraxis ausschließlich im Interesse parteipolitischer Ziele handelte und weder dem Volk noch der eigentlichen Rechtsfindung verpflichtet war. Des Weiteren wird der maßgebliche Beitrag des Obersten Gerichts an der schrittweisen Kriminalisierung der Bürger der DDR beleuchtet. Dies wirft ein kritisches Licht auf die Rolle des Rechtssystems bei der Sicherung von Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Menschenrechten in autoritären Regimen.
The dynamic landscape of digital transformation entails an impact on industrial-age manufacturing companies that goes beyond product offerings, changing operational paradigms, and requiring an organization-wide metamorphosis. An initiative to address the given challenges is the creation of Digital Innovation Units (DIUs) – departments or distinct legal entities that use new structures and practices to develop digital products, services, and business models and support or drive incumbents’ digital transformation. With more than 300 units in German-speaking countries alone and an increasing number of scientific publications, DIUs have become a widespread phenomenon in both research and practice.
This dissertation examines the evolution process of DIUs in the manufacturing
industry during their first three years of operation, through an extensive longitudinal single-case study and several cross-case syntheses of seven DIUs. Building on the lenses of organizational change and development, time, and socio-technical systems, this research provides insights into the fundamentals, temporal dynamics, socio-technical interactions, and relational dynamics of a DIU’s evolution process. Thus, the dissertation promotes a dynamic understanding of DIUs and adds a two-dimensional perspective to the often one-dimensional view of these units and their interactions with the main organization throughout the startup and growth phases of a DIU.
Furthermore, the dissertation constructs a phase model that depicts the early stages of DIU evolution based on these findings and by incorporating literature from information systems research. As a result, it illustrates the progressive intensification of collaboration between the DIU and the main organization. After being implemented, the DIU sparks initial collaboration and instigates change within (parts of) the main organization. Over time, it adapts to the corporate environment to some extent, responding to changing circumstances in order to contribute to long-term transformation. Temporally, the DIU drives the early phases of cooperation and adaptation in particular, while the main organization triggers the first major evolutionary step and realignment of the DIU.
Overall, the thesis identifies DIUs as malleable organizational structures that are crucial for digital transformation. Moreover, it provides guidance for practitioners on the process of building a new DIU from scratch or optimizing an existing one.