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Die Universität Potsdam positioniert sich als Hochschule im digitalen Zeitalter mit dem Ziel, den umfassenden Einsatz von digitalen Medien in Lehre und Studium als gelebte Lehr-, Lern- und Prüfungskultur für alle Studierenden, Lehrenden und Mitarbeitenden zu verwirklichen.
Aufbauend auf den Erfahrungen und Vorarbeiten der letzten Jahre, wie der Bestandsaufnahme E-Learning sowie von früheren Strategien und Leitbildern, mit denen digitale Medien zunehmend in Lehre und Studium integriert wurden, verfügt die Universität Potsdam über eine starke Ausgangsposition im Bereich der digitalen Lehre. Daher zielt die aktuelle E-Learning-Strategie (2023–2028) auf die Weiterentwicklung und Verstetigung dieser Ansätze. Sie identifiziert dabei sechs zentrale Handlungsfelder: "Austausch und Vernetzung", "Content", "Innovation und Verstetigung", "Medienkompetenz", "Qualitätsentwicklung" und "UP und die Welt".
Die Strategie wurde im Rahmen eines partizipativen Prozesses entwickelt, der von der E-Learning-Steuerungsgruppe koordiniert und von Vertreter*innen aus allen Bereichen und allen Statusgruppen der Universität unterstützt wurde. Sie wurde in der 319. Sitzung des Senats am 5. Juli 2023 beschlossen und mit redaktionellen Änderungen 2024 veröffentlicht.
Mobbing an Schulen
(2016)
Das Buch beginnt mit einem ausführlichen Einblick in die Mobbing-Forschung, u. a. zu Merkmalen und Erscheinungsformen von Mobbing. Darüber hinaus werden Ursachen und Folgen von Mobbing, aber auch neue Formen wie das Cyber-Mobbing thematisiert. Im weiteren Verlauf stehen dann das Eingreifen bei und Vorbeugen von Mobbing im Mittelpunkt. Dabei werden etablierte Interventions- und Präventionsprogramme verständlich präsentiert, konkrete Empfehlungen gegeben, wie man in Mobbing-Situationen handeln kann, und Gelingensbedingungen beschrieben, wie es gar nicht erst zu Mobbing kommt. Gespickt mit vielen Fallbeispielen und einer ausführlichen Materialsammlung zum Download wird die Darstellung anschaulich und der praktische Transfer des präsentierten Wissens erleichtert.
The microstructure of permafrost ground contains clues to its formation and hence its preconditioning to future change.
We applied X-ray computed microtomography (CT) to obtain high-resolution data (Delta x = 50 mu m) of the composition of a 164 cm long permafrost core drilled in a Yedoma upland in north-eastern Siberia.
The CT analysis allowed the microstructures to be directly mapped and volumetric contents of excess ice, gas inclusions, and two distinct sediment types to be quantified. Using laboratory measurements of coarsely resolved core samples, we statistically estimated the composition of the sediment types and used it to indirectly quantify volumetric contents of pore ice, organic matter, and mineral material along the core.
We conclude that CT is a promising method for obtaining physical properties of permafrost cores which opens novel research potentials.
In contrast to molecular-dipole polymers, such as PVDF, ferroelectrets are a new class of flexible spatially heterogeneous piezoelectric polymers with dosed or open voids that act as deformable macro-dipoles after charging.
With a spectrum of manufacturing processes being developed to engineer the heterogeneous structures, ferroelectrets are made with attractive piezoelectric properties well-suited for applications, such as pressure sensors, acoustic transducers, etc.
However, the sources of the macro-dipole charges have usually been the same, microscopic dielectric barrier discharges within the voids, induced when the ferroelectrets are poled under a large electric field typically via a so-called corona poling, resulting in the separation and trapping of opposite charges into the interior walls of the voids.
Such a process is inherently self-limiting, as the reverse internal field from the macro-dipoles eventually extinguishes the microdischarges, resulting in limited density of ions and not too high overall piezoelectric performance. Here, a new method to form ferroelectrets with gigantic electroactivity is proposed and demonstrated with the aid of an external ion booster.
A laminate consisting of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and fluorinated-ethylene-propylene (FEP) was prefilled with bipolar ions produced externally by an ionizer and sequentially poled to force the separation of positive and negative ions into the open fibrous structure, rendering an impressive piezoelectric d(33)( )coefficient of 1600 pC/N-an improvement by a factor of 4 in comparison with the d(33) of a similar sandwich poled with nonenhanced corona poling.
The (pre)filling dearly increases the ion density in the open voids significantly. The charges stored in the open-cell structure stays at a high level for at least 4 months. In addition, an all-organic nanogenerator was made from an ePTFE-based ferroelectret, with conducting poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) coated fabric electrodes.
When poled with this ion-boosting process, it yielded an output power twice that of a similar sample poled in a conventional corona-only process. The doubling in output power is mainly brought about by the significantly higher charge density achieved with the aid of external booster.
Furthermore, aside from the bipolar ions, extra monopolar ions can during the corona poling be blown into the open pores by using for instance a negative ionic hair dryer to produce a unipolar ePTFE-based ferroelectret with its d(33) coefficient enhanced by a factor of 3. Ion-boosting poling thus unleashes a new route to produce bipolar or unipolar open-cell ferroelectrets with highly enhanced piezoelectric response.
Hepatocytes secrete retinol-binding pro-tein 4 (RBP4) into circulation, thereby mobilizing vitamin A from the liver to provide retinol for extrahepatic tissues. Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with elevated RBP4 levels in the blood.
However, in a previous study, we observed that chronically increased RBP4 by forced Rbp4 expres-sion in the liver does not impair glucose homeostasis in mice.
Here, we investigated the effects of an acute mobilization of hepatic vitamin A stores by hepatic overexpression of RBP4 in mice.
We show that he-patic retinol mobilization decreases body fat content and enhances fat turnover. Mechanistically, we found that acute retinol mobilization increases hepatic expression and serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which is regulated by retinol mobilization and retinoic acid in primary hepato-cytes.
Moreover, we provide evidence that the insulin-sensitizing effect of FGF21 is associated with organ-specific adaptations in retinoid homeostasis.
Taken together, our findings identify a novel cross-talk between retinoid homeostasis and FGF21 in mice with acute RBP4-mediated retinol mobilization from the liver.
For an effectively one-dimensional, semi-infinite disordered system connected to a reservoir of tracer particles kept at constant concentration, we provide the dynamics of the concentration profile.
Technically, we start with the Montroll-Weiss equation of a continuous time random walk with a scale-free waiting time density.
From this we pass to a formulation in terms of the fractional diffusion equation for the concentration profile C(x, t) in a semi-infinite space for the boundary condition C(0, t) = C-0, using a subordination approach.
From this we deduce the tracer flux and the so-called breakthrough curve (BTC) at a given distance from the tracer source.
In particular, BTCs are routinely measured in geophysical contexts but are also of interest in single-particle tracking experiments.
For the "residual' BTCs, given by 1- P(x, t), we demonstrate a long-time power-law behaviour that can be compared conveniently to experimental measurements.
For completeness we also derive expressions for the moments in this constant-concentration boundary condition.
Climate change, driven by increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), presents a significant societal challenge for the 21st century. Biotechnological approaches for microbial production of commodity chemicals and fuels offer possible solutions to re-fix CO2 from the atmosphere, thereby mitigating carbon emissions and contributing to a sustainable carbon-economy in the future. Biological CO2 fixation is also at the heart of agricultural productivity, where photosynthesis and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle present promising biotechnological targets for crop improvement.
Synthetic biology allows testing metabolic solutions not known to exist in nature, which may exceed their natural counterparts in terms of efficiency. In this thesis, I explore the design of such new-to-nature metabolic pathways for biological CO2 utilization and their implementation in living cells (in vivo).
In the first chapter, I describe the development of a metabolic pathway that enables intracellular conversion of CO2 to formate, giving access to highly efficient carbon fixation routes. In nature, CO2-reduction remains restricted to anaerobic organisms and low redox potentials. Here, we introduce the “CORE cycle”, a synthetic metabolic pathway that converts CO2 to formate under fully aerobic conditions and ambient CO2 levels, using only NADPH as a reductant. We leverage this synthetic, ATP-energized pathway to overcome the thermodynamic and kinetic barriers associated with CO2-reduction. Applying rational metabolic engineering and adaptive evolution, this work demonstrates that Escherichia coli can utilize ambient CO2 as the sole source of one-carbon units and serine, achieving a first step towards novel modes of synthetic autotrophy. We further apply computational modeling to showcase the potential of the CORE cycle as a photorespiratory bypass for enhancing photosynthesis.
In the second chapter, I describe the development of the “LCM module”, a novel metabolic route for CO2-incorporating conversion of acetyl-CoA to pyruvate. This route relies on the newly uncovered, promiscuous activity of an adenosylcobalamin (B12)-dependent enzyme, which we significantly optimize through targeted hypermutation and in vivo selection strategies. The LCM module provides a shorter and more efficient pathway for acetyl-CoA assimilation compared to natural routes, offering novel opportunities for synthetic CO2 fixation.
Overall, through theoretical pathway analysis, enzyme bioprospecting, and modular metabolic engineering in E. coli, this thesis expands the solution space for biological CO2 fixation.
Optics is a core field in the curricula of secondary physics education. In this study, we present the development and validation of a test instrument in the field of optics, the ray optics in converging lenses concept inventory (ROC-CI). It was developed for and validated with middle school students, but can also be adapted for the use in higher levels of physics education.
The ROC-CI can be used as a formative or a summative assessment of students' conceptual understanding of image formation by converging lenses, assessing the following: (i) the overall understanding of fundamental concepts related to converging lenses, (ii) the understanding of specific concepts, and (iii) students' propensity for difficulties within this topic.
The initial ROC-CI consists of 16 multiple-choice items; however, one item was removed based on various quality checks.
We validated the ROC-CI thoroughly with distractor analyses, classical test theory, item response theory, structural analyses, and analyses of students' total scores at different measurement points as quantitative approaches, as well as student interviews and an expert survey as qualitative approaches. The quantitative analyses are mostly based on a dataset of N 1/4 318 middle school students who took the ROC-CI as a post-test. The student interviews were conducted with seven middle school students after they were taught the concepts of converging lenses.
The expert survey included five experts who evaluated both individual items and the test as a whole.
The analyses showed good to excellent results for the test instrument, corroborating the 15-item ROC-CI's validity and its compliance with the three foci outlined above.
Terrestrial landscape dynamics are dominated by the production, mobilisation, transfer and deposition of sediment. Numerous chemical elements are carried by sediments, making them a key component for ecological processes, as soil constitution and thus plants and animal ecosystems depends on them, and by extension the human species. They are also essential for climate evolution and regulation as marine sedimentation acts as a carbon sink. However, the processes at the origin of their production, mobilisation, transfer can occur suddenly with high-energy content – such as volcanic eruption, mass wasting or flooding events and wildfires – shaking ecosystems and shaping landforms. Besides, in the last era, the human species has shown its ability to disturb landscape dynamics and change sediments cycles. Thus, there is a need for predictive understanding of the processes involved. This relies on un-derstanding of the mechanisms of key processes and their controls, and knowledge of the state and evolution of the Earth’s surface. Classic approaches to these challenges include empirical observations and numerical modeling of geochemical fluxes and surface processes, as well as the study of terrestrial sedimentary archives to better understand the parameters at stake in landscape dynamics and climate changes and the different actions and retroactions between the production, mobilisation, transfer and deposition of sediments which ultimately shape landscapes. Environmental seismology complements these approaches.
Environmental seismology is the science topic investigating the source functions and propagation properties of seismic vibrations triggered by processes happening at or near the Earth’s surface, below and above it - cryosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, human habitat, biosphere, etc., to obtain insight into all these physical processes. Indeed, from mass wasting event to rivers, from wild species to hu-man, all these processes are generating seismic waves. Environmental seismology is a rather recent field, with new branches rapidly expanding and at various stages of scientific progress. This thesis is motivated by the goal of learning more on two major natural process hazards (river bedload transport and mass wasting) as well as on human-generated acoustic hazard, while covering the axis of funda-mental research progression, from data exploration and method and theory development to proof of concept, with the twin aims of developing a better understanding of the operation of these specific processes, and of advancing the methods we have at our disposal to study them.
First, I provide a benchmark for assessment of the reliability of existing seismic bedload model inver-sion to retrieve bedload flux from seismic data. Bedload flux measurements are essential to better understand river dynamics, and this can be achieved with environmental seismology. However, due to a lack of well-constrained validation data, the accuracy of the resulting inversions is unknown. I address this gap in Chapter 2.2, reporting a seismic field experiment, and comparing the results to high-quality independent bedload measurements to constrain a seismic bedload model. The study shows that the quality of bedload flux estimates from seismic data strongly depends on the quality of the input data for the model. Direct measurements of relevant parameters, chiefly seismic ground proper-ties needed for the Green's function and the grain size distribution of the moving bedload, considerably improve the model quality over generic approaches using empirical or theoretical functions. I also pro-vide a numerical tool to facilitate the use of water turbulence and bedload seismic inversion models: seismic models for bedload flux and water turbulence require painstaking work to constrain parame-ters describing the ground properties by active seismic study or analysis of passive seismic data, and the grain size distribution via independent measurements. Reasonable predictions can be achieved by using a Monte Carlo approach to optimize the free parameters with respect to the target parameters. The validation of the tool, in Chapter 2.3, with independent measurements of water depth and bedload flux at a study site on the Eshtemoa river in Israël makes it available for reliable use at other sites. The work reported in this chapter has been published in Lagarde et al. 2021 and Dietze et al. 2019b.
In a second study, reported in Chapter 3, I investigate the formation of a failure plane prior to a rock-slide. A better understanding of the dynamics of the preparation phase is essential to determine the timing, volume and mobilization mechanism of a rock slope failure, and this can be achieved with envi-ronmental seismology. I take advantage of a network of seismic stations close to an instable slope recording cracking signals prior to the slope failure, and use a machine learning technique based on hidden Markov models to isolate these signals from the seismic data, retrieving the cumulative number of cracking events in a period of 20 days prior to a large rockslide and 10 days after. The trajectory of the cumulative number of cracks shifts from a rather linear shape in the two weeks prior to the rock-slide to an S-shaped development in the last 27 h before failure. I interpret this change as a switch from initial distributed cracking to localised damage accumulation in the hours prior to the failure. I develop a simple physical model to explain the temporal evolution of crack activity during the S-shape phase, revealing the importance of an internal parameter, the total crack boundary length as the dominant control parameter of failure plane evolution. This study has been published as Lagarde et al. 2023.
Third, I develop a model converting acoustic signals to seismic signals. A part of the acoustic vibrations generated on the Earth’s surface is converted to seismic signals at the ground interface. Consequently, noise pollution may be translated to slope fatigue and rock micro (or macro) fracturing resulting in a degrading effect on landforms. Moreover, this pollution can have negative impacts, such as physical, physiological as well as psychological effects on animal species. At present, the impact of seismic pol-lution generated by acoustic sources is difficult to evaluate. In Chapter 4, I improve and implement a model converting the acoustic pressure generated by a source in the atmosphere to the corresponding seismic signal for a receiver within the ground. The ground is considered to be a porous elastic medium in which wave behaviour can be approximated by the Biot-Stoll model. The model is extended for use of a temporal pressure pulse as an input, and to produce output on a plan 2D map, where the wind effect on the acoustic to seismic coupling can be reproduced. I invest extensive effort in making the model user-friendly, as the project aims at reaching a large audience, comprising, for example, geo-morphologists, biologists and sociologists. Finally, the model is subjected to synthetic testing as well as a qualitative comparison of the predicted ground particle velocity and the seismic signal of a real heli-copter flight as a source of acoustic input.
These studies advance understanding of the operation of specific natural processes in channels and on hillslopes, and bring us closer to designing functioning early warning systems for mass-wasting and flood events. This thesis also raises questions that have not been considered before, such as the con-tribution of human acoustic pollution to the seismic hum and its impact on the natural environment, or the importance of cracks in the self-development of the failure plane prior to slope. Together, these studies question general assumptions usually made regarding the triggering of mass wasting or the hillslope-channel connectivity. Beyond this, the thesis covers the axis of fundamental research progres-sion, from data exploration and method and theory development to proof of concept, and shows how in the rapidly developing field of environmental seismology, an active awareness of progress can help strengthen and accelerate general advances.
We estimate the source parameters of small-magnitude earthquakes that occurred during 2008-2020 in the Irpinia faults area (southern Italy).
We apply a spectral decomposition approach to isolate the source contribution from propagation and site effects for similar to 3000 earthquakes in the local magnitude range between M-L 0 and 4.2.
We develop our analyses in three steps. First, we fit the Brune (1970) model to the nonparametric source spectra to estimate corner frequency and seismic moment, and we map the spatial distribution of stress drop across the Irpinia area.
We found stress drops in the range 0.4-8.1 MPa, with earthquakes deeper than 7 km characterized by higher average stress drop (i.e., 3.2 MPa).
Second, assuming a simple stress-release model (kanamori and Heaton, 2000), we derive fracture energy and critical slip-weakening distance. The spatial variability of stress drop and fracture energy allows us to image the present stress conditions of fault segments activated during the 23 November 1980 M-s 6.9 earthquake.
The variability of the source parameters shows clear patterns of the fault mechanical properties, suggesting that the Irpinia fault system can be divided into three main sectors, with the northern and southern ones showing different properties from the central one.
Our results agree with previous studies indicating the presence of fluids with different composition in the different sectors of the Irpinia fault system. In the third step, we compare the time evolution of source parameters with a time series of geodetic displacement recorded near the fault system.
Temporal trends in the correlation between geodetic displacement and different source parameters indicate that the poroelastic deformation perturbation generated by the karst aquifer recharge is modulating not only the occurrence rate of micro-seismicity ( D' Agostino et al., 2018) but may lead to rupture asperities with different sizes and characteristics.
Polyzwitterions are generally known for their anti-adhesive properties, including resistance to protein and cell adhesion, and overall high bio-inertness.
Yet there are a few polyzwitterions to which mammalian cells do adhere.
To understand the structural features of this behavior, a panel of polyzwitterions with different functional groups and overall degrees of hydrophobicity is analyzed here, and their physical and biological properties are correlated to these structural differences. Cell adhesion is focused on, which is the basic requirement for cell viability, proliferation, and growth.
With the here presented polyzwitterion panel, three different types of cell-surface interactions are observed: adhesion, slight attachment, and cell repellency. Using immunofluorescence methods, it is found that human keratinocytes (HaCaT) form focal adhesions on the cell-adhesive polyzwitterions, but not on the sample that has only slight cell attachment.
Gene expression analysis indicates that HaCaT cells cultivated in the presence of a non-adhesive polyzwitterion have up-regulated inflammatory and apoptosis-related cell signaling pathways, while the gene expression of HaCaT cells grown on a cell-adhesive polyzwitterion does not differ from the gene expression of the growth control, and thus can be defined as fully cell-compatible.
On 21 April 2021, the European Commission presented its long-awaited proposal for a Regulation “laying down harmonized rules on Artificial Intelligence”, the so-called “Artificial Intelligence Act” (AIA). This article takes a critical look at the proposed regulation. After an introduction (1), the paper analyzes the unclear preemptive effect of the AIA and EU competences (2), the scope of application (3), the prohibited uses of Artificial Intelligence (AI) (4), the provisions on high-risk AI systems (5), the obligations of providers and users (6), the requirements for AI systems with limited risks (7), the enforcement system (8), the relationship of the AIA with the existing legal framework (9), and the regulatory gaps (10). The last section draws some final conclusions (11).
Mit dem Klima wandelt sich auch notwendig die offene Gesellschaft. Und mit ihr wandelt sich wiederum auch die Verfassung(-sinterpretation). Periodisch wiederkehrende Gesundheits- und Sicherheitskrisen fordern eine dynamische Reaktion des Grundgesetzes auf mit ihnen einhergehende Probleme. In andauernden Krisen wie der Umweltkrise muss die Verfassung gleichzeitig in vielerlei Hinsicht nachhaltig sein. Dabei muss das, was wir unter Freiheit, Klima‑, Umwelt- oder Tierschutz verstehen, immer im Wandel bleiben.
Jurisdiction
(2022)
Keine Reform für die Zukunft
(2021)
Am 1. Januar 2021 trat die jüngste Reform des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes (EEG) in Kraft. Sie führte mit der finanziellen Beteiligung der Gemeinden an den Erträgen der Windenergie klammheimlich eine verfassungswidrige Abgabe ein: Durch das Zusammenspiel des neuen § 36k EEG 2021 mit der altbekannten EEG-Umlage fließt eine bei den Strom-Endverbrauchern erhobene Abgabe in die kommunalen Haushalte. Das kann auf keine Gesetzgebungskompetenz gestützt werden. Darüber hinaus führt die Deckelung der EEG-Umlage in den Jahren 2021 und 2022 in Verbindung mit § 36k EEG 2021 dazu, dass in verfassungswidriger Weise Bundesmittel den Gemeinden zur freien Verfügung gestellt werden.
Strength of weakness
(2020)
The paper investigates quality management in teaching and learning in higher education institutions from a principal-agent perspective. Based on data gained from semi-structured interviews and from a nation-wide survey with quality managers of German higher education institutions, the study shows how quality managers position themselves in relation to their perception of the interests of other actors in higher education institutions. The paper describes the various interests and discusses the main implications of this constellation of actors. It argues that quality managers, although they may be considered as rather weak actors within the higher education institution, may be characterised as having a strength of weakness due to diverging interests of their principals.
Strategic social media use positively influences organizational goals such as the long-term accrual of social capital, and thus social media information governance has become an increasingly important organizational objective. It is particularly important for humanitarian nongovernmental organizations (HNGOs), whose work relies on accurate and timely information regarding socially altruistic behavior (donations, volunteerism, etc.). Despite the potential of social media for increasing social capital, tensions in governing social media information across an organization's different operational levels (regional, intermediate, and national) pose a difficult challenge. Prominent governance frameworks offer little guidance, as their focus on control and incremental policymaking is largely incompatible with the processes, roles, standards, and metrics needed for managing self-governing social media. This study offers a notion of dynamic and co-evolutionary process management of multi-level organizations as a means of conceptualizing social media information governance for the accrual of organizational social capital. Based on interviews with members of HNGOs, this study reveals tensions that emerge within eight focus areas of accruing social capital in multi-level organizations, explains how dynamic process management can ease those tensions, and proposes corresponding strategy recommendations.