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The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the most important multilateral institutions having the ambition to shape global governance and the only organ of the global community that can adopt legally binding resolutions for the maintenance of international peace and security and, if necessary, authorize the use of force. Created in the aftermath of World War II by its victors, the UNSC’s constellation looks increasingly anachronistic, however, in light of the changing global distribution of power. Adapting the institutional structure and decision-making procedures of the UNSC has proven to be one of the most difficult challenges of the last decades, while it is the institution that has probably been faced with the most vociferous calls for reform. Although there have been changes to the informal ways in which outside actors are drawn into the UNSC’s work and activities, many of the major players in the current international system seem to be deprived from equal treatment in its core patterns of decision-making. Countries such as Brazil, Germany, India and Japan, alongside emerging African nations such as Nigeria and South Africa, are among the states eager to secure permanent representation on the Council. By comparison, selected BRICS countries, China and Russia - in contrast to their role in other multilateral institutions - are permanent members of the UNSC and with this, have been “insiders” for a long time. This renders the situation of the UNSC different from global institutions, in which traditionally, Western powers have dominated the agenda.
Krise der deutschen Nation?
(2015)
Let A be a nonlinear differential operator on an open set X in R^n and S a closed subset of X. Given a class F of functions in X, the set S is said to be removable for F relative to A if any weak solution of A (u) = 0 in the complement of S of class F satisfies this equation weakly in all of X. For the most extensively studied classes F we show conditions on S which guarantee that S is removable for F relative to A.
The role of knowledge in the policy process remains a central theoretical puzzle in policy analysis and political science. This article argues that an important yet missing piece of this puzzle is the systematic exploration of the political use of policy knowledge. While much of the recent debate has focused on the question of how the substantive use of knowledge can improve the quality of policy choices, our understanding of the political use of knowledge and its effects in the policy process has remained deficient in key respects. A revised conceptualization of the political use of knowledge is introduced that emphasizes how conflicting knowledge can be used to contest given structures of policy authority. This allows the analysis to differentiate between knowledge creep and knowledge shifts as two distinct types of knowledge effects in the policy process. While knowledge creep is associated with incremental policy change within existing policy structures, knowledge shifts are linked to more fundamental policy change in situations when the structures of policy authority undergo some level of transformation. The article concludes by identifying characteristics of the administrative structure of policy systems or sectors that make knowledge shifts more or less likely.
Prozessorientierte Didaktik
(2015)
n diesem Beitrag finden Sie ein von mir entwickeltes Konzept zum Lehren und Lernen in der Schule1. Ich nenne dieses Konzept prozessorientierte Didaktik. Ich habe die Hoffnung, gemeinsam mit Ihnen als Lehrer oder Lehramtsstudierende, aber auch mit Eltern, Wissenschaftlern, Experten für Bildung und Schülern, einen Beitrag zur Verbesserung unserer Schulpraxis zu leisten. Dass Schule sich bereits im Wandel befindet und wunderbar gelingen kann, sieht man beispielsweise an den Preisträgern des Deutschen Schulpreises. Leider sind diese Schulen immer noch in der Minderheit. Dieses Verhältnis umzukehren ist eine unserer größten Bildungsaufgaben für die nächsten Jahrzehnte.
It is well established in language acquisition research that monolingual children and adult second language learners misinterpret sentences with the universal quantifier every and make quantifier-spreading errors that are attributed to a preference for a match in number between two sets of objects. The present Visual World eye-tracking study tested bilingual heritage Russian–English adults and investigated how they interpret of sentences like Every alligator lies in a bathtub in both languages. Participants performed a sentence–picture verification task while their eye movements were recorded. Pictures showed three pairs of alligators in bathtubs and two extra objects: elephants (Control condition), bathtubs (Overexhaustive condition), or alligators (Underexhaustive condition). Monolingual adults performed at ceiling in all conditions. Heritage language (HL) adults made 20% q-spreading errors, but only in the Overexhaustive condition, and when they made an error they spent more time looking at the two extra bathtubs during the Verb region. We attribute q-spreading in HL speakers to cognitive overload caused by the necessity to integrate conflicting sources of information, i.e. the spoken sentences in their weaker, heritage, language and attention-demanding visual context, that differed with respect to referential salience.
It is well established in language acquisition research that monolingual children and adult second language learners misinterpret sentences with the universal quantifier every and make quantifier-spreading errors that are attributed to a preference for a match in number between two sets of objects. The present Visual World eye-tracking study tested bilingual heritage Russian-English adults and investigated how they interpret of sentences like Every alligator lies in a bathtub in both languages. Participants performed a sentence-picture verification task while their eye movements were recorded. Pictures showed three pairs of alligators in bathtubs and two extra objects: elephants (Control condition), bathtubs (Overexhaustive condition), or alligators (Underexhaustive condition). Monolingual adults performed at ceiling in all conditions. Heritage language (HL) adults made 20% q-spreading errors, but only in the Overexhaustive condition, and when they made an error they spent more time looking at the two extra bathtubs during the Verb region. We attribute q-spreading in HL speakers to cognitive overload caused by the necessity to integrate conflicting sources of information, i.e. the spoken sentences in their weaker, heritage, language and attention-demanding visual context, that differed with respect to referential salience.
Permafrost inundated since the last glacial maximum is degrading, potentially releasing trapped or stabilized greenhouse gases, but few observations of the depth of ice-bonded permafrost (IBP) below the seafloor exist for most of the arctic continental shelf. We use spectral ratios of the ambient vibration seismic wavefield, together with estimated shear wave velocity from the dispersion curves of surface waves, for estimating the thickness of the sediment overlying the IBP. Peaks in spectral ratios modeled for three-layered 1-D systems correspond with varying thickness of the unfrozen sediment. Seismic receivers were deployed on the seabed around Muostakh Island in the central Laptev Sea, Siberia. We derive depths of the IBP between 3.7 and 20.7m15%, increasing with distance from the shoreline. Correspondence between expected permafrost distribution, modeled response, and observational data suggests that the method is promising for the determination of the thickness of unfrozen sediment.
Many foresight studies concentrate on technological foresight and its impact at the organizational level. However, often these studies overlook the soft factor of employee competences which is critical to adopting technological and organizational changes and to developing the necessary innovation capabilities. This study investigates the theoretical and methodological underdeveloped relationship between technological innovation and social initiated change and the impact on individual competences in a dynamic sector. The setting of our study is the turbulent creative industries as a whole, where creative and artistic expression merges with changing technological progress. In a scenario study we mainly conducted in 2010, we developed a scenario model for competences to combine individual competences with a scenario approach to investigate how competences are important to the sector shift or need to be enhanced in the future. We use primary qualitative data from expert interviews and workshops and secondary data from industry reports to identify thirty-seven influence factors. An influence matrix calculation and a cluster analysis are used to project three different scenarios presenting how future developments of the creative industries will influence the competences needed for creative occupations. Now, five years later, we reflect the accuracy of the developed scenarios via a comparison of today's situation with the situation in the scenarios. We discuss theoretical contributions for the foresight literature and practical implementations for the future of work in general, and in particular for the creative industries case. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Parental effects (PE) can be adaptive and improve offspring performance when parents and offspring experience similar environmental conditions. However, it is unknown whether adaptive PE exist also in habitats where such similarity is unlikely due to strong temporal variation. In particular, we do not know whether PE can adapt offspring to fluctuating levels of neighbour competition in such habitats. Here, we tested for adaptive PE in terms of two key environmental factors in a semi-arid annual system, competition and drought. While rainfall was stochastic in the study site, the competitive environment was partly predictable: higher plant densities followed after favourable (rainy) years due to high seed production. We therefore expected PE to adapt the offspring's competitive ability to these (predictable) fluctuations in plant densities, rather than to adapt the offspring's drought tolerance to the (unpredictable) occurrence of intensified drought. Parental plants of Biscutella didyma, an annual Brassicaceae, were raised under favourable watering and under drought conditions. Offspring performance was then tested under a full-factorial combination of two neighbour regimes and six watering levels in the glasshouse. Offspring of parents grown under favourable conditions were stronger competitors. This was associated with a small shift in phenology but not with higher parental seed provisioning. Offspring from parents grown under drought showed no improved drought tolerance. Moreover, no PE were detectable when offspring were grown without neighbours. Our results suggest a novel path of adaptive PE: higher competitive ability was induced in offspring that were more likely to experience high neighbour densities. Together with the lack of adaptive PE towards drought tolerance, this emphasizes that a correlation between parental and offspring environment is crucial for adaptive PE to evolve. Our results also call for the inclusion of competitive effects in future PE studies.Synthesis. This study demonstrates the important role of adaptive PE for plant fitness (regarding competition) but also their limits (regarding drought) in temporally variable environments, based on the predictability of the respective environmental factor.
Warum Religion?
(2015)
Die meisten Religionen versprechen ein Leben nachdem Tod, in dem es glücklicher oder gerechter oder sonst wie besser zugehen soll als auf der Erde. Wie schön wäre es, wenn wir wirklich auf ein ewiges Leben in der Gegenwart Gottes oder auf ein neues Leben in einem unverbrauchten Körper hoffen könnten! Wir könnten gelassener mit irdischem Scheitern umgehen und eher loslassen, wenn wir sicher sein könnten, dass alles, was uns hier widerfährt, nur ein Übergang in eine bessere Existenz ist. Aber lenken die Religionen mit solchen Versprechungen nicht nur von irdischen Missständen ab? Mit solchen Argumenten sind die Religionen als Opium des Volkes in Sippenhaft genommen worden. Jenseits dessen stellt sich das Problem des szientistischen Zweifels. Wie soll mich eine religiöse Überzeugung durch mein Leben tragen, wenn die Überzeugung nicht überzeugend ist? Ist es wirklich glaubwürdig, dass Jesus von Nazareth nach drei Tagen im Grab wieder auferstanden sein soll? Wenn ich das nicht glauben kann, kann ich auch nicht an meine eigene Auferstehung glauben. Wohl kaum eine andere Religionsphilosophie stellt eine so enge Beziehung zwischen religiösem Glauben und irdischem Wohlergehen her wie die des amerikanischen Pragmatismus: Bei William James heißt es ausdrücklich, dass ein religiöser Glaube das Leben »leicht und glücklich« machen könne. Und kaum eine Religionsphilosophie benennt so deutlich das Problem des szientistischen Zweifels. Im ersten Teil des Buches, Religion, pragmatisch betrachtet, befassen sich Johannes Ev. Hafner, Christian Thies und Christoph Türcke mit der Funktion von Religion in unserer Gesellschaft und in unseren konkreten Lebensvollzügen. Im zweiten Teil stellen Michael Blume, Matthias Jung, Ludwig Nagl und Marie-Luise Raters Positionen der pragmatistischen Religionsphilosophie auf den Prüfstand.
Aims. To explore the origin of high-velocity gas in the direction of the Large Magellanic Cloud, (LMC) we analyze absorption lines in the ultraviolet spectrum of a Galactic halo star that is located in front of the LMC at d = 9.2(-7.2)(+4.1) kpc distance.
Methods. We study the velocity-component structure of low and intermediate metal ions (CII, SiII, SiIII) in the spectrum of RXJ0439.8-6809, as obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and measure equivalent widths and column densities for these ions. We supplement our COS data with a Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectrum of the nearby LMC star Sk-69 59 and with Hi 21 cm data from the Leiden-Argentina-Bonn (LAB) survey.
Results. Metal absorption toward RXJ0439.8-6809 is unambiguously detected in three different velocity components near v(LSR) = 0, + 60, and + 150 km s(-1). The presence of absorption proves that all three gas components are situated in front of the star, thus located in the disk and inner halo of the Milky Way. For the high-velocity cloud (HVC) at v(LSR) = + 150 km s(-1), we derive an oxygen abundance of [O/H] = -0.63 (similar to 0.2 solar) from the neighboring Sk-69 59 sight line, in accordance with previous abundance measurements for this HVC. From the observed kinematics we infer that the HVC hardly participates in the Galactic rotation.
Conclusions. Our study shows that the HVC toward the LMC represents a Milky Way halo cloud that traces low column density gas with relatively low metallicity. We rule out scenarios in which the HVC represents material close to the LMC that stems from a LMC outflow.
Don't worry - be happy?
(2015)