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Challenges in understanding the hydrologic controls on the mobility of slow-moving landslides
(2011)
Slow-moving landslides are a wide-spread type of active mass movement, can cause severe damages to infrastructure, and may be a precursor of sudden catastrophic slope failures. Pore-water pressure is commonly regarded as the most important among a number of possible factors controlling landslide velocity. We used high-resolution monitoring data to explore the relations of landslide mobility and hydrologic processes at the Heumoser landslide in Austria, which is characterized by continuous slow movement along a shear zone. Movement rates showed a seasonality that was associated with elevated pore-water pressures. Pore pressure monitoring revealed a system of confined and separated aquifers with differing dynamics. Analysis of a simple infinite slope mobility model showed that small variations in parameters, along with measured pore pressure dynamics, provided a perfect match to our observations. Modeling showed a stabilizing effect of snow cover due to the additional load. This finding was supported by a multiple regression model, which further suggested that effective pore pressures at the slip surface were partially differing from the borehole observations and were related to preferential infiltration and subsurface flow in adjacent areas. It appears that in a setting like the Heumoser landslide, hydrologic processes delicately influence slope mobility through their control on pore pressure dynamics and the weight of the landslide body, which challenges observation and modeling. Moreover, it appears that their simplicity, and especially their high sensitivity to parameter variations, limits the conclusions that can be drawn from infinite slope models.
A common problem in ecology is identifying the relationship between relief and site properties obtainable only by point measurements. The method of Multi-Scale Landscape Analysis (MSLA) identifies such correlations. MSLA combines frequency filtering of the digital elevation model (DEM) with an estimation of the optimum filter coefficients using an optimization procedure. Tested using point data of soil decarbonation from a German young moraine landscape, MSLA provided significant results. Implemented within open source software SAMT. MSLA is comfortable and flexible to use, offering applications for numerous other spatial analysis problems.
This study monitors regional changes in the crystallinity of carbonaceous matter (CM) by applying Micro-Raman spectroscopy to a total of 214 metasediment samples (largely so-called Bundnerschiefer) dominantly metamorphosed under blueschist- to amphibolite-facies conditions. They were collected within the northeastern margin of the Lepontine dome and easterly adjacent areas of the Swiss Central Alps. Three-dimensional mapping of isotemperature contours in map and profile views shows that the isotemperature contours associated with the Miocene Barrow-type Lepontine metamorphic event cut across refolded nappe contacts, both along and across strike within the northeastern margin of the Lepontine dome and adjacent areas. Further to the northeast, the isotemperature contours reflect temperatures reached during the Late Eocene subduction-related blueschist-facies event and/or during subsequent near-isothermal decompression; these contours appear folded by younger, large-scale post-nappe-stacking folds. A substantial jump in the recorded maximum temperatures across the tectonic contact between the frontal Adula nappe complex and surrounding metasediments indicates that this contact accommodated differential tectonic movement of the Adula nappe with respect to the enveloping Bundnerschiefer after maximum temperatures were reached within the northern Adula nappe, i.e. after Late Eocene time.
Wiedergelesen
(2011)
Seit 2008 ergänzt die sowohl kleine als auch feine Rubrik "Wiedergelesen" die Ausgaben des außenpolitischen Fachjournals WeltTrends. Berühmte Bücher der Politologie und schätzenswerte Raritäten werden für die Füllung dieser Rubrik aus Bücherregalen herausgefischt, abgestaubt und in aktuellem Interesse gelesen - wieder gelesen. Stets ist es das Anliegen, die Schriften sowohl aus ihrer Zeit zu verstehen als auch für unsere Zeit nutzbar zu machen - z. B. Huntingtons The Clash of Civilizations, Lipsets Political Man, Paines Die Rechte des Menschen oder An Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Spain von Linz.
Vorwort
(2011)
Fraenkel, E., Der Doppelstaat, Recht und Justiz im Dritten Reich; Frankfurt am Main, Fischer, 1984
(2011)
Behemoth und Doppelstaat
(2011)
Wer bildete das Herrschaftszentrum im Deutschland der Jahre 1933 bis 1945? Welche Gruppen stabilisierten das System bis zur Niederlage im Zweiten Weltkrieg? Ernst Fraenkels "Der Doppelstaat" und Franz Neumanns "Behemoth" gelten als wegweisende analytische Zugänge zum Verständnis der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaftspraxis. Beide Bücher sind bereits Anfang der 1940er Jahre erschienen. Es sind Klassiker: also Bücher, mit denen noch heute etwas anzufangen ist. Der kompakte Lehrtext ist insbesondere für den studentischen Haus- und Seminargebrauch verfasst worden. Er ist eine Handreichung für Einsteiger und Studierende aller Semester, die sich erstmals mit den schwierigen Texten beschäftigen
Kennen Sie Randegg?
(2011)
Seit seiner berühmt-berüchtigten Friedenspreisrede von 1998 nimmt die Anzahl der literaturwissenschaftlichen und -politischen Publikationen, die Martin Walsers Werk eine nationalistische und antisemitische Tendenz unterstellen, zu. Bisweilen wird behauptet, Walser suche über die Ausschließung des Jüdischen das Nationale zu stärken und postuliere die Unversöhnlichkeit von Tätergemeinschaft und Opfergemeinschaft nach 1945. Das bislang in der Forschung wenig beachtete Hörspiel „Das Gespenst von Gattnau“ lässt die Annahme einer anderen Tendenz zu: die Tendenz zur Versöhnung.
The East African Plateau provides a spectacular example of geodynamic plateau uplift, active continental rifting, and associated climatic forcing. It is an integral part of the East African Rift System and has an average elevation of approximately 1,000 m. Its location coincides with a negative Bouguer gravity anomaly with a semi-circular shape, closely related to a mantle plume, which influences the Cenozoic crustal development since its impingement in Eocene-Oligocene time. The uplift of the East African Plateau, preceding volcanism, and rifting formed an important orographic barrier and tectonically controlled environment, which is profoundly influenced by climate driven processes. Its location within the equatorial realm supports recently proposed hypotheses, that topographic changes in this region must be considered as the dominant forcing factor influencing atmospheric circulation patterns and rainfall distribution. The uplift of this region has therefore often been associated with fundamental climatic and environmental changes in East Africa and adjacent regions. While the far-reaching influence of the plateau uplift is widely accepted, the timing and the magnitude of the uplift are ambiguous and are still subject to ongoing discussion. This dilemma stems from the lack of datable, geomorphically meaningful reference horizons that could record surface uplift. In order to quantify the amount of plateau uplift and to find evidence for the existence of significant relief along the East African Plateau prior to rifting, I analyzed and modeled one of the longest terrestrial lava flows; the 300-km-long Yatta phonolite flow in Kenya. This lava flow is 13.5 Ma old and originated in the region that now corresponds to the eastern rift shoulders. The phonolitic flow utilized an old riverbed that once drained the eastern flank of the plateau. Due to differential erosion this lava flow now forms a positive relief above the parallel-flowing Athi River, which is mimicking the course of the paleo-river. My approach is a lava-flow modeling, based on an improved composition and temperature dependent method to parameterize the flow of an arbitrary lava in a rectangular-shaped channel. The essential growth pattern is described by a one-dimensional model, in which Newtonian rheological flow advance is governed by the development of viscosity and/or velocity in the internal parts of the lava-flow front. Comparing assessments of different magma compositions reveal that length-dominated, channelized lava flows are characterized by high effusion rates, rapid emplacement under approximately isothermal conditions, and laminar flow. By integrating the Yatta lava flow dimensions and the covered paleo-topography (slope angle) into the model, I was able to determine the pre-rift topography of the East African Plateau. The modeling results yield a pre-rift slope of at least 0.2°, suggesting that the lava flow must have originated at a minimum elevation of 1,400 m. Hence, high topography in the region of the present-day Kenya Rift must have existed by at least 13.5 Ma. This inferred mid-Miocene uplift coincides with the two-step expansion of grasslands, as well as important radiation and speciation events in tropical Africa. Accordingly, the combination of my results regarding the Yatta lava flow emplacement history, its location, and its morphologic character, validates it as a suitable “paleo-tiltmeter” and has thus to be considered as an important topographic and volcanic feature for the topographic evolution in East Africa.