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Bosnien als ‚Barzakh‘
(2011)
The purpose of this paper is to display the static strength capacities of healthy adults in different age categories. A total of 279 healthy German adults at the ages of 20 to 29 years, 50 to 59 years and 60 to 69 years generated their maximum static handgrip, index finger and thumb push strength, as well as their maximum opening strength on a smooth jar lid of 85 mm diameter and on a knurled bottle lid of 31 mm with their right hand. The results show larger male strength than female strength. Significant age-induced differences appear primarily in opening strengths between the age groups 20 to 29 and 50 to 59 years in male subjects and in female opening strengths between the age groups 20 to 29 and 60 to 69 years as well as between the age groups 50 to 59 and 60 to 69 years. Of greatest interest is that elderly men show the largest opening strengths.
Die Arbeit befasst sich theoretisch und empirisch mit der so genannten Public Service Motivation (PSM) und ihrem Zusammenhang zu anderen psychologischen Motivationstheorien. Die Public Service Motivation geht davon aus, dass öffentlich Beschäftigte unter anderem dadurch motiviert sind, dass sie in ihrer Arbeit einen Dienst am Gemeinwohl sehen. Auf Basis einer empirischen Erhebung konnte dieses Konstrukt auch für Beschäftigte in Deutschland nachgewiesen und der Einfluss soziodemographischer Variablen bestätigt werden. Darüber hinaus gibt die Arbeit erste Hinweise auf Zusammenhänge zu verschiedenen Prozesstheorien der Motivation. Empirisch zeigt sich vor allem zur Gleichheitstheorie und dem darauf aufbauenden Equity Sensitivity Construct ein starker Zusammenhang.
This study analyzes the interplay of four cognitive abilities - reasoning, divergent thinking, mental speed, and short-term memory - and their impact on academic achievement in school in a sample of adolescents in grades seven to 10 (N = 1135). Based on information processing approaches to intelligence, we tested a mediation hypothesis, which states that the complex cognitive abilities of reasoning and divergent thinking mediate the influence of the basic cognitive abilities of mental speed and short-term memory on achievement. We administered a comprehensive test battery and analyzed the data through structural equation modeling while controlling for the cluster structure of the data. Our findings support the notion that mental speed and short-term memory, as ability factors reflecting basic cognitive processes, exert an indirect influence on academic achievement by affecting reasoning and divergent thinking (total indirect effects: beta=.22 and .24. respectively). Short-term memory also directly affects achievement (beta=.22).
1. Der Regelungsgegenstand des Internationalen Privatrechts 2. Der Begriff des IPR 3. Die Geschichte des IPR 4. Der Inhalt des IPR 5. Rechtsquellen des IPR 6. Kollisionsnormen 7. Rück- und Weiterverweisung (renvoi) 8. Zur Qualifikation im IPR 9. Die Anwendung und Ermittlung des ausländischen Rechts 10. Ordre public 11. Zwingendes Recht 12. Die grundlegenden Prinzipien des Kollisionsrechts
The six possible isomers of di-N-acetylchitotetraoses [AADD, ADDA, ADAD, DADA, DAAD, and DDAA, where D stands for 2-amino-2-deoxy-3-D-glucose (GlcN) and A for 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucose (GlcNAc)] were analyzed by ESI(+)-MSn. Collision induced dissociation via MSn experiments were performed for the sodiated molecules of m/z 769 [M+Na](+) for each isomer, and fragments were generated mainly by glycosidic bond and cross-ring cleavages. Rules of fragmentation were then established. A reducing end D residue yields the (O.2)A(4) cross-ring [M-59+Na](+) fragment of m/z 710 as the most abundant, whereas isomers containing a reducing end A prefer to lose water to form the [M-18+Na](+) ion of m/z 751, as well as abundant (O.2)A(4) cross-ring [M-101+Na](+) fragments of m/z 668 and B-3 [M-221+Na](+) ions of m/z 548. MS3 of C- and Y-type ions shows analogous fragmentation behaviour that allows identification of the reducing end next-neighbour residue. Due to gas-phase anchimeric assistance, B-type cleavage between the glycosidic oxygen and the anomeric carbon atom is favoured when the glycon is an A residue. Relative ion abundances are generally in the order B >> C > Y, but may vary depending on the next neighbour towards the non-reducing end. These fragmentation rules were used for partial sequence analysis of hetero-chitooligosaccharides of the composition D(2)A(3), D(3)A(3), D(2)A(4), D(4)A(3), and D(3)A(4).
Background The cardiac nitric oxide and endothelin-1 (ET-1) systems are closely linked and play a critical role in cardiac physiology. The balance between both systems is often disturbed in cardiovascular diseases. To define the cardiac effect of excessive ET-1 in a status of nitric oxide deficiency, we compared left ventricular function and morphology in wild-type mice, ET-1 transgenic (ET+/+) mice, endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout (eNOS(-/-)) mice, and ET(+/+)eNOS(-/-) mice.
Methods and results eNOS(-/-) and ET(+/+)eNOS(-/-) mice developed high blood pressure compared with wild-type and ET+/+ mice. Left ventricular catheterization showed that eNOS(-/-) mice, but not ET(+/+)eNOS(-/-), developed diastolic dysfunction characterized by increased end-diastolic pressure and relaxation constant tau. To elucidate the causal molecular mechanisms driving the rescue of diastolic function in ET(+/+)eNOS(-/-) mice, the cardiac proteome was analyzed. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry offers an appropriate hypothesis-free approach. ET-1 overexpression on an eNOS(-/-) background led to an elevated abundance and change in posttranslational state of antioxidant enzymes (e. g., peroxiredoxin-6, glutathione S-transferase mu 2, and heat shock protein beta 7). In contrast to ET(+/+)eNOS(-/-) mice, eNOS(-/-) mice showed an elevated abundance of proteins responsible for sarcomere disassembly (e. g., cofilin-1 and cofilin-2). In ET(+/+)eNOS(-/-) mice, glycolysis was favored at the expense of fatty acid oxidation.
Conclusion eNOS(-/-) mice developed diastolic dysfunction; this was rescued by ET-1 transgenic overexpression. This study furthermore suggests that cardiac ET-1 overexpression in case of eNOS deficiency causes specifically the regulation of proteins playing a role in oxidative stress, myocytes contractility, and energy metabolism.
2-C-branched methyl glycosides react with various alcohols under gold catalysis to transglycosylated products. The method is applicable for the convenient synthesis of disaccharides. Without nucleophile a selective anomerization occurs, giving first access to alpha-configured 2-C-nitromethyl glycosides. The results are interesting for the mechanism of gold-catalyzed glycosidations.
Phase theory
(2011)
Shell architectures of the larger foraminiferal genera cyclopseudedomia, and Rhapydionina were studied by comparing topotypes of previously described species with new specimens retrieved from Late Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates of Pylos (Peloponnese, Greece), where the three genera are found in association. The megalospheric generation of each genus exhibits a distinctive shell shape in adult specimens (i.e., fan-shaped in Cyclopseudedomia, conical in Rhapydionina, and cylindrical in Cuvillierinella). Although their microspheric adults are similarly thin, flat, and discoidal, they can be identified at the genus level by means of a detailed structural analysis. Cavillierinella shows the septula to be interrupted by a large preseptal space, while Cyclopseudedomia and Rhapydionina exhibit continuous, non-interrupted septula. In addition, Cyclopseudedomia presents only one row of medullar chamberlets, whereas Rhapydionina shows numerous medullar chamberlets distributed in a thick basal layer.
Two new species, Cuvillierinella pylosensis and Rhapydionina fleuryi, are described. The former is a more complex taxon than the type species, C salentina, while the latter corresponds to a more primitive species, R. liburnica. Strontium-isotope stratigraphy indicates an uppermost Campanian-lowermost Maastrichtian age for these new species.
Inhalt: - I. Einleitung - II. Entwicklungsbedingungen und Probleme - II.1. Die konkrete Problemlage nach 1989 - II.2. Überlagernde Effekte - III. Die Lösungsansätze - III.1. Funktional- und Gebietsreform - III.2. Qualitätsaspekte - III.3. Reaktion auf Europäisierung - III.4. Adaption von Tendenzen aus der Privatwirtschaft - IV. Fazit
This review addresses the functional organization of the mammalian cochlea under a comparative and evolutionary perspective. A comparison of the monotreme cochlea with that of marsupial and placental mammals highlights important evolutionary steps towards a hearing organ dedicated to process higher frequencies and a larger frequency range than found in non-mammalian vertebrates. Among placental mammals, there are numerous cochlear specializations which relate to hearing range in adaptation to specific habitats that are superimposed on a common basic design. These are illustrated by examples of specialist ears which evolved excellent high frequency hearing and echolocation (bats and dolphins) and by the example of subterranean rodents with ears devoted to processing low frequencies. Furthermore, structural functional correlations important for tonotopic cochlear organization and predictions of hearing capabilities are discussed.
Coastal uplift and tsunami effects associated to the 2010 M(w)8.8 Maule earthquake in Central Chile
(2011)
On February 27, 2010 at 03:34:08 AM an M(w)8.8 earthquake, with epicenter located off Cobquecura (73.24 degrees W; 36.29 degrees S), severely hit Central Chile. The tsunami waves that followed this event affected the coastal regions between the cities of Valparaiso and Valdivia, with minor effects as far as Coquimbo. The earthquake occurred along the subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the South American plate. Coseismic coastal uplift was estimated through observations of bleached lithothamnioids crustose coralline algae, which were exposed after the mainshock between 34.13 degrees S and 38.34 degrees S, suggesting the latitudinal distribution of the earthquake rupture. The measured coastal uplift values varied between 240 +/- 20 cm at sites closer to the trench along the western coast of the Arauco peninsula and 15 +/- 10 cm at sites located farther east. A maximum value of 260 +/- 50 cm was observed at the western coast of Santa Maria Island, which is similar to the reported uplift associated with the 1835 earthquake at Concepcion. Land subsidence values on the order of 0.5 m to 1 m evidenced a change in polarity and position of the coseismic hinge at 110-120 km from the trench. In four sites along the coast we observed a close match between coastal uplift values deduced from bleached lithothamnioids algae and GPS measurements. According to field observations tsunami heights reached ea. 14 m in the coastal area of the Maule Region immediately north of the epicenter, and diminished progressively northwards to 4-2 m near Valparaiso. Along the coast of Cobquecura, tsunami height values were inferior to 2-4 m. More variable tsunami heights of 6-8 m were measured at Dichato-Talcahuano and Tirua-Puerto Saavedra, in the Biobio and Arauco regions, respectively, to the south of the epicenter. According to eyewitnesses, the tsunami reached the coast between 12 to 20 and 30 to 45 minutes in areas located closer and faraway from the earthquake rupture zone, respectively. Destructive tsunami waves arrived also between 2.5 and 4.5 hours after the mainshock, especially along the coast of the Biobio and Arauco regions. The tsunami effects were highly variable along the coast, as a result of geomorphological and bathymetric local conditions, besides potential complexities induced by the main shock.